初中英语语法专题讲座12——介词(可编辑修改word版)

初中英语语法专题讲座12——介词(可编辑修改word版)
初中英语语法专题讲座12——介词(可编辑修改word版)

【复习要点】初中英语语法专题讲座——介词边。By the way, what time is it now? 顺便问一下,现在几点了?Miss Zhao

came in with a big smile on her face. 赵老师满面笑容地走了进来。

三、几组介词的用法比较:

一、介词短语的形式:

介词是一种虚词,不能独立存在。它必须和随后的补足成分(又称“介词宾语”)

一起构成介词短语,才能用于句中。介词宾语可以是名词、代词、数词、动名词、wh-短语、从句等。现分别举例如下:

⑴介词+名词,例如:(go) by bus 乘公共汽车(去)(play) in the park 在公

园里(玩)(come) on Sunday 星期天(来)

⑵介词+代词,例如:(talk) to oneself 对自己(说),自言自语(a letter) for you 给你的(信)(not…) at all 一点也(不)

⑶介词+数词,例如:(cut sth) in two (把……切)成两半

⑷介词+动名词,例如:(a way) of doing that 做那件事的(方式)be good at drawing pictures 善于画画

⑸介词+wh-短语,例如:(talk) about what to do next(谈论)下一步该做什么

⑹介词+从句,例如:Please think of what I said. 请你考虑我说的话。

二、介词短语的基本用法:

⑴介词短语用作表语,例如:The post office is just across the street. 邮局就在

街对面。She looks so much like her mother. 她长得非常像她的母亲。

⑵介词短语用作宾语补足语,例如:I was surprised to find him on the bus. 发

现他在公共汽车上,我很吃惊。Please make yourself at home. 请随便一点,不

要拘束。

⑶介词短语用作后置定语,例如:The girl in the hat is my sister. 那个头戴帽

子的女孩是我的妹妹。Do you like the jacket on the left? 你喜欢左边的那件短

上衣吗?Did you see the house with many trees around it? 你看到那座周围长满

树的房子了吗?

⑷介词短语用作状语,例如:What are you going to do on Christmas? 在圣诞

节你打算做什么?A policeman is standing next to him. 一位警察站在他的旁1.in, at, on:这三个介词都可以表示时间,但在使用上有区别。

⑴in 表示时间段,即在较长的一段时间内。例如:in the morning / afternoon /

evening 在早晨/下午/晚上in the daytime / night 在白天/夜里in a day / week / month / year 在一天/一周/一个月/一年内in August 在八月in spring / summer / autumn / winter 在春天/夏天/秋天/冬天in (the year) 2004 在2004 年3 月19 日星期五in the winter holiday(s) 在寒假in one’s life 在(某人)一生中He is in his twenties. 他二十几岁了。

⑵一般认为,at 表示时间点,即钟点、(做某事的)时刻等。例如:at six o’clock 在六点钟at noon (= at 12:00 in the daytime) 在中午at that time 在那时候;当时at the moment (= now) 现在;此刻at the end of the holiday 在假期结束时

但是,在以下的时间短语中,at 却表示时间段:at dinner time 在(吃)晚饭时at night 在夜间at weekends / the weekend 在周末at Christmas 在圣诞期间at this time of (the) year 在一年的这个时节

⑶on 表示特定的日子。例如:①表示日期:on March 20, 2004 在2004 年3 月20 日②表示星期几:on Saturday 在星期六on weekdays 在平时;从周一到周五(或周六)③表示某日的时辰:on Sunday morning 在星期日早晨on a Monday afternoon 在一个星期一的下午on the night of August 10 在8 月10 日的夜里④表示节日、纪念日:on New Year’s Day 在元旦on my birthday 在我生日那天on that day 在那天⑤表示特别的日子:on the following day (在)第二天on a cold winter morning 在一个寒冬的早晨on a sunny day in October 在10 月的一个晴朗的日子

2.during, in:

两者用作介词时均与表示一般时间的名词连用,意为“在…期间”,一般情况下能相互换用。但是,在实际运用中应注意下面几点:

4.on, above, over:

①.若谓语动词着重于动作或状态的延续性时,习惯用during ;若表示某一行

为发生在一段时间中的某一点时间时,习惯用in。例如:I learned a lot during

my stay in the countryside .我呆在农村的那段日子里学了很多东西。She was

born in 1997 .她出生于1997 年。

②. 当表示对比或强调时,多用in,而不用during。例如:Mr. Black visited

China in 1980 , not in 1970 .

布莱克生先是1980 年访问中国的,不是1970 年。

③.表示一段时间的名词holiday , childhood , stay 等词前,习惯上用during ,

而不用in。例如:I think that maybe his Chinese teacher will give Jim some

work to do during the holiday .我想这段假期或许吉姆的汉语老师会给他一些作

业做。

3.for, since:

for 和since 引导的时间状语都有延续之意,但着眼点不同,用法也有所不同。

⑴“for+时间段”表示“(延续)……之久”,其着眼点是现在,即表示延

续到现在的一段时间(与现在完成时连用),或表示一段已经终结了的时间(与

过去时连用),或表示将要延续的一段时间(与将来时连用)。例如:They

have lived in China for two years. 他们在中国已经住了两年。(现在还在中国)

They lived in China for two years. 他们在中国住过两年。They will stay here for

a few weeks. 他们将在这里住上几个星期。

⑵“since+时间点”表示“自从(过去某时)以来”,其着眼点是过去某时,

即表示自过去某时延续至今的一段时间,常与现在完成时连用。例如:She

has worked here since 1999. 自1999 年以来,她就在这里工作。I haven’t

written home since Christmas. 自圣诞节以来,我就没有给家里写过信。

We haven’t seen each other since three years ago.自三年前以来,我们彼此就未

见过面。

since 还可以用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句(通常用一般过去式)。例如:It

has been raining since I got up this morning. 今天早晨我起床以来,天一直在下

雨。It is just a week since we arrived here. 我们到这里以来只有一星期的时间。

这三个介词都可以表示地点,意思是“在……上”,但具体含义有所不同。

⑴on 是指与物体表面接触而不是在其上方。例如:They are sitting on the grass. 他们坐在草地上。Do you live on the second floor? [美国英语]你住在二楼吗?/[英国英语]你住在三楼吗?He jumped on the horse. 他跳上了马。

⑵above 是指离开物体表面而在其上方,其反义词为 below。例如:The plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层之上飞行。The mountain is about 2,000 metres above the sea. 那座山约海拔2,000 米高。

⑶over 是指在物体的正上方,有时还有“覆盖;越过”之意,其反义词为 under。

例如:A lamp was hanging over the table.一盏灯高挂在餐桌上方。I saw a stone bridge over the river. 我看见一座石桥横跨河上。

5.by, before, until:这三个介词都可以表示时间。用法区别如下:

⑴by 和before 的比较:by 表示“不迟于某时”(= not later than),包括某

时在内;before 则表示“在某时之前”(= earlier than),不包括某时在内。

请比较:

by Friday.(不迟于星期五)

I will finish it

before Friday.(早于星期五)

⑵by 和until 的比较:by 表示一个动作在不迟于某时的任何时候发生,动词

常用瞬时性动词;until(用于肯定句时)表示一个动作一直延续到某时,动词

常用延续性动词。请比较:We must leave by five o’clock.(5 点或5 点以前离开)We must wait until five o’clock. (一直等到5 点)

6.between, among:

①.between 多指两者之间。如:What's the difference between the two words? among 指三者或三者以上的同类事物之间,在或笼统的一群人或一些物之中,表示“在……中间,在……之中”。如:The young people lived and worked among the workers.

注意:我们可以说between you and me,但不能说between you and I,因为between 是介词。

②.between 还可以用来指三个或三个以上的人或物的每两个之间。三个或三个以上的名词用and 连接,前面用between,而不用among。如:Switzerland lies between France, Italy, Austria and Germany.瑞士位于法国,意大利,奥地利和德国之间。

7.instead, instead of:

⑴instead 不是介词,而是副词。它的意思是“作为代替;(不……)而”,中文译法灵活。instead 常位于句末。例如:He was ill, so I went instead. 他病了,因此我就(代他)去了。I don’t like this one; please give me that instead. 我不喜欢这一个,请把那一个给我。They don’t have beef; let’s have some fish instead. 他们没有牛肉,我们改吃鱼吧。

instead 还可以用作连接性状语,表示对比。例如:They didn’t go to Greece, instead, they went to France. 他们没有去希腊,而是去了法国。

⑵instead of 是复合介词,意思是“代替;而(不)”,其后面的内容具有否定意义。instead of 可后接名词、代词或动名词,也可后接介词短语。例如:Give me the red one instead of the green one. 请给我那个红色的,而不是那个绿色的。She had tea instead of coffee. 她没有喝咖啡而喝了茶。He walked downstairs instead of taking the lift. 他是走下楼的,没有乘电梯。They went there on foot instead of by b us. (= … instead of going by bus.) 他们是走到那里去的,没有乘公共汽车。

四、介词与其它词类的常见搭配:

以下是初中英语中一部分常见的介词与其它词类的搭配情况:

⑴“介词+名词”的搭配:

above zero 零度以上after a while 片刻之后

after class 下课以后along the road 沿路

at breakfast 早餐时at first 起先;首先

at home 在家at last 终于;最后

at least 至少;起码at night 在夜里at the bus stop 在公共汽车站at the end of 在……末

at the head of 在……的前头at the moment 此刻

at the same time 同时at three o’clock在三点钟

at times 有时;偶尔before long 不久以后

by air / bus 乘飞机/公共汽车by the door 在门口

by the end of 到……末之前by the time (when…)到……的时候by the way 顺便问(说)一下during summer holidays 在暑假from Monday to Friday 从周一到周五from now on 从现在起

in a hurry 匆忙地in bed (躺)在床上

in English 用英语in fact 实际上;事实上

in the city 在城里in the country 在乡下

in the daytime 在白天in the east of 在……东部

in the end 最后in the morning 在早晨

in the open air 在户外;露天in this way 用这种方法

in time 及时on display / show 陈列;展出

on duty 值班;值日on foot 走路;步行

on Monday morning 在星期一早晨on the east of 在……以东(接壤)on the left 在左边on the other hand 另一方面

on time 按时;准时over there 在那边

to the east of 在……东面(不接壤)with sb’s help 在某人的帮助下

⑵“动词+介词”的搭配:

agree with 同意……的意见ask for 请求;询问

begin with 以……开始fall off (从……)掉下

get off 下(车)get on 上(车)

get to 到达go over 过一遍;仔细检查

hear of 听说knock at 敲(门)

laugh at 嘲笑learn from 向……学习

listen to 听……look after 照顾;照看

look at 看……look for 寻找

参考答案:

一、1. between 2. over 3. under, in 4. to 5. out of 6. for 7. in front of 8. By 9. on, of,

across 10. except, on 11. from, to 12. next to 13. into 14. of 15. from 16.

around 17. like 18. in 19. from 20. behind

二、1. for 2. between 3. Unlike, to 4. up, on 5. off 6. from 7. with 8. from, to 9.

over 10. off, into 11. away from

12. with 13. of 14. on 15. out, in 16. without 17. down, in 18. after 19. instead

of 20. down at

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