北师大网络教育0541《商务英语》在线作业答案完整版 x教学总结

北师大网络教育0541《商务英语》在线作业答案完整版x0541《商务英语》在线作业答案Dear Mr.Thomas,As you are one of our oldest and most regular partners,we greatly appreciate our cooperation for the past 8 years.I will go to the United States and call at your office at 10 a.m.on November 16.At that time,I will negotiate with you about the price of the stuffed toys.Sincerely yours,BobDear Mr.Smith,In your last letter,you asked whether we could give you a 5% discount.Since we have a close business relationship with your company all these years,we have decided to offer you such a discount,though this pyoduct is in great demand and the supply is limited.Your early reply will be greatly appreciated.Yours sincerely,Brandon Rodd答：1.Social environment：Social environment is the sum of social material and spiritual conditions in the range of human existence and activities. The broad sense includes the whole social economic culture system, the narrow sense only refers to the direct environment of human life. Divided into different types according to the nature and function of the elements.2.Industry environment：Refers to the production site in manufacturing locations, including production tooling, gauges, process, materials, operators, environment and process settings, such as: feed, speed, cycle time, pressure, temperature, production line beat.3.Economic environment：Economic environment is refers to the formation of the enterprise survival and the development of the social economic situation and national economic policies that affect consumers' purchasing ability and spending patterns of the factors, it includes income changes, consumer spending patterns of the changes.4.Global environment：Earth environment. All of the lower stratosphere, it covers the atmosphere of the troposphere in the hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere soil. This range is a place where human life and living creatures live and multiply. It is a place where all kinds of resources are available to human beings.【Adam Smith's model】Adam Smith displays trade taking place on the basis ofcountries exercising absolute advantage over one another.【Ricardian model】The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage, which arises due to differences in technology or natural resources. The Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.【Heckscher？COhlin model】In the early 1900s a theory of international trade was developed by two Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin. This theoryhas subsequently been known as the Heckscher？COhlin model (H？CO model). The results of the H？CO model are that countries will produce and export goods that require resources (factors) which are relatively abundant and import goods that require resources which are in relative short supply.【New Trade Theory】New Trade Theory tries to explain empirical elements of trade that comparative advantage-based models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and productivity levels, and the large amount of multinational production (i.e., foreign direct investment) that exists.Gravity model：The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis.【Ricardian theory of international trade (modern development)】The Ricardian theory of comparative advantage became a basic constituent of neoclassical trade theory. Any undergraduate course in trade theory includes a presentation of Ricardo's example of a two-commodity, two-country model. A common representation of this model is made using an Edgeworth Box.【Neo-Ricardian trade theory】The merit of neo-Ricardian trade theory is that input goods are explicitly included. This is in accordance with Sraffa's idea that any commodity is a product made by means of commodities. The limitation of their theory is that the analysis is restricted to small-country cases.【Ricardo-Sraffa trade theory】Economist John S. Chipman observed in his survey that McKenzie stumbled upon the questions of intermediate products and postulated that "introduction of trade in intermediate product necessitates a fundamental alteration in classical analysis".It took many years until Shiozawa succeeded in removing this deficiency.The Ricardian trade theory was now constructed in a form to include intermediate input trade for the most general case of many countries and many goods. Chipman called this the Ricardo-Sraffa trade theory.【International production fragmentation trade theory】In his chapter entitled Li & Fung, Ltd.: An agent of global production (2001), Cheng used Li & Fung Ltd as a case study in the international production fragmentation trade theory through which producers in different countries are allocated a specialized slice or segment of thevalue chain of the global production. Allocations are determined based on "technical feasibility" and the ability to keep the lowest final price possible for each product.。