定语从句和介词

1 定语从句主要用来修饰它前面的先行词（名词或代词）的从句，所以又称形容词从句。根据与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句对所修饰词的意思加以限制，表示―….的人（事物）。非限制性定语从句对所修辞没有限制意义的作用，而只补充一点情况，与主句关系不紧密，把它们拿掉，主句照样成立。它们和所修饰的名词之间常加一个逗号，译成汉语时另起一个句子，仿佛是并列句。定语从句主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词；介词＋引导词以及非限制性定语从句。具体考点如下： 考点一：引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词（who, whom, which, that, whose，as）和关系副词( when, where, why)等。但是当下列情况出现时，对引导词有特殊要求。 1.当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, little, much时；当先行词 被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very修饰时；当先 行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句的引导词用that。例： All that you want are here.你需要的全在这儿。 There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes. 没有人不犯错误。 This is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我看过得最好一部电影。 2.―the same ...as‖, such...as‖中的as可以指人或物。 例： Such furniture as is very popular is expensive.像那样的流行家具很贵。 We have successfully done the same experiment as you did.我们和你们一样成功 地做了这个试验。 3.why引导表示原因的定语从句，其先行词一般是reason。当主句主语是reason时， 作主句表语的成分不能有because和because of。其结构一般为the reason why…is that…，或者the reason that…is that…，如： He did not tell us the reason why he was late again.他没告诉我们他又迟到的 原因。 The reason why（that）he didn’t come is that he was ill.他没来的原因是他病了。 4.当定语从句为there be句型时，关系代词只能用that。 This is the fastest train that there is to Beijing.这是开往北京的特快列车。 5.当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时，关系代词只能用that。 Who is the girl that is talking with Mr. Brown.和布朗先生谈话的那个女孩是谁？ 6.如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用that。 We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited。我们在 2

谈论我们参观的国家和拜访的人。 考点二：在―介词+which/whom‖的结构中，介词的选择取决于三种情况： 1.定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配； This is the college in which I am studying.这就是我在学习的大学。 He is the man about whom we are talking.他就是我们在谈论的人。 2.先行词与介词的习惯搭配； 当先行词表示―领域、方面‖时，如：aspect, respect, area, field等，用in which； 当先行词表示―价格、利率、速度‖时，如：rate, price, speed等，用at which； 当先行词表示―程度‖时，如：degree, extent等，用to which； 当先行词表示―根据、依据、基础‖时，如：grounds, foundation, basis等，用on which； The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. 仪表上显示出这台机器的运转的速度。 It is useful to be able to predict the extent to which a price change will affect supply and demand. 能够预测价格如何影响供需是很有用的。 3.当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which;否则用其他介词 I have five dictionaries ，of which Longman Dictionary is the best.我有五部字典， 朗曼是最好的。 I have five dictionaries ，among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK. 我有五部字典，朗曼是在英国出版的字典之一。 注意：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前，如put up with；有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配，此时需要根据上下文来确定。如：be familiar with / to ; compare with / to . 考点三：当先行词为表示时间的名词（如：time, day, year, week, month, occasion）或地点的名词（如：place, room, city, country）时，一般用关系副词when和where.分别相当于in which, at which, on which。但是当这些表示时间或地点的名词作从句的宾语时，则要用关系代词that或which. I can’t forget the days when(in which) I lived with you.我不能忘记和你在一起居住的日子。 Can you tell me the day when (on which) the first satellite was sent into space? 你能告诉我第一颗人造卫星是什么时候上天的？ China is the only country where(in which ) wild pandas can be found.中国是唯一能发现大熊猫的地方。 I’ll never forget the village where I spent my childhood.我将永远不会忘记我度过童年的那个村庄。 I will never forget the days that (which) I spent in Beijing University. 我将永远不会忘记我在北大度过的日子。(本句days作spend的宾语，故用关系代词that / which ) 3

I have never been to Beijing, but it’s the place that I most want to visit.我没去过北京，但是它是我最向往的地方。(本句place作visit的宾语。) 考点四：非限定性定语从句不能用that引导,一般用引导词which/as或who/whom（指人），非限定性定语从句既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句前面。若主句与从句内容上不一致，或从句对主句内容起反对、排斥、否定等作用时，多用which;而as只能用于主句和从句内容一致时。 She has married again, as was expected. 她又结婚了，这是大家意料中的事。 She has married again, which was unexpected. 她又结婚了, 真没想到。 As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.我们都知道，月球是地球的卫星。 The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people’s life greatly.大面积的地方有积雪，这样给人们的生活带来极大的不便。 His speech, which bored us to death, was over at last.他的讲话终于结束了，我们对此讨厌极了。 Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.她的妹妹住在另一个城市，她要来看她。

练习一 I.单项选择 1._____ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B. When C. What D. As 2. Anyway, that evening, ______ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place. A. when B. where C. what D. which 3. There are two buildings , ________ stands nearly a hundred feet high. A. the larger B. the large of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which 4. What surprised me was not what he said but the way ______ he said it. A. which B. that C. who D. what 5. The English play ______ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which 6. I work in a business _____ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. A. how B. which C. where D. that 7. A fast restaurant is the place _______, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly.