国际企业管理(文化、战略与行为) 期末重点复习

Chapter 1

Management: process of completing activities efficiently and effectively with and through other people.

Globalization: the process of social, political, economic, cultural, and technological integration among countries around the world.

NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement.

FTAA: Free Trade Agreement of the Americas.

FDI: foreign direct investment

Global economic systems:

1.Market economy

https://www.360docs.net/doc/c213160506.html,mand economy

3.Mixed economy

CHAPTER 2

Ideologies:

1.Individualism: the political philosophy that people

should be free to pursue economic and political

endeavors without constraint.

2.Collectivism: the political philosophy that views the

needs or goals of society as a whole as more important

than individual desires.

3.Socialism: a moderate form of collectivism in which

there is government ownership of institutions, and profit is not the ultimate goal.

Legal and regulatory environment

There are three foundations on which laws are based around the world. Briefly summarized, these are:

1.Islamic law: law that is derived from interpretation

of the Qur’an and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and is found in most Islamic countries.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/c213160506.html,mon law: law that derives from English law and is

the foundations of legislation in the United States, Canada, and England, among other nations.

3.Civil or code law: law that is derived from Roman law

and is found in the non-Islamic and nonsocialist

countries. The law China used is civil or code law.

Basic principles of international law:

1.Sovereignty and sovereign immunity: principle of

sovereignty: an international principle of law

which holds that

governments have the right to rule themselves as they see fit.

2.International jurisdiction: which includes

nationality principle, territoriality principle, protective principle.

Nationality principle: a jurisdictional principle of international law which holds that every country has jurisdiction over its citizens no matter where they are located.

Territoriality principle: a principle which holds that every nation has the right of jurisdiction within its legal territory.

Protective principle: a jurisdictional principle of law which holds that every country has jurisdiction over behavior that adversely affects its national security, even if the conduct occurred outside that country.

3.Doctrine of comity: a jurisdictional principle of

law which holds that there must be mutual respect for the laws, institutions, and governments of other countries in the matter of jurisdiction over their own citizens.

4.Act of state doctrine: a principle which holds that

all acts of other governments are considered to be valid by U.S. counts, even if such acts are illegal or inappropriate under U.S. law.

5.Treatment and rights of aliens: countries have the

legal right to refuse admission of foreign citizens and to impose special restrictions on their conduct, their right of travel, where they can stay, and what business they may conduct.

6.Forum for hearing and settling disputes: this is a

principle of U.S. as it applies t international law.

U.S. courts can dismiss cases brought before them by foreigners.

Examples of legal and regulatory issues:

1.Financial services regulation.

2.Foreign corrupt practices act (FCPA): an act that

makes it illegal to influence foreign officials

through personal payment or political contributions.

3.Bureaucratization

Chapter 4

Culture: acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior. This knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior.

Characteristics of culture:

1.Learned. Culture is not inherited or biologically

based; it is acquired by learning and experience. 2.Shared: people as members of q group, organization,

or society share culture; it is not specific to

single individuals.

3.Transgenerational: culture is cumulative, passed

down from one generation to the next.

4.Symbolic: culture is based on the human capacity

to symbolize or use one thing to represent another. 5.Patterned: culture has structure and is

integrated; a change in one part will bring changes

in another.

6.Adaptive: Culture is based on the human capacity

to change or adapt, as opposed to the more

genetically driven adaptive

process of animals.

Cultural diversity

In overall terms, the cultural impact on international management is reflected by basic beliefs and behaviors. Here are some specific examples where the culture of

a society can directly affect management approaches:

1.Centralized vs. decentralized

2.Safety vs. risk

3.Individual vs. group

https://www.360docs.net/doc/c213160506.html,rmal vs. formal

5.High vs. low organizational loyalty

6.Cooperation vs. competition

7.Stability vs. innovation

The model of culture:

There are three layers of culture:

1.The implicit, basic, assumptions that guide

people’s behavior;

2.The norms and values that guide the society;

3.The explicit artifacts and products of the society.

Values in culture

Values: basic convictions that people have regarding what is right and wrong, good and bad, important and unimportant. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions:

1.Power distance: the extent to which less powerful members

of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally.

Lower-power-distance: generally be decentralized and have flatter organization structure;

High-power-distance: have a large proportion of

supervisory personnel, centralized and have a thinner

structure.

2.Uncertainty avoidance: the extent to which people feel

threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institution that try to avoid these.

High-uncertainty-avoidance: have a great deal of

structuring of organizational activities, more written rules, less risk taking by managers, lower labor turnover, and less ambitious employees.

Low-uncertainty-avoidance: less structuring of activities, fewer written rules, more risk taking by managers, higher labor turnover, and ambitious employees.

3.Individualism; the tendency of people to look after

themselves and their immediate family only.

Hofstede found that wealthy countries have higher

individualism scores and poorer countries and regions

higher collectivism.

4.Masculinity: a cultural characteristic in which the

dominant values in society are success, money, and things.

Femininity: a cultural characteristic in which the

dominant values in society are caring for others and the quality of life.

5.Time orientation: present vs. future

6.Indulgence restraint

Trompenaar’s cultural dimensions

1.universalism vs. particularism

universalism: the belief that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere in the world without modification.

Particularism: the belief that circumstance dictate how ideas and practices should be applied and that something cannot be done the same everywhere.

2.Individualism vs. communitarianism

Communitarianism: refers to people regarding themselves as part of a group.

3.Neutral vs. emotional:

Neutral culture: culture which emotions are held in check.

Emotional culture: culture in which emotions are

expressed openly and naturally.

4.Specific vs. diffuse:

Specific culture: culture which individuals have a large public space they readily share with others and a small private space they guard closely and share with only close friends and associates.

Diffuse culture: culture which public space and private space are similar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully, because entry into public space affords entry into private space as well.

5.Achievement vs. ascription:

Achievement culture; culture which people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions.

Ascription culture: culture which status is attributed based on who or what a person is.

6.Time: present vs. future.

7.The environment: inner-directed environment vs.

outer-directed environment.

8.Cultural patterns or clusters.

Globe’s cultural dimensions:

1.Uncertainty avoidance

2.Power distance

3.Societal collectivism

4.In-group collectivism

5.Gender egalitarianism

6.Assertiveness

7.Future orientation

8.Performance orientation

9.Human orientation

Chapter 6

Organizational culture:shared values and beliefs that enable members to understand their soles in and the norms of the organization.

Characteristic:

1.Observed behavioral regularities

2.Norms

3.Dominant values

4.Philosophy

5.Rules

https://www.360docs.net/doc/c213160506.html,anizational climate

Dimensions of corporate culture:

1.Motivation: activities vs. outputs

2.Relationship: job vs. person

3.Identity: corporate vs. professional

https://www.360docs.net/doc/c213160506.html,munication: open vs. closed

5.Control: tight vs. loose

6.Conduct: conventional vs. pragmatic

Four steps that are used in the process of mergers or acquisition:

1.The two groups have to establish the purpose, goal, and

focus on their merger;

2.Develop mechanism to identify the most important

organizational structure and management roles;

3.Determin e who has the authority over the resources need

for getting things done.

4.Identify the expectations of all involved parties and

facilitate communication between both departments.

Three aspects of organizational functioning that seem to be especially important in determining MNC organizational culture:

1.The general relationship between the employees and their

organization;

2.The hierarchical system of authority that defines the

roles of manager and subordinates;

3.The g eneral views that employees hold about the MNC’S

purpose, destiny, goals, and their place in them.

Four types of organizational culture:

1.Family culture: culture that is characterized by a

strong emphasis on hierarchy and orientation to the

person;

2.Eiffel Tower culture: culture that is characterized

by strong emphasis on hierarchy and orientation to the

task;

3.Guided missile culture: culture that is characterized

by strong emphasis on quality in the workplace and

orientation to the task;

4.Incubator culture: culture that is characterized by

strong emphasis on quality and orientation to the

person.

Phases of multicultural development:

1.Domestic firms

2.International firms

3.Multinational firms

4.Global firms

Types of group multiculturalism:

1.Homogeneous group

2.Token group

3.Bicultural group

4.Multicultural group

Potential problems associated with diversity:

https://www.360docs.net/doc/c213160506.html,ck of cohesion