中医名词英译探析_郭秀伟
中医术语汉译英的基本方法
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在中医翻译实践中，中医术语的翻译是核心、 是首要。这就是说，要与国外医学界交流信息， 要使译文能顺利地为外国读者理解，我们首先要 能准确地翻译中医术语． 进而达到准确完整地翻 译中医、中草药等专著、专文的目的。以下是中 医术语英译的几种基本方法。
2）一些相关疾病、症状 由于大多数疾病的人体表现都具有普遍性，中医描 述相关疾病或症状的术语也可以直接翻译成相应的英语
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词语。如：
头晕目眩 耳鸣目涩 心悸心烦 失眠健忘 鼻衄
headache and vertigo tinnitus and dryness of eyes vexation and palpitation insomnia and poor memory； nose bleeding
采用意译的手法则可以得其“意义”而不拘泥于“字
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面”。
因而，我们应该将金、木、水、火、土意译为lung,
liver, kidney, heart, spleen, 而不是译成metal,
water, fire, earth.
“木火刑金”可意译成liver fire impairing lung. 如
直
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接译为gynecologist.
二．意译
意译（free translation) 是指根据原文的大意
来翻译，不作逐字逐句的翻译。意译只保持原文内
容，不保持原文形式。 在中医术语翻译实践中，意译就是指根据名词术
语所表示的具体事物或概念，不拘泥于字面意义的 翻译。
意译的实用对象是：
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中医术语翻译的误区及对策探讨
中医术语翻译的误区及对策探讨随着中医在国际上的影响逐渐扩大，中医术语的翻译也成为了一个备受关注的话题。
由于中医的独特性和复杂性，中医术语的翻译常常存在误区，给中医的传播和应用带来了一定的困难。
本文将探讨中医术语翻译中存在的误区，并提出相应的对策。
一、中医术语翻译的误区1. 直译误区中医术语翻译中最常见的误区之一就是直译误区。
直译指的是将中医诊疗术语和理论直接翻译成英文，而不考虑其背后的文化和历史背景。
这种直译常常会导致对中医概念的误解和不准确的理解，在国际传播和交流中造成困难。
中医中的“气”和“血”在英文中的直译分别是“qi”和“blood”。
这种直译未能将“气”和“血”背后的中医概念完整地传达出来，导致国际学者和医生对中医的理解产生偏差。
2. 理论误区另一个常见的误区是理论误区，即在中医术语翻译中对中医理论概念的诠释不准确。
由于中医理论的复杂性和深刻性，其术语往往有着极其丰富的内涵和历史渊源。
如果在翻译过程中没有通盘考虑到这些特性，就容易导致对中医理论的误解。
中医中的“阴阳”概念在英文中常常被直译成“yin-yang”。
“阴阳”概念涉及到中医对世界和生命的整体观念，不能简单地用“yin-yang”来代表。
这种直译会导致国际学者和医生对中医理论的理解产生偏差。
二、对策探讨为了解决中医术语翻译中存在的误区，我们需要采取相应的对策和措施，以便更好地传播和应用中医知识。
1. 深入理解中医理论我们需要深入理解中医理论，并且以国际化的视野去审视中医术语的内涵和特点。
只有对中医理论有着深刻的理解，才能够在翻译过程中更好地保持术语的丰富内涵，以免造成误解。
2. 结合当地文化和历史在进行中医术语翻译时，应该结合当地文化和历史特点，以便更好地将中医的概念和理论传达给国际学者和医生。
这就需要在翻译过程中注重对中医术语的本土化处理，从而更好地融入当地的文化和语境。
3. 建立标准化的翻译体系为了规范中医术语的翻译，我们需要建立起一套科学的、标准化的翻译体系。
中医药名词英文翻译03（中医基础理论）
中医药名词英文翻译03（中医基础理论）03.001整体观念holism03.002天气celestial qi 03.003地气earth qi 03.004气立establishment of generalqi03.005天人相应correspondence of human body and naturalenvironment03.006辨证论治treatment based on syndrome differentiation03.007理法方药principle-method-recipe- medicines03.008标本manifestation and rootcause03.009阴阳yin-yang03.010阴阳学说yin-yang theory03.011阳气yang qi03.012阴气yin qi03.013生之本root of life03.014阴阳对立opposition of yin-yang03.015阴静阳躁steady yin and vexedyang03.016阳化气yang transforming qi 03.017阴成形yin shaping up body03.018阴阳互根mutual rooting of yin- yang03.019阴阳消长waxing and waning of yin-yang03.021重阳必阴extreme yang changing into yin03.022重阴必阳extreme yin changing into yang03.023阴平阳秘relative equilibrium of yin-yang03.024阴阳自和natural harmony of yin- yang03.025五行five phases03.026五行学说five phases theory03.027木wood03.028火fire03.029土earth03.030金metal03.031水water03.032木曰曲直wood characterized by bending andstraightening03.033火曰炎上fire characterized by flaring up03.034土爰稼穑earth characterized by sowing and reaping03.035金曰从革metal characterized by clearing and changing03.036水曰润下water characterized by moistening anddescending03.037五时five seasons 03.038五方five orientations 03.039五行相生mutual generation offive phases03.040母气mother qi 03.041子气child qi03.042母病及子illness of motherviscera affecting thechild one03.043子病及母illness of child visceraaffecting the mother one03.044木生火wood generating fire03.046土生金earth generating metal 03.047金生水metal generating water 03.048水生木water generating wood03.049五行相克mutual restriction offive phases03.050所胜being restrained03.051所不胜restraining03.052木克土wood restricting earth 03.053火克金fire restricting metal 03.054土克水earth restricting water 03.055水克火water restricting fire 03.056金克木metal restricting wood03.057五行相乘over-restriction of five phases03.058五行相侮counter-restriction of five phases03.059亢害承制restraining excessiveness to acquireharmony03.060制化restriction and generation03.061运气学说doctrine of five evolutive phases and sixclimatic factors03.062干支heavenly stems and earthly branches03.063甲子sixty-year cycle03.064运气five evolutive phasesand six climatic factors03.065五运five evolutive phases03.066六气six climatic factors 03.067主气host climatic qi 03.068客气guest climatic qi 03.069司天celestial manager qi 03.070在泉qi in the earth03.071主运host evolutive phase 03.072客运guest evolutive phase 03.073岁运year evolutive phase03.074客主加临guest climatic qi addingto fixed host qi03.075运气相合combined analysis offive evolutive phasesand six climatic factors03.076运气盛衰rise and fall of five evolutive phases and sixclimatic factors03.077天符coincidence of heavenlyqi03.078岁会yearly weather03.079平气normal climatic factors03.080运气太过excess of five evolutive phases and six climaticfactors03.081运气不及deficiency of five evolutive phases and sixclimatic factors03.082标本中气manifestation, rootcause and medial qi03.083脏腑zang-fu viscera脏象visceral manifestations03.085脏象学说theory of visceral manifestations03.086五脏five zang viscera03.087藏精气而不泻storing essence without03.088五神five emotions03.089五华five lustre03.090五体five body constituents 03.091五志five minds 03.092七情seven emotions03.093五液five humors03.094心heart03.095心包络pericardium03.096心气heart qi03.097心血heart blood03.098心阴heart yin03.099心阳heart yang03.100君火sovereign fire03.101心藏神heart storing spirit03.102心主血脉heart governing bloodand vessels03.103心开窍于舌heart opening at tongue03.104心恶热heart being averse toheat肺lung 03.106肺气lung qi肺阴lung yin03.108肺阳lung yang03.109肺主气lung governing qi03.110肺藏魄lung storing inferior spirit03.111肺朝百脉lung connecting all vessels03.112肺主治节lung governing management andregulation03.113肺主宣发lung governing diffusion03.114肺主肃降lung governing purification anddescending03.115肺司呼吸lung controlling breathing03.116肺主通调水道lung governing regulation of waterpassages03.117肺主皮毛lung governing skin and hair03.118肺开窍于鼻lung opening at nose03.119肺恶寒lung being averse to cold脾spleen 03.121脾气spleen qi 03.122脾阴spleen yin 03.123脾阳spleen yang03.124脾主运化spleen governingtransportation andtransformation03.125脾为后天之本spleen being acquiredfoundation03.126脾主升清spleen governingascending clear03.128脾主四肢spleen governing limbs 03.129脾主肌肉spleen governing muscles 03.130脾藏营spleen storing nutrients 03.131脾藏意spleen storing idea 03.132脾开窍于口spleen opening at mouth03.133脾喜燥恶湿spleen liking drynessand disliking dampness03.134胰pancreas 03.135肝liver03.136肝气liver qi 03.137肝血liver blood 03.138肝阴liver yin 03.139肝阳liver yang03.140肝主疏泄liver controllingconveyance anddispersion03.141肝主升发liver governingascending and dredging03.142肝为刚脏liver being bold andfirm viscera03.143肝体阴用阳liver being substantialyin and functional yang03.144肝主筋liver governing tendons 03.145肝藏血liver storing blood 03.146肝藏魂liver storing soul 03.147肝开窍于目liver opening at eye肝恶风liver being averse towind03.149肾kidney03.150命门vital gate03.151命门之火vital gate fire 03.152精室essence chamber 03.153 肾精kidney essence 03.154肾气kidney qi03.155肾阴kidney yin03.156肾阳kidney yang 03.157天癸tian gui03.158相火ministerial fire03.159肾为先天之本kidney being congenitalorigin03.160肾主封藏kidney governing storage 03.161肾主生殖kidney governing reproduction03.162肾主水液kidney governing water metabolism03.163肾主纳气kidney governing inspiration03.164肾藏精kidney storing essence 03.165 肾藏志kidney storing will 03.166肾主骨kidney governing bones 03.167肾开窍于耳kidney opening at ear03.168肾恶燥kidney being averse to dryness03.169六腑six fu viscera03.170传化物而不藏digesting and transporting food anddrink without storingessence03.171胆gallbladder 03.172胆气gallbladder qi 03.173胆汁bile03.174中清之腑fu-viscera with clearjuice03.175中正之官fu-viscera with decisive character03.176胃stomach03.177胃气stomach qi 03.178胃阴stomach yin 03.179胃阳stomach yang 03.180胃津stomach fluid 03.181水谷之海reservoir of food anddrink03.182胃主受纳stomach receiving food and drink03.183胃喜润恶燥spleen liking moistness and disliking dryness03.184小肠small intestine 03.185回肠ileum03.186受盛化物reservoir and transformation03.187分清泌浊separating clear and excreting turbid03.188大肠large intestine传导之官official of03.190膀胱bladder03.191膀胱气化functioning of bladder 03.192三焦sanjiao03.193上焦upper jiao03.194上焦如雾upper jiao being organof fogging03.195中焦middle jiao03.196中焦如沤middle jiao being organof soaking03.197下焦lower jiao03.198下焦如渎lower jiao being organof draining03.199奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-viscera 03.200脑brain03.201脑髓brain marrow03.202脑户door of brain03.203囟门fontanel03.204元神之府fu-viscera of mentalactivity03.205髓marrow03.206骨bone03.207髓之府fu-viscera of marrow 03.208骨度bone-length measurement 03.209脉vessel 03.210血之府house of blood03.211胞宫uterus; womb03.212胞脉uterine vessels03.213胞门uterine ostium03.214阴道vagina03.215月经menstruation胎衣placenta03.217脏腑相合interconnection of zang-fu viscera03.218心合小肠heart being connectedwith small intestine03.219肺合大肠lung being connectedwith large intestine03.220脾合胃spleen being connectedwith stomach03.221肝合胆liver being connectedwith gallbladder03.222肾合膀胱kidney being connectedwith bladder03.223心肾相交intercourse betweenheart and kidney03.224肝肾同源homogeny of liver andkidney03.225肺肾相生mutually promotion oflung and kidney03.226仓廪之本root of granary; spleenand stomach03.227经络channel; meridian经络学说channel theory03.229经脉channel03.230经气channel qi 03.231根结root and knot 03.232气街pathway of qi 03.233 四海four seas03.234十二经脉twelve regular channels;twelve regular meridians03.235手三阳经three yang channels of hand; three yangmeridians of hand03.236手三阴经three yin channels of hand; three yinmeridians of hand03.237足三阳经three yang channels of foot; three yinmeridians of foot03.238足三阴经three yin channels offoot; three yinmeridians of foot03.239手太阴肺经Taiyin Lung Channel of Hand; Taiyin LungMeridian of Hand03.240手阳明大肠经Yangming Large Intestine Channel of Hand;Yangming Large IntestineMeridian of Hand03.241足阳明胃经Yangming Stomach Channel of Foot; YangmingStomach Meridian ofFoot03.242足太阴脾经Taiyin Spleen Channel of Foot; Taiyin SpleenMeridian of Foot03.243手少阴心经Shaoyin Heart Channel of Hand; Shaoyin HeartMeridian of Hand03.244手太阳小肠经Taiyang Small IntestineChannel of Hand;Taiyang Small IntestineMeridian of Hand03.245足太阳膀胱经Taiyang Bladder Channel of Foot; TaiyangBladder Meridian ofFoot足少阴肾经Shaoyin Kidney Channelof Foot; Shaoyin KidneyMeridian of Foot03.247手厥阴心包经Jueyin Pericardium Channel of Hand; JueyinPericardium Meridian ofHand03.248手少阳三焦经Shaoyang Sanjiao Channel of Hand; ShaoyangSanjiao Meridian of Hand03.249足少阳胆经Shaoyang Gallbladder Channel of Foot;Shaoyang GallbladderMeridian of Foot03.250足厥阴肝经Jueyin Liver Channel of Foot; Jueyin LiverMeridian of Foot03.251奇经八脉Eight Extraordinary Channels; EightExtraordinary Meridians03.252督脉Governor Channel;Governor Vessel03.253任脉Conception Channel;Conception Vessel03.255带脉Belt Channel; BeltVessel03.256阴跷脉Yin Heel Channel; YinHeel Vessel03.257阳跷脉Yang Heel Channel; YangHeel Vessel03.258阴维脉Yin Link Channel; YinLink Vessel03.259阳维脉Yang Link Channel; YangLink Vessel03.260十四经fourteen channels03.261经别branched channel03.262经筋aponeurotic system 03.263皮部dermal parts03.264络脉collaterals03.265孙络tertiary collaterals 03.266浮络superficial collaterals 03.267别络connecting collaterals 03.268形physique03.269皮毛skin and hair03.270腠理striae and interstitialspace03.271玄府sweat pore03.272肌肉muscle筋(1)soft tissue (2)tendon03.274膜membrane03.275关节joint03.276百骸bones03.277完骨mastoid process 03.278枕骨occipital bone 03.279头颅骨skull03.280曲牙mandibular angle 03.281眉棱骨supra-orbital bone03.282辅骨(1)condyle (2)fibula andradius03.283高骨protruding bones 03.284交骨pubis bone03.285颈骨cervical vertebra 03.286髋骨hip bone03.287髋hip03.288上横骨manubrium of sternum 03.289尾闾骨coccyx03.290腰骨lumbar bone03.291手骨hand bone03.292合骨medial malleolus 03.293跖plantar03.294头head03.295精明之府house of intelligence 03.296腰waist03.297肾之府house of kidney03.298膝knee03.299筋之府house of tendons03.300膜原mo yuan; interpleuro-diaphragmatic space03.301膏肓gao huang; intercardiodiaphragmatic part03.302膈diaphragm 03.303脊spine03.304背back03.305胁肋lateral thorax 03.306腹abdomen03.309少腹lateral lower abdomen 03.310四极four limbs; four poles 03.311五官five [sense]apertures 03.312七窍seven orifices03.313九窍nine orifices03.314目eye03.315目系eye connector03.316五轮八廓five wheels and eightregions03.317肉轮flesh wheel03.318血轮blood wheel03.319气轮qi wheel03.320风轮wind wheel03.321水轮water wheel03.322眦canthus03.323目内眦inner canthus 03.324目外眦outer canthus 03.325目窠eye socket03.326眼带ocular band03.327目眶ocular orbit 03.328眼睑eyelid03.329睑弦palpebral margin 03.330睫毛eyelash03.331泪tear03.332泪泉lachrymal spring 03.333泪窍lachrymal punctum03.334白睛white eye, bulbarconjunctiva and sclera03.335黑睛black eye ,cornea andiris03.336瞳神pupil03.337虹彩iris03.338神水spiritual water, aqueous03.339晶珠crystal pearl; lens 03.340神膏vitreum03.341视衣visual cloth03.342舌tongue03.343舌系tongue connector;sublingual vessels andligament03.344口mouth 03.345唇lip 03.346齿tooth 03.347真牙genuine tooth；wisdomtooth03.348龈gum03.349腭palate03.350硬腭hard palate03.351软腭soft palate03.352咽pharynx03.353喉throat03.354喉核node of throat; tonsil 03.355喉关throat bar03.356喉底bottom of throatposterior pharyngealwall03.357颃颡nasopharynx 03.358鼻nose03.359明堂(1)nose (2)acupointchart03.360鼻准nasal apex03.361頞nasal root03.362耳ear03.363耳郭auricle03.364前阴external genitalia03.365宗筋(1)penis and testes (2)convergent tendon03.366茎penis精窍seminal orifice;03.368睾testicle03.369阴户vaginal door 03.370阴门vaginal orifice 03.371后阴anus03.372魄门anus03.373气qi03.374气化qi transformation 03.375气机qi movement 03.376升降出入ascending, descending, exiting and entering03.377气主煦之qi warming body03.378元气primordial qi03.379真气genuine qi03.380宗气pectoral qi03.381中气middle qi03.382卫气defensive qi03.383营气nutrient qi03.384脏腑之气qi of zang-fu viscera 03.385血blood03.386营血nutrient-blood03.387血主濡之blood being responsiblefor nurturing body03.388津液fluid03.389津clear fluid03.390液turbid fluid精(1)essence (2)semen。
概念隐喻认知视角下《伤寒论》中医隐喻术语的英译
概念隐喻认知视角下《伤寒论》中医隐喻术语的英译摘要：本文以概念隐喻认知视角为基础，探讨了《伤寒论》中医隐喻术语的英译问题。
通过分析《伤寒论》中的典型隐喻，研究了医学术语的隐喻性质及其翻译策略，提出了相应的英译方法，以期为医学翻译提供一些参考。
关键词：概念隐喻；认知视角；医学隐喻；英译方法一、引言医学术语是医学领域中的特殊语言，其具有高度的专业性和技术性，对医学研究和临床实践具有不可替代的作用。
随着全球化的进程不断加快，医学翻译的需求也越来越大。
在医学翻译中，如何准确地翻译医学术语是一个重要的问题。
而医学术语的隐喻性质是医学翻译中常见的问题之一，其正确的翻译方法对于医学翻译的准确性和专业性具有重要的影响。
《伤寒论》是中国古代医学史上的经典著作，其在医学领域中具有重要的地位。
其中的医学隐喻术语是医学术语的重要组成部分，其英译问题一直备受关注。
因此，本文以《伤寒论》中医学隐喻术语为研究对象，以概念隐喻认知视角为基础，分析医学术语的隐喻性质及其翻译策略，提出相应的英译方法。
二、概念隐喻认知视角下医学隐喻的特点概念隐喻认知视角认为，人类认知活动是基于概念隐喻的。
概念隐喻是指人们在理解一个概念时，将其与另一个概念进行比较和相互映射的过程。
医学隐喻是指医学术语中的隐喻，其特点是具有高度的专业性和技术性，经常用于描述医学知识、疾病症状、诊断方法等。
医学隐喻具有以下特点：1. 高度专业化：医学隐喻是医学领域中的专业术语，其使用对象主要是医学专业人员和医学学生。
因此，其语言表达具有高度的专业化和技术性。
2. 易于歧义：医学隐喻常常具有多种含义，容易产生歧义，给医学翻译带来困难。
3. 隐喻性强：医学隐喻具有强烈的隐喻性质，其语言表达常常通过比喻、象征等方式来表达医学概念。
4. 文化差异：医学隐喻的语言表达受到文化背景的影响，不同文化背景下的医学隐喻可能存在差异。
三、医学隐喻的翻译策略翻译医学隐喻需要考虑医学隐喻的特点，采用适当的翻译策略才能达到准确、专业的翻译效果。
英语常见中医术语
英语常见中医术语绪论introduction中医学traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)中医学理论体系theory system of TCM中医基础理论basic theory of TCM整体观念holism concept五脏一体观holism of five ogans形神一体观holism of body and spirit天人一体观holism of human beings and universe医学模式medical pattern辨证syndrome differentiation论治treatment variation疾病disease证候syndrome症状symptom体征physical sign辨病disease diagnosing同病异治different treament for the same disease异病同治the same treatment for the different disease第一章中医学的哲学基础Ancient philosophic basis of TCM精jing(as the world origin in ancient philosophy)气qi(as the world origin in the ancient philosophy) 精气学说theory of jingqi生命life中介medium气机 qi activity气化qi transformation感应induction水地说hypothesis of jing originating from water and earth 云气说hypothesis of qi originating from cloud and air气一元论monism of qi元气一元论monism of qi阴阳yinyang; yin and yang阴阳学说theory of yinyang阴阳对立inter-opposition between yin and yang阴阳互根inter-dependence between yin and yang阴阳消长wane and wax between yin and yang阴阳交感inter-induction between yin and yang阴阳互藏inter-containing between yin and yang阴阳转化inter-transformation between yin and yang阴阳自和reestablishment to yin-yang equilibrium阴阳平衡both yin and yang in equilibrium五行five elements五行学说theory of five elements五行相生inter-promotion of five elements五行相克inter-inhibition of five elements五行制化relationship of promotion and restriction of five elements五行相乘inter-invasion of five elements五行相侮reverse restriction in five elements五行胜复resistance of oppressed elements母病及子mother-organ diorder involving its child-organ子病及母child-organ disorder involving its mother-organ滋水涵木replenishing water to nourish wood培土生金reinforcing earth to generate metal益火补土tonifying fire to supplement earth金水相生mutual generation between metal and water抑木扶土inhibiting wood and strengthening earth培土治水cultivating earth to control water佐金平木assisting metal and calming wood泻南补北purging the south (fire) and nourishing the north (water)宏观观察obsevation on macroscopic level中和golden mean类比analogy第二章藏象Viscera state藏象viscera state藏象学说doctrine of viscera state脏腑viscera; zangfu organs五脏five zang organs心heart肺lung脾spleen肝liver肾kidney六腑six fu organs胆gall baldder胃stomach小肠small intestin大肠large intestine三焦tri-jiao; sanjiao膀胱urinary blader奇恒之腑extraordinary fu organs脑brain髓marrow骨bone脉vessel女子胞uterus满而不实full of essence without foodstuff实而不满full of foodstuff without essence心主神明heart controlling mental activities心主血脉heart controlling blood circulation心藏神heart storing spirit肺主气lun governing qi肺主呼吸之气lung governing respiratory qi肺主一身之气lung governing physical qi肺朝百脉convergence of vessels in the lung肺主行水lung governing water metabolism肺主治节lung governing coordinative activities of viscera肺为华盖lung being the canopy肺为娇脏lung being the delicate organ肺主宣发肃降lung controlling dispersing outward and inwards气门pore后天之本source of acquired constitution脾主运化spleen governing transportation and transformation脾气主升spleen governing ascending脾主统血spleen governing blood脾喜燥恶湿spleen preferring dryness to dampness肝主疏泄liver govering regulating肝主藏血liver storing blood肝体因而用阳liver of yin nature with yang functioning肝为刚脏liver being the resolute viscera罢极之本source of endurance先天之本congenital foundation肾藏精kidney storing essence肾阴kidney yin肾阳kidney yang肾精kidney essence肾气kidney qi天癸tiangui肾主水液kidney governing water肾主纳气kidney receiving respiratory qi命门vital gate七冲门seven important portals胆主决断gallbladder governing deciding胃主通降stomach managing downward transportation of food喜润恶燥preferring moisture to dryness受盛化物containing and digesting泌别清浊separating the clear from the turbid上焦如雾upper-jiao resembling mist中焦如沤middle-jiao resembling fermenter下焦如渎lower-jiao rezembling drainage元神之府mentality house脑为髓海brain being the marrow sea心肾相交coordination between heart and kidney水火相济regulation between water and fire肺为气之主lung being the governor of qi肾为气之根kidney being the root of qi肝肾同源liver and kidney sharing the same origin乙癸同源Yi and Gui sharing the same origin (liver and kidney sharing the same origin)精血同源essence and blood sharing the ame origin藏泄互用interdependence between storing and discharging纳运相得inter-promotion between containing and digestion 升降相因inerdependence between ascending and descending燥湿相济interdependence between drying and moistening 胃润喜恶燥stomach preferring moisture to dryness第三章精气血津液神Essence, qi, blood, body fluid and，spirit气qi元气primordial qi元阴primordial yin元阳primordial yang气机qi activity气化qi transformation气海qi sea卫气defensive qi宗气thoracic qi营气nutrient qi原气primordial qi气能生血qi promoting blood production气为血之帅qi being the governor of blood气主升之qi promoting气能生津qi promoting body fluid production气能行血qi promtoting blood circulation血为气之母blood being the mother of qi血主濡之blood nourishing气能行津qi promoting body fluid circulation气能摄血qi governing blood津能载气body fluid conveying qi血能载气blood conveying qi气能摄津qi governing body fluid津停气滞body fluid retention causing qi stagnation血blood精essence神spirit精能化气essence transforming into qi先天之精congenital essence后天之精acquired essence水谷之精foodstuff essence气能生精qi promoting esssence production津血同源body fluid and blood sharing the same source血汗同源bloood and sweat sharing the same source膻中danzhong虚里heart apex津液body fluid第四章经络Meridians and collaterals经络meridians and collaterals经络学说theory of meridian and collateral; meridian doctrine 经气meridian qi经脉meridian; channel络脉collateral十二经脉twelve meridians十二正经twelve regular channels手太阴肺经lung channel of hand taiyin(L)手阳明大肠经large intestine channel of hand yangming(LI) 足阳明胃经stomach channel of foot yangming(St)足太阴脾经spleen channel of foot tayin(Sp)手少阴心经heart channel of hand shaoyin(H)手太阳小肠经small intestine channel of hand taiyang(SI) 足太阳膀胱经urinary bladder channel of foot taiyang(U足少阴肾经kidney channel of foot shaoyin(K)手厥阴心包经pericadium channel of hand jueyin(P)手少阳三焦经tri-jiao channel of hand shaoyang(TJ)足少阳胆经gall bladder channel of foot shaoyang(G足厥阴肝经liver channel of foot jueyin(Liv)奇经八脉eight extra channels督脉governor vesesl; Du meridian任脉conception vessel; Ren meridian冲脉flush vessel; Chong meridian带脉belt vessel; Dai meridian阴跷脉yinqiao meridian阳跷脉yangqiao meridian阴维脉yinwei meridian阳维脉yangwei meridan十二经别twelve divergent channels十五别络fifteen large collaterals孙络minute collateral浮络superficial collateral十二经筋twelve meridian musculatures十二皮部twelve cutaneous areas阳脉之海sea of yang meridian (governor vessel)阴脉之海sea of yin meridian (conception vessel)任主胞胎conception vessel govening uterus and gestation 十二经脉之海sea of the twelve meridians (flush vessel)血海blood sea (flush vessel)第四章体质Body constitution体质body constitution形神合一harmonization between soma and spirit体格physique体型body type人格personality气质temperament性格character素质heredity理想体质ideal body constitutions病势disease tendency质化（从化）property transformation第六章病因Pathogeny病因pathogeny病因学说etiology辨症求因pathogeny differentiation from symptoms and signs 六淫six exopathogens六气six climates六邪six exopathogen*伤寒**ogenous febrile disease中寒cold stroke风性轻扬wind tending to drift善行数变migrant and variable风性主动wind tending to migrate百病之长guide of various disease寒性凝滞cold tending to coagulate and stagnate寒性收引cold tending to contract寒则气收cold retarding qi circulation暑性升散summer heat tending to ascend and disperse炅则气泄heat causing qi exhaustion暑多夹湿summer heat usually accompanied with dampness 湿性重浊dampness being heavy and turbid湿性黏滞dampneee being viscous and lingering湿性趋下sampness tending to descend燥性干涩dryness tending to desiccate火性趋上fire tending to flare up火易生风动血fire causing wind and bleeding疠气epidemic pathogens瘟疫pestilence七情seven emotions七情内伤inernal injuries caused by seven emotions怒则气上rage causing qi to flow upwards喜则气缓joy causing qi slack悲则气消grief causing qi depression思则气结contemplation causing qi stagnation惊则气乱terror causing qi disorder恐则气下fear causing qi collapse饮食不节improper diet饮食不洁dirty diet饮食偏嗜diet preference形劳physical overstrain劳则气耗overstrain causing qi exhausetion心劳heart overstrain神劳psychological ovrestrain肾劳kidney overstrain房劳***ual overstrain有形之痰visible phlegm无形之痰invisible phlegm瘀血blood stasis结石calculus药邪medicine abuse医过therapist fault胎弱congenital deficiency胎毒fetus toxin第七章发病Invasion正气healthy qi邪气pathogenic factors遗传病genetic disease感邪即发acute onset after affected徐发chronic onset伏而后发latent onset继发secondary onset合病simultaneous onset并病following onset复病recurrence后遗症sequela重感致复re-affected causing recurrence 食复diet recurrence劳复overstrain recurrence药复medicine recurrence情志致复emotion recurrence第八章病机Pathogenesis病机pathogenesis病机学pathology病机层次pathological level基本病机basic pathogenesis实sthenia实证sthenic syndrome虚asthenia虚证asthenia syndrome虚实错杂mixture of asthenia and sthenia虚中夹实asthenia with sthenia实中夹虚sthenia with asthenia虚实转化inter-transformation between asthenia and sthenia 由实转虚sthenia transforming into asthenia因虚致实sthenia symptoms caused by asthenia虚实真假pseudo or true manifestation of asthenia and sthenia真实假虚sthenia with pseudo asthenia大实有羸状excessive sthenia manifesting a* **cessive asthenia真虚假实asthenia with pseudo sthenia至虚有盛候excessive asthenia manifesting a* **cessive sthenia正胜邪退healthy qi expelling pathogen邪去正虚pathogen retreating with asthenia healthy qi邪盛正衰prosperous pathogen with asthenia healthy qi邪正相持struggle between healthy qi and pathogen正虚邪恋asthenic healthy qi with pathogen lingering阴阳失调imbalance between yin and yang阴阳偏盛excess of yin or yang阳偏盛yang excess阳盛yang excess阴偏盛yin excess阴盛yin excess阴阳偏衰deficiency of yin or yang阳偏衰yang deficiency阳虚yang deficiency阴偏衰yin dificiency阴虚yin deficiency阴阳互损inter-impairment between yin and yang 阴损及阳yin impairment involving yang阳损及阴yang impairment involving yin阴阳格拒repellence between yin and yang阴盛格阳predominant yin rejecting yang格阳rejecting yang阳盛格阴predominant yang rejecting yin格阴rejecting yin阴阳亡失exhaustion of yin or yang亡阴yin exhaustion亡阳阳yang exhaustion精虚essence asthenia精瘀essence stasis气虚qi asthenia气机失调disorder of qi activity气滞qi stagnation气逆qi adverseness气陷qi collapse上气不足qi failing to transport upward中气下陷qi failing to lift气闭qi blockage气脱qi exhaustion血虚blood asthenia血瘀blood stasis出血haemorrhage血寒blood cold血热blood heat精气两虚asthenia of essence and qi精血不足asthenia of essence and blood气滞精瘀qi stagnation and essence stasis血瘀精阻blood stasis and essence obstruction气滞血瘀qi stagnation and blood stasis气虚血瘀qi asthenia causing blood stasis气不摄血qi failing to control blood气随血脱qi exhaustion resulting from hemorrhage 气血两虚asthenia of qi and blood津液不足body fluid asthenia伤津body fluid impairment脱液body fluid exhausetion津液输布障碍dysfunction of body fluid distribution 津液排泄障碍dysfuncion of body fluid excretion水停气阻water retention causing qi stagnation气随津脱qi exhaustion resulting from body fluid loss 津枯血燥body fluid depletion causing blood stasis 津亏血瘀body fluid depletion causing blood stasis 血瘀水停blood stasis causing water retention内风endogenous wind风气内动disturbance of endogenous wind肝风liver wind肝阳化风liver yang causing wind热极生风extreme heat causing wind阴虚风动yin asthenia causing wind血虚生风blood asthenia causing wind寒从中生cold originating from interior内寒endogenous cold湿浊内生dampness originating from interior内湿endogenous dampness津伤化燥body fluid impairment causing dryness内燥endogenous dryness火热内生heat or fire originatin from interior内热endogenous heat内火endogenous fire少火junior fire壮火excessive fire阳亢化火excessive yang causing fire气有余便是火excessive qi causing fire邪郁化火pathogen accumulation causing fire五志化火five emotions causing fire阴虚火旺yin asthenia causing fire疾病传变pathogenesis transmission病位传变focus transmission表里传变transmission between interior and exterior表病入里exogenous disease invading interior里病出表endogenous disease retreating to exterior半表半里semi-interior and semi-exterior直中direct attack六经传变six merdians transmission三焦传变tri-jiao transmission卫气营血传变transmission of wei, qi, ying and xue顺传sequential transmission逆传adverse transmission脏腑传变viscera transmission脏与脏的传变transmission among zang organs脏与腑的传变transmission among zang organs and fu organs 腑与腑的传变transmission among fu organs形脏内外传变transmission between interior and exterior寒热转化inter-transformation between cold and heat 寒化热cold transforming into heat热化寒heat transforming into cold第九章防治原则Principle of prevention and therapy预防prevention养生health promotion未病先防prevention before disease onset既病防变preventing disease from exacerbating治则therapeutic principle治法therapeutic method治病求本treating disease from the root标本branch and root正治routine treatment反治contrary treatment寒者热之cold treated with warm热者寒之heat treated with cool虚则补之asthenia requiring tonification实则泻之sthenia requiring purgation热因热用heat treated with warm寒因寒用cold treated with cool通因通用diarrhea treated with purgation塞因塞用obstruction treated with tonification扶正strengthening healthy qi祛邪eliminating pathogens因时制宜climate-concerned treatment因地制宜environment-concerned treatment因人制宜individuality-concerned treatment中医诊断英语阴阳五行1 五行 fie phases2 阴阳 yin and yang；yin-yang3 五志 fie minds4 五味 fie flaors5 辨证论治 syndrome differentiation and treatment；identify patterns and determine treatment脏腑6 脏腑 zang-fu organs; bowels and iscera7 心藏神 The heart stores the spirit.8 神明 spirit; mind; mental actiity9 肺主宣发 The lung goerns diffusion.10 肺主肃降 The lung goerns descent.The lung goerns purification and descent.11 通调水道 regulate the waterways12 肺主行水 The lung goerns the moement of water13 脾主运化The spleen goerns transportation and transformation.14 脾为后天之本The spleen is the root of acquired constitution.15 脾主升清 The spleen goerns ascent of the clear.16 脾统血 The spleen controls the blood.17 脾恶湿 The spleen is aerse to dampness.18 肝主疏泄 The lier goerns free coursing.19 肝主升发 The lier goerns ascent and dispersion20 肝主身之筋膜The lier goerns the body’s sinews.21 命门①ming men; life gate ②ming men (DU 4)22 肾精 kidney essence23 天癸 tian gui24 肾为先天之本The kidney is the root of congenital constitution.25 泌别清浊 separation of the clear and turbid26 三焦 triple burner27 心肾不交 failure of the heart and kidney to communicate形体官窍28 筋 sinew29 脉①essel；②pulse30 七窍 seen orifices气血津液精神31 气机 qi dynamic32 正气 right qi33 邪气 eil qi34气分 qi leel35 原气 source qi36 元气 original qi37 宗气 gathering qi38 中气 middle qi39 卫气 defensie qi40 营气 nutritie qi41 营血 nutrient-blood42 津液 fluid43 精①essence ②semen44 精气 essential qi45 神 spirit46 气为血帅 qi as commander of blood经络47 经络 channels and collaterals48 经脉 channel49 穴位 acupuncture point; point50 背俞穴 back-shu point51 耳穴 ear point; auricular point52 手太阴肺经 The hand greater yin lung channel; LU (WHO)53 手阳明大肠经The hand yang brightness large intestine channel; LI (WHO)54 足阳明胃经 The foot yang brightness stomach channel; ST (WHO)55 足太阴脾经 The foot greater yin spleen channel; SP (WHO)56 手少阴心经 The hand lesser yin heart channel; HT (WHO)57 手太阳小肠经The hand greater yang small intestine channel; SI (WHO)58 足太阳膀胱经 The foot greater yang bladder channel; BL (WHO)59 足少阴肾经 The foot lesser yin kidney channel; KI (WHO)60 手厥阴心包经 The hand reerting yin pericardium channel; PC (WHO)61 手少阳三焦经 The hand lesser yang triple burner channel; TB (WHO)62 足少阳胆经 The foot lesser yang gallbladder channel; GB (WHO)63 足厥阴肝经 The foot reerting yin lier channel; L (WHO)病因64 病因 etiology；etiologic factor；cause of disease65 实邪 excess eil66 表邪 exterior eil67 外感 external contraction68 七情 seen affects69 痰 phlegm70 饮①rheum ；fluid retention ②drink③ decoction71 瘀血 static blood72 血瘀 blood stasis病机73 病机 pathomechanism74 虚 deficiency75 实 excess76 亏虚，亏损 depletion77 不足 insufficient78 阴虚火旺 hyperactiity of fire due to yin deficiency79 气滞 qi stagnation80 气郁 qi constraint81 气逆 qi counterflow82 气陷 sinking of qi83 气闭 qi blockage84 气滞血瘀 qi stagnation and blood stasis85 内风 internal wind86 寒凝气滞 qi stagnation due to congealing cold87 心火上扰 flaring up of heart fire88 痰火扰心 phlegm-fire disturbing the heart89 痰蒙心包 phlegm clouding the pericardium90 痰浊阻肺 turbid phlegm obstructing the lung91 脾虚湿困 spleen deficiency leading to damp encumbrance ; damp encumbrance due to spleen deficiency92 脾失健运 spleen failing to transform and transport; failure of the spleen to transform and transport93 肝阳上亢 ascendant hyperactiity of lier yang94 肝郁 lier constraint95 肝气郁结 binding constraint of lier qi96 肝风内动 lier wind stirring internally97 肾不纳气 kidney failing to grasp qi98 胃纳呆滞 poor appetite and digestion99 热入心包 heat entering the pericardium诊法100 四诊 four examinations101 舌象 tongue manifestation; tongue appearance 102 舌神 tongue spirit103 舌色 tongue color104 淡红舌 light red tongue105 淡白舌 pale tongue106 红舌 red tongue107 绛舌 crimson tongue108 紫舌 purple tongue109 青舌 blue tongue110 舌形 tongue shape111 舌质 tongue body112 胖大舌 enlarged tongue113 齿痕舌 tooth-marked tongue114 肿胀舌 swollen tongue115 瘦薄舌 thin tongue116 点刺舌 spotted tongue117 芒刺舌 prickly tongue118 裂纹舌 cracked tongue119 (舌上)瘀斑 stasis maculae120 (舌上)瘀点 stasis spots121 舌态 tongue condition122 痿软舌 flaccid tongue123 强硬舌 stiff tongue124 吐舌 protruding tongue125 弄舌 waggling tongue126 舌苔 tongue coating127 厚苔 thick coating128 薄苔 thin coating129 润苔 moist coating130 燥苔 dry coating131 糙苔 rough coating132 燥裂苔 dry cracked coating133 瓣晕苔 petalled coating134 滑苔 glossy coating135 腻苔 greasy coating136 腐苔 curd-like coating137 粘腻苔 sticky greasy coating138 剥苔 peeled coating139 类剥苔 peeled-like coating140 地图舌 geographic tongue141 镜面舌 mirror-like coating142 无根苔 rootless coating143 有根苔 rooted coating144 苔色 color of coating145 脉诊 pulse examination; pulse diagnosis 146 切脉，把脉 pulse taking147 平脉 normal pulse148 寸口 radial pulse; cun kou149 寸关尺 cun, guan and chi; inch, bar and cubit 150 浮脉 floating pulse151 散脉 scattered pulse152 芤脉 hollow pulse153 伏脉 hidden pulse154 牢脉 firm pulse155 迟脉 slow pulse156 缓脉 moderate pulse157 数脉 rapid pulse158 疾脉 racing pulse159 沉脉 deep pulse160 细脉 thready pulse161 长脉 long pulse162 短脉 short pulse163 虚脉 deficient pulse164 实脉 excess pulse165 弱脉 weak pulse166 微脉 faint pulse167 洪脉 surging pulse168 滑脉 slippery pulse169 涩脉 rough pulse170 弦脉 wiry pulse171 动脉 bouncing pulse172 紧脉 tight pulse173 革脉 drumskin pulse174 濡脉 soggy pulse175 歇止脉 pausing pulse176 结脉 knotted pulse; irregularly intermittent pulse 177 代脉 intermittent pulse ; regularly intermittent pulse 178 促脉 hasty pulse; rapid-irregular pulse179 恶寒 aersion to cold180 畏寒 fear to cold181 潮热 tidal feer182 五心烦热 exing heat in the fie hearts183 骨蒸 steaming bone184 寒战 shiering185 性 nature186 味 flaour187 性味 nature and flaour188 四气 four nature189 寒 cold190 热 hot191 温 warm192 凉 cool193 平 neutral194 五味 fie flaours195 辛 acrid196 甘 sweet197 酸 sour198 苦 bitter199 咸 salty200 淡 bland201 涩 astringent202 升降浮沉 ascending and descending, floating and sinking 203 归经 channel entered204 功能 actions205 主治 indications206 用量 dosage207 使用注意 caution208 禁忌症 contraindication表寒里热 biao han li re exterior cold ,interior heat表热里寒 biao re li han exterior heat,interior cold冲任不补 chong ren bu bu chong&ren not securing任不调 chong ren bu tiao chong&ren not regulated冲任失调chong ren shi tiao loss of regulation of the chong&ren冲任损伤chong ren sun shang chong&ren detriment and damage大肠寒结 da chang han jie large intestine cold binding大肠湿热 da chang shi re large intestine damp heat大肠虚 da chang xu large intestine vacuity大肠虚寒 da chang xu han large intestine vacuity cold大肠液亏 da chang ye kui large intestine humor depletion胆热 dan re gallbladder heat胆虚 dan xu gallbladder vacuity肺火 fei huo lung fire肺津不布 fei jin bu bu lung fluids not distributed肺络损伤fei luo sun shang lung network vessel detriment&damage肺气不利 fei qi bu li inhibition of the lung qi肺气不宣 fei qi bu xuan lung qi not diffusing肺气虚 fei qi xu lung qi vacuity肺热 fei re lung heat肺肾两虚 fei shen liang xu lung-kidney dual vacuity肺肾气虚 fei shen qi xu lung-kidney qi vacuity肺肾阴虚 fei shen yin xu lung-kidney yin vacuity肺实 fei shi lung repletion肺失清肃 fei shi qing su lung loss of clearing &depurating肺虚 fei xu lung vacuity肺阴虚 fei yin xu lung yin vacuity肺阴虚燥 feiyin xu zao lung yin vacuity dryness肺燥 fei zao lung dryness伏热在里 fu re zai li deep-lying heat in the interior肝胆气虚 gan dan qi xu liver-gallbladder qi vacuity肝胆湿热 gan dan shi re liver-gallbladder damp heat肝风内动 gan feng nei dong liver wind stirring internally肝寒 gan han liver cold肝火 gan huo liver fire肝火上炎 gan huo shang yan liver fire flaring upward肝气犯脾 gan qi fan pi liver qi assails the spleen肝气犯胃 fan qi fan wei liver qi assails the stomach肝气上逆 gan qi shang ni liver qi counterflowing upward肝热 gan re liver fire肝肾亏损 gan shen kui sun liver-kidney depletion&detriment 肝肾两虚 gan shen liang xu liver-kidney dual vacuity肝血虚 gan xue xu liver blood vacuity肝阳上亢 gang yang shang kang ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang肝阴虚 gan yin xu liver yin vacuity肝郁脾虚 gan yu pi xu liver depression,spleen vacuity肝郁气滞 gan yu qi zhi liver depression qi stagnation寒极生热 han ji sheng re extreme cold engenders heat寒凝肝脉 han ning gan mai cold congelation in the liver vessel 寒凝气滞 han ning qi zhi cold congelation qi stagnation寒痰阻肺 han tan zu fei cold phlegm obstructing the lungs久热伤阴 jiu re shang yin enduring heat damages yin龙火内燔 long huo nei fan dragon fire internally blazing命门火旺 ming men huo wang life gate fire effulgence膀胱气闭 pang guang qi bi bladder qi block膀胱湿热 pang guang shi re bladder damp heat膀胱虚寒 pang gang xu han bladder vacuity cold脬气不固 pao qi bu gu bladder qi not securing脾不统血pi bu tong xue spleen not managing(i.e.,restraining)the blood脾肺两虚 pi fei liang xu spleen-lung dual vacuity脾气不升 pi qi bu sheng spleen qi not upbearing脾气虚 pi qu xu spleen qi vacuity脾热 pi re spleen heat脾肾阳虚 pi shen yang xu spleen-kidney yang vacuity脾失健运pi shi jian yun spleen loss of fortification &movement脾失运化pi shi yun hua spleen loss of movement&transformation脾胃湿热 pi wei shi re spleen-stomach damp heat脾胃虚弱 pi we xu ruo spleen-stomach vacuity weakness脾虚 pi xu spleen vacuity脾虚湿困 pi xu shi kun spleen vacuity,damp encumbrance脾阳虚 pi yang xu spleen yang vacuity脾阴虚 pi yin xu spleen yin vacuiry气化不利 qi hua bu li inhibition of qi transformation气机不利 qi ji bu li inhibition of the qi mechanism气髓血脱 qi sui xue tuo qi follows blood desertion气虚中满 qi xu zhong man qi vacuity central fullness气血两虚 qi xue liang xu qi&blood dual vacuity气血失调 qi xue shi tiao qi&blood loss of regulation气阴两虚 qi yin liang xu qi &yin dual vacuiry气滞血瘀 qi zhi xue yu qi stagnation &blood stasis热伏冲任 re fu chong ren heat deep-lying or hidden in the chong &ren热极生寒 re ji sheng han extreme heat engenders cold热结膀胱 re jie pang guang heat bound in the bladder热入心包 re ru xin bao heat entering the pericardium热入血分 re ru xue fen heat entering the blood phase热入血室 re ru xin shi heat entering the blood chamber热伤肺络 re shang fei luo heat damaging the lung network vessels热伤筋脉re shang jin mai heat damaging the sinews and vessles(or sinew vessels)热伤神明re shang shen ming heat damaging the spirit brightness热盛气分 re sheng qi fen heat exuberance in the qi division 热邪阻肺 re xie zu fei heat evils obstructing the lungs热灼肾阴 re zhuo shen yin heat buring kidney yin三蕉湿热 san jiao shi re triple burner damp heat三蕉虚寒 san jiao xu han triple burner vacuity cold上寒下热 shang han xia re above cold ,below heat上热下寒 shang re xia han above heat ,below cold伤损及下 shang sun ji xia detriment above reaching below少阴寒化 shao yin han hua shao yin cold transformation少阴热化 shao yin re hua shao yin heat transformation肾气不固 shen qi bu gu kidney qi not securing肾虚 shen xu kidney vacuity肾溆水泛 shen xu shui fan kidney vacuity,water flooding肾阳虚 shen yang xu kidney yang vacuity肾阳虚衰 shen yang xu shuai kidney yang vacuity and debility 肾阴虚 shen yin xu kidney yin vacuity升降失常sheng jiang shi chang upbearing&downbearing lose their normalcy湿热内熏 shi re nei xun dampness&heat internally brewing 湿热小蕉 shi re xiao jiao damp heat in the lower burner湿热瘀滞 shi re yu zhi damp heat stasis&stagnation湿胜阳微shi sheng yang wei dampness prevailing ,yang becoming slight湿郁热伏 shi yu re fu damp depression,heat deeply lying食滞胃腕shi zhi wei wan food stagnating in the stomach venter湿阻气分 shi zu qi fen dampness obstructing the qi division 湿阻中蕉 shi zu zhong jiao dampness obstructing the middle burner水不化气 shui bu hua qi water not transforming the qi痰火扰心 tan huo rao xin phlegm fire harassing the heart痰密心窍 tan mi xin qiao phlegm confounding ghe portals of the heart痰热阻肺 tan re zu fei phlegm heat obstructs the lungs痰湿阻肺tan shi zu fei phlegm dampness obstructing the lungs痰阻肺络 tan zu fei luo phlegm obstructing the lung network vessels胃寒 wei han stomach cold胃火上升 we huo shang sheng stomach fire borne upward胃气不固 wei qi bu gu defensive qi not securing胃气不和 wei qi bu he stomach qi disharmony胃气虚 wei qi xu stomach qi vacuity胃热 wei re stomach heat胃热壅盛wei re yong sheng stomach heat congesting&exuberant胃失和降wei shi he jiang stomach loss of harmony&downbearing胃虚 wei xu stomach vacuity胃阴虚 wei yin xu stomach yin vacuity温邪犯肺 wen xie fan fei warm evils assailing the lungs温邪上受 wen xie shang shou warm evils affect above下损及上 xia sun ji shang lower detriment reaches above相火妄动xiang huo wang dong ministerial fire frenetically stirring小肠湿热 xiao chang shi re small intestine damp heat小肠虚寒 xiao chang xu han small intestine vacuity cold邪留三蕉 xie liu san jiao evils retained in the three burners心火亢盛xin huo kang sheng heart fire hyperactivity &exuberance心火内炽 xin huo nei chi heart fire blazing internally心火上炎 xin huo shang yan heart fire flares upward心脾两虚 xin pi liang xu heart-spleen dual vacuity心气不宁 xin qi bu ning heart qi not quiet心气不绶 xin qi bu shou heart qi not restraining心肾不交 xin shen bu jiao heart&kidneys not interacting心虚胆怯 xin xu dan qie heart vacuity ,gallbladder timidity心血虚 xin xue xu heart blood vacuity心阳虚 xin yang xu heart yang vacuity心阴虚 xin yin xu heart yin vacuity虚风内动 xu feng nei dong vacuity wind stirring internally虚热上炎 xu re shang yan vacuity heat flares upward虚阳上浮 xu yang shang fu vacuous yang floats upward血不归经 xue bu gui jing blood not returning to the channels 血分热毒 xue fen re du blood division heat toxins血分瘀热 xue fen yu re blood division static heat血随气陷 xue sui qi xian blood follows qi fall阳盛阴伤yang sheng yin shang yang exuberance damages yin阴虚肺燥 yin xu fei zao yin vacuity lung dryness阴虚阳亢 yin xu yang kang yin vacuity yang hyperactivity。
方剂学英译汉的名词术语翻译探析
insufficiency、weakness 、debility、hypofunction 等 ,翻译时应 根据具体的语境选用适当的词语来翻译 ,不能一概而 论 ,尽量灵活 ,避免过于呆板 。
在翻译过程中 ,编辑为整齐而把一些动词固定下 来[2] ,如 :第七章中对“补”、“滋”、“益”、“健”等词的英 译进行了规范 ,建议统一译为“tonify”、“nourish”、“re2 plenish”“、invigorate”。尽管看起来工整 ,但有些呆板 。 笔者认为 ,这些在日常中均较常用的 、通俗易懂的动 词 ,因不能完全表达出中医原意 ,应交叉使用以相互补 充 ,则更显灵活 。
中医药学不仅具有医学属性和自然科学属性 ,而 且具有文化和哲学性质及人文社会科学属性 。因此 , 其专有术语往往蕴涵着十分丰富的内涵 ,准确的语言 转化对于中医药走向世界具有重要的意义 。中医英语 是在中医翻译的基础上形成的一套具有中国特色的英 语术语表达系统 ,中医英语翻译的质量和规范化水平 的高低直接影响着中医英语的学科建设和水平考试的 实施 。对中医英译标准化的研究是规范中医译本 ,提 高英译质量的有效途径 ,将为国外的中医学者提供方 便 ,消除误解和混淆 。术语作为中医理论的内核 ,对中 医学的发展产生着深刻而长远的影响 ;对这些术语的 翻译水平将直接影响国外对中医理论的学习和理解 , 增强他们对中医的信心 ;但中医源于中国的传统文化 , 中医的理论著作带有浓厚的中国传统文化色彩 ,对西 方国家 ,是一种异种文化 ,学习难度较大 。为了传播中 医经典文化 ,传授中医学技术 ,许多专家 、学者在中医 翻译与传播方面做了大量工作 。本文就全国高等教育 中医药对外教育规划教材《方剂学》翻译过程中的基本 原则 ,谈一谈肤浅的认识和体会 ,以供读者参考 。 1 准确性原则
论中医名词术语英译国际标准化的概念、原则与方法
论中医名词术语英译国际标准化的概念、原则与方法中医名词术语英译国际标准化原则是将中国文化和语言特色与英语翻译相结合，以建立一个统一的、易于全球理解的及易于实施的国际标准。
以下旨在介绍这些原则：首先，中医名词术语的英译国际标准化应坚持严格按照词义进行翻译。
尽管中医术语具有不同的语言特点，但翻译时应尽量按原词义准确翻译，如中文四诊翻译为：Four Diagnostic Procedures，遵循原义，不参杂任何多余信息。
其次，中医名词术语的英语标准应坚持采用简练、清晰的表达形式，避免使用复杂的表达，原词意不变，避免了其他文化理解和国际趋势不稳定的影响。
再次，中医名词术语的翻译要尽可能简洁，尽量缩短单词的字数，只强调单词的核心含义。
在中医药学中，有很多词语与七十二经脉和四诊等较为特殊知识相关，在此情况下，要尽量简短、稳定，而不是把翻译结果变得更复杂。
此外，翻译中要充分考虑中华文化的组成元素，及其在形成和发展的背景及其功能，并考虑其与英语表达的对应，不能孤立于其语言本身而不能讲清楚。
按照以上原则，中医名词术语的英译国际标准化遵循一定的方法进行翻译。
首先，收集大量可供翻译的源文，然后根据源文原意匹配、修改其英译术语，最后能够达到英语翻译词语既保留中医特有文化又更加易懂。
其次，要结合实际情况，因地制宜，结合实际情况改变或简化词语，以减少理解成本。
最后，要重视相关学术研究的协作性，在收集、审查和修订文本时，以紧密协作的方式进行协作，以确保源文的准确性和翻译的可操作性。
综上所述，中医名词术语英译国际标准化是一项值得引进的国际化标准，其核心原则是坚持按照源文义翻译，做到简洁清楚，结合当地文化特点，协同进行，以减少理解成本，使全球使用更加快捷和便捷。
中医名词术语中“取象比类”的语言特点及其英译对策
中医名词术语中“取象比类”的语言特点及其英译对策朱剑飞【摘要】针对“取象比类”认知方法的途径和在中医学的应用进行分析,在此基础上探讨“取象比类”认知方法对中医名词术语在语言表达上的影响及其中医名词术语的语言特点,提出中医名词术语的翻译策略和翻译原则,指出中医名词术语的翻译要根据语言运用的实际情况和对外译介的需要,综合运用多种翻译策略才能推动中医学的对外传播和交流.【期刊名称】《中国中医基础医学杂志》【年(卷),期】2014(020)002【总页数】3页(P256-258)【关键词】术语;取象比类;认知;翻译策略【作者】朱剑飞【作者单位】河南中医学院外语学院,郑州 450046【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R2-031 引言“取象比类”是古人重要的认知方法之一，是按类同原则由一般到个别、从已知推导未知的演绎法。
中医学是在观察、实际操作基础上对实践经验归纳的产物，主要是借助中国哲学的概念建立起来的，在建立的过程中，“取象比类”成为中医学的重要认知方法，无论从中医理论形成、中药材功效，还是从临床疗效、保健养生方面来看，都对中医学理论和实践影响巨大。
中医名词术语是中医学的基本概念，反映的是中医学体系的概念体系，其内涵、外延、语言表述特点等方面必然受到“取象比类”认知方法的影响，因此中医名词术语的英译必须从中医学“取象比类”认知方法入手，分析术语的语言结构和文化内涵，采用适合的翻译策略，以克服中英两种文化的差异，促进中医文化的对外译介和交流。
2 “取象比类”是中医学重要的认知方法2.1 “取象比类”的认知途径“取象比类”在认知实践中包含“取象比类”和“取类比象”两个过程。
首先是“取象比类”。
事物或现象的本质在认知过程中大都无法直接感知，思维通过感知活动首先感知现象(取象)，然后对各种信息进行加工分析，而后进行相互比较而聚类(比类)，这样，思维将各自不同的事物联系在一起，使事物从而上升到理性认识这个更高的层。
中医术语英译研究综述
第２９卷第Ｏ１期 ２０１４年Ｏ１月 乐山师范学院学报 Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ ｏｆ Ｌｅｓｈａｎ Ｎｏｒｍａｌ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ Ｖｏ１．２９．Ｎｏ．Ｏｌ Ｊａｎ．２０１４
中医术语英译研究综述 宋晓璐，王林 （亳州职业技术学院，亳州２３６８００）
摘要：作为中医英译的基础工程——中医术语英译已经引起了学术界的密切关注。本文从百余篇研究论文中梳理了 前人的不同研究角度，并分析研究的亮点和尚待完善之处。以期对后续研究提供参考。 关键词：中医术语；文化；标准化；语法结构；隐喻 中图分类号：Ｈ３１９ 文献标志码：Ａ 文章编号：１００９—８６６６（２０１４）０１—００４７—０５
Ａ Ｓｕｍｍａｒｙ ｏｆ Ｓｔｕｄｙ ｏｎ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ Ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ＴＣＭ Ｔｅｒｍｓ ＳＯＮＧ Ｘｉａｏｌｕ．ＷＡＮＧ Ｌｉｎ （Ｂｏｚｈｏｕ Ｖｏｃａｔｉｏｎａｌ ａｎｄ Ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌ ＣｏＨｅｇｅ，Ｂｏｚｈｏｕ Ａｎｈｕｉ ２３６８００，Ｃｈｉｎａ）
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔ ｉｏｎ ｏｆ Ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ Ｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ（ＴＣＭ），Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ＴＣＭ ｔｅｒｍｓ ｈａｓ ａｔｔｒａｃｔｅｄ ｍｕｃｈ ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ ｆｏｒ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｓ ｏｆ ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ｐａｐｅｒｓ，ａｎｄ ａｎａｌｙｚｅｓ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｏｕｔｃｏｍｅ ａｎｄ ｂｌｉｎｄ ｓｐｏｔ．Ｉｔ ｗｉｌｌ ｈｅｌｐ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｆｕｔｕｒｅ． Ｋｅｙ Ｗｏｒｄｓ：ＴＣＭ Ｔｅｒｍ；Ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ；Ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｉｚａｔｉｏｎ；Ｇｒａｍｍａｒ Ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ；Ｍｅｔａｐｈｏｒ
中医药名词翻译
1 总论序号汉文名英文名注释中医①traditional Chinese medicine②traditional Chinese physician ①中医学的简称。
②本学科专业职业队伍。
中药Chinese materia medica 在中医理论指导下应用的药物。
包括中药材、中药饮片和中成药等。
中医学traditional Chinese medicine 以中医药理论与实践经验为主体，研究人类生命活动中健康与疾病转化规律及其预防、诊断、治疗、康复和保健的综合性科学。
中药学Chinese materia medica 中药学科的统称。
研究中药基本理论和各种药材饮片、中成药的来源、采制、性能、功效、临床应用等知识的学科。
中医药traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology 中医与中药的合称。
中医药学traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology 中医学与中药学的合称，侧重反映中医与中药两者共同发展，密不可分。
中西医结合integration of traditional and western medicine 现代医学等现代科学知识及手段来继承和发展中医药，中西医学相互补充，取长补短，诊治疾病的医学形式。
中医基础理论basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 研究和阐明中医学的基本概念、基本理论、基本规律、基本原则的学科。
中医诊断学diagnostics of traditional Chinese medicine 根据中医学的理论体系，研究诊察病情、判断病种、辨别证候的基础理论、基本知识和基本技能的学科。
方剂学prescriptions of Chinese materia medica 研究治法与方剂配伍规律及其临床运用的学科。
中医内科学internal medicine of traditional Chinese medicine 研究外感温病、内伤杂病等内科疾病诊治与预防的临床中医学。
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217第11卷 第12期 2009 年 12 月辽宁中医药大学学报
JOURNAL OF LIAONING UNIVERSITY OF TCMVol. 11 No. 12
Dec . ，2009
翻译作为一种跨语际间(cross-language)的交流活动，不仅是单纯的语言转换，也不仅是翻译工作者的个人行为，它在很大程度上受到社会、文化、政治背景、宗教信仰和审美情趣等诸多因素的制约。由于中医学理论体系独特，又有很深的古代汉语和古代哲学背景，使得许多中医用语词义深奥难懂，翻译成通俗易懂的英语难度很大。翻译虽重在实践，但绝对离不开系统理论的指导。而中国翻译界历来有重视实践、忽视理论研究的习俗，中医英译一直没有既定的标准可循，无论是国内或国外的中医翻译作品质量都不高，无法引起英语读者的普遍关注与兴趣，制约了中医走向世界的步伐。目前国内外大部分中医英译工作者或是不具备中医专业知识的英语教师，或是懂英语但缺乏翻译技巧和英语及汉语文化背景知识的中医医生。在实际中医翻译活动中，他们往往借助诸如汉英中医辞典或手册，再加上自已的理解和习惯去释义和翻译，而不是按照翻译学的基本原理和实际要求再现原文信息。因为他们或是没有重视译语是否合情（即：符合中医的实际情况），或是没有重视译语是否合理（即：遵循翻译的系统理论）, 所以，不可避免地造成中医翻译界存在种种混乱现象。中医学具有独特的理论体系，其基本理论的名词术语在英语中很多找不到完全对应的词语，特别是有许多与西医学共同的用语，字面相同，内涵却有很大差异，这增加了英译的困难。但正是这一点才使得中医基本理论基本术语的英译的统一更加必要。中医翻译的指导思想显而易见，重中之重在于用严谨而科学的态度准确、贴切且恰如其分地转达中医信息。既不能过头，使信息增值，也不能欠火，使信息贬值，更不能悖谬，使信息失真，从而保持中医术语的特色，词能达意。其次才是简明简洁，容易理解，国外同行易接受等。因此，中医名词术语英译要力求“信、达、雅”，既要反映中医的本意，又要符合英语国家的语言习惯[1]。现就一些中医名词英译进行具体分析。心火内炽/心火内焚：flaming of heart-fire；intense internal heart fire；internal blazing of heart fire；internal deflagration of fire；heart fire deflagrating internally。“炽”和“焚”还是有所区分的。“炽热”着重表述的是“火”的力，而“焚”则着重表现的是“火”的势。在《中医常用名词术语英译》中，“心火内炽”和“心火内焚”作为两个术语进行翻译，前者译作internal blazing of heart fire，后者译作internal deflagration of heart fire。笔者认为，既然两者意思差异不大，为了统一标准，可选其中较简明的。笔者提出的规范意见: internal blazing of heart fire。心火上炎：heart fire flaming upward；flaring of heart-fire；up-flaming of heart fire；flaring up of heart fire。“上炎”的翻译上一般使用flare up和flame up/upward。而“上炎”则指心火循经上升的症证，flare up表示突然燃烧，而flame upward能表示出向上循序燃烧的意思。笔者提出的规范意见: heart fire flaming upward。心脾两虚：dual vacuity of the heart and spleen；heart-spleen vacuity；dual deficiency of the heart-spleen；deficiency in heart and spleen；insufficiency of both heart and spleen；deficiency of both heart and spleen；qi and blood deficiency in heart and spleen。“两虚”现在的译法，多为dual deficiency。笔者提出的规范意见: dual deficiency of the heart-spleen。心气不宁：restlessness of heart-qi；disquieting of heart qi；unsteadiness of heart qi；disquieted heart qi。“心气不宁”是指因劳神过度或惊恐等精神刺激或心血不足导致精神不安的病理。“不宁”可译作restlessness，unsteadiness，disquiet。unsteadiness指不稳定性，而restlessness和 disquiet并没有译出由于劳神或惊扰而导致的精神不安，笔者认为译作disorder或disturbance更好些。笔者提出的规范意见: disturbance of heart qi。心气不固/心气不收：weakness of heart qi; unconsolidation of heart qi; dispersion of heart qi; non-contraction of heart qi; insecurity of heart qi；heart-qi
中医名词英译探析郭秀伟（辽宁中医药大学外国语学院，辽宁 沈阳 110032）
摘 要：翻译是一种跨语际间的交流活动，本身就存在着文化差异，而中医药翻译是专业知识与翻译技巧的高度结合。由于专业翻译人员的短缺，造成中医药翻译参差不齐。旨在通过一些具体实例，达到规范专业术语英译的目的，最终使中医尽快走向世界。关键词：翻译；中医药翻译；翻译理论；中医药知识中图分类号：R856.2 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1673-842X (2009) 12- 0217- 02
收稿日期：2009-06-18作者简介：郭秀伟（1970-），女，辽宁沈阳人，副教授，学士，研究方向：英语教学。218
第11卷 第12期 2009 年 12 月辽宁中医药大学学报
JOURNAL OF LIAONING UNIVERSITY OF TCMVol. 11 No. 12
Dec .，2009
unconsolidation。“心气不固”或“心气不收”指心气虚弱不能收敛的病理，可简单地译作weakness of heart qi。译作noncontraction of heart qi，则显得太繁复，而insecurity of heart qi则语义似乎不太对应。笔者提出的规范意见: weakness of heart qi。心肾不交：failure of normal physiological function between heart and kidney；breakdown of heart-kidney interaction; disharmony between heart and kidney；non-interaction between the heart and kidney；breakdown of normal physiological coordination between heart and kidney。
“心肾不交”中的“不交”，强调的是心与肾生理功能上的不和谐、不平衡，用disharmony翻译似乎比用non-interaction翻译要准确些。笔者提出的规范意见: disharmony between the heart and kidney。◆参考文献[ 1 ] 李振吉.中医药常用名词术语辞典[ M ] .北京：中国中医药出版社，2001.[ 2 ] 中医药学名词审定委员会.中医药学名词[ M ] .北京：人民卫生出版社，2005.[ 3 ] 原一祥.汉英双解中医大辞典[ M ] .北京：人民卫生出版社，1996.[ 4 ] 谢竹藩.中医药常用名词术语英译[ M ] .北京：中国医药科技出版社，2004.
随着中医药数据库的建立和发展，数据急剧增加，可是目前用于对这些数据进行分析处理的工具却不是很多。为了获取隐藏在这些数据之后的更重要的信息采用了数据挖掘。通过数据挖掘可以从大量的、不完全的、有噪声的、模糊的随机数据中，提取隐含在其中的、人们事先不知道的、但又是潜在的有用信息和知识。但是随着科技和中医药产业的发展，将会产生越来越多的数据，并且和各个领域产生融合，成为了广域产业。那么要分析和挖掘这些广域分布的海量数据，以获取新的科学知识、规律和决策支持, 传统的数据挖掘模式和技术己经无法胜任。而网格计算技术是解决复杂海量科学数据的访问存储组织和管理的一种有效技术，是广域分布的异构虚拟组织间实现协同资源共享、多领域的科学和工程的问题求解。建立在网格基础上的数据挖掘结合网格计算的思想及其技术的优点，能够对广域分布的海量数据进行高效的处理、分析和挖掘，将给中医药领域带来新的发展和机遇。1 数据挖掘和网格广义上来说，网格是一个集成的资源环境，或者说是一个资源池，它能够充分吸纳各种资源，并将它们转化成一种随处可得的、可靠的、标准的、经济的能力。这些资源包括计算资源、网络通信资源、数据资料、仪器设备、知识等各种各样的资源。网格计算就是基于网格的问题求解。数据挖掘指从数据库或数据仓库中发现隐藏的、预先未知的、有趣的信息的过程，该过程可以看作是知识发现中的一个核心的步骤。数据挖掘就是从大量的数据中发现或“挖掘”知识，而网格上含有丰富的数据，是数据挖掘的理想目标。网格的数据挖掘建立在数据网格的基础设施和相关技术的基础上，在广域分布的海量数据和计算资源的环境中发现数据模式，获取新的科学知识和规律。2 基于网格服务的中医药数据挖掘中医药学具有系统性、整体性、复杂性、不确定性等特点，中医药临床积累的信息很多，
面向网格中医药数据挖掘的科研方法刘 钢（沈阳师范大学教育技术学院，辽宁 沈阳 110034）
收稿日期：2009-05-14作者简介：刘钢（1970-），男，辽宁沈阳人，副教授，硕士研究生，研究方向：计算机辅助教学。
摘 要：建立在网格基础上的数据挖掘结合了网格技术的优点，能够对Internet上广域分布的海量信息进行高效的处理、分析和挖掘。分析了网格与数据挖掘的特点，并将基于网格的数据技术引入到中医药领域，为中医药的发展开辟了一条新途径。关键词：网格；数据挖掘；中医药信息化中图分类号：R2-03 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1673-842X (2009) 12- 0218- 02