英语学习材料
1.查找并总结各类辅料代表性成分的英文表示方式，每类至少两种，中英文对照完成。Active ingredient (drug)活性成分：
如阿司匹林（Aspirin）中的乙酰水杨酸（Acetylsalicylic acid）、布洛芬（Ibuprofen）中的异丁苯丙酸（Isobutylphenic acid）
Fillers填充剂：
乳糖（lactose）、淀粉（starch）
Binders (dry and wet)粘合剂：
羧甲基纤维素钠（Sodium carboxymethylcellulose、CMC-Na）、明胶（gelatin）Disintegrants崩解剂：
淀粉及其衍生物（Starch and its derivatives）［如羧甲基淀粉钠（Sodium carboxymethyl starch）］、纤维素衍生物类（Cellulose derivatives）
Antifrictional agents抗磨剂：
聚乙二醇（PEG）、月桂醇硫酸镁（Magnesium Lauryl sulfate）
Lubricants润滑剂：
氢化植物油（sterotex）、富马酸（Fumaric acid）
Glidants助流剂：
滑石粉（talc）、微粉硅胶（aerosil）
Antiadherants抗粘剂：
滑石粉（talc）、硬脂酸镁（Magnesium stearate）
Dissolution modifiers溶出度调节剂：
羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)
Absorbents吸附剂：
活性炭（active carbon）、硅胶（Silica gel）
Flavoring agents矫味剂：
甜精（Dulcin）、玫瑰油（Rose）
2.What is the results of no enough drug or over dosage drug absorption？
If not enough of a drug is absorbed, the disease against which the drugs is given is undertreated; if, on the other hand, too much of a drug is absorbed, toxic reactions associated with drug overdosage may result.
如果没有足够的药物被吸收，药物所抵抗的疾病就不会得到足够的治疗，另一方面，如果过量的药物被吸收，可能会导致与药物过量有关的毒性反应。
3.How the release of drug produce?
In most cases, the release of the drug is produced by the penetration of aqueous fluids into the fine residual pore structure of the tablet and the contact of these fluids with components that either swell or release gases.
在大多数情况下，药物的释放是通过使水溶性液体渗透到片剂的细小残留孔结构中，并使这些液体与膨胀或释放气体的成分接触而产生的。
4.How Atropine works？
阿托品可以阻断神经向胃肠壁肌肉和腺体的冲动传递，从而大大减少胃肠系统的运动和胃液的分泌，从而对消化性溃疡的发生起到有益的作用。
5.Penicillin G is unstable in the acidic stomach contents and so cannot be given reliably by
mouth. How to solve this problem？
This drawback was subsequently overcome by chemically modifying the structure of the parent drug.
这一缺陷通过对母体药物结构的化学修饰得以克服。
6.The difference between bacteriostatic agents and bactericidal agents?In Chinese. Antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents may, for practical purposes, be divided into twogroups: bacteriostatic agents, which act by stopping bacterial growth and thus perhaps allow the person’s own defense mechanisms to kill the invading bacteria; and bactericidal agents, which act by killing the bacteria.
答案：出于实际应用目的，抗菌的化学治疗药物可分为两类:抑菌剂，其作用是阻止细菌生长，从而可能使人体自身的防御机制杀死入侵的细菌;还有杀菌剂，它的作用是杀死细菌。
7.What is the great advantage of synthetic and semisynthetic drugs?
The great advantage of synthetic and semisynthetic drugsis that minor changes in the structure of the drug can be made during the synthetic process, and these changes may enhance or modify the therapeutic response to the drug.
在合成过程中可以对药物的结构进行微小的改变，这些改变可能会提高或改变药物的治疗效果。
8.Please present two basic mehtods used to prepare parenteral suspensions？Answer in English and translate into Chinese.
Two basic methods are used to prepare parenteral suspensions: (a) sterile vehicle and powder are combined aseptically, or (b) sterile solutions are combined and the crystals formed in situ.
两种基本方法用于制备胃肠外混悬剂:(a)无菌载体和粉末混合，或(b)无菌溶液混合，晶体原位形成。
9.总结胃肠道外制剂中常用的辅料类型。（中英文对照回答）
antioxidants抗氧化剂, antimicrobial agents抗菌剂, buffers缓冲剂, bulking materials填充剂, chelating agents螯合剂, inert gases惰性气体, solubilizing agents增溶剂, and protectants保护剂.
10.Which aspects of active drug influence the formulation of parenteral drug?
Crystal Characteristics 晶体特性
Chemical Modification of the Drug 药物的化学修饰
Polymorphism 多态性
pH and pK
11.What are the advantages of controled-release technology?Answer in English and translate into Chinese.
The advantages include:优势包括:
1.Extended daytime and nighttime activity of the drug延长药物白天和夜间活性
2.Potential for reduced incidence of side effects降低副作用产生的可能性
3.Reduced dosage frequency减少剂量的频率
4.Increased patient compliance提高病人的顺应性
5.Potential lower daily cost to patient due to fewer dosage units used.由于使用的剂量单位较少，患者的每日费用可能较低。
12.列举sustained release forms的几种不同类型，中英文对照回答
Coated beads or granules or microencapsulate drug。
包衣珠或包衣颗粒或微囊化药物。
Embedding drug in slowly eroding matrix
药物嵌入缓慢溶蚀基质中。
Embedding drug in inert plastic metrix。
将药物包埋在惰性塑料基质中。
Complex formation
复合物。
Ion-exchange resins
离子交换树脂。
Hydrocolloid system
水胶体系统。
osmotic pump
渗透泵
13.Which type of drugs are best suited for incorporation into a sustained release product ?Answer in English and translate into Chinese.
The drug best suited for incorporation into a sustained release product are those having a fairly rapid rate of absorption and excretion, those having relatively small doses, drug that are uniformly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and those drugs used in the treatment of chronic rather than acute conditions.
最适合掺入缓释产品的药物是那些吸收和排泄速率相当快的药物、那些剂量相对较小的药物、从胃肠道均匀吸收的药物以及那些用于治疗慢性而非急性疾病的药物。
14.DC的优缺点？英文回答，并译成中文。
DC has little ability to mask inherent tableting deficiencies in an ingredient.
In addition,there will be little possibility for prior wetting of a hydrophobic drug and subsequent dissolution enhancement.
On the other hand, DC formulations are likely to be more stable,show fewer aging effects, and, is specific cases, offer the only workable production method.
直接压制几乎没有能力掩盖成分中固有的压片缺陷。另外，几乎没有可能先润湿疏水性药物进而增强溶出度。
另一方面，直接压制配方可能更稳定，老化效果更小，并且在特定情况下提供唯一可行的生产方法。
15.补充：大多数英文说明书都包括以下内容：
①药品名称（DrugNames）
②性状（Description）
③药理作用（PharmacologicalActions）
④适应症（Indications）
⑤禁忌证（Contraindications）
⑥用量与用法（Dosageand Administration）
⑦不良反应（AdverseReactions）
⑧注意事项（Precautions）
⑨包装（Package）
⑩贮存(Storage)
汉译英：叶酸是一种黄色到橙色的结晶性粉末；无味或几乎无味。
Folic acid is a yellowish to orange, crystalline powder; odourless or almost odourless.
汉译英：建议剂量为每公斤体重每日10至15毫克，分3至4次口服，与食物合用。
The suggested dose is 10 to 15 mg per kg body weight daily in3-4 divided doses orally, taken with food.
汉译英：小心存放药品。远离儿童。
Store medicines carefully.Keep away from children.
汉译英：药物溶液在低于20摄氏度的温度下可保存5年。
The solution will keep for five years if stored at a temperature below +20℃.
汉译英：左旋多巴的建议初始剂量为一日三次，每次一片。
The initial dosage recommended is one tablet of levodopa three times daily.
英译汉：Mean peak serum concentrations of tobramycin occur between 30 and about 60 minutes after intramuscular administration.
妥布霉素的平均峰值血药浓度在肌内注射后的30到大约60分钟出现。
英译汉：Store below 25℃protecting from freezing and light.
储存在25℃以下，防止冰冻和光照。
英译汉：Ursosan Tablet 50mg is a white plain tablet which contains 50mg of ursodesoxycholic acid.
答案：熊去氧胆酸片50mg为白色素片，含熊去氧胆酸50mg。
1/In repeat actionforms，tablets are prepared so that an initial dose of the drug is released from （）and a second dose from （）, which is separated from the outer shell by a slowly permeable barrier coating.
我的答案：A.the tablet shell，an inner core of the tablet
2/Two-layered tablets may be prepared from the embedding drug granules, with on layer containing the untreated drug for ( ) and the other layer having the drug for ( ).
我的答案：B.immediate release, sustained release
3/The drug is slowly released from ( ) by leaching by the body fluids.
我的答案：C.the inert plastic matrix
4/Some solid dosage forms are designed to sequentially release two full doses of a drug, these types of products are usually termed ( ) tablets or capsules.
我的答案：B.repeat-action
5/The emulsion is made possible through the use of （）, which prevents coalescence of the dispersed droplets.
D.emulsifying agents
我的答案：D
6/Bacteriostatic Water for Injection USP must not be placed in containers larger than ( ).
C.30 mL.
D.50 mL.
我的答案：C
7/Compounds for both IM and IV solutions may require ( ) in order for the drug to be incorporated into acceptable volumes for bolus administration.
C. high solubility
我的答案：C
8/The emulsion is made possible through the useof ( ) , which prevents coalescence of thedispersed droplets.
正确答案: D
D.emulsifying agents
9/Certain drug substances when chemicallycombined with certain other chemical agentsform
chemical complexes that may be only slowly soluble in body fluids, depending upon (
D.the pH of the environment
正确答案: D
10/Hydrocolloids can play а significant role in thedesign of а( ) product.
C.controlled-release
正确答案: C
1）The most convenient way to administer drugs is正确答案: C:by mouth
2）The most common solid dosage forms incontemporary use are正确答案: C:tablets
3）disintegration dissolution dispersion分别是什么意思？B.崩解，溶解，分散
4）药品生产质量管理规范的英文形式是：B：GMP
Tablet may be defined as unit forms of solid medicaments prepared by compaction.
片剂可以定义为固体药物通过压制制备的单位形式。
Antibiotics(先回答出英文定义，再翻译成中文)
我的答案：Antibiotics are substances derived from one living microorganism that are used to attack and eventually to kill other microorganisms.
抗生素是从一种活微生物中提取，用来攻击并最终杀死其他微生物的物质。
Drug addiction(先回答出英文定义，再翻译成中文)
Drug addiction has been defined as the compulsive use of a drug in greater amounts than are used in ordinary therapeutic practice or are acceptable in social custom.
药物成瘾被定义为强迫性地使用某种药物，其数量超过了通常的治疗过程或社会习俗所能接受的量。
The modified drug that converts back to the active parent structure is defined as a prodrug.
将转化回活性母体结构的修饰药物定义为前药。
1.English drug instrucion include：ABCD
A.Storage
B.Dosage and Administration
C.Adverse Reactions
D.Precautions
2.What type of drugs are suitable to be prepared in delayed action forms?CD
A.a acidic drug
B.the drug is better absorbed from the stomach than from the intestines
C.the drug is destroyed by the gastric juices, or it may be excessively irritating to the lining of the stomach
D.the drug is excessively irritating to the stomach
3.Among the many agents used to enteric coat tablets and capsules are (BD)
A.sugar
B.cellulose acetate phthalate
C.starch
D.fats, fatty acids and waxes mixtures
4.The Oros system composes of (AC).
A.a semi-permeable coating
B.a matrix
C.a core tablet
D.hydrocolloid layer
5.The drug best suited for incorporation into a sustained release product are:BCD
A.those having a fairly slow rate of absorption and excretion
B.those used in the treatment of chronic rather than acute conditions
C.those uniformly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
D.those having relatively small doses
6.The goal of controlled-release technology is to ABD
A.produce a convenient dosage form
B.produce a self-administered dosage form
C.release drug rapidly
D. yield a constant infusion of the drug
7.The advantages of controlled-release technology include:ABCD
A.Extended daytime and nighttime activity of the drug
B.Potential for reduced incidence of side effects
C.Increased patient compliance
D.Potential lower daily cost to patient due to fewer dosage units use
8.Inorganic compounds in parenterals are commonly removed by :BCD
A. heat
B.distillation
C.reverse osmosis
D.deionization
9.Polymorphs have the effects on (BCD
A.acidity
B.solubility
C.dissolution rates
D.physical stability of the product
The physical and chemical data that should be obtained on the drug substance include : ABCDE
Q A. pH stability profile
Q B. pH solubility profile
Q C. Molecular structure and weight
Q D.Particle size and shape
Q E. Optical activity
The modification of the parent structure with parenteral drugs can ()正确答案：ABD
Q A. increase stability
Q B.alter drug solubility
C.decrease depot action
Q D.avoid formulation difficulties
A lengthy wet granulation that includes :正确答案：ABCD
Q A.blending of dry ingredients
Q B.wet massing
Q C.screening
Q D.fluidized bed drying
To determine whether a mixture of powdered ingredients is to be tableted directly or if an intervening wet granulation step is to be introduced. This decision is influenced by many factors,
including:正确答案：BCD
A.the solubility of the ingredient of the drug
Q B.the flow properties of the granulation;
Q C.the tendency of the granulation to
segregate.
Q D.the stability of the drug to heat and
moisture
必答［多选题Tablet dosage form include?正确答案：ABCD
Q A.chewable tablet
Q B.lozenges
Q C.sublingual tablet
Q D.buccal tablet
Compared to other oral dosage forms, tablets are the manufacturer's dosage form of choice because of正确答案：ABCD
Q A.low cost of manufacture
Q B.low cost of package and shipment
Q C.increased stability
Q D.increased virtual tamper resistance
［多选题］Drugs can be excreted in (). 正确答案：ABCD
Q A.urine
Q B.feces
Q C.bile
https://www.360docs.net/doc/c512404293.html,k
Drugs may accumulate in various areas of the body as a result of ( )正确答案：BCD
A.disolution
Q B.binding
Q C.dissolving in fats
Q D.active transport into cells
The factors influence the absorption include: 正确答案：ABCD
Q A.solubility of the drug
Q B.the acidity of the drug's environment
Q C.blood flow
Q D. the rate of gastric emptying
The route of administraion includes: 正确答案：ABCDE
Q A.by mouth
Q B.injecte into the bloodstream or more
commonly into the muscle
injecte into the muscle
Q D.from the rectum
Q E.from the eye
必答［多选题］
Antibiotics are produced by various species of microorganisms, including ()
正确答案：BCD
plant
Q C.actinomyces
Q D.bacteria
必答［多选题］The sources of drugs include:
正确答案：ABC
A.plant source
Q B.animal source
Q C.mineral source _ D.any source
Antibiotics are produced by various species of microorganisms, including ()
A.plant
B.fungi
C.actinomyces Dbacteria
我的答案：BCD
1.［多选题］The factors influence the absorption
include:
A.solubility of the drug
B.the acidity of the drug's environment
c.blood flow D.the rate of gastric emptying
我的答案：ABCD
2 .［多选题］
The route of administraion includes:
A.by mouth
B.injecte into the bloodstream or more commonly into the muscle
c.injecte into the muscle D.from the rectum E.from the eye
我的答案：ABCDE
3 .［多选题］
Drugs may accumulate in various areas of the body as a result of ()
A.disolution
B.binding c.dissolving in fats D.active transport into cells
我的答案：BCD
4.［多选题］
Drugs can be excreted in ().
A.urine
B.feces c.bile https://www.360docs.net/doc/c512404293.html,k
我的答案：ABCD
To determine whether a mixture of powdered ingredients is to be tableted directly or if an intervening wet granulation step is to be introduced. This decision is influenced by many factors, including:
A.the solubility of the ingredient of the drug
B.the flow properties of the granulation;
c.the tendency of the granulation to segregate.
D.the stability of the drug to heat and moisture
我的答案：BCD
3 .［多选题］
Tablet dosage form include?
A.chewable tablet
B.lozenges c.sublingual tablet D.buccal tablet
我的答案：ABCD
To determine whether a mixture of powdered ingredients is to be tableted directly or if an intervening wet granulation step is to be introduced. This decision is influenced by many factors,
A.the solubility of the ingredient of the drug
B.the flow properties of the granulation;
c.the tendency of the granulation to segregate.
D.the stability of the drug to heat and moisture
我的答案：BCD
［多选题］
Many existing products continue to be processed by a lengthy wet granulation that includes :
A.blending of dry ingredients
B.wet massing
c.screening
D.fluidized bed drying
我的答案：ABCD
［多选题］
The modification of the parent structure with parenteral drugs can ( )
A.alter drug solubility
B.enhance depot action
c.decrease pain on injection
D.alter formulation
我的答案ABC
3 .［多选题］
This absorption process of intramuscular and subcutaneous administration is determind by ( )
A.physicochemical properties of the drug
B.the formulation used
c.extent of vascularity at the site of injection
D.distribution of fat in the tissue
我的答案ABCD
2 .［多选题］
The excipients in parenteral products
include :
A antioxidants
B.inert gases
c.lubricants
D.protectants
ABD
3 .［多选题］
Other aqueous vehicles that may be used in place of sterile water or bacteriostatic water for injection drugs include
A.dextrose (5%)
B.electrolyte solsutions.
c.sodium chloride(0.9%)
D.nutrient solsutions
ABCD
4.［多选题］
How to deal with water that are used to reduce microbial growth and to prevent pyrogen formation?
A.Filtration
B.chilling
c.heating
D.Recirculation
ABCD
Suspension requires a delicate balance of variables to formulate a product that is easily resuspended and can be injected through an 18-to 21-gauge needle through its shelf life. To achieve these properties it is necessary to select and carefully maintain :
A.particle size distribution
B.zeta potential
c.rheological properties
D.the manufacturing steps
ABCD
3 .［多选题］
Carrier systems includeABD
A.micropheres
B.liposomes
c.solutions
D.emulsions
4.［多选题］
Concepts in drug delivery that have received increasing attention include:ABC
A.drug carrier systems
B.implants
c.intravenous infusers
D.intramuscular infusers
［多选题］
The goal of controlled-release technology is to ABD
A.produce a convenient dosage form
B.produce a self-administered dosage form
C.release drug rapidly
D.yield a constant infusion of the drug
［多选题］
The advantages of controlled-release technology include:ABCD
A.Extended daytime and nighttime activity of the drug
B.Potential for reduced incidence of side effects
C.Increased patient compliance
D.Potential lower daily cost to patient due to fewer dosage units used
4.［多选题］
The drug best suited for incorporation into a sustained release product are :BCD
A.those having a fairly rapid rate of absorption and excretion
B.those having relatively small doses
C.those having relatively large doses
D.those are uniformly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
3 .［多选题］
The release of the resin-drug complex is dependent upon (AC)
A.pH in the gastrointestinal tract
B.drug dissolution in the gastrointestinal tract
c.the electrolyte concentration in the gastrointestinal tract
D.drug stability in the gastrointestinal tract
2 .［多选题］
The Oros system composes of (AC).
A.a semi-permeable coating
B.a matrix
C.a core tablet
D.hydrocolloid layer
3 .［多选题］
Oros can control the release rate by changing ( BCD) of the membrane.
A.the diameter
B.the surface area
c.the thickness
D.the nature
4.［多选题］
The repeat action forms are best suited for what type of drugs?ABCD
A.drugs having low dosage
B.drugs employed in chronic conditions
c.drugs having regular absorption patterns
D.drugs with fairly rapid rates of absorption and excretion
.［多选题］
What type of drugs are suitable to be prepared in delayed action forms?ABCD
A.the drug is destroyed by the gastric juices
B.the drug is excesssively irritating to the stomach
c.a nauseating drug
D.the drug is absorbed from the intestines than from the stomach
［多选题］
The enteric coating may be composed of a material that (ABC)
A.is pH dependent
B.may erode due to moisture
c.may erode on a time basis
D.is heat dependent
［多选题］
Among the many agents used to enteric coat tablets and capsules are (ABCD)
A.fats
B.fatty acids
c.waxes
D.shellac
［多选题］
English drug insruction include：ABCD
A.Description
B.Pharmacological Actions
c.Indications
D.Package