重庆大学研究生英语考试试题
2007级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题
(适用于1-25班)
时间: 150分钟
2008.1.14
Part I: Reading Comprehension 40%
Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your AnswerSheet.
Passage One
Major companies are already in pursuit of commercial applications of the new biology. They dream of placing enzymes in the automobile to monitor exhaust and send data on pollution to a microprocessor that will then adjust the engine. They speak of what the New York Times calls "metal-hungry microbes that might be used to mine valuable trace metals from ocean water". They have already demanded and won the right to patent new lifeforms.
Nervous critics, including many scientists, worry that there is corporate, national, international, and inter-scientific rivalry in the entire biotechnological field. They create images not of oil spills, but of "microbe spills" that could spread disease and destroy entire populations. The creation and accidental release of extremely poisonous microbes, however, is only one cause for alarm. Completely rational and respectable scientists are talking about possibilities that stagger the imagination.
Should we breed people with cow-like stomachs so they can digest grass and hay, thereby relieving the food problem by modifying us to eat lower down on the food chain? Should we biologically alter workers to fit the job requirement, for example, creating pilots with faster reaction times or assembly-line workers designed to do our monotonous work for us? Should we attempt to eliminate "inferior" people and breed a "super-race"? (Hitler tried this, but without the genetic weaponry that may soon issue from our laboratories.) Should we produce soldiers to do our fighting? Should we use genetic forecasting to pre-eliminate "unfit" babies? Should we grow reserve organs for ourselves, each of us having, as it were, a "savings bank'' full of spare kidney, livers, or hands?
Wild as these notions may sound, every one has its advocates (and opposers) in the scientific community as well as its striking commercial application. As two critics of genetic engineering, Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Howard, state in their book Who Should Play God?, "Broad scale genetic engineering will probably be introduced to America much the same way as assembly lines, automobiles, vaccines, computers and all the other technologies. As each new genetic advance becomes commercially practical, a new consumer need will be exploited and a market for the new technology will be created."
1. According to the passage, the exhaust from a car engine could probably be checked
by .
A. using metal-hungry microbes.
B. making use of enzymes.
C. adjusting the engine.
D. patenting new life forms.
2. According to the passage, which of the following would worry the critics the
most?
A. The unanticipated explosion of population.
B. The creation of biological solar cells.
C. The accidental spill of oil.
D. The unexpected release of destructive microbes.
3. Which of the following notions is NOT mentioned?
A. Developing a "savings bank" of one's organs.
B. Breeding soldiers for a war.
C. Producing people with cow-like stomachs.
D. Using genetic forecasting to cure diseases.
4. According to the passage, Hitler attempted to .
A. change the pilots biologically to win the war.
B. develop genetic farming for food supply.
C. kill the people he thought of as inferior.
D. encourage the development of genetic weapons for the war.
5. What does Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Howard's statement imply?
A. The commercial applications of genetic engineering are inevitable.
B. America will depend on other countries for biological progress.
C. Americans are proud of their computers, automobiles and genetic
technologies.
D. The potential application of each new genetic advance should be controlled. Passage Two
The concept of "environment" is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa.
In the case of man, the difficulties, with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces
that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as "cultural", which modify the physical and biological factors. But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of' climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.
6. Which of the following words can best describe the popular understanding of "environment" as the author sees it?
A. Elaborate.
B. Prejudiced.
C. Faultless.
D. Oversimplified.
7. According to the author the concept of ―environment" is difficult to explain
because .
A. it doesn't distinguish between the organism and the environment
B. it involves both internal and external forces
C. the organism and the environment influence each other
D. the relationship between the organism and the environment is unclear
8. In analyzing the environmental forces acting on man the author suggests that .
A. biological factors are less important to the organism than cultural factors to
man
B. man and other animals are modified equally by the environmental forces
C. man is modified by the cultural environment as well as by the natural
environment
D. physical and biological factors exert more influence on other organisms
than on man
9. As for culture, the author points out that .
A. it develops side by side with environmental factors
B. it is also affected by environmental factors
C. it is generally accepted to be part of the environment
D. it is a product of man's biological instincts
10. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with .
A. the interpretation of the term "environment"
B. the discussion on organisms and biological environment
C. the comparison between internal and external factors influencing man
D. the evaluation of man's influence on culture
Passage Three
The tourist trade is booming. With all this coming and going, you’d expect greater understanding to develop between the nations of the world. Not a bit of it! Superb systems of communication by air, sea and land make it possible for us to visit each other’s countries at a moderate cost. What was once the ‘grand tour’, reserved for only the very rich, is now within everybody’s grasp? The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. Modern travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in the old d ays couldn’t have dreamed of. But what’s the sense of this mass exchange of populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of each other?
Many tourist organizations are directly responsible for this state of affairs. They deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much contact with the local population. The modern tourist leads a cosseted(宠爱溺爱的)sheltered life. He lives at international hotels, where he eats his international food and sips his international drink while he gazes at the natives from a distance. Conducted tours to places of interest are carefully censored. The tourist is allowed to see only what the organizers want him to see and no more. A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off on his own; and anyway, language is always a barrier, so he is only too happy to be protected in this way. At its very worst, this leads to a new and hideous kind of colonization. The summer quarters of the inhabitants of the cite universitaire: are temporarily reestablished on the island of Corfu. Blackpool is recreated at Torremolinos where the traveler goes not to eat paella, but fish and chips.
The sad thing about this situation is that it leads to the persistence of national stereotypes. We don’t see the people of other nations as they really are, but as we have been brought up to believe they are. You can test this for yourself. Take five nationalities, say, French, German, English, American and Italian. Now in your mind, match them with these five adjectives: musical, amorous (多情的), cold, pedantic(学究式的), native. Far from providing us with any insight into the national characteristics of the peoples just mentioned, these adjectives actually act as barriers. So when you set out on your travels, the only characteristics you notice are those which confirm your preconceptions. You come away with the highly unoriginal and inac curate impression that, say, ‘Anglo-Saxons are hypocrites’ of that ‘Latin peoples shout a lot’. You only have to make a few foreign friends to understand how absurd and harmful national stereotypes are. But how can you make foreign friends when the tourist trade does its best to prevent you?
Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous. Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact—how trite(老一套的) it sounds! –That all people are human. We are all similar to each other and at the same time all unique.
11.The best title for this passage is ___________.
A. tourism contributes nothing to increasing understanding between nations.
B. tourism is tiresome.
C. conducted tour is dull.
D. tourism really does something to one’s country.
12.What is the author’s attitude toward tourism?
A. apprehensive.
B. negative.
C. critical.
D. appreciative.
13.Which word in the following is the best to summarize Latin people shout a lot?
A. silent.
B. noisy.
C. lively.
D. active.
14.The purpose of the author’s criticism is to point out
A. conducted tour is disappointing.
B. the way of touring should be changed.
C. when traveling, you notice characteristics which confirm preconception.
D. national stereotypes should be changed.
15.What is ‘grand tour’ now?
A. moderate cost.
B. local sight-seeing is investigated by the tourist organization.
C. people enjoy the first-rate comforts.
D. everybody can enjoy the ‘grand tour’.
PassageFour
These days we hear a lot of nonsense about the ‘great classless society’. The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great clichés of our time. The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy as a system of government has been completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn’t bear out the claim.
It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same educational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, ‘survival of the fittest’, and ‘might is right’ are still with us. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit. For ‘aristocracy(贵族统治)’ read ‘meritocracy(英才统治’; in other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintained.
Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them ‘a good start in life’. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was.
In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant.
16.What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has not destroyed the class
system.
B. Equality means money.
C. There is no such society as classless society.
D. Nature can’t give you a classless society.
17.According to the author, the same educational opportunities can’t get rid of
inequality because
A. the principle ‘survival of the fittest’ exists.
B. Nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability.
C. Material rewards are for genuine ability.
D. People have the freedom how to educate their children.
18.Who can obtain more rapid success
A. Those with the best opportunities.
B. Those with the best brains.
C. those with wealth.
D. Those who have the ability to catch at opportunities.
19.Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain
extent? Because
A. money decides everything.
B. Private schools offer advantages over state schools.
C. People are free to choose the way of educating their children.
D. Wealth is used for political ends.
20.According to the author, ‘class divisions’ refers to
A. Genius and stupidity.
B. Different opportunities for people.
C. Oppressor and the oppressed.
D. the rich and the poor.
Part II Translation from English to Chinese 20%
Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.
Believe me when I tell you that you have been given everything you need. You already own the gifts you seek. They were given to you a long time ago. Don’t spend your lifetime seeking your happiness, when in reality, you already have the means to it. The amazing part about this secret is that no one can steal it from you. The gifts you have been given, including your very own acres of diamonds are yours to keep and share as you see fit. Everyone is good at something, and you’ll come to find out that the more you share your treasures, the shinier they get, and the more valuable they become. In turn, you become a richer and happier person.
Part III. Translation from Chinese to English 20%
Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.
承认我们深受偏见的影响没有什么不光彩的。这正是我们需要教育的原因。教育，正好可以不断发现隐藏在我们头脑里的无知和偏见，它们就像隐藏在电脑里的病毒。除非我们保持警惕，不断检查电脑清除病毒。否则，某一天我们就会深陷麻烦。我们不知道在什么时候什么地方它们就会袭击我们，带来严重后果。
Part IV. Writing 20%
Directions:Write a composition of about 150 words on the following title. Write your composition on your Answer Sheet.
The Qualities Needed for a Good Boss
2007级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题答案
(适用于1-25班)
时间: 150分钟
2008.1.14
Part I: Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points each)
1. ( B )
2. ( D )
3. ( D )
4. ( C )
5. ( A )
6. ( D )
7. ( C )
8. ( C )
9. ( B ) 10. ( A )
11. ( A ) 12. ( C ) 13. ( B ) 14. ( B ) 15. ( D )
16. ( A ) 17. ( B ) 18. ( C ) 19. ( A ) 20. ( D )
Part II: Translation from English to Chinese (20 points)
(略)
Part III: Translation from Chinese to English (20 points)
It is no disgrace to admit that we are all heavily influenced by prejudices. And this is precisely the reason why we all need education. Education is just the progressive discovery of our ignorance and prejudices which are hidden in our mind like computer virus in a computer. And unless we stay alert and check our computer constantly and wipe out all the viruses, we will be in serious trouble some day. We will not know when and where they will hit us with serious consequences.
Part IV: Writing (20 points)
(略)
全国在职研究生考试英语二卷
二卷模拟答案 Section A Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. Discoveries in science and technology are thought by many to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents: Sir Isaac Newton noticed the falling apple in his garden and came forth with the gravitation law. This notion is obviously not true. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. In fact, he had experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation, as well as inventions, is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. Section B Directions:Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. 自然界开始了一次新的实验。人类不再只是能适应某一特定的环境，而是获得了能适应 任何环境的能力。他们分散到世界各地，在迁移中不断变化，直到成为在地球上分布最广的 物种。人类在身体和文化方面都适应于他们迁入的新环境。居住在赤道附近的人为了在强烈 日光下保护自己，渐渐地有了黑色皮肤。迁移到寒冷地带的人为了利用阳光合成维生素D， 渐渐地有了较为白皙的皮肤。住在寒冷而干燥地区的人们长得矮胖，以便保存热量；住在干 燥而炎热地区的人们长得高瘦，以便使热量容易散发。 答案： Section A 很多人认为科技发现是灵光一闪，或戏剧化事件的产物：艾萨克·牛顿爵士在花园中注意到了苹果落地，从而发现了万有引力定律。很显然，这一观点并不正确。弗莱明爵士并不如传闻所言那样，看到一片奶酪上的霉菌，在当时当地就想到（发明）了抗生素盘尼西林。事实上，他做了九年之久的抗细菌物质的实验，终于才有了他的发现。发现和革新总是来自于勤勉的“试误”实验。革新和发明就像是足球赛，即使是最好的选手也会射不进球，他们射门受阻的次数远远大于射门得分的次数。 Section B Nature began a new experiment. Instead of adapting to a specific environment, man has the capacity to adapt himself to any specific environment. They spread throughout the globe, changing as they moved, until they became the most widely distributed species on the earth. Man adapted physically as well as culturally to the new surroundings into which he moved. People who lived near equator developed dark skin to protect themselves from strong sunlight; people who moved to colder climates developed light skin to take advantage of the sunlight for the synthesis of vitamin D; people in cold dry climates became stocky to conserve heat. People in hot dry climates tended to become tall and thin to dissipate heat.
研究生英语考试试卷
General English Qualifying Test for Non-English Major Graduate Students 2008 (A 卷) ******************************考试注意事项*************************** 一．本考试由两部分组成：试卷一（Paper One）包括听力理解、词汇与结构、阅读理解三部分，共70题，按顺序统一编号；试卷二（Paper Two）包括改错、写作。 二．试卷一的答案请按要求在答题卡上填涂，否则无效。试卷二的改错、写作部分请直接在试卷二上答题. Paper One Part I Listening Comprehension (20 points) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A., B., C. and D., and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Example: You will hear: You will read: A. At the office. B. In the waiting room. C. At the airport. D. In a restaurant. From the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they had to finish in the evening. This is most likely to have taken place at the office. Therefore, A. "At the office" is the best answer. You should choose [A] on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the center. 1. A. The weather has been warm lately. B. The furnace has broken down. C. The building’s heating system dries the air. D. The woman should put medicine on her lips. 2. A. A furnished house. B. A recent book. C. A refinished cellar. D. A new record. 3. A. They need to turn up ahead. B. She doesn’t know where State Street is. C. There was no left turn at the last intersection. D. The man missed the turn.
重庆大学2015年硕士英语考试
开卷 闭卷 Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points ) Part IV . Writing ( 20 points) (Please write your composition on the reverse side. 请写在背面) 命题（组题）人： 李雁 审题人： 黄萍 命题时间：2014.12 研究生院制 学院 专业（领域） 类别 （ 学术 、专业 ） 学号 姓名 封 线 密
重庆大学硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷 2014～2015 学年第一学期 硕士生B类 Part I. Reading Comprehension（40 points） Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet. Passage One As a wise man once said, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isn’t the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations, but a fact of Europe’s new economic landscape, embraced by sociologists, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the irresistible momentum of individualism over the last century. The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on Europeans’ private lives. Europe’s new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe’s shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today’s tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage—twenty something professionals or widowed senior citizens. While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. Living alone was conceived to be negative—dark and cold, while being together suggested warmth and light. But then came along the idea of singles. They were young, beautiful, strong! Now, young people want to live alone. The booming economy means people are working harder than ever. And that doesn’t leave much room for relationships. Pimpi Arroyo, a 35-year-old composer who lives alone in a house in Paris, says he hasn’t got time to get lonely because has too much work. “I have deadlines which would make life with someone else fairly difficult”. Only an Ideal Woman would make him change his lifestyle, he says. Kaufmann, author of a recent book called “The Single Woman and Prince Charming”, thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expect more and more of mates, so relationships don’t last long—if they start at all. Eppendorf, a blond Berliner with a deep tan, teaches grade school in the mornings. In the afternoon she sunbathes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says she’d never have wanted to do what her mother did—give up a career to raise a family. Instead, “I’ve always done what I wanted to do: live a self-determined life”. 1.More and more young Europeans remain single because A. they are driven by an overwhelming sense of individualism. B. they have entered the workforce at a much earlier age. C. they have embraced a business culture of stability. D. they are pessimistic about their economic future. 2.What is said about European society in the passage? A. It has fostered the trend towards small families. B. It is getting closer to American-style capitalism. C. It has limited consumer choice despite a free market. D. It is being threatened by irresistible privatization. 3.According to Paragraph 3, the newest group of singles are A. warm and lighthearted. B. on either side of marriage. C. negative and gloomy. D. healthy and wealthy. 4.The author quotes Eppendorf to show that A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?
2017年在职研究生考研英语二真题及答案解析
2017年在职研究生考研英语二真题及答案解析 考研教育英语教研室 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different，with academics，writers，and activists once again 1 that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 . A few wealthy people will own all the capital，and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.. A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，one 4 by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives 5 ，people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6 today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for 7 Americans. Also，some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future. But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today，the 15 of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，” says John Danaher，a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway. These days，because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers，people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work，I often feel 18 ，” Danaher says，adding，“In a world in which I don’t have to work，I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters.
重庆大学硕士研究生(英语)课程试卷 研究生B类
重庆大学全日制专业硕士研究生 《英语》课程试卷(B 类) 2015~2016 学年 第 二 学期（春） 开课学院：外国语学院 课程编号：G0401A 考试日期： 2016.06.19 考试方式： 考试时间： 120 分钟 硕士生B 类答题纸 英语班次：_______________ Answer Sheet Part I Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, each item 2points) Passage One 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) Passage Two 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. ( ) Passage Three 11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( ) Passage Four 16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( ) 19. ( ) 20. ( ) Part II Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points) Part III Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points ) Part IV Writing ( 20 points) (Please write your composition on the reverse side. 请写在背面) 命题（组题）人： 审题人： 命题时间：2016.06 研究生院制 学院 专业（领域） 类别 （ 学术 、专业 ） 学号 姓名 封 线 密
研究生英语期末考试试卷
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A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.
2019年在职研究生英语统考作文模板和例文
2019年在职研究生英语统考作文必背模板 写作模板1. (单一话题议论文) 第一段概述（大约40字）： When it comes to the topic of______（作文的话题及某种社会现象，一般是作文标题）.Some people hold the idea that ______ （人们的看法，观点）. As far as I’m concerned, I think______ （我的看法，观点）. So I firmly support (object to) the______（观点）. 第二段正文（大约70字）： There are several reasons for this______（这种现象或某种观点）, but in general, they come down to three major ones , which listed as follows. To start with _____(第一个原因) .That is to say_____ (扩展介绍).What's more _____ (带来的影响).Secondly, ______(第二个原因).Besides_____ (扩展介绍).As a result of_____(带来的影响). And finally_________(第三个原因或者影响).Even more_________(扩展介绍).Not only _________ but also _________ (带来的影响). Obviously, it is high time that we_________( 本段小结). 第三段总结（大约40字）： To sum up, I insist that______ （我的看法，观点）.It is necessary that effective actions should be taken to solve the problem. On one hand,________ (给出建议). And on the other hand,_______( 给出建议).I believe all these measures will certainly help to ______（改变某种现象，进一步完善）. 写作模板2. （辩证对比话题) 第一段概述（大约40字）： Nowadays, when it comes to the _______（作文的话题及某种社会现象，一般是作文标题）, the answers may vary from person to person. Some people hold the idea that_______（第一种看法，观点），but others argue that_______（第二种看法，观点）. As for as I’m concerned, both_______（上述观点一）and_______（上述观点二）. I will_______（陈述我的观点）for the following reasons. 第二段正文：（大约70字）： In my opinion, __________（第一种看法，观点）can bring____ to________ (优势或者劣势). For one thing________ (阐述理由一). And it is usually ____（阐述理由一).What's more _____ (阐述理由一). Despite many obvious advantages ofthe first opinion, we can still find the second one also has some advantages when compared with the first. First of all ______（阐述理由一）. Because of_______（阐述理由二）. Even more _____ (阐述理由三，及带来的后果及影响). 第三段总结（大约40字）： From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion. It is undoubted that _______（第一种看法，观点）is as important as_______（第二种看法，观点）. So as for me, I agree to take the middle road. They both should be play extremely important role in our modern society. Only in this way can we become_______（总结，展望，呼吁） 各种文体写作要求 1.议论文 1.1．写作技巧，布局结构。 第一段：开头句指出某种社会现象，扩展介绍，所产生的影响和后果，大约30-40字。 第二段：出现这种现象的原因和后果，大约50-60字。