7-2-1-1 封面
7-1、2船舶下水解析
第一节 船舶下水的主要方法和设施
1）纵向涂油滑道下水
下水过程：首先将龙骨墩、边墩和支撑全部拆除，使船舶重量 移到滑板和滑道上，再松开止滑器，船舶便和下水支架、滑板一 起沿滑道滑入水中。 下水油脂：为了减小摩擦力，在滑板和滑道间浇涂石腊和黄油 作为润滑。
W SC
SG
※ 若船舶重心离开滑道末端时，而船舶仍未开始尾浮（浮 力增加过慢），即WSG>γVlc时，会发生尾部突然下沉、以 滑道末端为支点的仰倾现象（俗称尾弯或尾跌落),船底会 受到很大的反作用力而被破坏，因此要防止这一现象出现。 亦即：必须保证船舶重心离开滑道末端前，船舶已开始尾 浮。
防尾跌落采取的工艺措施：
W
全 浮
※ 若船舶全浮前，船舶首支架已完全脱离滑道，则船舶会发生艏 部突然下沉现象，称为艏跌落。艏跌落可能引起首部结构与滑道 末端碰撞而被破坏，因此要防止这一现象出现。
防首跌落的工艺措施：
1、在尾部加压载，使重心后移。但应注意防止产生尾跌落的可
能。 2、首支点前移。 3、选择大潮位下水。 4、滑道末端清淤。 5、取消首支架，降低船底到滑道面的高度。
第二节 纵向涂油滑道下水过程分析
一般以尾部先入水，分四个阶段：
◆（1）船舶开始滑动到刚与水面接触： 受力：R、f、W
下滑条件：
下滑力F＞摩擦阻力f 其中:F=W×sinβ f=μ×W×cosβ μ 静摩擦系数，0.03～0.07 动摩擦系数，0.02～0.05
W F
G
N
※可能发生的事故：止滑器松开后，船舶不能自行下滑或中 途停滑。
和 RlR=WlGlc 在此过程中，V、lR 和lC 值不 断发生变化，直至船舶开始尾 浮。
离散数学 7-1图概念7-2路与回路
例如
路：v1e2v3e3v2e3v3e4v2e6v5e7v3 迹：v5e8v4e5v2e6v5e7v3e4v2 通路：v4e8v5e6v2e1v1e2v3
学习本节要熟悉如下术语(22个)： 路、 路的长度、 回路、 迹、 通路、 圈、 割点、
连通、连通分支、 连通图、 点连通度、
点割集、
边割集、 割边、 边连通度、 可达、 弱分图、
单侧连通、 强连通、 弱连通、 强分图、 单侧分图 掌握5个定理，一个推论。
7-2 路与回路
路
无向图的连通性
7-1 图的基本概念
图的定义
点的度数
特殊的图 图同构
三、特殊的图
1、多重图 定义7-1.4：含有平行边的图称为多重图。 2、简单图：不含平行边和环的图称为简单图。 3、完全图 定义7-1.5：简单图G=<V，E>中，若每一对结点 间均有边相连，则称该图为完全图。 有n个结点的无向完全图记为Kn。 无向完全图：每一条边都是无向边 不含有平行边和环 每一对结点间都有边相连
3、图的分类：
①无向图：每条边均为无向边的图称为无向图。 ②有向图：每条边均为有向边的图称为有向图。
③混合图：有些边是无向边，有些边是有向边的图称
为混合图。
v1 (孤立点) v5 V1’ v1 环
v2
v4 v3 (a)无向图
V2’
V3’ (b)有向图 V4’
v2
v4 v3 ( c ) 混合图
4、点和边的关联：如ei=(u，v)或ei=<u，v>称u， v与ei关联。 5、点与点的相邻：关联于同一条边的结点称为邻 接点。
挪威船级社近海箱标准DNV 2-7-1讲解
STANDARD FOR CERTIFICATIONNo. 2.7-1 OFFSHORE CONTAINERSAPRIL 2006D ET N ORSKE V ERITASFOREWORDDET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) is an autonomous and independent foundation with the objectives of safeguarding life, prop-erty and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and consultancy services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out research in relation to these functions.Standards for CertificationStandards for Certification (previously Certification Notes) are publications that contain principles, acceptance criteria and prac-tical information related to the Society's consideration of objects, personnel, organisations, services and operations. Standards for Certification also apply as the basis for the issue of certificates and/or declarations that may not necessarily be related to clas-sification.A list of Standards for Certification is found in the latest edition of Pt.0 Ch.1 of the ”Rules for Classification of Ships” and the ”Rules for Classification of High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft”.The list of Standards for Certification is also included in the current “Classification Services – Publications” issued by the Soci-ety, which is available on request. All publications may be ordered from the Society’s Web site .Comments may be sent by e-mail to rules@Comprehensive information about DNV and the Society's services is found at the Web site © Det Norske VeritasComputer Typesetting (FM+SGML) by Det Norske VeritasIf any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of Det Norske Veritas, then Det Norske Veritas shall pay compensation to such person for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the fee charged for the service in question, provided that the maximum compen-sation shall never exceed USD 2 million.In this provision "Det Norske Veritas" shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of Det Norske Veritas.April 2006IntroductionThis Standard for Certification was first published in May, 1989 as "DNV Certification note 2.7-1 Offshore Freight Con-tainers". It was prepared because other regulations at the time, whether international codes, national requirements or rules published by Det Norske Veritas, did not specifically cover offshore containers. A revised Certification Note was issued in May 1995. The basic strength and design requirements from the original edition were retained.Many other standards, codes and regulations exist for contain-ers, container-like units and related types of equipment. Inter-national standards, codes and regulations considered relevant have been taken into account when preparing this Standard for Certification. The most important of these are IMO's circular MSC/Circ.860 and EN 12079. In 1991 the European Commit-tee for Standardisation, CEN, started developing a European Standard (EN) on offshore containers. Technical committee CEN TC 280 prepared EN 12079, which was issued in 1999, and a revised edition will be issued in 2006. The requirements for design, testing and production of offshore containers in EN 12079 are directly based on DNV Standard for Certification 2.7-1. The relationship between this Standard for Certification and other standards, codes and regulations is outlined in sub-chapter 1.2.The Standard for Certification is concerned with certification of all types of offshore containers as transport units. The three typical phases of transport are: shoreside (e.g. by fork lift truck), by supply vessel and lifting to and from offshore instal-lations. The Standard for Certification includes design require-ments related to all three phases.Under conditions in which offshore containers are often trans-ported and handled, the "normal" rate of wear and tear is high, and damage necessitating repair will occur. However, contain-ers designed and certified according to this Standard for Certi-fication should have sufficient strength to withstand the normal forces encountered in offshore operations, and not suf-fer complete failure even if subject to more extreme loads.Changes in the 2006 editionThe Standard for Certification has been extensively revised, with changes in all sections. However, the basic design and strength requirements have not been changed, with the excep-tion of lifting sets. Detailed requirements, interpretations and guidances have been added throughout the standard and in the new appendices. Some requirements have been changed to align with the new EN 12079. New material requirements have been introduced for offshore containers that will only be certified for use in temperate climates. Many editorial changes have been made and the Appendices have been renumbered.The most important changes are:—Section 1 has been extended to include detailed references to other container standards and regulations.—The requirements for materials have been taken out of the design section and moved to a separate Section 3.—In the design section (now Section 4) there are several changes and additions, including protection on the top of open containers, allowable stresses in aluminium, clear-ances in padeye holes, requirements for fork pockets, test-ing of long containers with fork lift, and many additional guidances and notes.—In Section 5 (Production) detailed requirements for NDE have been added and the amount of production testing has been reduced.—Section 8 for lifting sets has been extensively revised. Ref-erence standards have been added, a new calculation method has been introduced, detailed requirements for sling and component certificates have been added and the marking tags on lifting slings have been revised.—In Section 9 the schedule for period examination and tests have been changed.— A new Appendix C has been added with guidelines and examples on strength calculations.— A new appendix D has been added with guidance on de-sign and calculations of padeyes.—Appendix E on calculations of lifting sets has been greatly extended.—IMO's circular on offshore containers, MSC/Circ. 860 has been added at Appendix I.—Existing Annexes 1 and 2 will now be included in the same booklet as the rest of the standard.— A new Annex 3 concerning containers for temperate cli-mates has been introduced. Containers certified to Annex3 have higher design temperature than required by the main requirements of this Standard for Certification, but are otherwise identical to standard offshore containers.Consequences:—Existing offshore containers that DNV have been certified according to previous versions of Standard for Certifica-tion 2.7-1 will also comply with the new standard. Re-cer-tification is generally not deemed necessary. However, on some containers the new requirements for lifting sets in Section 8 may give higher requirements for slings and or shackles.—Containers certified to this Standard for Certification will comply with the requirements of MSC/Circ.860.—Containers certified to this Standard for Certification will also comply with the requirements in the new EN12079 parts 1 and 2, and certification to this standard can be in-cluded at no extra cost.April 2006April 2006CONTENTS1.GENERAL (8)1.1Scope (8)1.2Relationship with other standards, codes andregulations (8)1.2.1The International Maritime Organization (IMO) (8)1.2.2ISO standard freight containers (ISO Containers) (8)1.2.3European Standard EN 12079 (8)1.2.4Standard for Certification 2.7-2 – Offshore servicecontainers (8)1.2.5Units for transportation offshore (8)1.2.6Regulations for Lifting Appliances (9)1.3National authorities (9)1.4Definitions (9)1.4.1Offshore container (9)1.4.2Freight container (9)1.4.3Units for transportation offshore (9)1.4.4Permanent equipment (9)1.4.5Primary Structure (9)1.4.6Secondary Structure (10)1.4.7Prototype (10)1.4.8Owner (10)1.4.9Lifting set (10)1.4.10Assembly secured shackle (10)1.5List of symbols (10)2.APPROVAL AND CERTIFICATIONPROCEDURES (10)2.1General (10)2.2Approval (11)2.2.1Approval Schemes (11)2.2.2Approval to other standards (11)2.2.3Documents for approval and information (11)2.2.4Design Review (11)2.3Certification (11)2.3.1Survey and certification (11)2.3.2Testing and inspection (12)2.4Certification of existing containers (12)2.5Maintenance of certificate (12)2.6Summary of procedures (12)2.6.1Procedure for individual (case-by-case) approval andcertification (12)2.6.2Procedure for type approval and certification (12)2.6.3Procedure for design assessment for type approval andcertification (12)3.MATERIALS (13)3.1Steel (13)3.1.1General (13)3.1.2Rolled, forged and cast steels in offshore containerstructures (13)3.2Aluminium (14)3.3Non-metallic materials (14)3.4Material certificates (14)4.DESIGN (14)4.1General (14)4.1.1Structural design (15)4.1.2Stability against tipping (15)4.1.3Protruding parts and top protection (15)4.1.4Design temperature (15)4.2 Structural strength (15)4.2.1Allowable stresses (15)4.2.2Load distribution (16)4.2.3Lifting loads (16)4.2.4Impact loads (16)4.2.5Minimum material thickness............................................174.3Welding (17)4.3.1Welding of padeyes (17)4.3.2Welding of other primary structure (17)4.4Design Details (17)4.4.1Padeyes (17)4.4.2Intermediate cargo decks (17)4.4.3Stacking and stacking fittings (18)4.4.4ISO-corner fittings (18)4.4.5Floor (18)4.4.6Fork lift pockets (18)4.4.7Container walls (18)4.4.8Doors and hatches (18)4.4.9Internal securing points (18)4.4.10Tugger points (19)4.4.11Equipment (19)4.4.12Coating and corrosion protection (19)4.5Tank containers and bulk containers (19)4.5.1Tank containers (19)4.5.2Tank containers for dangerous goods (19)4.5.3Containers for bulk solids (19)4.5.4Bulk Containers for solid dangerous goods (20)4.6Prototype testing (20)4.6.1Introduction (20)4.6.2Test equipment and calibration (20)4.6.3Lifting tests (20)4.6.4Vertical impact test (21)4.6.5Other tests (21)5.PRODUCTION (21)5.1General (21)5.2Primary structure (21)5.2.1Approved Welders (21)5.2.2Welding procedures (22)5.2.3Inspection of welds (22)5.2.4NDE procedures and NDE operators (22)5.3Secondary structure (22)5.4Production testing (22)5.4.1Lifting test (22)5.4.2Weatherproofness testing (23)5.5Production documentation (23)5.6Inspection and certification (23)6.MARKING (23)6.1Safety marking (23)6.2Identification and Certification Markings (24)6.3Information Markings (24)6.4Marking of Lifting Set (24)6.5Other Marking (24)7.PLATING OF CONTAINERS (24)7.1General (24)7.2Data Plate (24)7.3Inspection plate (25)8.LIFTING SETS (25)8.1General requirements (25)8.2Approval and certification of lifting sets (25)8.3Design of lifting sets (25)8.3.1Dimensions and Strength of Lifting Sets (26)8.3.2Lifting set components (27)8.4Materials (27)8.5Certificates for lifting sets and components (28)8.5.1Sling certificates (28)April 20068.5.2Component certificates (28)8.6Marking of lifting sets (28)9.PERIODIC EXAMINATION, TESTS ANDREPAIRS (29)9.1General (29)9.2Inspection, test and repairs on containers (29)9.2.1Schedule of examination and tests (29)9.2.2Visual inspection (29)9.2.3Non-destructive testing (30)9.2.4Repairs and modifications of containers (30)9.2.5Marking of the inspection plate (30)9.3Inspection, test and repairs on lifting sets (30)9.3.1Schedule of examination and tests (30)9.3.2Load testing of chain sling legs (30)9.3.3Non-destructive examination of sling components exceptwire rope legs (30)9.3.4Visual inspection of the lifting set (30)9.3.5Chain and wire rope slings and components (30)9.3.6Shackles (31)9.3.7Marking of the lifting set tag (31)9.4Inspection, test and repairs on tank containers 31 9.5Inspection reports (31)APP. ALIST OF REFERENCES (32)APP. BEXAMPLE OF OFFSHORE CONTAINER (34)APP. CGUIDELINES AND EXAMPLES ON STRENGTH CALCULATIONS (35)APP. DDESIGN OF PADEYE (37)APP. ECALCULATIONS OF LIFTING SETS (38)APP. FEXAMPLE OF DROP TEST (42)APP. GCERTIFICATE FOR OFFSHORE CONTAINER (43)APP. HDNV EMBLEM FOR OFFSHORE CONTAINERS (45)APP. IMSC/CIRC.860 (46)APP. JCERTIFICATE FOR OFFSHORE CONTAINER LIFTING SLINGS – EXAMPLE (51)APP. KCERTIFICATE FOR LIFTING SET COMPONENTS* FOR OFFSHORE CONTAINERS – EXAMPLE (52)ANNEX 1TYPE APPROVAL OF LIFTING SETS FOR OFFSHORE CONTAINERS ...................................531.INTRODUCTION.. (53)2.SCOPE (53)3.GENERAL (53)3.1Documentation to be submitted (53)3.1.1Documentation for type approval of lifting slings (53)3.1.2Documentation for type approval of lifting setcomponents (53)3.1.3General documentation from the manufacturer (53)3.2Validity (53)3.3Renewal (53)4.DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (54)5.MATERIALS AND MATERIAL TESTING (54)6.PROTOTYPE TESTING (54)7.MARKING AND TRACEABILITY (54)8.REQUIREMENTS RELATED TOMANUFACTURERS (54)9.TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE (54)10.PRODUCTION AND CERTIFICATION (55)10.1Production testing (55)10.2Lifting set certificate (55)10.3Certificates for Lifting Set Components (55)ANNEX 2APPROVAL PROGRAMME FOR TEST FACILITIES ENGAGED IN LOAD TESTING AND NDT INSPECTION OF OFFSHORE CONTAINERS (56)1.GENERAL (56)1.1Scope (56)1.2Objective (56)1.3Extent of engagement (56)1.4Validity (56)2.REQUIREMENTS TO SUPPLIER (56)2.1Submission of documents (56)2.2Quality assurance system (56)2.3Qualification of personnel (56)2.4Supervisor (57)2.5Operators (57)2.6Personnel records (57)2.7Equipment (57)2.8Procedures and instructions (57)2.8.1Lifting tests (57)2.8.2Vertical impact test (57)2.8.3Other tests (58)2.8.4Non-destructive examination (58)2.9Administrative procedures (58)2.10Verification (58)2.11Sub-contractors (58)2.12Reporting (58)2.12.1Contents of reports: (58)2.12.2Prototype or production tests (58)2.12.3Tests on existing containers (58)April 20063.REPAIRS ON CONTAINERS IDENTIFIED ASA RESULT OF LOAD TESTS AND OR NDT. 583.1General (58)4.APPROVAL PROCEDURES (58)4.1Review of documentation (58)4.2Initial audit (58)4.3Special procedures related to control of supplier'srelationship with the parent company (58)4.4Certificate of approval (59)4.5Renewal of approval (59)RMATION ON ALTERATION TO THECERTIFIED SERVICEOPERATION SYSTEM (59)5.1Alteration...............................................................596.CANCELLATION OF THE CERTIFICATE OFAPPROVAL (59)6.1Right to cancel (59)6.2Information (59)6.3Re-approval (59)7.REFERENCES (59)ANNEX 3OFFSHORE CONTAINERS FOR USE IN TEMPERATE CLIMATES ONLY (60)1.INTRODUCTION (60)2.AREA (60)3.DESIGN TEMPERATURE (60)4.MARKING (60)5.DATA PLATE (60)April 20061. General1.1 ScopeThis Standard for Certification applies for transport related re-quirements for offshore containers with respect to design, manufacture, testing, certification, marking and periodic in-spection.The Standard for Certification covers the container structure and any permanent equipment for handling, filling, emptying, refrigerating, heating and safety purposes.The intention is that offshore containers shall meet the follow-ing requirements:—Be safe in use with regard to:—lives—environment—hazard to the vessel/installationBe suitable for repeated use through choice of:—material—protection—ease of repair and maintenance.The requirements in this Standard for Certification are based on a number of assumptions regarding the handling and oper-ation of offshore containers:—They are lifted individually by crane hook attached to top link of lifting set—They are not lifted by spreaders or using ISO container fit-tings—They can be lifted anywhere (world wide) by any crane with sufficient capacity and speed—For containers only approved for limited operation area (Temperate Climate) see Annex 3—They are only stacked if they are designed for this.—They are stacked only onshore or on offshore installations.Not to be stacked during transport on ships.—Cargo or loose installations are properly secured in the container.—The container is designed to give adequate protection to its cargo or to installations inside.—They are handled according to IMO’s “Code of safe prac-tice for supply vessels”.—Handling and operation is in accordance with local regula-tions.The Society may approve alternative solutions that are found to represent an overall safety standard equivalent to the re-quirements in this Standard for Certification. Such approval may be revoked if subsequent information indicates that the chosen alternative is not satisfactory.When the word "container" is used throughout the Standard for Certification, it means an offshore container.Use of the word “shall” implies a mandatory requirement when seeking the Society’s approval. Use of the word “should” im-plies a recommended approach, where comparable solution may also be acceptable.The passages throughout this Standard for Certification marked "Guidance" and “Note” are not to be taken as require-ments by Det Norske Veritas. Such Guidance and Notes are in-tended as practical advice and information for the designer, manufacturer or operator.This Standard for Certification often refers directly to various standards (EN, ISO etc.), or to “other recognised standard”. Recognised standard means a standard found acceptable by the Society.1.2 Relationship with other standards, codes and regulations1.2.1 The International Maritime Organization (IMO) IMO has issued both the International Convention for Safe Containers, CSC, and the International Maritime Dangerous Goods code, IMDG. Both of these are mandatory international regulations. IMO has recognised that the CSC convention is not directly applicable for offshore containers that are handled in open seas, and has issued a circular (MSC/Circ.860) with guidelines on certification of offshore containers. The IMDG code also requires that containers and portable tanks that are handled in open seas should be certified for this purpose. Containers certified to this Standard for Certification also comply with MSC/Circ.860, and this will be referenced in the certificates. The circular is reproduced at Appendix I.IMO has also issued the Code of safe practice for the carriage of cargoes and persons by offshore supply vessels (OSV code) which includes guidelines for handling, stowage and securing of cargoes.1.2.2 ISO standard freight containers (ISO Containers) Containers that are intended for sea transport on container ships are normally designed according to an applicable part of ISO 1496. Containers that are certified to CSC are in general also designed as ISO containers.Offshore containers designed and certified according to this Standard for Certification can also be designed and certified according to CSC And ISO 1496.1.2.3 European Standard EN 12079(At date of writing: new version only available as prEN 12079) The European Standard EN 12079 “Offshore containers and associated lifting sets” consists of 3 parts, see Table 1-1.Offshore Containers and lifting sets certified to this Standard for Certification also comply fully with prEN12079 parts 1 and 2 respectively, and this may be referenced in the certificates.1.2.4 Standard for Certification 2.7-2 – Offshore service containersWhen an offshore container is designed and equipped to be placed onboard a fixed or floating offshore installation to per-form specific services, it may be subject to regulations apply-ing on the installation and to the area where it is placed. Standard for Certification 2.7-2 “Offshore Service Containers”covers containers designed for such requirements.1.2.5 Units for transportation offshoreMany portable units intended for offshore use are not contain-ers as defined in this Standard for Certification. However, there is often a need for verification and certification of such units. DNV has therefore prepared a new Standard for Certifi-cation 2.7-3 for Portable Offshore Units with requirements for design, manufacture, testing etc. for portable units up to 50 000 kg.Offshore Units certified to that Standard for Certification are not intended to carry cargoes as their primary function, but Table 1-1EN 12079part:Title Equivalent sections inStandard forCertification 2.7-1Part 1Offshore containers –design, manufacture andmarkingSec. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7Part 2Lifting sets – Design,manufacture and markingSec. 8Part 3Periodic inspection,examination and testingSec. 9April 2006may carry loose equipment that is related to their intended service.The main difference between Offshore containers and “Units for transportation offshore” is: For such units, their fitness for use must be assessed for each design type, and may have to be considered for each transport event. Operational restrictions may be given in the certificate, or it may be required that the operator evaluate their suitability for each event.1.2.6 Regulations for Lifting AppliancesOffshore containers are not lifting equipment as defined by ILO, by the European Community’s Machinery Directive or by DNV’s Rules for Certification of Lifting Appliances. In-stead they are considered to be cargo units as defined in these codes and directives.However, requirements from these regulations and standards have been taken into account in the requirements in this Stand-ard for Certification, e.g. in the intervals for periodic surveys.1.3 National authoritiesIn cases where National Authorities have stricter requirements than this Standard for Certification, these may be incorporated in the certification procedures.Note:Some National Authorities may consider offshore containers to be lifting equipment.---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e---1.4 Definitions1.4.1 Offshore containerAn offshore container is a portable unit with a maximum gross mass not exceeding 25 000 kg, for repeated use in the transport of goods or equipment, handled in open seas, to, from or be-tween fixed and/or floating installations and ships.An offshore container comprises permanently installed equip-ment, see 1.4.4.Note:Other permanent or loose equipment will not be covered by the certification unless specially agreed. However, supporting struc-ture for heavy equipment, machinery, etc. will be approved ac-cording to 4.4.11.---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e---Offshore containers are also defined by the requirements throughout this Standard for Certification. Refer to definitions of primary and secondary structure below and in 4.1.Units for offshore lifting that are intended for installation and not for repeated transport are not considered to be containers. Likewise, units that do not have an outer framework with padeyes are not considered to be containers. Hence, these units are not covered by Standard for Certification 2.7-1. (See how-ever the definition of waste skip in 1.2.2.) Many such portable units may be eligible for certification according to DNV’s Standard for Certification for Portable Offshore Units1. Offshore containers may be divided into 3 main categories: a)Offshore freight container:Offshore container built for the transport of goods. Exam-ples of offshore freight containers:—general cargo container: a closed container with doors —cargo basket: an open top container for general or spe-cial cargo (e.g. pipes, risers)—tank container: a container for transport of dangerous or non-dangerous fluids—bulk container; container for transport of solids in bulk—special container; container for transport of special cargo (e.g. garbage compactors, equipment boxes,bottle racks).b)Offshore service container:Offshore container built and equipped for a special service task, mainly as temporary installation. (Examples are, lab-oratories, workshop, stores, power plants, control stations, wireline units).c)Offshore waste skipAn open or closed offshore container used for the storage and removal of waste. Normally constructed from flat steel plates forming the load bearing sections of the con-tainer, bracing in the form of steel profiles, e.g. channel or hollow section, being fitted horizontally around sides and ends. Waste skips may be open or have loose or hinged coversIn addition to the pad eyes for the lifting set these contain-ers may also have side mounted lugs suitable for attach-ment of the lifting equipment mounted on a skip lift vehicle.1.4.2 Freight containerRe-usable transport container, used for international traffic and designed to facilitate the carriage of goods by one or more modes of transport (including marine) without intermediate re-loading. See DNV "Rules for Certification of Freight Contain-ers, 1981". Also known as CSC Containers or ISO Containers.1.4.3 Units for transportation offshorePortable unit or package with a maximum gross mass not ex-ceeding 50 000 kg, for repeated or single use with a primary service function, handled in open seas, to, from or between fixed and/or floating offshore installations and ships. Units of this type are not considered to be offshore containers.1.4.4 Permanent equipmentEquipment that is attached to the container and which is not cargo.Note:May include lifting sets, additional fittings for handling and se-curing, filling, emptying, cooling and heating, intermediate decks, securing points, garbage compactors, etc.---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e---1.4.5 Primary StructureLoad carrying and supporting frames and load carrying panels. Primary structure includes the following structural compo-nents:—Load carrying and supporting frames—Load carrying panels (floor, ‘tweendecks)—Fork lift pockets—Pad eyes—Supporting structures for tanks—Supports for heavy equipment—Corner/knee brackets.Primary structure is divided into two sub-groups:a)Essential and non-redundant primary structure are themain structural elements which transfer the resulting cargo load to the crane hook or fork lift truck (i.e. forming the load path from the payload to the lifting sling), and will at least include:—top and bottom side rails—top and bottom end rails—corner posts—pad eyesApril 2006—fork lift pockets.Other primary structure may also be considered essential and or non-redundant.b)Non-essential primary structure are e.g. floor plates andother structural elements for which the main function is other than described in a). Deflector plates, stacking fit-tings and end plates on hollow section are considered to be in this category. This sub-group also includes protective frame members.Side and roof panels (including corrugated panels) are not con-sidered to be part of the primary structure and shall not be tak-en into account when evaluating the strength of the container. For waste skips the requirements in 4.1.1 apply.1.4.6 Secondary StructureParts that are not considered as load carrying for the purposes of the design calculations. Secondary structure includes the following components:—Doors, wall and roof panels, covers on skids—Panel stiffeners and corrugations—Structural components used for tank protection only —Internal securing points1.4.7 PrototypeAn equipment item, considered to be representative for the production and the product to be approved, used for prototype testing. The prototype may either be manufactured especially for type testing or selected at random from a production series. If manufactured specially, it is expected that the tools and the production process are comparable to those to be used for sub-sequent production.1.4.8 OwnerThe legal owner of the offshore container or a delegated nom-inee.1.4.9 Lifting setItems of integrated lifting equipment used to connect the off-shore container to the lifting appliance. This can comprise sin-gle or multi leg slings (with or without a top leg) and shackles, whether assembly secured or not.1.4.10 Assembly secured shackleShackle fitted to a sling leg and secured by a seal or similar de-vice, so as to signal, unambiguously, whether or not the shack-le has been exchanged.Note 1:Shackles that are captive in the thimbles are also considered as assembly secured.---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e---Note 2:Shackles that are assembly secured, i.e. can not be separated from the lifting sling, are considered to be part of the lifting sling.See 9.3.---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e---1.5 List of symbolsR=Rating or maximum gross mass of the offshore con-tainer including permanent equipment and its cargo,in kg; but excluding the lifting setNote:The mass of the lifting set is not included in R because the lifting set is often not available at the time of certification and because it may be replaced during the lifetime of the container.---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e---T=Tare mass. Mass of the empty container including any permanent equipment but excluding cargo andlifting set, in kg;P=Payload. The maximum permissible mass of cargo which may safely be transported by the container, inkg. (P = R-T)S =The mass of the lifting setF =Design load, in NL =Length of container, in mmR e=Specified minimum yield stress at room tempera-ture, in N/mm2.R m=Specified minimum tensile strength at room tem-perature, in N/mm2.R p 0.2=0.2% proof stress at room temperature, in N/mm2. RSL =Resulting Sling Load on padeyes, in N.T D=The design temperature is a reference temperature used for the selection of steel grades used in off-shore containers and equipment.g =Standard acceleration of gravity (~ 9.81 m/s2).l n=Nominal length of structural member, in mmn =Number of sling legst =Material thickness, in mm.v =Angle of sling leg from vertical in degreesy =Deflection of structural member, in mmσe=The von Mises equivalent stress, in N/mm2.Ψ =Load factorWLL =Working Load Limit, in tonnes. Maximum mass that a lifting component is authorized to sustain inlifting serviceNote 1:The WLL for lifting components that is specified in standards, product specifications, etc. is normally the WLL for general lift-ing service. For the special application of lifting sets fitted to off-shore containers, the WLL is enhanced as described in Section.8.---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e---Note 2:The term "Safe Working Load, SWL" is not used in this Standard for Certification. This term is not clearly defined for containers and should, therefore not be used when referring to offshore con-tainers. The term “Working Load Limit, WLL” is only used for lifting sets, not for containers.---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e---2. Approval and Certification Procedures 2.1 GeneralOffshore containers designed, manufactured, tested and marked in compliance with the following requirements may be certified by Det Norske Veritas. At the end of the verification process a product certificate is issued by the Society and the Society's numbered certification emblem is affixed to the con-tainer.Certification consists of the following steps:—Design review—Inspection and testing of prototype—Production inspection and testing—Issuance of certificatesAn application for approval and certification should be sent to the local DNV office who will forward this to the approval of-。
人教版初中英语七年级下册精品课件+音频听力+图片素材Unit2SectionA-1
get up
brush teeth
get dressed
eat breakfast /i:t'brekfəst/
go to school
do homework take a shower
1a Match the words and the pictures.
1. get up __c___ 2. go to school __d__ 3. get dressed___b__ 4. brush teeth___f__ 5. eat breakfast __e_ 6. take a shower__a_
1b Listen and match the times with the actions. Draw lines from the clocks to the pictures.
1c Student A is the interviewer. Ask and answer questions about Rick’s day.
种方法居多，也较简单。 如： 6:18 six eighteen 7:30 seven thirty
逆读法：按“分钟数＋past／to＋钟点数” 的顺序表达。 A. 分钟数不超过30(包含30)时，用“分钟数 ＋past＋钟点数”表达。 如：6:05 five past six
8:10 ten past eight
II. 表达时间
用英语表达时间有以下几种方法： 整点表达法：如果时间是“整点”，应说： ……点钟＋o’clock (o’clock可以省略)。 如：① It’s seven (o’clock) a.m. now.
现在是上午七点。 ② It’s two o’clock p.m. 午后两点。
人教版七年级数学下册 7-1-2 平面直角坐标系(第二课时) 教案
7.1 平面直角坐标系7.1.2 平面直角坐标系(第二课时)教学反思教学目标1.掌握各象限内点的坐标符号的特点.2.了解关于坐标轴对称的点的坐标特点及平行于坐标轴的直线上的点的坐标特点.3.经历探索点的位置与坐标之间的关系的过程，发展学生有条理地、清晰地阐述自己的观点的能力.教学重难点重点：平面直角坐标系中各象限内点的坐标的特点与规律.难点：探索特殊点与坐标之间的关系.课前准备多媒体课件、直尺教学过程导入新课教师：在上一节课中，我们学习了平面直角坐标系，哪位同学谈一谈对它的认识？学生回答有关平面直角坐标系的组成及概念，如一同学回答不全面，其他同学补充，教师给予积极肯定和表扬.教师：在上一节课，我们主要研究了在平面直角坐标系中由点的位置写出点的坐标；由点的坐标确定点的位置，大家请看.如图1所示，请在平面直角坐标系中描出下列各个点，A(＋3，＋2)，B(-3，-2)，C(＋3，-2)，D(-3，＋2)，E(＋2，＋3)，F(-2，-3)，G(＋2，-3)，H(-2，＋3)，I( 0，＋4)，J(＋4，0)，K(-4，0)，L( 0，-4).图1师生活动学生在平面直角坐标系中描出各点，教师巡视并给予指导.设计意图复习巩固根据坐标描点的基本能力，同时为后面的探究提供载体.教师：在图1中，两条数轴，把整个平面分成几部分？学生回答，其余同学补充，教师总结：在平面直角坐标系中，两条数轴把整个平面分成了四个面及两条数轴共6部分，今天这节课，我们就要研究点的坐标的符号特点.(板书课题7.1.2平面直角坐标系(第二课时))探究新知探究点一：坐标象限的定义教师：如图2(教师板书图2)建立平面直角坐标系后，坐标平面被两条坐标轴分成四部分，分别叫做第一象限，第二象限，第三象限和第四象限.坐标轴上的点不属于任何象限.设计意图坐标象限的定义只要求学生能够借助图形直观认识即可.严格地说坐标平面被两条坐标轴分成四个象限和坐标轴两部分，因为坐标轴上的点不属于任何象限.探究点二：探索点的坐标特点教师：观察图1，根据你的描点，请回答：在这些点中，哪些点在四个象限内，哪些点在x，y轴上？学生回答，教师给予肯定和表扬.教师：观察图1中问题的答案，分析点的坐标与点在坐标系中的位置关系，师生活动让学生独立观察思考完成表格，再通过小组交流互相完善得出规律.适当引导学生这样理解，借助坐标系观察，第一象限由x轴的正半轴与y轴的正半轴包围着，所以第一象限内点的横、纵坐标均为正；第二象限由x轴的负半轴与y 轴的正半轴包围着，所以第二象限内点的横坐标为负，纵坐标为正. 第三、四象限类似.师生归纳得出：(1)各象限内点的坐标符号(教师板书)若点P(a，b)在第一象限，则a>0，b>0，简记为(＋，＋)；若点P(a，b)在第二象限，则a<0，b>0，简记为(-，＋)；若点P(a，b)在第三象限，则a<0，b<0，简记为(-，-)；若点P(a，b)在第四象限，则a>0，b<0，简记为(＋，-).(2)坐标轴上的点x轴上的点纵坐标为0；y轴上的点横坐标为0；原点坐标为(0，0).设计意图通过让学生观察点的坐标与点在坐标系中的位置关系寻找规律，培养学生的逻辑思维能力.探究点三：关于坐标轴对称的点的坐标特点教师：我们刚刚研究了象限内及坐标轴上点的坐标特点，请同学们继续观察黑板上的练习(图1)，分析(1)点A与C；B与D位置上有什么关系?坐标有什么异同?(2)点A与D；B与C；F与G位置上有什么关系?坐标有什么异同?师生活动学生讨论后回答，教师适当引导，并归纳得出：点A与C；B与D分别关于x轴对称，它们的横坐标相同，纵坐标互为相反数；点A与D；B与C；F 与G分别关于y轴对称，它们的纵坐标相同，横坐标互为相反数.教师总结：点P(a，b)关于x轴对称的点为(a，-b)，点P(a，b)关于y轴对称的点为(-a，b).(教师板书)教学说明关于x轴、y轴对称的点的坐标关系，学生能直观得出，并且容易理解，但关于原点对称的点的坐标关系学生不容易得出，再说靠目前的知识无法解释，因此在这里就没必要让学生探究.设计意图借助图形观察直观形象，能轻松的得出结论.新知应用例1 在平面直角坐标系中，若点A(a，-b)在第一象限，则点B(a，b)所在的象限是( )A.第一象限B.第二象限C.第三象限D.第四象限答案：D师生活动学生独立思考后展示，如有疑问，其他同学补充，教师引导进一步理解各象限内点的坐标的符号特征.例2 若点N(a＋5，a-2)在y轴上，则点N的坐标为.答案：(0，-7)师生活动学生独立完成并说明其理由，教师给予肯定和表扬.例3 建立一个平面直角坐标系，描出点A (-2，4)，B(3，4)，画出直线AB，若点C为直线AB上的一点，则点C的纵坐标是什么?想一想：(1) 如果一些点在平行于x轴的直线上，那么这些点的纵坐标有什么特点?(2) 如果一些点在平行于y轴的直线上，那么这些点的横坐标有什么特点?答案：点C的纵坐标为4.(1)纵坐标相同.(2)横坐标相同.师生活动学生独立思考后，再小组讨论解决，教师适当引导.设计意图通过形式不同的练习，帮助学生进一步理解本节课所学知识.课堂练习(见导学案“当堂达标”)参考答案1.A2.D3.D4.A5.-1(答案不唯一)6.四7.(3，3)或(6，-6)8.3，-4 解析：∵关于x轴对称的两点的横坐标相同，纵坐标互为相反数，∴m-1＝2且3+n+1＝0，∴m＝3，n＝-4.9.(-2，2)或(8，2) 解析：∵AB∥x轴，∴点B和点A有相同的纵坐标.又∵线段AB＝5，∴点B的横坐标为(3-5)或(3+5)，∴点B的坐标为(-2，2)或(8，2).(见导学案“课后提升”)参考答案1.解：∵(-5，2+b)在x轴上，∴2+b＝0，解得b＝2.∵点N(3-a，7+a)在y轴上，∴3-a＝0，解得a＝3，∴点N(0，10)，∴ON＝10，∴b的值为-2，ON值为10.2.解：如图3所示，以点B为坐标原点，BC所在的直线为x轴，BA所在的直线为y轴，建立平面直角坐标系，则B(0，0)，C(4，0)，D(4，2)，A(0，2).(答案不唯一)课堂小结教师和学生一起回顾本节课所学内容，并请学生回答以下问题：1.平面直角坐标系各象限内点的坐标符号有什么特点?2.关于坐标轴对称的点的坐标有什么特点?3.平行于x轴、y轴的直线上的点的坐标有什么特点?布置作业教材第69页习题7.1第2，3题板书设计。
7-1-2员工培训记录
科特琪化妆品（苏州）有限公司员工培训记录
科特琪化妆品（苏州）有限公司员工培训记录
科特琪化妆品（苏州）有限公司员工培训记录
科特琪化妆品（苏州）有限公司员工培训记录
科特琪化妆品（苏州）有限公司员工培训记录
科特琪化妆品（苏州）有限公司员工培训记录
科特琪化妆品（苏州）有限公司员工培训记录
科特琪化妆品（苏州）有限公司员工培训记录
科特琪化妆品（苏州）有限公司员工培训记录
科特琪化妆品（苏州）有限公司员工培训记录
科特琪化妆品（苏州）有限公司员工培训记录
科特琪化妆品（苏州）有限公司员工培训记录
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人教版七年级数学上课件课件：1-2-1有理数的分类
_正_整__数__ ___0___ _负_整__数__
_正_分__数__
_分__数___
_负__分_数__
灿若寒星
有理数分类的几点注意： 1“，不如能能”1约35),算2分00做成%,分整数数；的数_____(填“能不”能或
3，整数中除了正整数和负整数，还有__0___.
有理数还有其他的分类方法吗？
空白演示
在此输入您的封面副标题
§1.2.1有理数
灿若寒星
复习与回顾：
上一节课我们学习了什么内容？
1、正数和负数。 2、0既不是正数，也不是负数。 3、正数与负数通常用来表示具有相反意义的 量。 4、“0”所表示的意义。 5、在生产中，通常用正负数来表示允许误差；
灿若寒星
我们学过的数有什么？
正整数：如1，2，3，…； 零：0；
灿若寒星
有理数还可以分为：
正__有_理__数_
_正__整_数__
有理数
___0___ 负_有__理__数_
_正_分__数__ _负__整_数__
灿若_负寒星_分__数__
例1：把下列各数填在相应的集合中：
3, 1 ,0,4, ,2.12,0.65,300%,0.6, 22
2
正数集合：{}；
1 2
,4,
,2.12,300%,
22 7
...
7
负数集合：{}； 3,0.65,0.6...
分数集合：{}； 1 ,2.12,0.65,0.6, 22 ...
整数集合：{}；
2 3,0,4,300%...
7
非有理负有数理集数合集：合{}；3：, {1},；0,4,212.1,20,,40,.625.,13020,3%00,%0.,62,7222......
7-2 1三重积分定义及计算修改1
f ( x , y , z )dv
a dx y ( x ) dy z ( x , y )
b y2 ( x )
1 1
z2 ( x , y )
f ( x , y , z )dz .
注意 这是平行于 z 轴且穿过闭区域 内部的
直线与闭区域 的边界曲面 S 相交不多 于两点情形．
0 a x 2 y 2 z 2 A, z 0 所确定. x2 y2 z2 3、 ( 2 2 2 )dxdydz , a b c x2 y2 z2 ( x , y , z ) 2 2 1 . 其中 2 a b c z 5 x 2 y 2 及 x 2 y 2 4 z 所围成的立 三、求曲面 体的体积. 2 2 2 2 2 2 四、曲面 x y az 4a 将球体 x y z 4az 分 成两部分,试求两部分的体积之比. 五、求由曲面 z x 2 y 2 , x y a , x 0, y 0, z 0 所围成立体的重心(设密度 1 ).
B(0,1/2,0)
x A(1,0,0)
在D内任意取一点(x,y),过此点作平行于z轴的直线, 该直线先通过平面z=0,再通过平面z=1-x-2y.于是由 公式得
xdxdydz dx
0
1
1 x 2 0
dy
1 x 2 y
0 1
xdz
1 x 2 0
xdx
所围的立体.
x r cos 解 由 y r sin , zz
r 2 z 2 4 2 r 3z
知交线为
z 1, r 3,
把闭区域 投影到 xoy 面上，如图，
02-7-2-1-5-1偏压构件的破坏特征——二阶效应
混凝土结构设计原理
第七章
二阶效应的影响因素： （1）长细比和偏心距； （3）柱端支承条件和变形约束条件：柱端位移、弯矩图的形状、 及正负号； （4）材料的本构关系及配筋构造；
(5) 材料不均和施工误差引起的初始偏心； （6）长期荷载作用下混凝土的徐变。
混凝土结构设计原理
第七章
5、结构侧移和构件挠曲引起的附加内力
v二阶效应 偏心受压构件的轴向力在结构发生层间位移和
挠曲变形时会引起附加内力，即二阶效应。
无侧移
有效应 —重力二阶效应
混凝土结构设计原理
第七章
结构的二阶效应不仅与结构形式、构件的几何尺寸有关， 还与构件有受力特点（变形曲率、轴压比）有关。
本章作为《结构设计原理》内容，重点在构件的设计，因此重 点讲述（1），至于结构侧移引起的二阶效应（2）、（3）在 《结构设计》课中学习或见规范附录B
P-δ效应：
N e0
lc /2
lc
f1 Δf
Ne0
lc /2
e0 N
Ne0
N (f1+Δf )
混凝土结构设计原理
P-∆效应
N1 Δ1 Δk Vi
N2 Δ1 Δk
第七章
N3 Δ1 Δk
N4 Δ1 Δk
M ΔM
Vi1
Vi2
Vi3
Vi4
N1
N2
N3
N4
u 当结构的二阶效应可能使作用效应显著增大时,在结构 分析中应考虑二阶效应的不利影响。
二阶效应实际上是一个几何非线性问题，精确解依赖非线性 全过程分析
混凝土结构设计原理
医学免疫学练习试卷7-2 (1)
医学免疫学练习试卷7-2(总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 A1型题(总题数：40，分数：80.00)1.补体灭活常用（分数：2.00）A.56℃ 30分钟√B.61.1℃ 30分钟C.-20℃ 过夜D.121.3℃ 20分钟E.100℃ 5分钟解析：2.三种专业抗原提呈细胞是（分数：2.00）A.单核细胞，巨噬细胞，树突状细胞B.巨噬细胞，树突状细胞，肥大细胞C.B细胞，巨噬细胞，树突状细胞√D.Th细胞，浆细胞，巨噬细胞E.Th细胞，B细胞，树突状细胞解析：3.SIgA（分数：2.00）A.是二聚体√B.主要存在血清及内、外分泌液中C.主要分布在B细胞膜表面D.感染早期产生E.来源于M细胞解析：4.有丝分裂原不包括（分数：2.00）A.刀豆素AB.花生四烯酸√C.细菌脂多糖(LPS)D.美洲商陆E.植物血凝素解析：5.CD8+T细胞介导的细胞毒作用机制不含（分数：2.00）A.ADCC作用√B.溶酶体的作用C.Fas/FasL系统引起的细胞凋亡D.TNF-的作用E.穿孔素对细胞的裂解作用解析：6.关于补体的叙述正确的是（分数：2.00）A.以活性酶的形式存在于血清中B.受抗原刺激后大量产生C.属于免疫球蛋白D.主要由淋巴细胞产生E.不耐热√解析：7.关于体液免疫的生物学效应表现的错误是（分数：2.00）A.中和细菌外毒素的毒性作用B.阻断细菌或病毒对细胞的粘附C.某些抗体可通过替代途径活化补体裂解靶细胞D.IgG促进NK细胞对抗原性物质的吞噬√E.IgE的产生可引起速发型超敏反应解析：8.CD2（分数：2.00）A.表达在APC细胞膜表面B.是成熟T细胞的标志C.配基是CD28D.是绵羊红细胞的受体√E.参与诱导淋巴细胞活化的第1信号产生解析：9.在CD8+T细胞介导的细胞免疫应答中（分数：2.00）A.由APC和CD4+T细胞提供双信号B.抗原肽-MHCⅡ类分子与TCR-CD3结合产生第一信号C.由活化的CIM+T细胞提呈抗原给CD8+T细胞D.活化的CD8+T细胞分化为效应Tc细胞√E.活化的CD4+T细胞分化为CD8+效应T细胞解析：10.下列哪项不属于细胞免疫现象（分数：2.00）A.迟发型超敏反应B.药物过敏性血细胞减少症√C.移植物抗宿主反应D.传染性变态反应E.对细胞内寄生病原体的抗感染免疫解析：11.下列关于抗体的叙述，正确的是（分数：2.00）A.一个浆细胞只产生一种抗原特异性的抗体√B.有的抗体不属于免疫球蛋白C.免疫球蛋白都是抗体D.单体抗体分子是单价的E.铰链区连接重链与轻链解析：12.Tc杀伤靶细胞（分数：2.00）A.其作用是特异性的√B.需抗体参与C.需MHC-Ⅱ类抗原一致D.与补体作用有关E.不具MHC-Ⅰ类限制性解析：13.下列血型哪个最可能成为"万能供血者"（分数：2.00）A.A，Rh-B.B，Rh+C.AB，Rh-D.H-，Rh-E.O，Rh- √解析：14.DC的特点不包括（分数：2.00）A.典型的树突状形态B.高表达MHC-Ⅱ类分子C.具有活跃的吞饮功能D.高表达膜免疫球蛋白√E.能刺激初始T细胞进行活化增殖解析：15.关于T1抗原下列叙述错误的是（分数：2.00）A.TI-1抗原能使不成熟的B细胞应答B.都含有多个重复的B细胞表位C.部分T1抗原具有B细胞丝裂原性质D.须同MHC-I类分子结合才能诱导免疫应答√E.刺激免疫应答均无需T细胞参与解析：16.关于T细胞的阳性选择，下述错误的是（分数：2.00）A.是阴性选择的前提B.获得自身耐受性√C.结果呈CD4+或CD8+D.对双阳性细胞进行选择E.识别并结合MHC分子的细胞继续发育解析：17.与内源性抗原加工提呈有关的是（分数：2.00）A.CDl分子B.MHC-Ⅱ类分子C.TAP √D.溶酶体酶E.Ii链解析：18.制备抗IsC特异性抗血清所用的抗原是（分数：2.00）A.IgGN链B.IgGO链C.IgGH链√D.IgGFab段E.IgGF(ab′)2段解析：19.HLA是（分数：2.00）A.自身抗原B.同种异型抗原√C.同种型抗原D.耐受原E.超抗原解析：20.用木瓜蛋白酶水解lgG可得到（分数：2.00）A.单克隆抗体B.单链抗体C.分泌片D.一个F(ab′)2段和一个Fc段E.二个Fab段和一个Fc段√解析：21.MHC-Ⅱ类分子（分数：2.00）A.与E2-微球蛋白结合表达在细胞表面B.在细胞表面的表达是APC之间相互作用的基础C.其基因主要从父亲遗传D.其多态性主要存在于Ig样区E.将其分子凹槽中的一个小分子肽提呈给CD4+T细胞√解析：22.与Tc细胞杀伤作用无关的是（分数：2.00）A.穿孔素B.调理素√C.淋巴毒素D.颗粒酶E.丝氨酸蛋白酶解析：23.下列哪种细胞表面不表达MHC-分子（分数：2.00）A.T细胞B.B细胞C.单核巨噬细胞D.红细胞√E.肥大细胞解析：24.许多因素参与抑制抗体生成，这些因素不包括（分数：2.00）A.CTLA-4B.B细胞上的Fc受体C.IL-4 √D.皮质类固醇E.CD8+T细胞解析：25.获得性免疫应答（分数：2.00）A.在机体遇病原体后首先并迅速起防卫作用B.其执行者是T细胞和B细胞√C.又被称为非特异性免疫D.能遗传给后代E.指在种系进化和个体发育过程中逐渐形成的免疫功能解析：26.关于I型超敏反应的特点，错误的是（分数：2.00）A.反应发生快消退亦快B.通常不导致组织损伤C.由肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞分泌lgE引起√D.明显的个体差异E.有遗传倾向解析：27.关于IgM抗体，下述错误的是（分数：2.00）A.分子量最大B.激活补体的能力最强C.不能通过胎盘D.是人类抗感染免疫的主要抗体√E.胎儿宫内感染时，脐带血中IgM水平升高解析：28.MHC不直接参与下列哪一过程（分数：2.00）A.早期T细胞分化B.间接同种异型识别C.Tc杀伤病毒感染的靶细胞D.ADCC √E.自身混合淋巴细胞反应解析：29.在体液免疫应答中，同初次应答相比，再次应答（分数：2.00）A.IgG与IgM均大幅度升高B.潜伏期更长C.产生记忆细胞减少D.抗体亲和力增高√E.抗体类别容易从单体IgG转换为五聚体的IgM解析：30.关于分泌片的叙述，错误的是（分数：2.00）A.由黏膜上皮细胞合成和分泌B.与二聚体IsA结合形成完整的分泌型IgA分子C.具有保护分泌型IsA免受蛋白酶水解的作用D.介导分泌型IsA的转运E.主要分泌到血液和组织液中√解析：31.CD4+T细胞上CD3分子（分数：2.00）A.由5种肽链组成√B.结合抗原肽的多态性最丰富的部位C.识别抗原肽-MHCⅠ类分子复合体D.识别抗原肽-MHCⅡ类分子复合体E.介导抑制性信号传导解析：32.NK细胞表面的杀伤细胞抑制受体可识别（分数：2.00）A.自身组织细胞表面的糖类配体B.肿瘤细胞表面的糖类配体C.自身组织细胞表面的MHC-Ⅱ类分子D.自身组织细胞表面的MHC-Ⅰ类分子√E.表达于感染细胞表面的病毒蛋白解析：33.参与外源性抗原加工提呈的分子是（分数：2.00）A.恒定链(Ii) √B.低分子量多肽(LMP)C.抗原加工相关转运体＜TAP)D.MHC-Ⅰ类分子E.蛋白酶体解析：34.促进ThO细胞向Th2细胞分化的细胞因子有（分数：2.00）A.IL-2B.IL-4 √C.IL-12D.EPOE.INFT解析：35.细胞因子所不具备的生物学功能是（分数：2.00）A.免疫调节作用B.刺激造血C.诱导凋亡D.免疫黏附作用√E.介导炎症反应解析：36.一个B细胞克隆只表达一种BCR、只分泌一种抗体是通过（分数：2.00）A.等位排斥作用机制造成的B.类别转换造成的C.同种型排斥作用机制造成的√D.基因重排造成的E.体细胞高频突变造成的解析：37.细胞毒性T细胞识别的靶细胞抗原肽是结合于（分数：2.00）A.CD4B.CD8C.CD28D.HLA-B √E.HLA-DR解析：38.NK细胞杀伤靶细胞，下述错误的是（分数：2.00）A.其作用是非特异的B.无MHC限制性C.可直接杀伤靶细胞D.具广谱抗肿瘤作用E.与IgG存在无关√解析：39.刺激B细胞产生抗体，需T细胞协助的抗原称（分数：2.00）A.结合抗原B.胸腺依赖抗原√C.交叉抗原D.共同抗原E.淋巴细胞功能相关抗原解析：40.外周淋巴器官及组织不包括（分数：2.00）A.扁桃体B.胸腺√C.脾D.阑尾E.小肠的派氏集合淋巴结解析：。