英语阅读理解讲解

英语阅读理解讲解
英语阅读理解讲解

英语阅读理解七大解题技巧精析

三大文体:记叙文、说明文、议论文

八个主题:记事类、人物传记类、科普说明类、广告图表类、新闻类(时文类)、社会生活类、文化教育类、哲理类

(一)细节理解题

这是英语阅读中数量最多、也最重要的一种题型,可以从下列几个方面把握:

1. 题型特点

根据文章中具体细节信息做出提问。细节事实题的考查内容和形式可以归纳为二种类型:(1)According型:题干一般围绕5W和1H而展开。即who,what,where,when,why,how;(2)隐含的事实和细节型:需要在读懂全文的基础上,综合概括作者展示的各种细节。

2. 命题模式

According to the passage / the author,who(what,where,which,when,why,how etc。)

3.做题关键:准确定位、返回原文。

4. 做题步骤

(1)根据段落中主题句的名词粗略确定段落内容方向;

(2)利用题干提问的内容,大致定位对应的段落;

(3)利用题干中的重要信息词准确确定相关信息句,进行判断并确定细节题的正确答案。

(二)中心主旨题

该类题型考查了考生综合、概括、归纳和分析问题的能力,要求考生通过对文章的阅读,迅速把握文章或段落的中心主旨。该类题型在历年题型中出现的频率极高,每年必出。中心主旨题可以分为文章主旨和段落主旨两种。

1. 题型特点

命题方式中含有“main idea,subject,purpose”等词。

2. 标志

题干中出现下列词之一:best title,main idea,main problem,mainly about,mainly discuss,mainly deal with或问本文的写作目的的词(purpose,the author intends to…)。

3. 关键句

文章首段的句子以及各段的首末句。

4. 命题模式

(1)The passage is mainly about。

(2)Which of the following best reflects the main idea of the passage ?

(3)The best title for this passage might be。

(4)What is the main idea of the passage ?

5. 做题关键

这种题目应主要看篇章中的主题句或者是从篇章的结构(包括文体)入手,利用推理能力,对文章信息进行系统分析,归纳总结,从而得出主题。

6. 做题步骤

(1)运用宏观阅读技巧做题,就是根据文章结构判断主题。

(2)运用首段和首末句信息做题。就是说综合各段的首末句的内容,可以得出主题。注意:只看首段有时容易以偏概全,因为首段有时只是在引出文章主体之前起抛砖引玉的作用。

(3)运用写作方法做题。文章以报刊文章为主,文章首段常以类比、故事、今昔对比等方式引出主题。问文章使用的写作方法时,正确答案一般是类比等;问使用类比、故事、今昔对比等写作方法的目的时,正确答案是引出主题。

(4)运用快速构思成文法进行判断。在两个选项难以分辨时可以分别以它们为题,在脑海中快速构思两个写作提纲,若所构思提纲与原文内容大致吻合者为正确答案,否则为干扰选项。

(三)词汇题

1. 题型特点

词义题的考查有两种:一是超纲词含义的推断,另一个是熟词僻义或是在特定场合的意思。

2. 标志

题干中具体给出原文中某处的单词或短语,要求推测其意思。

3. 关键词

能帮助读者猜测词义的上下文线索通常有定义、重述、解释、举例、同义词或近义词、反义词或标点符号等等。如通常使用信号词,如 is,are,is(are) called,mean, refer to,known as 等来引导定义。

4. 命题模式

(1)The word “…”(in line…)most probably means 。

(2)From the passage,we can infer that the word “…”is 。

(3)From the first paragraph, we learn that。

5. 做题关键

注意单词所在的上下文,尤其是上下句。假如所考单词是常见词汇,那么其字面意思一定不是正确答案,要根据上下文得出其在特定场合更深刻的意思,该含义也许和其字面意思没有任何的关系。

猜测词义的方法:(1)构词法:根据词根,词缀判断词义;(2)词性加搭配:先判断生词在文章中的词性,再看它与哪些词语可以搭配,最后根据自己的常识推测;(3)找同义词、同义解释、反义词、反义解释:在上下文中找出生词的其他表示方法,由此推断其含义;(4)找同位词:上下文中有可能有类似生词出现的句子的平行结构,找出其中和生词处于同一位置的词去推测。

6. 做题步骤

(1)返回原文,找出该词汇出现的地方;

(2)注意结合上下文理解该单词的含义;

(3)如果该词汇是简单词汇,则其字面意思必然不是正确答案;

(4)词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近。特别注意不能靠单词词义直接往下过分推理;

(5)寻找时要注意特殊标点、定语从句、构词的前后缀等,特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。例如,冒号前的词汇的意思可以由冒号后的部分归纳,破折号之后词汇的意思可以由破折号之前的部分推测;

(6)代入法。将确定的答案代入原文,看上下文逻辑是否通顺,如果通顺就是正确答案。

7. 注意事项

干扰项特点:(1)与所考词汇形似。(2)如果考的是熟词,含有常规词义的往往是错误选项。

(四)观点态度题

作者态度(观点)题

1. 题型特点

态度题是考研英语阅读中的一种重要题型,主要考查对文章中作者态度的辨别。作者态度大致分为两种:(1)支持或赞同;(2)中立或客观;(3)怀疑、批评或反对。

2. 标志

题干中有attitude或think,believe,deem,consider,regard等词汇,选项中是一些表示态度的名词或形容词。

3. 关键词

可以反映作者观点的动词、形容词等。

4. 命题模式

作者态度题:

(1)The author is most critical of…

(2)Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards…?

作者观点题:

(1)What is the author’s idea about?

(2)The author believes that 。

5. 做题关键、技巧

(1)不要把自己的态度揉入其中,还要注意区分考查是作者的态度还是作者引用别人的态度。

(2)当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者在文章中所运用的具有褒贬含义的语言去判断作者的态度,如,wonderfully, successfully, unfortunately, doubtfully 等。

(3)某一事物是好是坏,作者对它是支持是反对,态度一般都很明确,而带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案。问作者对某事物的态度时,表示“客观”的词多为正确选项,如objective, impartial,

unbiased 等;问作者对文中提到的人物或他们的观点态度时,答案多是肯定或否定,支持或反对。如,critical, approval, opposed, supporting 等。

(4)既然作者写了文章,他的态度就不可能是漠不关心的,因此见到indifferent, uninterested 可以首先排除。

6. 注意事项

解答态度观点题应注意以下几点:

(1)区别作者的态度与其他人的态度。

(2)下列选项一般为干扰选项:indifferent(冷漠的),subjective(主观的),biased(有偏见的),puzzling(令人感到迷惑的)。

文章态度(观点)题

1. 题型特点

问文中某人对某事物的态度。作为作者态度题的一种新形式,命题也开始注重考查文章中某人对某事的观点和态度。

2. 标志和关键词

题干中常有attitude,opinion,tone等。选项可能不再是态度明确的肯定或否定的词,而改为带有程度限制的词语。比如guarded(慎重的),qualified(有条件的,有限制的),reserved(有保留的),tempered(温和的,缓和的)。

3. 命题模式

(1)What is the tone(mood)of “…” ?

(2)What is “…” opinion about?

4. 做题关键

要注意区分作者的态度与其他人的态度。因为持有保留态度的观点比较客观,往往是正确答案。文章陈述的内容并非都是作者的观点,要注意区分,这是命题最具有迷惑性的地方。因此,作者引用别人的观点时,是作为支持或抨击的对象,别人的观点通常是为了证明作者的论据来给出的。

5. 注意事项

这类试题与作者态度题不同,作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联,而文章某人的观点则不一定紧密相关。一般带有绝对化或过于强烈的词修饰的选项必错。比如:strongly,completely,entirely,enthusiasticly等。

(五)推理题

1. 题型特点

该题型最大的两个特点:(1)文章中往往没有答题的依据;(2)一旦文中有依据,往往A,B,C,D表面上都对,很难判断谁是谁非。

正确项特点:(1)不是文中明确说明的内容,因为即使符合原文,没有引申或归纳总结的内容就不是正确选项;(2)如果四个选项全能凭常识判断,其中含义深刻的是正确选项,有时唯一不是常识项的是正确选项。

干扰项的特点:(1)只是原文的简单复述,而非推断出来的结论,把直接表达当成间接推理;(2)看似从原文推断出来的结论,然而实际上与原文不符,例如把原文的原因变成了选项中的结果,把原文的手段变成了选项中的目的;(3)根据常识判断是正确的,然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点,因此,考生要注意不能根据自己的主观想法或生活经验去推理,因为命题者考查的是考生理解作者意图的能力;(4)虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据,但推理过头,概括过度;

(5)有部分选项的内容纯属编造,无中生有。

抓住三错一对的关系,即有三个选项与原文相矛盾,只有一个符合原文的意思。

2. 标志

题干中出现下列词汇之一:infer,conclude,imply,suggest,learn等。

3. 命题模式

推理引申题题干中常有infer,imply,suggest,deduce,indicate,conclude等词出现,常见的命题模式有:

(1)It can be inferred from the first paragraph that…

(2)Which of the following can(not)be inferred from the passage?

(3)The author indicates in the passage that 。

(4)It can be concluded from the passage that 。

(5)We can infer(assume ,deduce) that。

(6)By…the author implied (suggests, indicates) that。

4. 做题关键

返回原文,将选项与原文一一进行比较。

5. 做题步骤

推理题的答案一般是这么编写的:

(1)将原文的某句话换个说法,如换成同义词。

(2)将原文几句话或一段话归纳一下,就是说以段落主题或句群的论点为答案。

(3)由构成对比的一方推断另一方。如果原文中提到两个事物,二者形成对比,而且已知其中一个事物的特点,那么可以推断另一事物的特点。所以,找推理题的答案时要特别注意原文表示对比、比较或有转折的地方,这些往往是出推理题的地方。

(4)根据作者的态度进行推理。推理题如果涉及态度,一般应与作者的态度一致。正确答案应该支持作者的观点或驳斥与作者相反的观点。

6. 注意事项

(1)浏览全文时,一要留意那些似乎话中有话的间接表达句。它们往往采用说半句、打比喻、反过来讲的方式,留有让考生自己作结论或推理的余地。二是留意含义深刻或结构复杂的长难句型。考生对作者表达的意思不能一下子看透,它们往往是命题点所在。

(2)根据题干的关键词迅速搜索定位以便确定推理依据的范围,利用语法、词汇、语境线索,了解单句的含义,弄清上下文的逻辑关系,然后按题意进行推理。题目可能要求考生对某句话或数句话进行正确理解或释义,也可能从某句话或某段话中深刻理解,分析一些细节事实。

(六)指代题

1. 题型特点

指代题主要考察考生整体理解文章的能力,并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。

2. 标志

在题干中明确指出原文中某处的指代词要求辨别其指代关系,常考的指代词有it,that,one。

3. 做题关键

返回原文定位该指代词。

4. 做题步骤

(1)返回原文找出该代词所在的句子,并且仔细分析,正确理解该可话;

(2)向上搜索,找出离该代词最近的名词、短语或句子,以之替换该代词,看句子是否通顺;

(3)在四个选项中找出与所找到的名词、短语或句子意思最接近的一个作为正确答案。

(七)判断题

1. 标志

题干为下列两种形式之一:

(1)Which of the following statements is(not) mentioned /true /correct?

(2)All of the following statements are mentioned /true /correct except…

2. 做题步骤

(1)先判断是三错一对还是三对一错。所谓“对”是指符合原文意思或作者态度,而所谓“错”是指和原文相矛盾、与作者态度相反,或原文未提及的信息。

(2)返回原文,找到各选项所对应的原文,将它们与原文一一进行比较,切忌凭印象进行判断。注意:这种题的选项有时考查的是集中于某段的信息或者具备一些共同的特征,所以做题时可以先看一下四个选项,找出其中的共同点,再返回原文定位。

3. 注意事项

文章中容易出现考点的地方:(1)转折处(2)最高级后面(3)带有褒贬义的句子(4)虚拟语气的句子(5)长难句。

中考英语阅读理解专项讲解

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