2010滑铁卢Fermat数学竞赛(英文)
PQ R
S
(A) 7
(B) 6
(C) 9
(D) 8
(E) 10
4.
If
u
=
−6
and
x
=
1 3
(3
−
4u),
then
x
equals
(A) −23
(B) −7
(C) 9
(D) 2
(E) 25
5. If 2x = 16, then 2x+3 equals
(A) 19
(B) 48
(C) 22
(D) 128
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 6
(E) 9
13. Fifty numbers have an average of 76. Forty of these numbers have an average of 80. The average of the other ten numbers is
(A) 37
(B) 119
In the diagram, P QRS is a rectangle with P Q = 5 and
QR = 3. P R is divided into three segments of equal P
Q
length by points T and U . The area of quadrilateral
Thursday, February 25, 2010
Time: 60 minutes
©2009 Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing
Calculators are permitted
Instructions
1. Do not open the Contest booklet until you are told to do so.
8. Diagrams are not drawn to scale. They are intended as aids only.
9. When your supervisor tells you to begin, you will have sixty minutes of working time.
15.
The
number
of
positive
integers
p
for
which
−1
<
√p
−
√ 100
<
1
is
(A) 19
(B) 21
(C) 38
(D) 39
(E) 41
16. Positive integers a and b satisfy ab = 2010. If a > b, the smallest possible value of a − b is
6. This is a multiple-choice test. Each question is followed by five possible answers marked A, B, C, D, and E. Only one of these is correct. After making your choice, fill in the appropriate circle on the response form.
X
rectangles W, X and Y are 2, 3 and 5, respectively. What
is the perimeter of rectangle Z?
(A) 6
(B) 7
(C) 4
Y
Z
(D) 8
(E) 7.5
19. In the diagram, P Q = QR = RS = SP = SQ = 6 and
Canadian Mathematics Competition
An activity of the Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
Fermat Contest (Grade 11)
2. You may use rulers, compasses and paper for rough work.
3. Be sure that you understand the coding system for your response form. If you are not sure, ask your teacher to clarify it. All coding must be done with a pencil, preferably HB. Fill in circles completely.
(A) $40
(B) $100
(C) $160
(D) $1000 (E) $1600
12. When k candies were distributed among seven people so that each person received the same number of candies and each person received as many candies as possible, there were 3 candies left over. If instead, 3k candies were distributed among seven people in this way, then the number of candies left over would have been
2 10
(C) 2
(D) 20
(E) 200
3. In the diagram, points P , Q, R, and S are arranged in
order on a line segment. If P Q = 1, QR = 2P Q and
RS = 3QR, then the length of P S is
4. On your response form, print your school name, city/town, and province in the box in the upper left corner.
5. Be certain that you code your name, age, sex, grade, and the Contest you are writing in the response form. Only those who do so can be counted as official contestants.
The names of some top-scoring students will be published in the PCF Results on our Web site, http://www.cemc.uwaterloo.ca.
Scoring: There is no penalty for an incorrect answer. Each unanswered question is worth 2, to a maximum of 10 unanswered questions.
parts. Parts of the rectangle are then shaded as shown.
What fraction of the original rectangle is shaded?
(A)
3 5
(D)
7 6
(B)
2 7
(E)
7 12
(C)
4 7
9. The value of k∇m is defined to be k(k − m). For example, 7∇2 = 7(7 − 2) = 35. What is the value of (5∇1) + (4∇1)?
(A) 60
(B) 4
(C) 72
(D) 40
(E) 78
14. Four friends went fishing one day and caught a total of 11 fish. Each person caught at least one fish. All of the following statements could be true. Which one of the statements must be true?
7. Scoring: Each correct answer is worth 5 in Part A, 6 in Part B, and 8 in Part C. There is no penalty for an incorrect answer. Each unanswered question is worth 2, to a maximum of 10 unanswered questions.
Part A: Each correct answer is worth 5.
1.
The
value
of
1 2
+
1 2
+
1 3
+
1 3
+
1 3
is
(A) 2
(B)
5 13
(C)
5 6
(D) 1
(E)
13 6
2. The quantity “2% of 1” is equal to
(A)
2 100
(B)
8. A rectangle is divided into two vertical strips of equal
2008滑铁卢竞赛试题
CharteredAccountantshours2008Centre for Educationare permitted provided they are non-programmable this booklet until instructed to do so.Themarks.Parts of each question can be of two types.each.FULLA Note about Writing Solutions For each problem marked “”,a full solution is required.The solutions that you provide in the answer booklet should be well organized and contain a balance of mathematical statements and words of explanation.Working out some of the details in rough on a separate piece of paper before writing your finished solution is a good idea.Your final solution should be written so that the marker can understand your approach to the problem and all of the mathematical steps of your solution.1.(a)In the diagram,what is the perimeter ofABC ?ABC D 91220(b)In the diagram,the linesegment withendpoints (a,0)and (8,b )has midpoint (5,4).What are the values of a and b ?x (c)The lines ax +y =30and x +ay =k intersect at the point P (6,12).Determinethe value of k .2.Each part of this problem refers to the parabola y =(x −2)(x −8)+7.(a)The points (2,7)and (c,7),where c =2,lie on the parabola.What is the valueof c ?(b)What are the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola?(c)A line that passes through the point A (5,0)intersects the parabola at B (4,−1).Determine the other point at which this line intersects the parabola.3.(a)A 3×3square frame is placed on a gridof numbers,as shown.In the example,thesum of the numbers inside the square frameis 108,and the middle number is 12.Whenthe square frame is moved to a new position,the sum of its numbers becomes 279.Inthe frame’s new position,what is the middlenumber?12345678910111213142930313233343536373839404142434445464748492223242526272815161718192021(b)Of the three figures shown,which has the smallest area and which has the largestarea?Explain how you determined your answer.(In Figure A,the circle has adiameter of length 2.)Figure A 2Figure B 2Figure C24.(a)A flagpole F P is 20metres tall.From pointA on the flat ground,the angle of elevation tothe top of the flagpole is 40◦.If B is halfwayfrom A to F ,what is the measure of ∠F BP ,to the nearest degree?A(b)In the diagram,AB =21andBC =16.Also,∠ABC =60◦,∠CAD =30◦,and∠ACD =45◦.Determine the length of CD ,to the nearest tenth.5.(a)In the diagram,the large circle has radius 9and centre C (15,0).The small circles haveradius 4and centres A and B on thehorizontal line y =12.Each of the two smallcircles is tangent tothe large circle.It takesa bug 5seconds to walk at a constant speed from A to B along the line y =12.How fardoes the bug walk in 1second?(b)Determine all values of k ,with k =0,for which the parabolay =kx 2+(5k +3)x +(6k +5)has its vertex on the x -axis.6.(a)The function f (x )satisfies the equation f (x )=f (x −1)+f (x +1)for all valuesof x .If f (1)=1and f (2)=3,what is the value of f (2008)?(b)The numbers a ,b ,c ,in that order,form a three term arithmetic sequence (seebelow)and a +b +c =60.The numbers a −2,b ,c +3,in that order,form a three term geometric sequence.Determine all possible values of a ,b and c .(An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which each term after the first isobtained from the previous term by adding a constant.For example,3,5,7isan arithmetic sequence with three terms.A geometric sequence is a sequence in which each term after the first is obtainedfrom the previous term by multiplying it by a constant.For example,3,6,12isa geometric sequence with three terms.)7.(a)The average of three consecutive multiples of 3is a .The average of four consecutive multiples of 4is a +27.The average of the smallest and largest of these seven integers is 42.Determine the value of a .(b)Billy and Crystal each have a bag of 9balls.The balls in each bag are numberedfrom 1to 9.Billy and Crystal each remove one ball from their own bag.Let b bethe sum of the numbers on the balls remaining in Billy’s bag.Let c be the sum ofthe numbers on the balls remaining in Crystal’s bag.Determine the probabilitythat b and c differ by a multiple of 4.8.(a)Points A ,B ,C ,and D are arranged,asshown,with AB parallel to DC and P thepoint of intersection of AC and BD .Also,∠ACB =90◦,AC =CB ,AB =BD =2.Determine the measure of ∠DBC .D AB CP 2(b)In the diagram,ABC is a right-angledtriangle with P and R on AB .Also,Q is onAC ,and P Q is parallel to BC .If RP =2,BR =3,BC =4,and the area of QRCis 5,determine the length of AP .AB C P Q R 4329.(a)The equation2x+256−x=10x2has two real solutions.Determine these twosolutions.(b)Determine all real solutions to the system of equationsx+log10x=y−1y+log10(y−1)=z−1z+log10(z−2)=x+2and prove that there are no more solutions.10.Suppose that n is a positive integer.Consider an upward-pointing equilateraltriangle of side length n,cut up into unit triangles,as shown.n=3n=4For each n,let f(n)represent the total number of downward-pointing equilateraltriangles of all sizes.For example,f(3)=3and f(4)=6+1=7,as illustratedbelow.n=3n=4f(3)=3f(4)=6+1=7(a)Determine the values of f(5)and f(6).(b)Prove that f(2k)=f(2k−1)+k2for each positive integer k≥1.(c)Determine,with justification,all positive integers n for which f(n)is divisibleby n.。
信息学奥赛试题精选33题(附带题解)
第1~10题为基础题，第11~20题为提高题，第21~33为综合题注：因为在本文档中需要用到一些特殊的数学符号（如：求和号、分数等），所以当您在百度文库中浏览时，一些数学符号可能会显示不出来，不过当您把本文档下载下来在本地浏览时，所有的符号即可全部都显示出来。
^_^基础题：【1 Prime Frequency】【问题描述】给出一个仅包含字母和数字（0-9, A-Z 以及a-z）的字符串，请您计算频率（字符出现的次数），并仅报告哪些字符的频率是素数。
输入：输入的第一行给出一个整数T( 0<T<201)，表示测试用例个数。
后面的T行每行给出一个测试用例：一个字母-数字组成的字符串。
字符串的长度是小于2001的一个正整数。
输出：对输入的每个测试用例输出一行，给出一个输出序列号，然后给出在输入的字符串中频率是素数的字符。
这些字符按字母升序排列。
所谓“字母升序”意谓按ASCII 值升序排列。
如果没有字符的频率是素数，输出“empty”（没有引号）。
注：试题来源：Bangladesh National Computer Programming Contest在线测试：UV A 10789提示先离线计算出[2‥2200]的素数筛u[]。
然后每输入一个测试串，以ASCLL码为下标统计各字符的频率p[]，并按照ASCLL码递增的顺序（0≤i≤299）输出频率为素数的字符（即u [p[i]]=1且ASCLL码值为i的字符）。
若没有频率为素数的字符，则输出失败信息。
【2 Twin Primes】【问题描述】双素数（Twin Primes）是形式为(p, p+2)，术语“双素数”由Paul Stäckel (1892-1919)给出，前几个双素数是(3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31), (41, 43)。
在本题中请你给出第S对双素数，其中S是输入中给出的整数。
AMC 美国数学竞赛试题 详解 英文版
2013 AMC8 Problems1.Danica wants to arrange her model cars in rows with exactly 6 cars in each row. She now has 23 model cars. What is the smallest number of additional cars she must buy in order to be able to arrange all her cars this way?2.A sign at the fish market says, "50% off, today only: half-pound packages for just $3 perpackage." What is the regular price for a full pound of fish, in dollars?What is the value of?3.4.Eight friends ate at a restaurant and agreed to share the bill equally. Because Judi forgot her money, each of her seven friends paid an extra $2.50 to cover her portion of the total bill. What was the total bill? 5.Hammie is in thegrade and weighs 106 pounds. His quadruplet sisters are tiny babiesand weigh 5, 5, 6, and 8 pounds. Which is greater, the average (mean) weight of these five children or the median weight, and by how many pounds?6.The number in each box below is the product of the numbers in the two boxes that touch it in the row above. For example, . What is the missing number in the top row?7.Trey and his mom stopped at a railroad crossing to let a train pass. As the train began to pass, Trey counted 6 cars in the first 10 seconds. It took the train 2 minutes and 45 seconds to clear the crossing at a constant speed. Which of the following was the most likely number of cars in the train?8.A fair coin is tossed 3 times. What is the probability of at least two consecutive heads?9.The Incredible Hulk can double the distance he jumps with each succeeding jump. If his first jump is 1 meter, the second jump is 2 meters, the third jump is 4 meters, and so on, then on which jump will he first be able to jump more than 1 kilometer?10.What is the ratio of the least common multiple of 180 and 594 to the greatest common factor of 180 and 594?11.Ted's grandfather used his treadmill on 3 days this week. He went 2 miles each day. On Monday he jogged at a speed of 5 miles per hour. He walked at the rate of 3 miles per hour on Wednesday and at 4 miles per hour on Friday. If Grandfather had always walked at 4 miles per hour, he would have spent less time on the treadmill. How many minutes less?12.At the 2013 Winnebago County Fair a vendor is offering a "fair special" on sandals. If you buy one pair of sandals at the regular price of $50, you get a second pair at a 40% discount, and a third pair at half the regular price. Javier took advantage of the "fair special" to buy three pairs of sandals. What percentage of the $150 regular price did he save?13.When Clara totaled her scores, she inadvertently reversed the units digit and the tens digit of one score. By which of the following might her incorrect sum have differed from the correct one?14.Abe holds 1 green and 1 red jelly bean in his hand. Bea holds 1 green, 1 yellow, and 2 red jelly beans in her hand. Each randomly picks a jelly bean to show the other. What is the probability that the colors match?15.If , , and , what is the product of , , and ?16.A number of students from Fibonacci Middle School are taking part in a community serviceproject. The ratio of -graders to -graders is , and the the ratio of -graders to-graders is . What is the smallest number of students that could be participating in the project?17.The sum of six consecutive positive integers is 2013. What is the largest of these six integers?18.Isabella uses one-foot cubical blocks to build a rectangular fort that is 12 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 5 feet high. The floor and the four walls are all one foot thick. How many blocks does the fort contain?19.Bridget, Cassie, and Hannah are discussing the results of their last math test. Hannah shows Bridget and Cassie her test, but Bridget and Cassie don't show theirs to anyone. Cassie says, 'I didn't get the lowest score in our class,' and Bridget adds, 'I didn't get the highest score.' What is the ranking of the three girls from highest to lowest?20.A rectangle is inscribed in a semicircle with longer side on the diameter. What is thearea of the semicircle?21.Samantha lives 2 blocks west and 1 block south of the southwest corner of City Park. Her school is 2 blocks east and 2 blocks north of the northeast corner of City Park. On school days she bikes on streets to the southwest corner of City Park, then takes a diagonal path through the park to the northeast corner, and then bikes on streets to school. If her route is as short as possible, how many different routes can she take?22.Toothpicks are used to make a grid that is 60 toothpicks long and 32 toothpicks wide. How many toothpicks are used altogether?23.Angle of is a right angle. The sides of are the diameters of semicirclesas shown. The area of the semicircle on equals , and the arc of the semicircle onhas length . What is the radius of the semicircle on ?24.Squares , , and are equal in area. Points and are the midpointsof sides and , respectively. What is the ratio of the area of the shaded pentagonto the sum of the areas of the three squares?25.A ball with diameter 4 inches starts at point A to roll along the track shown. The track iscomprised of 3 semicircular arcs whose radii are inches, inches, andinches, respectively. The ball always remains in contact with the track and does notslip. What is the distance the center of the ball travels over the course from A to B?2013 AMC8 Problems/Solutions1. ProblemDanica wants to arrange her model cars in rows with exactly 6 cars in each row. She now has 23 model cars. What is the smallest number of additional cars she must buy in order to be able to arrange all her cars this way?Solution:In order to have her model cars in perfect, complete rows of 6, Danica must have a number ofcars that is a multiple of 6. The smallest multiple of 6 which is larger than 23 is 24, so she'll need to buy more model car.2.A sign at the fish market says, "50% off, today only: half-pound packages for just $3 per package." What is the regular price for a full pound of fish, in dollars?ProblemSolution: The 50% off price of half a pound of fish is $3, so the 100%, or the regular price, of a half pound of fish is $6. Consequently, if half a pound of fish costs $6, then a whole pound of fish is dollars.What is the value of?3. ProblemNotice that we can pair up every two numbers to make a sum of 1:SolutionTherefore, the answer is .4. ProblemEight friends ate at a restaurant and agreed to share the bill equally. Because Judi forgot her money, each of her seven friends paid an extra $2.50 to cover her portion of the total bill.What was the total bill?Each of her seven friends paidto cover Judi's portion. Therefore, Judi's portion mustbe. Since Judi was supposed to payof the total bill, the total bill must be.Solution5.Hammie is in thegrade and weighs 106 pounds. His quadruplet sisters are tiny babiesand weigh 5, 5, 6, and 8 pounds. Which is greater, the average (mean) weight of these fivechildren or the median weight, and by how many pounds?ProblemLining up the numbers (5, 5, 6, 8, 106), we see that the median weight is 6 pounds. SolutionThe average weight of the five kids is .Therefore, the average weight is bigger, bypounds, making the answer.6. The number in each box below is the product of the numbers in the two boxes that touch it in the row above. For example,. What is the missing number in the top row?ProblemSolutionLet the value in the empty box in the middle row be , and the value in the empty box in the top row be . is the answer we're looking for.Solution 1: Working BackwardsWe see that, making.It follows that, so.Another way to do this problem is to realize what makes up the bottommost number. Thismethod doesn't work quite as well for this problem, but in a larger tree, it might be faster. (In this case, Solution 1 would be faster since there's only two missing numbers.)Solution 2: Jumping Back to the StartAgain, let the value in the empty box in the middle row be , and the value in the empty box in the top row be . is the answer we're looking for.We can write some equations:Now we can substitute into the first equation using the two others:7. Trey and his mom stopped at a railroad crossing to let a train pass. As the train began to pass,Trey counted 6 cars in the first 10 seconds. It took the train 2 minutes and 45 seconds to clearthe crossing at a constant speed. Which of the following was the most likely number of cars inthe train?ProblemIf Trey saw, then he saw.Solution 12 minutes and 45 seconds can also be expressed asseconds.Trey's rate of seeing cars,, can be multiplied byon the top andbottom (and preserve the same rate):. It follows that the most likely number of cars is.2 minutes and 45 seconds is equal to.Solution 2Since Trey probably counts around 6 cars every 10 seconds, there are groups of 6cars that Trey most likely counts. Since, the closest answer choice is.8. A fair coin is tossed 3 times. What is the probability of at least two consecutive heads?ProblemFirst, there areways to flip the coins, in order.Solution The ways to get two consecutive heads are HHT and THH. The way to get three consecutive heads is HHH.Therefore, the probability of flipping at least two consecutive heads is .9. The Incredible Hulk can double the distance he jumps with each succeeding jump. If his first jump is 1 meter, the second jump is 2 meters, the third jump is 4 meters, and so on, then onwhich jump will he first be able to jump more than 1 kilometer?ProblemThis is a geometric sequence in which the common ratio is 2. To find the jump that would be over a 1000 meters, we note that. SolutionHowever, because the first term isand not, the solution to the problem is10. What is the ratio of the least common multiple of 180 and 594 to the greatest common factorof 180 and 594?ProblemTo find either the LCM or the GCF of two numbers, always prime factorize first. Solution 1The prime factorization of . The prime factorization of .Then, find the greatest power of all the numbers there are; if one number is one but not the other, use it (this is ). Multiply all of these to get 5940.For the GCF of 180 and 594, use the least power of all of the numbers that are in bothfactorizations and multiply. = 18. Thus the answer = =.We start off with a similar approach as the original solution. From the prime factorizations, the GCF is 18.Similar SolutionIt is a well known fact that. So we have,.Dividing by 18 yields .Therefore, .11. Ted's grandfather used his treadmill on 3 days this week. He went 2 miles each day. On Monday he jogged at a speed of 5 miles per hour. He walked at the rate of 3 miles per hour on Wednesday and at 4 miles per hour on Friday. If Grandfather had always walked at 4 miles per hour, he would have spent less time on the treadmill. How many minutes less?ProblemWe use that fact that . Let d= distance, r= rate or speed, and t=time. In this case, letrepresent the time.SolutionOn Monday, he was at a rate of . So,.For Wednesday, he walked at a rate of . Therefore,.On Friday, he walked at a rate of. So,. Adding up the hours yields++=.We now find the amount of time Grandfather would have taken if he walked atperday. Set up the equation,.To find the amount of time saved, subtract the two amounts: -=.To convert this to minutes, we multiply by 60.Thus, the solution to this problem is12. At the 2013 Winnebago County Fair a vendor is offering a "fair special" on sandals. If you buy one pair of sandals at the regular price of $50, you get a second pair at a 40% discount, and a third pair at half the regular price. Javier took advantage of the "fair special" to buy three pairs of sandals. What percentage of the $150 regular price did he save?ProblemFirst, find the amount of money one will pay for three sandals without the discount. We have.SolutionThen, find the amount of money using the discount: .Finding the percentage yields .To find the percent saved, we have13. ProblemWhen Clara totaled her scores, she inadvertently reversed the units digit and the tens digit of one score. By which of the following might her incorrect sum have differed from the correct one?Let the two digits be and. SolutionThe correct score was . Clara misinterpreted it as. The difference between thetwo iswhich factors into. Therefore, since the difference is a multiple of 9,the only answer choice that is a multiple of 9 is.14.Abe holds 1 green and 1 red jelly bean in his hand. Bea holds 1 green, 1 yellow, and 2 red jelly beans in her hand. Each randomly picks a jelly bean to show the other. What is the probability that the colors match?ProblemThe probability that both show a green bean is. The probability that both show ared bean is . Therefore the probability isSolution15. If ,, and , what is the product of, , and ?ProblemSolutionTherefore,.Therefore,.To most people, it would not be immediately evident that , so we can multiply 6'suntil we get the desired number:, so.Therefore the answer is16. A number of students from Fibonacci Middle School are taking part in a community serviceproject. The ratio of-graders to-graders is, and the the ratio of-graders to-graders is . What is the smallest number of students that could be participating inthe project?ProblemSolutionWe multiply the first ratio by 8 on both sides, and the second ratio by 5 to get the same number for 8th graders, in order that we can put the two ratios together:Solution 1: AlgebraTherefore, the ratio of 8th graders to 7th graders to 6th graders is. Since the ratiois in lowest terms, the smallest number of students participating in the project is.The number of 8th graders has to be a multiple of 8 and 5, so assume it is 40 (the smallest possibility). Then there are 6th graders and7th graders. The numbers ofstudents isSolution 2: Fakesolving17. The sum of six consecutive positive integers is 2013. What is the largest of these six integers?ProblemThe mean of these numbers is. Therefore the numbers are, so the answer isSolution 1Let thenumber be . Then our desired number is.Solution 2Our integers are , so we have that.Let the first term be. Our integers are. We have,Solution 318.Isabella uses one-foot cubical blocks to build a rectangular fort that is 12 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 5 feet high. The floor and the four walls are all one foot thick. How many blocks does the fort contain?ProblemThere arecubes on the base of the box. Then, for each of the 4 layers abovethe bottom (as since each cube is 1 foot by 1 foot by 1 foot and the box is 5 feet tall, there are4 feet left), there arecubes. Hence, the answer is.Solution 1 We can just calculate the volume of the prism that was cut out of the originalbox. Each interior side of the fort will be 2 feet shorter than each side of the outside. Since thefloor is 1 foot, the height will be 4 feet. So the volume of the interior box is.Solution 2The volume of the original box is . Therefore, the number of blockscontained in the fort is19. Bridget, Cassie, and Hannah are discussing the results of their last math test. Hannah shows Bridget and Cassie her test, but Bridget and Cassie don't show theirs to anyone. Cassie says, 'I didn't get the lowest score in our class,' and Bridget adds, 'I didn't get the highest score.' What is the ranking of the three girls from highest to lowest?ProblemIf Hannah did better than Cassie, there would be no way she could know for sure that she didn't get the lowest score in the class. Therefore, Hannah did worse than Cassie. Similarly, ifHannah did worse than Bridget, there is no way Bridget could have known that she didn't getthe highest in the class. Therefore, Hannah did better than Bridget, so our order isSolution20. Arectangle is inscribed in a semicircle with longer side on the diameter. What is thearea of the semicircle?ProblemSolutionA semicircle has symmetry, so the center is exactly at the midpoint of the 2 side on the rectangle, making the radius, by the Pythagorean Theorem,. The area is21. ProblemSamantha lives 2 blocks west and 1 block south of the southwest corner of City Park. Her school is 2 blocks east and 2 blocks north of the northeast corner of City Park. On school days she bikes on streets to the southwest corner of City Park, then takes a diagonal path through the park to the northeast corner, and then bikes on streets to school. If her route is as short as possible, how many different routes can she take?SolutionThe number of ways to get from Samantha's house to City Park is, and the number ofways to get from City Park to school is. Since there's one way to go through CityPark (just walking straight through), the number of different ways to go from Samantha's house to City Park to school22.Toothpicks are used to make a grid that is 60 toothpicks long and 32 toothpicks wide. How many toothpicks are used altogether?ProblemThere are 61 vertical columns with a length of 32 toothpicks, and there are 33 horizontal rowswith a length of 60 toothpicks. An effective way to verify this is to try a small case, i.e. a grid of toothpicks. Thus, our answer isSolution23.Angleof is a right angle. The sides ofare the diameters of semicircles as shown. The area of the semicircle on equals, and the arc of the semicircle onhas length . What is the radius of the semicircle on?ProblemIf the semicircle on AB were a full circle, the area would be 16pi. Therefore the diameter of the first circle is 8. The arc of the largest semicircle would normally have a complete diameter of 17. The Pythagorean theorem says that the other side has length 15, so the radius is.Solution 1We go as in Solution 1, finding the diameter of the circle on AC and AB. Then, an extended version of the theorem says that the sum of the semicircles on the left is equal to the biggest one, so the area of the largest is , and the middle one is , so the radius is .Solution 224. Squares, , andare equal in area. Pointsandare the midpointsof sidesand, respectively. What is the ratio of the area of the shaded pentagonto the sum of the areas of the three squares?ProblemSolution 1First let(whereis the side length of the squares) for simplicity. We can extenduntil it hits the extension of. Call this point. The area of trianglethen isThe area of rectangleis. Thus, our desired area is. Now, the ratio of the shaded area to the combined area of the three squares is.Solution 2Let the side length of each square be 1.Let the intersection ofandbe .Since, . Sinceand are vertical angles, theyare congruent. We also haveby definition.So we haveby congruence. Therefore,.Since andare midpoints of sides,. This combined withyields.The area of trapezoidis.The area of triangleis.So the area of the pentagon is .The area of the 3 squares is . Therefore, .Solution 3Let the intersection of andbe .Now we haveand .Because both triangles has a side on congruent squares therefore.Becauseand are vertical angles. Also bothand are right angles so .Therefore by AAS (Angle, Angle, Side) . Then translating/rotating the shadedinto the position ofSo the shaded area now completely covers the squareSet the area of a square asTherefore, .25.A ball with diameter 4 inches starts at point A to roll along the track shown. The track is comprised of 3 semicircular arcs whose radii are inches, inches, andinches, respectively. The ball always remains in contact with the track and does not slip. What is the distance the center of the ball travels over the course from A to B?ProblemThe radius of the ball is 2 inches. If you think about the ball rolling or draw a path for the ball (see figure below), you see that in A and C it loses inches, and it gains inches on B.So, the departurefrom the length of the track means that the answer is .Solution 1The total length of all of the arcs is . Since we want the path fromthe center, the actual distance will be shorter. Therefore, the only answer choice less thanis . This solution may be invalid because the actual distance can be longer if the path the center travels is on the outside of the curve, as it is in the middle bump. Solution 2。
滑铁卢大学入学测试数学试卷[加拿大]2016
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A Note about BubblingPlease make sure that you have correctly coded your name,date of birth and grade on the Student Information Form,and that you have answered the question about eligibility.1.(a)What is the average of the integers 5,15,25,35,45,55?(b)If x 2=2016,what is the value of (x +2)(x −2)?(c)In the diagram,points P (7,5),Q (a,2a ),andR (12,30)lie on a straight line.Determine the value of a .x2.(a)What are all values of n for which n 9=25n?(b)What are all values of x for which (x −3)(x −2)=6?(c)At Willard’s Grocery Store,the cost of 2apples is the same as the cost of3bananas.Ross buys 6apples and 12bananas for a total cost of $6.30.Determinethe cost of 1apple.3.(a)In the diagram,point B is on AC ,point F is on DB ,and point G is on EB .A B CDE F G p ˚q ˚u ˚t ˚r ˚s ˚What is the value of p +q +r +s +t +u?(b)Let n be the integer equal to 1020−20.What is the sum of the digits of n ?(c)A parabola intersects the x -axis at P (2,0)and Q (8,0).The vertex of the parabolais at V ,which is below the x -axis.If the area of V P Q is 12,determine thecoordinates of V .4.(a)Determine all angles θwith 0◦≤θ≤180◦and sin 2θ+2cos 2θ=74.(b)The sum of the radii of two circles is 10cm.The circumference of the largercircle is 3cm greater than the circumference of the smaller circle.Determine thedifference between the area of the larger circle and the area of the smaller circle.5.(a)Charlotte’s Convenience Centre buys a calculator for $p (where p >0),raises itsprice by n %,then reduces this new price by 20%.If the final price is 20%higherthan $p ,what is the value of n ?(b)A function f is defined so that if n is an odd integer,then f (n )=n −1and if n isan even integer,then f (n )=n 2−1.For example,if n =15,then f (n )=14andif n =−6,then f (n )=35,since 15is an odd integer and −6is an even integer.Determine all integers n for which f (f (n ))=3.6.(a)What is the smallest positive integer x for which 132=x 10yfor some positive integer y ?(b)Determine all possible values for the area of a right-angled triangle with one sidelength equal to 60and with the property that its side lengths form an arithmeticsequence.(An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which each term after the first is obtainedfrom the previous term by adding a constant.For example,3,5,7,9are the firstfour terms of an arithmetic sequence.)7.(a)Amrita and Zhang cross a lake in a straight line with the help of a one-seat kayak.Each can paddle the kayak at 7km/h and swim at 2km/h.They start from thesame point at the same time with Amrita paddling and Zhang swimming.After awhile,Amrita stops the kayak and immediately starts swimming.Upon reachingthe kayak (which has not moved since Amrita started swimming),Zhang gets inand immediately starts paddling.They arrive on the far side of the lake at thesame time,90minutes after they began.Determine the amount of time duringthese 90minutes that the kayak was not being paddled.(b)Determine all pairs (x,y )of real numbers that satisfy the system of equationsx 12+y −2x 2 =0y 52+x −y =08.(a)In the diagram,ABCD is a parallelogram.Point E is on DC with AE perpendicularto DC ,and point F is on CB with AFperpendicular to CB .If AE =20,AF =32,and cos(∠EAF )=13,determine the exactvalue of the area of quadrilateral AECF .A B C D E F 2032(b)Determine all real numbers x >0for whichlog 4x −log x 16=76−log x 89.(a)The string AAABBBAABB is a string of ten letters,each of which is A or B ,that does not include the consecutive letters ABBA .The string AAABBAAABB is a string of ten letters,each of which is A or B ,that does include the consecutive letters ABBA .Determine,with justification,the total number of strings of ten letters,each ofwhich is A or B ,that do not include the consecutive letters ABBA .(b)In the diagram,ABCD is a square.PointsE andF are chosen on AC so that∠EDF =45◦.If AE =x ,EF =y ,andF C =z ,prove that y 2=x 2+z 2.A B C DEF x yz45˚10.Let k be a positive integer with k≥2.Two bags each contain k balls,labelled withthe positive integers from1to k.Andr´e removes one ball from each bag.(In eachbag,each ball is equally likely to be chosen.)Define P(k)to be the probability thatthe product of the numbers on the two balls that he chooses is divisible by k.(a)Calculate P(10).(b)Determine,with justification,a polynomial f(n)for which•P(n)≥f(n)n2for all positive integers n with n≥2,and•P(n)=f(n)n2for infinitely many positive integers n with n≥2.(A polynomial f(x)is an algebraic expression of the form f(x)=a m x m+a m−1x m−1+···+a1x+a0for some integer m≥0and for some real numbers a m,a m−1,...,a1,a0.)(c)Prove there exists a positive integer m for which P(m)>2016 m.Euclid Contest(English) 2016。
2014-2012加拿大滑铁卢大学11年级数学竞赛试题
1.For real numbers a and b with a≥0and b≥0,the operation is defined bya b=√a+4b.For example,5 1=5+4(1)=√9=3.(a)What is the value of8 7?(b)If16 n=10,what is the value of n?(c)Determine the value of(9 18) 10.(d)With justification,determine all possible values of k such that k k=k.2.Each week,the MathTunes Music Store releases a list of the Top200songs.A newsong“Recursive Case”is released in time to make it onto the Week1list.The song’s position,P,on the list in a certain week,w,is given by the equation P=3w2−36w+110.The week number w is always a positive integer.(a)What position does the song have on week1?(b)Artists want their song to reach the best position possible.The closer that theposition of a song is to position#1,the better the position.(i)What is the best position that the song“Recursive Case”reaches?(ii)On what week does this song reach its best position?(c)What is the last week that“Recursive Case”appears on the Top200list?3.A pyramid ABCDE has a square base ABCD of side length 20.Vertex E lies on theline perpendicular to the base that passes through F ,the centre of the base ABCD .It is given that EA =EB =EC =ED =18.(a)Determine the surface area of the pyramidABCDEincluding its base.(b)Determine the height EF of the pyramid.A B C D EF 2018(c)G and H are the midpoints of ED and EA ,respectively.Determine the area of thequadrilateral BCGH .4.The triple ofpositive integers (x,y,z )is called an Almost Pythagorean Triple (or APT)if x >1and y >1and x 2+y 2=z 2+1.For example,(5,5,7)is an APT.(a)Determine the values of y and z so that (4,y,z )is an APT.(b)Prove that for any triangle whose side lengths form an APT,the area of thetriangle is not an integer.(c)Determine two 5-tuples (b,c,p,q,r )of positive integers with p ≥100for which(5t +p,bt +q,ct +r )is an APT for all positive integers t .1.At the JK Mall grand opening,some lucky shoppers are able to participate in a moneygiveaway.A large box has beenfilled with many$5,$10,$20,and$50bills.The lucky shopper reaches into the box and is allowed to pull out one handful of bills.(a)Rad pulls out at least two bills of each type and his total sum of money is$175.What is the total number of bills that Rad pulled out?(b)Sandy pulls out exactlyfive bills and notices that she has at least one bill of eachtype.What are the possible sums of money that Sandy could have?(c)Lino pulls out six or fewer bills and his total sum of money is$160.There areexactly four possibilities for the number of each type of bill that Lino could have.Determine these four possibilities.2.A parabola has equation y=(x−3)2+1.(a)What are the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola?(b)A new parabola is created by translating the original parabola3units to the leftand3units up.What is the equation of the translated parabola?(c)Determine the coordinates of the point of intersection of these two parabolas.(d)The parabola with equation y=ax2+4,a<0,touches the parabola withequation y=(x−3)2+1at exactly one point.Determine the value of a.3.A sequence of m P’s and n Q’s with m>n is called non-predictive if there is some pointin the sequence where the number of Q’s counted from the left is greater than or equal to the number of P’s counted from the left.For example,if m=5and n=2the sequence PPQQPPP is non-predictive because in counting thefirst four letters from the left,the number of Q’s is equal to the number of P’s.Also,the sequence QPPPQPP is non-predictive because in counting thefirst letterfrom the left,the number of Q’s is greater than the number ofP’s.(a)If m=7and n=2,determine the number of non-predictive sequences that beginwith P.(b)Suppose that n=2.Show that for every m>2,the number of non-predictivesequences that begin with P is equal to the number of non-predictive sequences that begin with Q.(c)Determine the number of non-predictive sequences with m=10and n=3.4.(a)Twenty cubes,each with edge length1cm,are placed together in4rows of5.What isthe surface area of this rectangularprism?(b)A number of cubes,each with edge length1cm,are arranged to form a rectangularprism having height1cm and a surface area of180cm2.Determine the number of cubes in the rectangular prism.(c)A number of cubes,each with edge length1cm,are arranged to form a rectangularprism having length l cm,width w cm,and thickness1cm.A frame is formed byremoving a rectangular prism with thickness 1cm located k cm from each of the sides of the original rectangular prism,as shown. Each of l,w and k is a positive integer.If the frame has surface area532cm2,determine all possible values for l and w such that l≥w.l cmw cmk cmk cmk cmk cm1 cm1.Quadrilateral P QRS is constructed with QR =51,as shown.The diagonals of P QRS intersect at 90◦at point T ,such that P T =32and QT =24.322451P QRST (a)Calculate the length of P Q.(b)Calculate the area of P QR .(c)If QS :P R =12:11,determine the perimeter of quadrilateral P QRS .2.(a)Determine the value of (a +b )2,given that a 2+b 2=24and ab =6.(b)If (x +y )2=13and x 2+y 2=7,determine the value of xy .(c)If j +k =6and j 2+k 2=52,determine the value of jk .(d)If m 2+n 2=12and m 4+n 4=136,determine all possible values of mn .3.(a)Points M (12,14)and N (n,n 2)lie on theparabola with equation y =x 2,as shown.Determine the value of n such that∠MON =90◦.yx(b)Points A (2,4)and B (b,b 2)are the endpointsofa chord of the parabola with equationy =x 2,as shown.Determine the value of bso that ∠ABO =90◦.y x(c)Right-angled triangle P QR is inscribed inthe parabola with equation y =x 2,asshown.Points P,Q and R have coordinates(p,p 2),(q,q 2)and (r,r 2),respectively.If p ,qand r are integers,show that 2q +p +r =0.y x4.The positive divisors of 21are 1,3,7and 21.Let S (n )be the sum of the positive divisors of the positive integer n .For example,S (21)=1+3+7+21=32.(a)If p is an odd prime integer,find the value of p such that S (2p 2)=2613.(b)The consecutive integers 14and 15have the property that S (14)=S (15).Determine all pairs of consecutive integers m and n such that m =2p and n =9q for prime integers p,q >3,and S (m )=S (n ).(c)Determine the number of pairs of distinct prime integers p and q ,each less than 30,with the property that S (p 3q )is not divisible by 24.。
普特南数学竞赛试题 美国大学生数学竞赛试题 国际大学生数学竞赛试题
SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL WILLIAM LOWELL PUTNAM MATHEMATICAL COMPETITION Saturday, December 4, 2010 Examination B
B1. Is there an infinite sequence of real numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . such that am + am + am + · · · = m 1 2 3 for every positive integer m? B2. Given that A, B, and C are noncollinear points in the plane with integer coordinates such that the distances AB, AC, and BC are integers, what is the smallest possible value of AB? B3. There are 2010 boxes labeled B1 , B2 , . . . , B2010 , and 2010n balls have been distributed among them, for some positive integer n. You may redistribute the balls by a sequence of moves, each of which consists of choosing an i and moving exactly i balls from box Bi into any one other box. For which values of n is it possible to reach the distribution with exactly n balls in each box, regardless of the initial distribution of balls? B4. Find all pairs of polynomials p(x) and q(x) with real coefficients for which p(x)q(x + 1) − p(x + 1)q(x) = 1.
【VIP专享】2010 -2014MCM Problems建模竞赛美赛题目中英文双语翻译版
2010 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: The Sweet SpotExplain the “sweet spot” on a baseball bat.Every hitter knows that there is a spot on the fat part of a baseball bat where maximum power is transferred to the ball when hit. Why isn’t this spot at the end of the bat? A simple explanation based on torque might seem to identify the end of the bat as the sweet spot, but this is known to be empirically incorrect. Develop a model that helps explain this empirical finding.Some players believe that “corking” a bat (hollowing out a cylinder in the head of the bat and filling it with cork or rubber, then replacing a wood cap) enhances the “sweet spot” effect. Augment your model to confirm or deny this effect. Does this explain why Major League Baseball prohibits “corking”?Does the material out of which the bat is constructed matter? That is, does this model predict different behavior for wood (usually ash) or metal (usually aluminum) bats? Is this why Major League Baseball prohibits metal bats?MCM 2010 A题：解释棒球棒上的“最佳击球点”每一个棒球手都知道在棒球棒比较粗的部分有一个击球点，这里可以把打击球的力量最大程度地转移到球上。
数学-科学的王后与仆人
数学: 科学的王后和仆人Mathematics: Queen and Servant of Science北京理工大学叶其孝本文的题目是已故的美国科学院院士、著名数学家、数学史学家和科普作家Eric Temple Bell(贝尔, 1883, 02, 07 ~ 1960, 12, 21)于1951年写的一本书的书名Mathematics: Queen and Servant of Science (数学: 科学的王后和仆人). 该书主要是为大学生和非数学领域的人士写的, 介绍纯粹和应用数学的各个方面, 更着重在说明数学科学的极端重要性.The Mathematical Association of America, 1996, 463 pages实际上这是他1931年写的The Queen of the Sciences (科学的王后)和1937年写的The Handmaiden of the Sciences (科学的女仆)这两本通俗数学论著的合一修订扩大版.Eric Temple Bell Alexander Graham Bell (1847 ~ 1922) 按常识的理解, 女王是优美、高雅、无懈可击、至尊至贵的, 在科学中只有纯粹数学才具有这样的特点, 简洁明了的数学定理一经证明就是永恒的真理, 极其优美而且无懈可击;另一方面, 科学和工程的各个分支都在不同程度上大量应用数学, 这时数学科学就是仆人, 这些仆人是否强有力, 用起来是否得心应手是雇佣这些仆人的主人最为关心的事. 事实上, servant这个字本身就有“供人们利用之物, 有用的服务工具”的意思. 毫无疑问, 我们的目的不是为数学争一个好的名分, 而是想说明数学是怎样通过数学建模来解决各种实际问题的; 数学(数学建模)的极端重要性, 以及探讨正确认识和理解数学科学的作用对于发展我国科学技术、经济以及教育, 从而争取在21世纪把我国真正建设成为屹立于世界民族之林的强国，乃至个人事业发展的至关重要性. 当然, 我们也希望说明王后和仆人集于一身并不矛盾. 历史上, 很多特别受人尊敬的科学家, 不仅仅是由于他们的科学成就, 更因为他们的科学成就能够服务于人类.数学是科学的王后, 算术是数学的王后. 她常常放下架子为天文学和其他科学效劳, 但是在所有情况下, 第一位的是她(数学)应尽的责任. (高斯)Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences, and Arithmetic the Queen of Mathematics. She often condescends to render service to astronomy and other natural sciences, but under all circumstance the first place is her due.— Carl Friedrich Gauss (卡尔·弗里德里希·高斯, 1777, 4, 30 ~ 1855, 2, 23)From: Bell, Eric T., Mathematics: Queen and Servant of Science, MAA, 1951, p.1;Men of Mathematics, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1937, p. xv.***************************************************自古以来，数学的发展始终与科学技术的发展紧密相连，反之亦然. 首先, 我们来看一下导致我们现在这个飞速发展的信息社会的19、20世纪几乎所有重大科学理论的发展和完善过程中数学(数学建模)所起到的不可勿缺的作用.数学研究的成果往往是重大科学发明的催生素(仅就19、20世纪而言, 流体力学、电磁理论、相对论、量子力学、计算机、信息论、控制论、现代经济学、万维网和互联网搜索引擎、生物学、CT、甚至社会政治学领域等). 但是20世纪上半世纪, 数学虽然也直接为工程技术提供一些工具, 但基本方式是间接的: 先促进其他科学的发展, 再由这些科学提供工程原理和设计的基础. 数学是幕后的无名英雄.现在, 数学无处不在, 数学和工程技术之间,在更广阔的范围内和更深刻的程度上, 直接地相互作用着, 极大地推动了科学和工程科学的发展, 也极大地推动了技术的发展. 数学不仅是幕后的无名英雄, 很多方面开始走向“前台”. 但是对数学的极端重要性迄今尚未有共识, 取得共识对加强一个国家的竞争力来说是至关重要的.硬能力―一位美国朋友谈及对未来中国人的看法: 20年后, 中国年轻人会丢了中国人现在的硬能力, 他们崇拜各种明星, 不愿献身科学, 不再以学术研究为荣, 聪明拔尖的学生都去学金融、法律等赚钱的专业; 而美国人因为认识到其硬能力(例如数学)不行, 进行教育改革, 20年后, 不但保持了其软实力即非专业能力的优势, 而且在硬能力上赶上中国人.‖“正在丢失的硬实力”, 鲁鸣, 《青年文摘》2011年第5期动向：美国很多州新办STEM高中, 一些大学开始开设STEM课程等.STEM = Science + Technology + Engineering + Mathematics2012年2月7日公布的美国总统科技顾问委员会给总统的报告，参与超越：培养额外的100万具有科学、技术、工程和数学学位的大学生(Engage to Excel: Producing One Million Additional College Graduates with Degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics)The Mathematical Sciences in 2025, the National Academies Press, 2013人们使用的数学科学思想、概念和方法的范围在不断扩大的同时，数学科学的用途也在不断扩展. 21世纪的大部分科学与工程将建立在数学科学的基础上.This major expansion in the uses of the mathematical sciences has been paralleled by a broadening in the range of mathematical science ideas and techniques being used. Much of twenty-first century science and engineering is going to be built on a mathematical science foundation, and that foundation must continue to evolve and expand.数学科学是日常生活的几乎每个方面的组成部分.互联网搜索、医疗成像、电脑动画、数值天气预报和其他计算机模拟、所有类型的数字通信、商业和军事中的优化问题以及金融风险的分析——普通公民都从支撑这些应用功能的数学科学的各种进展中获益，这样的例子不胜枚举.The mathematical sciences are part of almost every aspect of everyday life. Internet search, medical imaging, computer animation, numerical weather predictions and othercomputer simulations, digital communications of all types, optimization in business and the military, analyses of financial risks —average citizens all benefit from the mathematical science advances that underpin these capabilities, and the list goes on and on.调查发现:数学科学研究工作正日益成为生物学、医学、社会科学、商业、先进设计、气候、金融、先进材料等许多研究领域不可或缺的重要组成部分. 这种研究工作涉及最广泛意义下数学、统计学和计算综合，以及这些领域与潜在应用领域的相互作用. 所有这些活动对于经济增长、国家竞争力和国家安全都是至关重要的，而且这种事实应该对作为整体的数学科学的资助性质和资助规模产生影响. 数学科学的教育也应该反映数学科学领域的新的状况.Finding: Mathematical sciences work is becoming an increasingly integral and essential component of a growing array of areas of investigation in biology, medicine, social sciences, business, advanced design, climate, finance, advanced materials, and many more. This work involves the integration of mathematics, statistics, and computation in the broadest sense and the interplay of these areas withareas of potential application. All of these activities are crucial to economic growth, national competitiveness, and national security, and this fact should inform both the nature and scale of funding for the mathematical sciences as a whole. Education in the mathematical sciences should also reflect this new stature of the field.****************************************************************为了以下讲述的方便, 我们先来了解一下什么是数学建模.数学模型(Mathematical Model)是用数学符号对一类实际问题或实际发生的现象的(近似的)描述.数学建模(Mathematical Modeling)则是获得该模型并对之求解、验证并得到结论的全过程.数学建模不仅是了解基本规律, 而且从应用的观点来看更重要的是预测和控制所建模的系统的行为的强有力的工具.数学建模是数学用来解决各种实际问题的桥梁.↑→→→→→→→→↓↑↓↑↓↓↑↓←←←←←通不过↓↓通过)定义：数学建模就是上述框图多次执行的过程数学建模的难点观察、分析实际问题, 作出合理的假设, 明确变量和参数, 形成明确的数学问题. 不仅仅是翻译的问题; 涉及的数学问题可能是复杂、困难的, 求解也许涉及深刻的数学方法. 如何作出正确的判断, 寻找合适、简洁的(解析或近似) 解法; 如何验证模型.简言之:合理假设、模型建立、模型求解、解释验证.记住这16个字, 将会终生受用.数学建模的重要作用：源头创新当然数学建模也有局限性, 不能单独包打天下, 因为实际问题是非常复杂的, 需要多学科协同解决.在图灵(A. M. Turing)的文章: The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis (形态生成的化学基础), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (伦敦皇家学会哲学公报), Series B (Biological Sciences),v.237(1952), 37-72.1. 一个胚胎的模型. 成形素本节将描述一个正在生长的胚胎的数学模型. 该模型是一种简化和理想化, 因此是对原问题的篡改. 希望本文论述中保留的一些特征, 就现今的知识状况而言, 是那些最重要的特征.1. A model of the embryo. MorphogensIn this section a mathematical model of the growing embryo will be described. This model will be asimplification and an idealization, and consequently a falsification. It is to be hoped that the features retained for discussion are those of greatest importance in the present state of knowledge.想单靠数学建模本身来解决重大的生物学问题是不可能的，另一方面，想仅仅依靠实验来获得对生物学的合理、完整的理解也是极不可能的. There is no way mathematical modeling can solve major biological problems on its own. On the other hand, it ishighly unlikely that even a reasonably complete understanding could come solely from experiment.—— J. D. Murray, Why Are There No 3-Headed Monsters? Mathematical Modeling in Biology, Notices of the AMS,v. 59 (2012), no. 6, p.793.自古以来公平、公正的竞赛都是培养、选拔人才的重要手段, 科学和数学也不例外.中学生IMO (国际数学奥林匹克(International Mathematical Olympiad), 1959 ～)北美的大学生Putnbam数学竞赛(1938 ～)全国大学生数学竞赛(2010 ～)Mathematical Contest in Modeling (MCM, 1985 ～)美国大学生数学建模竞赛Interdisciplinary Contest in Modeling (ICM, 1999～)美国大学生跨学科建模竞赛China Undergraduate Mathematical Contest in Modeling (CUMCM, 1992～) 中国大学生数学建模竞赛中国大学生参加美国大学生数学建模竞赛情况中国大学生数学建模竞赛情况在以下讲述中涉及物理方面的具体的数学模型 (问题)的叙述和初步讨论可参考《物理学与偏微分方程》, 李大潜、秦铁虎编著, (上册, 1997; 下册, 2000), 高等教育出版社.Seven equations that rule your world (主宰你生活的七个方程式), by Ian Stewart, NewScientist, 13 February 2012.Fourier transformation 2ˆ()()ix f f x e dx πξξ∞--∞=⎰Wave equation 22222u u c t x ∂∂=∂∂ Ma xwell‘s equation110, , 0, H E E E H H c t c t∂∂∇⋅=∇⨯=-∇⋅=∇⨯=∂∂Schrödinger‘s equation ˆψH ψi t∂=∂Ian Stewart, In Pursuit of the Unknown:17 Equations That Changed the World (追求对未知的认识：改变世界的17个方程), Basic Books, March 13, 2012.目录(Contents)Why Equations? /viii1. The squaw on the hippopotamus ——Pythagoras‘sTheorem/12. Shortening the proceedings —— Logarithms/213. Ghosts of departed quantities —— Calculus/354. The system of the world ——Newton‘s Law ofGravity/535. Portent of the ideal world —— The Square Root ofMinus One/736. Much ado about knotting ——Euler‘s Formula forPolyhedra/837. Patterns of chance —— Normal Distribution/1078. Good vibrations —— Wave Equation/1319. Ripples and blips —— Fourier Transform/14910. The ascent of humanity —— Navier-StokesEquation/16511. Wave in the ether ——Maxwell‘s Equations/17912. Law and disorder —— Second Law ofThermodynamics /19513. One thing is absolute —— Relativity/21714. Quantum weirdness —— Schrödinger Equation/24515. Codes, communications, and computers ——Information Theory/26516. The imbalance of nature —— Chaos Theory/28317. The Midas formula —— Black-Scholes Equation/195Where Next?/317Notes/321Illustration Credits/330Index/331相对论Albert Einstein(1879, 3, 14 ～1955, 4, 18)20世纪最伟大的科学成就莫过于Einstein(爱因斯坦)的狭义和广义相对论了, 但是如果没有Minkowski (闵可夫斯基)几何、Riemann(黎曼)于1854年发明的Riemann几何, 以及Cayley(凯莱), Sylvester(西勒维斯特)和Noether(诺特)等数学家发展的不变量理论, Einstein的广义相对论和引力理论就不可能有如此完善的数学表述. Einstein自己也不止一次地说过.早在1905年, 年仅26岁的爱因斯坦就已提出了狭义相对论. 狭义相对论推倒了牛顿力学的质量守恒、能量守恒、质量能量互不相关、时空永恒不变的基本命题. 这是一场真正的科学革命.为了导出狭义相对论，爱因斯坦作出了两个假设：运动的相对性(所有匀速运动都是相对的)和光速为常数(光的运动例外, 它是绝对的). (1)狭义相对性原理,即在所有惯性系中, 物理学定律具有相同的数学表达形式;(2)光速不变原理,真空中光沿各个方向传播的速率都相等，与光源和观察者的运动状态无关.时空不是绝对独立的.由此可以导出一些推论: 相对论坐标变换式和速度变换式, 同时的相对性, 钟慢尺缩效应和质能关系式等.他的好友物理学家P.Ehrenfest指出实际上还蕴涵着第三个假设, 即这两个假设是不矛盾的. 物体运动的相对性和光速的绝对性, 两者之间的相互制约和作用乃是相对论里一切我们不熟悉的时空特征的根源.(部分参阅李新洲:《寻找自然之律--- 20世纪物理学革命》, 上海科技教育出版社, 2001.)1907 年德国数学家H. Minkowski (1864 ～1909) 提出了―Minkowski 空间‖,即把时间和空间融合在一起的四维空间1,3R. Minkowski 几何为Einstein 狭义相对论提供了合适的数学模型.“没有任何客观合理的方法能够把四维连续统分离成三维空间连续统和一维时间连续统. 因此从逻辑上讲, 在四维时空连续统(space- time continuum)中表述自然定律会更令人满意. 相对论在方法上的巨大进步正是建立在这个基础之上的, 这种进步归功于闵可夫斯基(Minkowski).”—Albert Einstein, The Meaning of Relativity, 1922, Princeton University Press. 中译本, 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦著, 相对论的意义, (普林斯顿科学文库(Princeton Science Library) 1), 郝建纲、刘道军译, 上海科技教育出版社, 2001, p. 27.有了Minkowski 时空模型后, Einstein 又进一步研究引力场理论以建立广义相对论. 1912 年夏他已经概括出新的引力理论的基本物理原理, 但是为了实现广义相对论的目标, 还必须寻求理论的数学结构, Einstein 为此花了 3 年的时间, 最后, 在数学家M. Grossmann 的介绍下学习掌握了发展相对论引力学说所必需的数学工具—以Riemann几何和Ricci, Levi - Civita的绝对微分学, 也就是Einstein 后来所称的张量分析.“根据前面的讨论, 很显然, 如果要表达广义相对论, 就需要对不变量理论以及张量理论加以推广. 这就产生了一个问题, 即要求方程的形式必须对于任意的点变换都是协变的. 在相对论产生以前很久, 数学家们就已经建立了推广的张量演算理论. 黎曼(Riemann)首先把高斯(Gauss)的思路推广到了任意维连续统, 他很有预见性地看到了……进行这种推广的物理意义. 随后, 这个理论以张量微积分的形式得到了发展, 对此里奇(Ricci)和莱维·齐维塔(Tulio Levi-Civita, 1873～1941)做出了重要贡献. ”—阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦著, 相对论的意义, 郝建纲、刘道军译, 上海科技教育出版社, 2001, p. 57.从数学建模的角度看, 广义相对论讨论的中心问题是引力理论, 其基础是以下两个假设: 1. (等效原理)惯性力场与引力场的动力学效应是局部不可分辨的，(或说引力和非惯性系中的惯性力等效)；2. (广义相对性原理) 一切参考系都是平权的，换言之，客观的真实的物理规律应该在任意坐标变换下形式不变——广义协变性(即一切物理定律在所有参考系[无论是惯性的或非惯性的]中都具有相同的形式)。
欧几里得滑铁卢数学竞赛_2008EuclidSolution
(We can check this using the given example. We might also have been able to see initially
that the average of the numbers inside the square frame is always the middle number.)
Tuesday, April 15, 2008
Solutions
c 2008 Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing
2008 Euclid Contest Solutions
1. (a) Solution 1 By the Pythagorean Theorem in ADB,
Since A(5, 0) lies on the line, then 0 = 5 + b so b = −5, so the line has equation y = x − 5.
To find the intersection of the line with parabola, we use the two equations and equate:
Therefore, the sum of the numbers in the frame is
x + x − 1 + x + 1 + x − 8 + x − 7 + x − 6 + x + 6 + x + 7 + x + 8 = 9x
Thus, the sum of numbers in the frame is 9 times the middle number.
1999滑铁卢竞赛试题答案
( x – 2)( x + 1) = 0
∴ x = 2 or x = –1
Solution 2 1 6 x2 – x – 6 1– – 2 = x x x2 x 2 – x – 2) – 4 ( = x2 –4 2 2 (since x – x – 2 = 0 ) x 2 But x – x – 2 = ( x – 2)( x + 1) = 0 ∴ x = 2 or x = –1. x = –1, Substituting x = 2, or –4 –4 = 4 1 = –1. = –4 =
y
6
–3
–1 O
x
Solution 3 Let the equation of the parabola be y = a( x + 2)2 + c . Since (0, 6) is on parabola, 6 = 4 a + c , and ( –1, 0) is on parabola, 0 = a + c . Solving, a = 2, c = – 2. ∴ Equation is y = 2( x + 2)2 – 2 . 3. (a) How many equilateral triangles of side 1 cm, placed as shown in the diagram, are needed to completely cover the interior of an equilateral triangle of side 10 cm?
(b)
If the point P( – 3, 2) is on the line 3 x + 7ky = 5 , what is the value of k? Solution Since P is on the line, its coordinates must satisfy the equation of the line. Thus, 3( – 3) + 7k (2) = 5 14 k = 14 k =1