(完整word版)2015年 河海大学研究生英语一Unit 7 The Healing power of Belief
Unit 7 The Healing power of Belief For the past two years,I have been studying cancer survivors at UGLA,trying to f ind out why it is that some people respond much better to their treatment than do other s.At first I though that some patients did well because their illnesses were not as sever e as the illnesses of others. On closer scrutiny,however,I discovered that severity of the illness was only one of a number of factors that accounted for the difference betwe en those who get well and those who don’t .The patients i am talking about here recei ved upon diagnosis whatever therapy medication,radiation,surgery-their individual ca ses demanded.Yet the response to such treatments was hardly uniform.Some patients f ared much better in their therapies than others.
在过去的两年里，我一直在UGLA研究癌症幸存者，试图发现为什么对有些人治疗产生的效果会比其他人好。开始我认为一些病人治疗效果好是因为他们的疾病没有别人严重。但是经过进一步的仔细研究，我发现疾病的严重性仅是解释康复的人与没有好转的人之间区别的众多因素中的其中一个。我这里所说的这些病人根据他们个人病情的需要接受治疗，包括药物治疗，放射疗法，外科治疗。但是这些治疗的反映几乎不一致。一些病人在治疗过程中进展得其他病人要好得多。
What was it,then,that was different?Was there any one thing that all survivors ha d in common?Yes.I have found that the major characteristics of these survivors were v ery similar.Among the similarities are:
They all had a strong will to live
They were not panicky about their illness
They had confidence in their ability to persevere
Despite all the forecasts to the contrary,they believed they could make it They we re capable of joyous response
They were convinced that their treatment would work.
那么到底是什么不同呢？有没哪一点是所有幸存者的共有点呢？是的，我发现这些幸存者的主要特征非常相似，相似点有：
他们都有着非常强的求生欲望；他们对自己的疾病并不感到恐慌；他们有信心能够坚持；
尽管所有的预测情况不利，但他们都相信他们能成功；他们能够很欢乐地应对治疗；他们相信他们的治疗会起作用。
One woman with whom I worked closely is perhaps symbolic of the entire group .Let’s call her Annie.Her illness was diagnosed as cancer of the liver.An exploratory o peration convinced the surgeons that the disease was too far along to be treated by any known means. But Annie,far from being discouraged or depressed by this verdict, was absolutely determined to overcome her illness.She decided to fight with all of her powers of mind and body.Her family physician was so impressed with her spirit that he felt the dismal prediction of the specialists ought not to preclude further efforts. Very supportive,he encouraged Annie to see a surgeon in Houston who had a high r ecord of success with patients who had a strong will to live and a confident attitude.T he surgeon’s name was John Stehlin.
一个和我工作密切的女士可能是这一整群人的一个典型。我们叫她安妮。她
的病被诊断为肝癌。经过一个探究手术，医生们确信她的病不可能被任何已知的手段治愈。但是安妮没有因为这个定论而沮丧和气馁，非常坚定地要战胜疾病。她决定用她全部的身心力量去与之战斗。她的家庭医生被她的精神深深打动了，他认为专家们的悲观预测不应该防碍她的进一步努力。他非常支持安妮，鼓励安妮去休斯顿看一个医生，那位医生在治愈有着强烈求生欲望、有信心的病人有很高的纪录。那个医生的名字叫js。
Annie went to Houston and was interviewed by Dr.Stehlin.She visited the floor i n St.Josephs Hospital where Dr.S’s patients were cared for.Instead of a gloom white h ospital setting,she found a cheerful,animated,attractive series of rooms,the largest of which was called the Living Room. It was equipped with easy chairs,reading corners,and alcoves for audio video machines,containing a large array of tape cassette s of some of the funniest motion pictures ever produced.Dr. S installed the sets and ob tained the cassettes after reading article I wrote for the New England Journal of Medic ine on the therapeutic valued of laughter. He had always believed that hopefulness and laughter go together.People who are capable of experiencing joy,he discovered,we re much better candidates for successful surgery and therapy than those who were mor bid and apprehensive.
安妮到休斯顿后与s医生进行了面谈。她在圣约瑟芬医院一楼看病，那个医院是s医生的病人被照看的地方。取代阴暗白色的医院陈设，她看到的是一个欢快的，很有生气的并且很吸引人的房间，其中最大的那间是卧室。卧室里配备了舒服的椅子，读书角，还有一个放音响设备的凹室，里面有一大组一些最有趣的动画片的录像带。S医生在读了我写给英国药物期刊的有关笑声对治疗的作用的文章之后，安装了这些设备，购买了这些录像带。他一直相信希望和笑声是互相协调的。他发现能够体验快乐的人比那些恐惧和忧虑的人治愈的机会要大得多。
After spending only 15 minutes with Dr.s.Annie felt uplifted and thrilled by the a tmosphere of the place.She met with patients who had come through even greater orde als than her own.Dr.s examined Annie and studied her medical record.Then he told he r he would be willing to operate and give her the best possible-but only if she had com plete confidence in herself,in him,and in the operation.He suggested that she return ho me to think about it.
在和s医生共度了仅仅十五分钟之后，安妮对这里的氛围而感到精神振奋。她见到了一些比她自己经历过更大的病痛折磨的病人。S医生检查了安妮并查看了她的治疗记录。然后他告诉安妮他愿意给她做手术并且给她治愈的最大可能，但需要安妮对他和她自己，还有手术都有足够的信心。他建议她回家考虑一下。
Annie did,but there wasn’t much to think about.She was eager to proceed.When she returned to Houston,it was obvious to Dr.s that she was strongly motivated.He ope rated and removed 70% of her liver.Nevertheless,Annie’s,convalescence at St.Joseph’s was rapid.She was caught up in a powerful.affirmative atmosphere.today, three years later,she is active and free of symptoms.Annie and Dr.s know the odds of that th ere are probably other pockets of cancer throughout her body.But her condition has sta bilized.She is a happy,functioning human being.
安妮考虑了，但其实并没有什么好想的。她愿意继续前进。当她回到休斯顿，s医生很明显的知道安妮非常有动力。他给她做手术，摘除了肝脏的70%。尽管
如此，安妮在圣约瑟芬的康复非常迅速。她加入这个有力和肯定的氛围中。三年后，她非常有活力，没有任何病症。安妮和s医生知道这种可能性，她体内可能还有其他癌细胞，但是她的情况非常稳定，身体运作很好，她很开心。
At the school of medicine of the university of California,Los Angeles,I have been trying to find out if emotions affect the chemistry of the human body.for several deca des,the term “psychosomatic” has been in general use.It means mind body relationshi p.But the precise way the mind affects the body has not been clearly defined.As the re sult of recent research,however,it is possible to say that specific changes take place thr oughout the body as the result of human attitudes.
在洛杉矶加利福利亚大学的医学院，我试图找出情绪是否影响人体的化学反应。几十年以来，心理影响这个术语已经被广为使用。它意味着心智和身体的联系。但是意识影响身体的准确方式仍然没有被清楚的定义出来。但是根据研究的结果，可能会说全身发生这种特殊的变化归因于人的态度。
Indeed,Dr. Richard Bergland,a brain researcher at the Harvard Medical School,ha s written a paper suggesting that the human brain is basically a gland.Building on this view,Dr.Carmine Clemente,director of the Brain Research Institute at UGLA,has been looking into the secretions of the brain.He has estimated that there may be thousands of such secretions-all of which play a part in the functioning of the body.
的确，哈佛医学院的一个大脑研究员RB教授写过一篇论文，认为人的大脑基本上就是一个腺体。基于这一观点，GULA的大脑研究协会主管CC教授一直在观察大脑的分泌物。他估算可能有数以千计这样的分泌物，都参与到人体的这种功用之中。
What to me is most fascinating of all about these secretions is that they are not lo cked away or completely removed from the conscious intelligence.It is true that the m ind has no ongoing awareness of the numberless functions generated by te brain-the b eating of the heart,the actions of the nerve cells,the functions of all the glands.
But the fact that we have no direct knowledge of these functions as they occur does no t mean that we are barred from any supervision over them.The significance of biofeed back-a term used to describe the ability of the mind to enter into the workings of the b ody-is that human beings may actually be able to exert increasing control over themse lves and may be able to play an important role in overcoming illness.
对我来说，所有这些分泌物最吸引人的地方在于他们并不是被锁起来或者和主观意识完全分离开来的。主观意识的确没有觉察到大脑和心脏跳动，神经细胞的活动，以及所有腺体的运作产生的无数功能。但事实上我们并没有直接认识到它们发生的功用并不意味着我们无法监管它们。生物反馈这一术语曾用来被形容意识参与身体运作的能力，它的重要性在于人类实际上可能可以提高对自己的控制而且能够在克服疾病的过程中发挥重要的作用。
Numerous medical reports now cite instances in which individuals have been abl e to direct their bodies in ways generally believed to be beyond the reach of the consci ous intelligence.At the UGLA school of medicine,I witnessed a demonstration in whic h a man controlled his own heartbeat.He could speed it up or slow it almost to a stop merely by concentrating. Such a performance is not unknown in Eastern cultures, but it was startling,to say the least,to see much a demonstration in an American medic al school,with a dozen or more physicians as fascinated observers of this use of biofee
dback. Patients are using biofeedback techniques at the Menninger Foundation in Topeka,Kansas and at other medical centers as a means of relieving their migraine hea daches or lowering their blood pressure.The evidence is incontrovertible that chemical changes take place in the body as a result of mental functions or moods.
现在不计其数的医学报告引证一个例子说，个体已经能够以普遍认为是超出意志力能实现的方式控制身体。在UGLA医学院，我见证了一名男子控制自己的心跳的示范。通过集中注意力他可以加速心跳或者减慢到几乎停止的程度。
这种表演在东方文明并不陌生，但是至少可以这样说，和一打或者更多的内科医生作为对这种生物反馈运用着迷的观察者在一所美国医学院，看到这一示范真的令人吃惊。在托皮卡的门宁格基金会、堪萨斯和其他医学中心，患者利用生物反馈技术作为缓解周期性偏头痛或降低血压的一种手段。心理或情绪引起的化学变化发生在体内的证据是无可辩驳的。
This mind-body effect should not be surprising in view of the experience over th e years with placebos.The term “placebo” is used to describe a “pill” that contains no medical ingredients but that often produces the same effect as genuine medication.Pla cebos provide ample proof that expectations can have an effect on body chemistry.
According to a recent article on placebos in Medical Word News,studies conduct ed over the past 25 years shown that placebos satisfactorily relieved symptoms in an a verage of 35 percent of patients tested.These symptoms include:fever,severe postoper ative pain,anginal pain headache,and anxiety,among other complaints. The expl anation for this strange phenomenon is that the human mind can create actual changes in body chemistry as a result of what is believes.If,for example,a person believes that a certain medication contains a substance that can accomplish a specific need,the bod y tends to move in that direction.
从与安慰剂打交道多年经历来看，这种身心效应并不惊奇。安慰剂这一术语用来形容一种“药片”，这种“药片”不含药物成分，但常常会产生和真正的药物相同的作用。安慰剂提供了充足的证据证明期望会影响人体的化学反应。根据医学世界新闻上一篇近来的文章，过去25年的研究显示，平均35%的被试患者中，安慰剂能够令人满意地缓解症状。这些症状包括发烧，严重的术后镇痛，心绞痛头痛以及焦虑等其他疾病。对这种奇怪现象的解释是人的意识由于相信的东西可以在身体化学反应中产生实际变化。例如，如果有个人相信某一特定的药物包括能够完成特殊需要的神灵（物质），那么身体会朝那个方向变化。
An increasing number of scientists now contend that the body’s healing system a nd its belief system are closely related.That is why hope,faith,and the will to live can be vital factors in the war against disease.the belief system are closely related.The beli ef system converts positive expectations into plus factors in any contest against illness 越来越多的科学家主张身体的恢复系统和它的信念系统紧密相连。这就是为什么求生的希望、信念以及意志可以成为与疾病斗争中至关重要的因素。在任何与疾病的斗争中，信念系统将积极的期望转换成正面的因素。
Another crucial factor that influences the system of belief and healing is the attit ude of the physician.One of a doctor’s main functions is to engage to the fullest the pa tient’s own ability to mobilize the forces of mind and body in turning back disease.
The patient’s belief in the judgment and healing power of the physician is often more important than the treatment itself in reversing the course of the illness.Dr.Herbe
rt Benson,an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and author of The Mind-Body Effect,believes that a d octor’s“caring” about his or her patient cause s specific physiological improvement. In Annie’s case,for example,she had a very supportive family physician plus the enlightened Dr.s,who was very aware that encour agement and a positive attitude can be all-important.
另一个影响信念系统和康复系统的决定性的因素是医生的态度。医生的主要作用之一就是最大限度的致力于用病人自己的能力调动起生理和心理的力量来缓解疾病。病人对医生的判断和治愈能力的信任常常比逆转疾病进程的治疗本身更重要。哈佛医学院的副教授，身心效应的作者HB博士相信医生对病人的“关心”会产生特殊的生理改善作用。例如，在安妮的案例中，她有一个非常支持她的家庭医生和明智的s医生，s医生很清楚鼓励和一个积极的态度可以产生非常重要的作用。
People who are seriously ill need to believe that they have a chance.They respon d not just to the doctor’s attitude but to the mood of the people very close to them.If h ope is missing from the eyes and from the voices of their families,the absence will be felt.I feel that in the future there will be more and more programs in which caring prof essionals will help patients and their families to cope and to support the ill person eac h other.
病情严重的人需要相信他们仍有机会。他们不仅仅会回应医生的态度，也会回应与自己非常亲近的人的情绪。如果希望从他们家人的眼中和声音中消失了，他们会感受到这种缺失。我感到未来会有越来越多的项目出现让专业看护人员会帮助病人和他们的家人解决问题以及帮助病人和家人互相支持。
It makes no sense to believe that only the negative emotions have an effect on th e body’s chemistry.Every emotion,negative or positive,makes its registration on the bo dy’s systems.When I was ill,I read every humorous book I could get my hands on.My goal was to be uplifted and relieved of worry and panic through laugher. That’s why Dr.s uses comic films as part of his therapy.Illness is not a laughing matter,but pe rhaps it ought to https://www.360docs.net/doc/d214738021.html,ughter is a form of internal jogging.It moves to the organs arou nd.It enhances respiration.It is an igniter of great expectations.
相信只有负面情绪会对人体化学反应产生影响是毫无意义的。无论是积极的还是消极的，每一种情绪，都在身体的系统中留下了印记。当我生病了，我会阅读所有我可以得到的幽默的书籍。我的目标就是变得兴奋并通过笑来缓解焦虑和痛苦。这就是为什么s医生把喜剧电影作为他治疗方法的一部分。生病不是一件可笑的事情，但可能它应该是可笑的。笑是一种体内慢跑。它会活动周围的器官。它能加强呼吸，点燃巨大的希望。
Through my studies at the medical school and from my own experience,I have le arned that one of the prime elements of human uniqueness is the ability to create and e xercise new options.What an individual decides to do with his or her life;what a perso n believes or doesn’t believe about the great mysteries of life;how people go about ful filling their individual and collective needs and desires-all these involve options.Prote cting and cherishing our right to exercise these options may well represent the finest e xample of true human freedom.
根据我在医学院的研究和自己的经验，我知道人类独特性的主要因素之一就是人们创造和运用新选择的能力。一个人决定过什么样的生活，是否相信生命的
神秘之处；如何去满足个人和群体的需求和欲望，这一切都涉及到选择。保护和珍惜我们运用这些选择的权利，可以很好地象征真正人类自由的最好例子。
We must learn never to underestimate the capacity of the human mind and body t o regenerate-even when the prospects seem most wretched.The life-force may be the l east understood force on earth.The eminent psychologist and philosopher William Ja mes said that human beings tend to live too much within self-imposed limits.It is poss ible that these limits will recede when we respect more fully the natural drive of the h uman mind and body toward perfectibility and regeneration.
我们一定要学会决不低估人们生理和心理的再生能力-即便前景似乎很悲惨。这种生命的力量可能是世界上最不被理解的了。杰出的心理学家哲学家威廉吉姆说，人类往往过多的活在自己强加的限制里。当我们更充分的相信人类身心的自然驱动力会朝着完美和重生的方向发展，这种限制就可能会减弱。
The most important thing I have learned about the power of belief is that an indiv idual patient’s attitude toward serious illness can be as important as medical help.It w ould be a serious mistake to bypass or minimize the need for scientific treatment,but t hat treatment will be far more effective if people put their creative hopes,their faith,an d their confidence fully to work in behalf of their recovery.
关于信念的力量我学到的最重要的一点就是一个病人对待严重疾病的态度和医学帮助同样重要。忽视或者低估科学治疗的做法是非常错误的，但是如果人们为了恢复健康投入他们创造性的希望、信念以及完全的信心，那样这种治疗会变的有效的多。
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示)unit8isaraceofrobotspossib
A good many technical people become irate when you call a computer a giant brain.They insist t hat a computer does only what thinking humans have planned to have it do.假如你把计算机称为巨人脑，许多技术人员会感到气愤。他们坚持认为，计算机只不过是做有思维的人类安排它做的事情罢了 Yet one authority states categorically,"A machine can handle information;it can calculate,conclu de,and choose;it can perform reasonable operations with information.A machine,therefore,ca n think.Famed mathematician Norbert Wiener,of MIT,envisions a machine that can learn and wi ll"in no way be obliged to make such decisions as we should have made,or will be acceptable to us."Evidently,he thinks machines can think.不过，一位权威人士明确地说：“机器能处理信息，能进行计算、做出决定和选择，能利用信息从事各种合理的工作，因此，机器能够思维。”麻省理工学院著名的数学家诺伯特·威纳做出展望认为，机器能学习，它“决不会被迫做出我们必须作的决定，或是迎合我们。”显然，他认为机器能够思维 There is a popular anecdote about a computer programmer who,just for a lark,spent days settin g up the machine to destroy itself,then watched delightedly as the computer dutifully proceeded to commit suicide.If that machine could have thought,would it not have circumvented him?一个有关一位计算机程序设计员的轶事广为流传。这位程序设计员只是为了取乐，花了几天的时间，装了一台毁灭机器自身的机器，然后兴高采烈地观看这台计算机忠实地自杀，那台计算机假如能够思维的话，难道不会用谋略去战胜他吗 To me the controversy boils down to a definition of the word think.There is no area in physiology that is less understood than the human brain.Practically all that is known is that the brain contai ns some ten billion tiny cells called neurons.对我来说，这场争论归根结底就是对“思维”一词如何下定义。从生理学的角度看，没有哪个领域比人脑了解得更少的了。实际上我们所知道的只是大脑约含有100亿个称为神经原的微小细胞 Apparently neurons are elementary memory units,capable of storing the same kind of informatio n"bits"that a machine can store.The completely materialistic view is that neurons,along with an extraordinary network of nerve-communication lines,comprise all that is to the brain.But such a n explanation fails to account for how the brain originates thought.很显然，神经原是基本的记忆单位，能储存的信息“块”种类与机器是相等的。彻底唯物的观点是，大脑是由神经原与一个特殊的神经通讯网共同组成的。但这一解释并没有说明大脑是如何产生思维的Probably the clearest differentiation between man and machine is a quantitative one.The brain h as roughly a million times as many components as the best computer.On the other hand,the diff erence may lie in a spiritual factor,embraced by religion.At any rate,a machine cannot exercise f ree will or originate anything-not yet.Whether it ever will is still an open argument.人和机器之间最明显的区别大概是量的不同。人脑的组成元件大约是最好的计算机的100万倍。从另一个方面来说，区别也许在于宗教所能接受的某精神因素。不管怎样，机器不能行使自由意志或创造任何东西——现在还不能。将来是否可以尚存争议 Computers can already do a lot of surprising things,which include predicting the weather.The m achine is able to make forecasts by assimilating vast quantities of data,but this,as well as most of the other tasks now performed by the thinking machines,is routine,requiring thinking of a very l ow order.Let us see what happens when we go beyond this step.计算机已经能做许多令人吃惊的事，其中包括预报天气。它可以接收大量的数据、并以此做出预报，但与思维机器现在所完成的大多数别的工作一样，这只是它的日常工作，只需要低思维层次。我们跨越这一步后，再看看会出现什么情况吧 A great many outstanding men are preoccupied with computers that do nonnumerical work:that
2015年 河海大学研究生英语一 Unit 11 The Iks
Unit 11 The Iks The small tribe of Iks, formerly nomadic hunters and gatherers in the mountain valleys of northern Uganda, have become celebrities, literary symbols for the ultimate fate of disheartened, heartless mankind at large. Two disastrously conclusive things happened to them: the government decided to have a national park, so they were compelled by law to give up hunting in the valleys and become farmers on poor hillside soil, and then they were visited for two years by an anthropologist who detested them and wrote a book about them. 小部落伊克人，曾经在乌干达北部山谷里过着狩猎和采集的游牧民族生活，已变成名人，总体来说，成了最终命运沮丧的、无情的人的人文象征。两件具有灾难性、决定性意义的事情发生在他们身上。政府决定建一座国家公园，所以他们依法被迫放弃在山谷里的狩猎生活，而变成贫瘠的山坡地里的农民。之后，一个憎恶他们的人类学家访问了他们两年，并写了一本关于他们的书。 The message of the book is that the Iks have transformed themselves into an irreversibly disagreeable collection of unattached, brutish creatures, totally selfish and loveless, in response to the dismantling of their traditional culture. Moreover, this is what the rest of us are like in our inner selves, and we will all turn into Iks when the structure of our society comes all unhinged. 书的主旨是说，伊克人已经将自己变成了无药可救的不友善的人渣，是独立的、野兽般的生物，完全的自私无情。这是对他们分崩离析的传统文化所做出的反应。此外，这也是我们内在本性的模样。当我们的社会结构全部瓦解时，我们都将变成伊克人。 The argument rests, of course, on certain assumptions about the core of human beings, and is necessarily speculative. You have to agree in advance that man is fundamentally a bad lot , out for himself alone , displaying such graces as affection and compassion only as learned habits . If you take this view, the story of the Iks can be used to confirm it. These people seem to be living together, clustered in small, dense villages, but they are really solitary, unrelated individuals with no evident use for each other. They talk, but only to make ill-tempered demands and cold refusals. They share nothing. They never sing. They turn the children out to forage as soon as they can walk, and desert the elders to starve whenever they can, and the foraging children snatch food from the mouths of the helpless elders. It is a mean society. 论点当然是建立在对人性的必要的推测性假设的基础上。首先，你得同意人性本恶，所表现出的喜爱和同情的优雅，仅仅是学到的习性，并非与生俱来。如果你持此观点，伊克人的故事就可以用来佐证。这些人表面上生活在一起，群居在小而密集的村庄，但是他们真的是独立的、没有关联的、对别人毫无明显作用的个人。他们聊天，但仅仅是提出坏脾气的要求，做出冷漠的拒绝。他们毫无分享，从不唱歌。他们将刚会走路的孩子赶出去寻找食物，将老人抛弃任由其饿死。觅食的孩子从无助的老者嘴下抢夺食物。这是个卑鄙自私的社会。 They breed without love or even casual regard. They defecate on each other’s doorsteps. They watch their neighbors for signs of misfortune, and only then do they laugh. In the book they do a lot of laughing, having so much bad luck. Several times they even laughed at the anthropologist, who found this especially repellent (one
新视野大学英语翻译答案
汉译英 Unit1 1.无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充足的准备，你都很难在这样嘈杂的招待会上发表演讲。（no matter how） No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech ，you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2.就像吉米妹妹的朋友都关系吉米一样，吉米也关系他们（just as） Just as all his sister ’ s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them 3.汽车生产商在新车的几处都印有汽车识别号码，以便帮助找回被盗的车辆。（track down）Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4.老师回来时你敢告我状的话，我就不再和你说话了。（tell on） If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more. 5.有些老年人愿意独自过日子，但大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活。（on one’s own） Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children. 6.现在需要面对的事情是：如何筹集创建公司所需的资金。（reckon with） Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company. Unit2 1.被告是位年仅30岁的女子，她坚持称自己无罪 The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence. 2.总体看来，枣、豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜是最好的铁质来源。 All tings considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron . 3正餐时不供应饮料，饮料会影响消化。 No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion. 4.考虑到那个地区受欢迎的程度，提前订旅馆是明智的。 Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance. 5.服药后若有呕吐感，请立即停止服用并立刻咨询医生。 If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately and consult your doctors as soon as possible. 6.总结这次讨论时，他说双方都要好好考虑怎样以最有效的方法来解决这一问题。 Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the problem. Unit3 1.在思维方面，与他的行为一样，他是非常传统的。 In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional. 2..教师一旦同意接受新的教学计划，他们就得面对新计划所带给他们的压力。 Once the teachers agree to accept the new teaching program, they have to face the strain it puts on them. 3.从长远看，大学毕业后继续深造而不是直接参加工作是值得的。 In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one ’ s study after graduatin g from university instead of going to work directly. 4.由于这所学校的办学宗旨是品德第一，所以道德观和学习成绩受到同样的重视。 As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and academic achievements are stressed equally. 5.据说，原定于这个月召开的会议将推迟到下个月召开。
2015年河海大学研究生英语一Unit1GhostsforTea(精)
Unit 1 Ghosts for T ea ' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope. 'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935.' “十便士看海湾风光。”那个带着望远镜的老头说道。 “多么晴朗美丽的早晨。来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年大海难的遗迹吧!” Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent. 十便士是纯粹的抢劫,可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。 Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unr olling on to the beach, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and do dging gracefully on the sea . Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one ano ther as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse sto od on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the light house, the man beside me tapped my wrist. 峭壁伸展向远处,海风激起的波浪闪耀着铺展在沙滩上,海面上几艘游艇伴着乳白色风帆优雅地弯成弧形避开。天空下方,一群海鸥在一只只的叫唤着,侧身滑过水面。离岸一英里处,在海浪贪婪地拍打的岩石上,那座古老的灯塔矗立在一石头平台上。的确我决不会吝惜钱。当我把望远镜对准灯塔时,我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。 ' Have you heard about the terrible tragedy that occurred there in that lighthouse? ' he asked in a hushed whisper.
新视野大学英语第三版第一册课后翻译答案.doc
新视野大学第三版book1英语课后翻译答案 Unit1 苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家，被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。他是一个谜一般的人物，人们主要通过后来的一些古典作家的叙述，尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他。苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法，即通过提问和回答来激发批判性思维以及阐述观点。该方法在各种讨论中仍被普遍使用。他还在认识论和逻辑领域作出了重大而深远的贡献。他的思想和方法所带来的影响一直是后来的西方哲学的坚实基础。苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最丰富多彩的人物。他在他那个时代已威名远扬。虽然他未曾建立什么哲学体系，未曾设立什么学派，也未曾创立什么宗派，但他的名字很快就变得家喻户晓了。 Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history. He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”. His words and life story were recorded in The Analects. An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analectshas had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius. Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years’traditional Chinese culture. Much of Confucius’thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community. Unit2 圣诞节是一个被广泛庆祝的文化节日，全世界有许许多多的人在12月25日庆祝这一节日。它是为了纪念耶稣基督的诞辰。该节日最早可追溯到公元336年。渐渐地，这一节日演变为一个既是宗教又是非宗教的节日，越来越多的非基督徒也庆祝圣诞节。如今，圣诞节在全球被作为一个重大的节日和公共假日来庆祝。不同国家的圣诞节风俗也各不相同。现代流行的圣诞接风俗包括交换圣诞贺卡和圣诞礼物、唱圣诞歌曲、参加教堂活动、摆放各种圣诞装饰品和圣诞树、举行家庭聚会以及准备一顿特别的大餐。对小孩子们来说，这个节日充满了幻想和惊喜。据传说，圣诞老人会在圣诞夜从烟囱进入每户人家，给乖巧听话的孩子带来礼物。由于圣诞节送礼物以及许多其他方面推动了基督徒和非基督徒的经济活动，圣诞节也因此成为商家的一个重大活动和主要销售季。 According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival-the Mid-Autumn Festival. This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn. One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon. On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating moon cakes. The festival is also a time for family reunion. People living far away from home will express their feelings of missing their hometowns and families at this festival, all expressing people’s love and hope for a happy life. Since 2008, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become an official national holiday in China.
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示,)Unit 4 Explicit and Implicit Moral Education
Imagine a guardsman, from the moment he falls in on parade in the morning until the moment th e parade is dismissed, every conscious action he makes is predetermined and controlled. If inadv ertently he does something that is not in the schedule, such as drop his rifle, he has to cover up t he accident by pretending to faint. To do anything other than conform might show originality and inventiveness, but from the point of view of military ethos（风气，社会思潮） would be immoral. 想象一下，一个卫士，从他早上在阅兵仪式的那一刻起直到游行解解散的那一刻,他的每一个有意识的动作都是受预定和控制的。如果他无意间做了什么计划外的事情，比如像掉了他的步枪，他不得不假装晕倒来掩盖事故。做除了承认以外的任何事情都可以展示出独创性和创造性，但是从军事风气的角度来看可能是不道德的。 That is an example of a thorough-going explicit moral system. In it actions are rigidly divided into right ones and wrong ones, permitted ones and non-permitted ones, and everyone involved acce pts this without question; and to train a participant in such a system is an explicit matter, and the simplest form of behaviour training, provided the learners acknowledge the teacher as an unques tionable authority who knows exactly what moral behaviour is. 这是一个彻底的显性道德体系的例子。它的行动被严格分为正确的和错误的，允许的和不准许的，并且体系内的人接受这个没有问题，并且培养在这样的系统中的参与者是一个明确的事情，，最简单的行为训练的形式，倘若学习者承认教师作为一个不容置疑的权威，明确分辨道德行为与否。Consider the same guardsman in the evening, in a tavern with a girl. His behaviour is not so rigor ously controlled, and he has many choices of action, many decisions to make. In that case, all sort s of pressures are influencing his choice of actions. What his peer group does, what is the custom at the moment in that area, what he thinks the girlfriend will accept or expect, maybe the sort of lifestyle he has seen displayed in television plays, the things he has read about in the papers, thes e are all contributing to his decisions. He has not been instructed explicitly, as in the morning, but he has had a much more diffuse implicit training in behaviour, derived from many sources.考虑同样的卫士，在晚上，同一个女孩在一个小酒馆。他的行为是不那么严格的受控制，他的行动有很多选择，很多决定去下。在这种情况下，各种压力都会影响他的行动选择。他的同龄人做的，此刻在此方面的习惯，他认为的这个女性朋友会接受或者拒绝的，或者他在电视上看到的生活方式，书上读到的故事，这些都有助于他的决定。同早上比，他没有被明确指示，但是他有一个更加扩散的隐性训练行为，来自多种来源。 These, then, are the two forms of education available to those who wish to influence others' mor als - the explicit instruction and the implicit influence of surrounding behaviour. Which do we use with school pupils, or do we perhaps need to make use of each at different times? Above, in desc ribing the morning parade morals of the guardsman, it was pointed out that explicit instruction d epended on the learner's acceptance of the authority of the instructor. Without that acceptance t he system breaks down. While to the same guardsman in the evening, in a tavern with a girl, such explicit moral exhortation would probably have little effect, because the speaker is not regarded as an authority, but rather as a crank. This illustrates the impossibility of having explicit moral edu cation unless all concerned have agreed on the fundamental principles, and on who has the right to expound them and say how they apply in practice. Where you have a society or an organizatio n in which such accord is possible, then behaviour is determined and can be the subject of explici t instruction.那么，明确的指导和周围环境的隐性影响是两种有效的教育模式对那些想要影响他人道德的人来说。我们用哪一种当面对学校学生是，或在不同时刻我们用每一个。上面，在描述上午游行的卫兵的道德时，指出显性指导依赖于学习者对指导者权威的承认。如果不承认系统就崩溃了。而相同的卫兵在晚上,在酒2013年ACCA/CAT考试全攻略每日一练历年
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示,特殊单词有注释)Unit 1 Ghosts for Tea
' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope. 'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck o f 1935.' 十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。” Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent. 要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。 Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the b each, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea . Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were b eing greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the teles cope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist. 峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。' Have you heard about the terrible tragedy that occurred there in that lighthouse?' he asked in a hushed whisper. 'I imagine there may be plenty of legends attached to such a dramatic-looking place' , I suggested . “您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗?”他压低了嗓声对我说。“我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性，有关它的传说一定不少，”我说。 'It's no legend' , declared the old man.'My father knew the two men involved. It all took place fift y years ago to-day. Let me tell you. His voice seemed to grow deeper and more dramatic. “这可不是传说，”那老头郑重其事地说。“我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。一切都发生在50年前的今天。让我说给您听听吧。” 他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。 'For a whole week that lighthouse had been isolated by storms' , he began, 'with terrifying seas s urging and crashing over the rocks. People on shore were anxious about the two men working th ere. They'd been on the best of terms until two or three weeks before, when they had quarrelled over cards in the village inn. Martin had accused Blake of cheating. Blake had vowed to avenge th e insult to his honour. But thanks to the wise advice of a man they both respected, they apologise d to each other, and soon seemed to have got over their disagreement. But some slight resentme nt and bitterness remained. and it was feared that the strain of continued isolation and rough we ather might affect their nerves, though, needless to say, their friends had no idea how serious the consequences would be. “整整一个礼拜，风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。 “咆啸的大海波涛汹涌，海浪拍打着岩石，轰然作响。岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。他们俩是多年的挚友，但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝，他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。不过各自心里还有些怨恨。因此，人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使
2015年--河海大学研究生英语一-Unit-16---The-Role-of-Science-Fiction
2015年--河海大学研究生英语一 -Unit-16---The-Role-of-Scie nce-Fiction
Unit 16 The Role of Science Fiction The year 1972 was marked by this publication of a controversial book. The Limits to Growth. This study of the world’s future, done by a team of MIT scientists with the aid of computer “models” of the future of our society, forecast a planetwide disaster unless humankind sharply limits its population growth and consumption of natural resources. 1972年为世人所瞩目的一件事就是出版了一本颇有争议的书——《增长的极限》。这一有关世界前景的研究，是由麻省理工学院一组科学家借助模拟未来社会的电脑“模型”进行的，预言了人类若不大幅度限制人口增长和自然资源消耗，就会出现全球性的灾难。 Most people were caught by surprise when the book came out. Many refused to believe that disaster is possible, probable, inevitable---if we don’t change our mode of running Spaceship Earth. But science fiction people were neither surprised nor outraged. The study was really old news to them. They’d been making their own “models” of tomorrow and testing them all their lives. 该书问世时大多数人吃了一惊。许多人拒绝相信存在发生灾难的可能性、盖然性、必然性——倘使我们不改变对“地球飞船”的管理方式的话。但科幻小说家及其读者却既不惊讶，也不愤慨。事实上，这项研究对他们来说已不是什么新鲜事了。他们毕生都在制作自己的未来世界“模型”，并付诸试验。 For what the scientists attempted with their computer model is very much like the thing that science fiction writers and readers have been doing for decades. Instead of using a computer to “model” a future world society, science fiction writers have used their human imaginations. This gives the writers some enormous advantages. 因为科学家们试图用电脑模型实现的事与科幻小说作家及其读者数十年来所做的非常相象。科幻小说作家并不依靠电脑来“模拟”一个未来世界，而是凭借人类的想象力。这给了作家某些极为有利的条件。 One of the advantages is flexibility. 有利条件之一就是灵活性。 Science fiction writers are not in the business of predicting the future. They do something much more important. They try to show the many possible futures that lie open to us. 科幻小说作家的职责不在预言未来，他们做的比这重要得多。他们试图展现许多可能出现在我们面前的前景。 For there is not simply a future, a time to come that’s inevitable. Our future is built, bit by bit, minute by minute, by the actions of human beings. One vital role of science fiction is to show what kinds of future might result from certain kinds of human actions. 因为并非只有一种前途，一种时代会不可避免地降临人间。我们的未来世界是由人类用自身的行动一点一滴地、一分一秒地创造起来的。科幻小说的一个重要作用，便是揭示人类某几种行为的结果会形成哪几种未来世界。 To communicate the ideas, the fears and feel of all infinite possible futures, science fiction writers lean heavily on another of their advantages: the art of