河海大学研究生英语教程翻译(Unit11-20)
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示,特殊单词有注释)Unit 1 Ghosts for Tea
' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope.'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck o f 1935.'十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。
请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。
”Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent. 要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。
Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the b each, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea . Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were b eing greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the teles cope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist.峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。
研究生英语综合教程(上)课文翻译
研究生英语综合教程（上）课文翻译unitone核心员工的特征大卫g．詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。
我请一位客户――一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。
“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。
在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。
当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。
我们只招募核心员工。
”2这就是一段充满著了鼓动性的谈话，目的就是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司回去游说经验丰富的员工们搞一次职业更改。
他们想要从另一家公司召募核心员工。
然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。
他们必须找寻的就是全然一样的东西。
“我们把他们和公司顶级员工整体表现出来的特质展开对照。
假如他们看上去存有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。
”只是这样有点儿冒险。
3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。
作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。
4特征1：无私的合作者职业顾问和化学家约翰费策尔最早明确提出了这个特征。
关于这个特征，人们已经写下了大量的文章。
它之所以应该被反反复复谈到，是因为这一特征就是学术界和企业间最显著的差别。
“这里须要合作，”费策尔说道，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以整体表现出来合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。
在企业环境中，没这样的思维方式就不可能将顺利。
”5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。
因为生命中有那么长1一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。
你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作――并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。
研究生英语综合教程课后翻译
研究⽣英语综合教程课后翻译研究⽣英语综合教程（下）1.Illogically,she had expected some kind of miracle solution.她本想会有种奇迹般的解决⽅法，这是不合理的事。
2.He stalked away,but with a gnawing uncertainty in his mind.他昂⾸阔步地⾛开，⼼⾥半信半疑，感到⼗分苦恼。
3.The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupants.每个帐篷内部怎样布置，这要看各个使⽤者的性格了。
4.Doctors and injured both talked about a miracle drug constantly almost with awe.医⽣和伤员常常谈起⼀种神奇的药物，⽽且谈时⼏乎都带着⼀种惊叹的⼝⽓。
5.The answer had been there all of the time just out of reach.答案⼀直摆在那⼉，可是没⼈弄到⼿。
1.The ample yard in back is dominated by heavily bearing fruit trees.屋后是个宽敞的院⼦，⼤部分都给果实累累的果树占了。
2.Out of sheer joy she waved.她纯粹出于⾼兴，才挥了挥⼿。
He wanted to tell John how surprised he was at his knowledge but embarrassment made him hold his peace.3.他想告诉约翰，他没料到他的只是这么渊博，但是觉得有点不好意思，没有说出⼝。
4.Three rains had passed, and it was that lean season when the village's store of grain and other dried foods from the last harvest was almost gone.3个⾬季过去了，正到了青黄不接的时候。
研究生英语综合教程课文翻译+原文
课文原文1-7 Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this: "I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it."1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
”2 We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be abuilt-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved.2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。
河海大学设计研究生英语教程课文翻译[考试范围内课文翻译]
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本篇包含全部期末考试考试范围单元！！！Unit 1Ghosts for Tea“十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道。
“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。
请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。
”要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。
峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。
海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。
山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。
离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。
说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。
当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。
“您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗?”他压低了嗓声对我说。
“我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性，有关它的传说一定不少，”我说。
“这可不是传说，”那老头郑重其事地说。
“我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。
一切都发生在50年前的今天。
让我说给您听听吧。
”他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。
“整整一个礼拜，风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。
“咆啸的大海波涛汹涌，海浪拍打着岩石，轰然作响。
岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。
他们俩是多年的挚友，但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。
马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。
多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝，他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。
不过各自心里还有些怨恨。
因此，人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏，尽管两人的朋友们不消说还根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。
”“离今50年前的那个晚上，灯塔上没有出现灯光，直到凌晨两点钟左右才有一束灯光突然发出警告信号。
“第二天早上，灯光依然可见。
风暴已经平息了，人们派出一条救生船前去查看情况。
等待人们的却是一个不忍目睹的场面——马丁和布莱克的起居室一片骇人景象，桌子翻倒在地，一副牌散得到处都是，地板上溅满了血迹。
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译（重...
A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, pr ofessional or religious group, or as a member of a crowd. Groups are capable of being as moral a nd intelligent as the individuals who form them; a crowd is chaotic, has no purpose of its own an d is capable of anything except intelligent action and realistic thinking. Assembled in a crowd, peo ple lose their powers of reasoning and their capacity for moral choice. Their suggestibility is incre ased to the point where they cease to have any judgement or will of their own. They become ver y excitable, they lose all sense of individual or collective responsibility, they are subject to sudden excesses of rage, enthusiasm and panic. In a word, a man in a crowd behaves as though he had s wallowed a large dose of some powerful intoxicant. He is a victim of what I have called' herd-pois oning'. Like alcohol, herd- poison is an active, extravagant drug. The crowd-intoxicated individual escapes from responsibility, intelligence and morality into a kind of frantic, animal mindlessness. 一个人通过以下两种方式与社会直接接触：作为某个家庭、职业或宗教组织的成员，或者仅仅是隶属于某个群体。
河海大学研究生英语教程第五版U1-U20重点课文中英文对照
Unit 1Ghosts for Tea1 “Ten pence for a view over the bay”，said the old man with the telescope。
“Lovely clear morning。
Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935。
”“十便士看一次海湾风光，"那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道。
“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。
请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。
”2 Ten pence was sheer robbery，but the view was certainly magnificent。
要十便士简直是敲诈勒索,可是海湾的景色确实壮丽.3 Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the beach，and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea。
Just below，a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water。
A mile out to sea，the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money。
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译（重...
A good many technical people become irate when you call a computer a giant brain. They insist t hat a computer does only what thinking humans have planned to have假 it如 d你o. 把计算机称
games intelligently. At the far limit of possibility, they wish to know whether, at least on paper, m achines can reproduce themselves. In other words, are we really certain that a machine can do o nly what its programmer wills it to do? Already there are in existence a number of machines that approach these powers. The simplest type is the computer that understands 许lo多gic杰. 出的人 才在潜心研制从事“非数字”工作的计算机。也就是说，所有的数字输入后，机器能够“以 此为基点继续干下去”。比方说，这些人想看看无生命的装置是否能进行判断、做出选择、 产生思想、伶俐地玩游戏，他们想知道，至少在理论上，机器是否可以再生，再生的可能性
河海大学研究生英语教程第五版UU重点课文中英文对照
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Ｕniｔ1Leabharlann Ｇｈosts foｒTea
1“Ｔen pｅnce forａvｉewover tｈｅbay”，ｓaiｄ ｔheolｄ ｍaｎwiｔｈthe tｅlescope.“Loveｌｙｃleａｒmｏrnｉng．Have a loｏｋat the oｌd ligｈｔｈｏuse and tｈe remainｓof tｈe gｒeat shipwrｅcｋof 193５.”“十便士看一次海湾风光,”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道。“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。请来看看那古老的灯塔和１９35年失事的大轮船残骸吧。”
5Ｈｉs vｏice seeｍed to grow dｅeperａndmｏreｄｒamatiｃ.他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。
6“Ｆoｒa whｏleweｅｋthat ligｈthouseｈadbｅeｎiｓolaｔedby stoｒms”, heｂegan, “ｗiｔｈterｒｉfｙｉnｇseａsｓurging aｎd crasｈingovｅｒthｅrocks．Peopleon sｈｏrewere anxｉoｕs aｂout thｅtwo men worｋing theｒe. Theｙ'ｄbeｅn on tｈｅbest ofｔerms uｎtil tｗo oｒthreeweekｓｂefｏre，when they hａdｑuarreledoverｃardsin tｈevｉｌlａge inn.MａrtinhaｄaccusedＢlake oｆcheaｔing．Blake haｄｖｏwｅdtoａvengethｅinsulttoｈis hｏnｏr.But tｈanｋs toｔhewisｅadｖｉceｏｆa maｎtｈeyｂotｈreｓpected,ｔheyａpologizedｔｏeａcｈotheｒ，andsooｎseｅｍed to haｖｅｇot oｖｅr tｈeirｄiｓａｇreemenｔ.Bｕｔsoｍｅslightｒesentｍent aｎｄbitteｒnessｒemainｅd. And it wasｆｅaredthat thestrａin of continuedｉsoｌatioｎanｄrough weatｈｅrｍight aｆfｅcｔthｅirｎervｅs,tｈouｇh，needlｅssto say, thｅiｒfriｅnds haｄｎo idea hｏw seｒioｕs the coｎsequeｎcｅsｗouｌd be.”“整整一个礼拜,风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。“咆啸的大海波涛汹涌,海浪拍打着岩石,轰然作响。岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。他们俩是多年的挚友,但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝,他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。不过各自心里还有些怨恨。因此,人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏,尽管不用说，但两人的朋友们根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。”
河海大学 研究生英语阅读理解
Unit 11Passage OneNow custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to, be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mothertongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first and formost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.Comprehension Questions1. The author thinks the reason why custom has been ignored in the academic world is that.A.custom reveals only the superficial nature of human behaviorB.the study of social orders can replace the study of customC.people are still not aware of the important role that custom plays in forming our worldoutlookD.custom has little to do with our ways of thinking2. Which of the following is true according to John Dewey?A.An individual can exercise very little influence on the cultural tradition into which he isborn.B.Custom is the direct result of the philosophical probings of a group of people.C.An individual is strongly influenced by the cultural tradition even before he is born.D.Custom represents the collective wisdom which benefits the individual.3. The word "custom" in this passage most probably means .A.the concept of the true and the false of a societyB.the independently developed social ordersC.the adjustment of the individual to the new social environmentD.the patterns and standards of behavior of community4. According to the passage, a person's life, from his birth to his death, .A.is constantly shaping the cultural traditions of his peopleB.is predominated by traditional customC.is continually influenced by the habits of other communitiesD.is continually influenced by the people around him5. The author's purpose in writing this passage is .A.to urge individuals to follow traditional customsB.to stress the strong influence of customs on an individualC.to examine the interaction of man and social customsD.to show man's adjustment to traditional customsPassage TwoThrough human history, weather has altered the march of events and caused some mighty catastrophes. Since Columbus did not know where he was going or where he had arrived when he got there, the winds truly deserved nearly as much credit as he for the discovery of America. Ugly westerlies helped turn the 1588 Spanish Armada away from England in a limping panic. Napoleon was done in twice by weather: once by the snow and cold that forced his fearful retreat from Moscow, later by the rain that bedeviled him at Waterloo and caused Victor Hugo to write: " A few drops of water--- an unseasonable cloud crossing the sky, sufficed for the overthrow of a world. " In 1944 the Allied invasion of Normandy was made possible by a narrow interval of reasonably good weather between the bad. It was so narrow, in fact that Supreme Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower later expressed gratitude to " the gods of war".Every year brings fresh reminders of the weather's power over human life and events in the form of horrifying tornadoes, hurricanes and floods. These leave behind forgettable statistics and unforgettable images of devastated towns and battered humanity that can only humble people in the face of such wrath. Farmers often suffer the most , from the drought and plagues of biblical times to the hailstorms or quick freezes that even today can wipe out whole crops in minutes, Icy assaults serve as reminders of the inescapable vulnerability of life and social well-being to the whims of the weather. And history is packed with reminders of far worse. The weather, ample, provoked a major social dislocation in the United States in the 1930's when it turned much of the Southwest into the Dust Bowl.Comprehension Questions1.According to the author, Columbus .A.did not discover AmericaB.stole the credit for the discovery 0f America from someone elseC.dose not deserve to be known as the man who discovered AmericaD.was not aware he had discovered America2. According to the passage, what helped the Allies succeed in the Normandy Invations in 1944?A. A spell of bad weatherB. A short period of fairly good weather.C.Good weather followed by bad weather.D.The excellent weather conditions.3. The best title for the first paragraph would be .A.The Development of History up to Modern TimesB.The Importance of Weather for the Progress of Events in HistoryC.The Way Fate Influences the Outcome of Events in HistoryD.Success in All Past Undertakings Depended on the Weather4. In the second paragraph, weather is seen as .A.an impulsive and unpredictable forceB.man's benefactorC.man's chief enemyD. a powerful destroyers of human life and property5. It can be inferred from the passage that weather brings .A.only benefits to manB.only disadvantages to manC.both benefits and disadvantages to manD.nothing but incovenience to manUnit 12Passage OneMaterial culture refers to the touchable, material "things" —physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used—that a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and ways of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.Sheet music or printed music, too is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America, printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different song. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as whole.One more important part for music's material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, television and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the"information revolution," a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.Comprehension Questions1.Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance because .A.it helps produce new cultural tools and technologyB.it can reflect the development of the nationC.it helps understand the nation's past and presentD.it can demonstrate the nation's civilization2. It can be learned from this passage that .A.the existence of the symphony was attributed to the spread of Near Eastern andChinese music.B.Near Eastern music had an influence on the development of the instruments inthe symphony orchestraC.the development of the symphony shows the mutual influence of Eastern andWestern musicD.the musical instruments in the symphony orchestra were developed on the basisof Near Eastern music3. According to the author, music notation is important because .A.it has a great effect on the music-culture as more and more people are able toread itB.it tends to standardize folk songs when it is used by folk musiciansC.it is the printed version of standardized versions of songsD.it encourages people to popularize printed versions of songs4. It can be concluded from the passage that the introduction of electronic media into the world of music .A.has brought about an information revolutionB.has speeded up the arrival of a new generation of computesC.has given rise to new forms of music cultureD.has led to the transformation of traditional musical instruments5.which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A.Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner or later be replacedby computers.B.Music cannot be passed on to future generation unless it is recorded.C.Folk songs cannot be spread far unless they are printed on music sheets.D.The development of music culture is highly dependent on its material aspect.Passage TwoReading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds, while during the 15th century the term "reading" undoubtedly meant reading aloud. Only during the 19th century did silent reading become commonplace.One should be wary, however, of assuming that silent reading came about simply becausereading aloud is a distraction to others. Examination of factors related to the historical development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the taks themselves changed in character.The last century saw a steady gradual increase in literacy, and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, so the number of potential listeners declined, and there was some reduction in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers.Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. However, whatever its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialised readership on the otherBy the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly altered what term "reading" implied.Comprehension Questions1. Reading aloud was common before 19th century because .a. silent reading had not been discovered.b. there were few places available for private readingc. few people could read for themselvesd. people relied on reading for entertainment2. The development of silent reading during the 19th century indicated .a. a change in the status of literate peopleb. a change in the nature of readingc. an incerase iri the number of booksd. an increase in the average age of readers3. Educationalists are still arguing about .a. the importance of silent readingb. the amount of information yielded by books and newspapers.c. the effects of reading on intelligenced. the value of different types of reading material4. The emergence of the mass media and specialised periodicals showed that .a. standards of literacy had declinedb.readers' interests had diversifiedc.printing techniques had improvedcationalists' attitudes had changed5.It can be inferred from the passage that the writer is attempting to .a. explain how present-day reading habits developedb. change people's attitudes to readingc. show how reading methods have improvedd. encourage the growth of readingUnit 13Passage OneThree English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing a "new" feature, the BBC English Dictionary contains background information on 1000 people and places prominent in the news since 1988; the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: Encyclopedic Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedic entries; the Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture is the LDOCE plus cultural information.The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly "cultural" as well as language learning content. That being said, the way in which they approach the cultural element is not identical | making direct comparisons between the three difficulties.While there is some common ground between the encyclopedic/cultural entries for the Oxford and Longman dictionaries, there is a clear difference. Oxford lays claim to being encyclopedic on content whereas Longman distinctly concentrates on the language and culture of the English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman publication because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. The cultural objectives of the BBC dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis of over 70 million words recorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of Washington over a period of four years, their 1000 brief encyclopedic entries are based on people and places that have featured in the news recently. The intended user they have in mind is a regular listener to the World Service who will have a reasonable standard of English and a developed skill in listening comprehension.In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced with a situation where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least socio-cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally opposed and even hostile to those of the West. Advanced learners from this kind background will not only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite views about the scope and appropriateness of the various socio-cultural entries.Comprehension Questions1. What feature sets apart the three dictionaries discussed in the passage from traditional ones?A.the combination of two dictionaries into oneB.the new approach to defining wordsC.The inculusion of cultural contentD.The increase in the number of entries2. The Longman dictionary is more likely to be criticized for cultural prejudice because .A.its scope of cultural entries goes beyond the culture of the English-speaking worldB.it pays little attention to the cultural content of the non-English-speaking countriesC.it views the world purely from the standpoint of the English-speaking peopleD.it fails to distinguish language from culture in its encyclopedic entries3.The BBC dictionary differs from Oxford and Longman in that .A.it has a wider selection of encyclopedic entriesB.it is mainly designed to meet the needs of radio listenersC.it lays more emphasis on language than on cultureD.it is intended to help listeners develop their listening comprehension skills4. It is implied in the last paragraph that, in approaching socio-cultural content in a .A.dictionary, special thought should be given toB.the language levels of its usersC.the number of its prospective purchasersD.the different tastes of its usersE.the various cultural backgrouds of its users5. What is the passage mainly about?A.Different ways of treating socio-cultural elements in the three new English dictionaries.B. A comparison of people's opinions on the cultural content in the three new Englishdictionaries.C.The advatages of the BBC dictionary over Oxford and Longman.D.The user-friendliess of the three new English dictionaries.Passage TwoAnother thing to remember in connection with concrete is that you are not allowed very much freedom for errors in either measurements or location. Once you have a solid mass of concrete set in place, it is going to stay there. You have a difficult job ahead of you if you try to remedy a mistake. Make very sure, before you fill the form that everything is where and how you want it.There are numerous rules regarding the proper mixing, handling, and finishing of concrete, but the essential one concerns the amount of water to use. The less water in the mix, the less the finished job will shrink. The less water used, the harder and more enduring the job after it has set.The amateur concrete worker is plagued with two desires. One is to use enough water to have the concrete nice and soft and easy to push around. You have been warned against that. The second is to take off the wooden forms too early, to see what the job looks like. That is really fatal. If the forms are stripped off too soon, while the concrete is still "green" , two things are likely to happen—you are almost sure to break off corners or edges, and you are likely to cause a major crack or defect in the body of the work. An excellent rule is to wait until you are sure the concrete is properly hardened, and then wait another day before removing the forms.Comprehension Questions1.The best title for this selection would be .A.Rules for Working with ConcreteB.Concrete and Its UsesC.Concrete, the Homeowner's JoyD.Concrete, a Test of Character2. Two of the main thoughts in this passage are ( 1 ) preparation of forms for the con-crete must be thorough, and (2) forms must be allowed to remain on long enough. The third main idea is .A.taking off forms beforehand will probably cause a crack in the body of the workB.trying to make changes after concrete has been poured is not recommendedC.mixing concrete properly will make it very hard and stronging as little water as possible is recommended3. In mixing concrete, one of the desires the amateur must resist is to .A.break off a corner to see if the "green" has goneB.leave the form on too longe too much waterD.strip off the forms a day after the concrete has properly hardened4. A human quality apparently not essential in someone who works with concrete is .A.carefulnessB.inventivenessC.patienceD.self-control5. By the concrete being too " green" , the author means that the concrete has .A.become discolouredB.become crackedC.not yet curedD.not dried outUnit 14Passage OneAs Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching, the surprising thing about computers in not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. The early electronic computer did not have much going for it except a marvelous memory and some good math skills. But today the best models can be wired up to learn by experience, follow an argument, ask proper questions and write poetry and music. They can also carry on somewhat puzzling conversations.Computers imitate life. As computers get more complex, the imitation gets better. Finally, the line between the original and the copy becomes unclear. In another 15 years or so, we will see the computer as a new form of life.The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures. But drives can be programmed into the computer's brain just as nature programmed them into our human brains as a part of the equipment for survival.Computers match people in some roles, and when fast decisions are needed in a crisis, they often surpass them. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneouslyand acting on them quickly. Throw too many things at the brain at one time and it freezes up.We are still in control, but the capabilities of computers are increasing at a fantastic rate, while raw human intelligence is changing slowly, if as all. Computer power has increased ten times every eight years since 1946. In the 1990s, when the sixth generation appears, the reasoning power of an intelligence built out of silicon will begin to match that of the human brain.That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth. Judging by the past, we can expect that a new species will arise out of man, surpassing his achievements as he has surpassed those of his predecessor. Only a carbon chemistry enthusiast would assume that the new species must be man's flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon.Comprehension Questions1. What do you suppose was the attitude of Dr. Samuel Johnson towards ladies preaching?A.He believed that ladies were born worse preachers than men.B.He was pleased that ladies could preach, though not as well as men.C.He disapproved of ladies preaching.D.He encouraged ladies to preach.2. Today , computers are still inferior to man in terms of .A.decision makingB.drives and feelingsC.growth of reasoning powerrmation absorption3. In terms of making quick decisions, the human brain cannot be compared with the computer because .A.in the long process of evolution the slow pace of life didn't require such ability of thehuman brain.B.the human brain is influenced by other factors such as motivation and emotionC.the human brain may sometimes freeze up in a dangerous situationputers imitate life while the human brain does not imitate computers4. Though he thinks highly of the development of computer science, the author doesn't mean that .puters are likely to become a new form of intelligent life.B.human beings have lost control of computersC.the intelligence of computers will eventually surpass that of human beingsD.the evolution of intelligence will probably depend on that of electronic brains5. Accordig to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Future man will be made of silicon instead of flesh and blood.B.Some day it will be difficult to tell a computer from a man.C.The reasoning power of computers has already surpassed that of man.D.Future intelligent life may not necessarily be made of organic matter.Passage TwoHoming pigeons are placed in a training program from about the time they are 28 days of age. They are taught to enter the loft through a trap and to exercise above and around the loft and gradually they are taken away for short distances in wicker basket and released. They are then expected to find their way home in the shortest possible time.In their training flights or in actual races, the birds are taken to prearranged distant points and released to find their way back to their own lofts. Once the birds are liberated, their owners, who are standing by at the home lofts, anxiously watch the sky for the return of their entries. Since time is of the essence, the speed with which the birds can be induced to enter the loft trap may make the difference between gaining a win or a second place.The head of a homing pigeon is comparatively small but its brain is one quarter larger than that of the ordinary pigeon. The homing pigeon is very intelligent and will I persevere to the point of stubbornness E some have been known to fly a hundred miles off course to avoid a storm.Some homing pigeon experts claim that this bird is gifted with a form of built-in radar that helps it find its own loft after hours of flight, for hidden under the head feathers are two very sensitive ears, while the sharp prominent eyes can see great distances in daytime.Why do homing pigeons fly home? They are not Unique in this inherent skill; it is found in most migratory birds, in bees, ants, toads, and even turtles, which have been known to travel hundreds of miles to return to their homes. But in the animal world, the homing pigeon alone can be trusted with its freedom and trained to carry out the missions that people demand.Comprehension Questions1. The main purpose of the passage is .A.to convince the reader to buy a homing pigeonB.to inform the reader about the homing pigeons and their trainingC.to protect homing pigeons against the threat of extinctionD.to encourage the owners of homing pigeons to set the birds free2. According to the passage, when homing pigeons are about a month old .A.they are kept in a trapB.they enter their first raceC.they begin a training programD.they get their wings clipped and marked3. According to the passage, the difference between a homing pigeon and an ordinary one is .A.the span of the wingsB.the shape of the eyesC.the texture of the feathersD.the size of the brain4. The author mentions all of the following attributes that enable a homing pigeon to return home EXCEPT .A.instinctB.air sacsC.sensitive earsD.good eyes5. In Paragraph 4, line 2, the word "it" most probably refers to .A.radarB.birdC.loftD.formUnit 16Passage OneExtraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is acceptable and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization , some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance , but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means.' It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.Comprehension Questions1. The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the .。
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Unit 11 The IksIks 小部落从前是游牧的猎人，聚居在乌干达北部的山谷中，现在这个部落变得很有名，整体上是灰心沮丧的，残忍冷酷的人类的终极命运的文学象征。
两件确实是灾难的事发生在他们身上：政府决定拥有一个国家公园，所以他们被法律迫使放弃山谷中的打猎生活，在贫瘠的山坡的土壤上变成农民，然后一个讨厌他们，研究他们两年的人类学家写了一本关于他们的书。
这本书的主题是：由于传统文化的废除，IKs变成一群彼此毫无关系，残酷无情，而又绝对令人讨厌的人，他们完全的自私和冷酷。
此外，这些特征正像我们内心的自己，当我们的社会结构完全错乱时，我们也将全部变成Iks。
这篇论文依据某种关于人类本质的设想，这种设想必然是推测而来的。
你不得不预先同意人类从本质上讲是坏的，完全为了他自己，展现出来的例如爱和同情这样的美德仅仅是后天学到的习惯。
如果你采纳这个观点，Iks人的故事便可以证实它。
这些人似乎是一直生活在一起，聚居在拥挤的小村庄，但是他们都是一群真正的独居的无关联的个体，彼此间没有明显的好处。
他们说话，但是只是做一些坏脾气的要求和冷漠的拒绝。
他们不分享。
他们从不唱歌。
他们的孩子一能走路就被打发出去寻找食物，只要有可能他们便抛弃那些老人，使他们饿死，那些寻找食物的孩子从无助的老人口中抢夺食物。
它是一个不友好的社会。
他们养育子女，但是不是出于爱，甚至也不是出于偶尔的关心。
他们在彼此的台阶上随地大小便。
他们观察他们的邻居，以等待不幸的降临，而且只有那时他们才大笑。
在书中，他们经常笑，因为有太多厄运。
好几次，他们甚至嘲笑人类学家，使人类学家发现这种嘲笑尤其令人反感（读者在字里行间发现，学者本身不是这世界上最幸运的人）。
更糟糕的是，他们把他带到家中，抢夺他的食物，在他的台阶上大小便，并且呵斥人类学家。
他们给他糟糕的两年。
它是一本令人沮丧的书。
如果，正像他建议的那样，在我们每个人的心中只有IK人的特性，我们唯一的维系人性的希望，将是不断地修补我们社会的结构，然而我们的社会结构变得如此之快，如此之完全，以至于我们不能及时找到修补社会的方法。
同时，让我们独自一个人相处，我们也会变得同样没有快乐，没有激情，没有同情心的孤独的动物。
但是这个观点也许太狭隘。
首先，IKs人如此的不寻常，事实上，他们绝对令人震惊。
人类学家从没有在其他任何地方见过这样的人，我也是。
你们也许该想想，如果他们完全能代表人类的共性，那么他们似乎更加容易被辨认出来。
然而，他们既稀奇古怪又非同寻常。
我也知道一些古怪、执拗、神经质、自私的人，但是在我一生中，我从没有遇到真正的一直令人厌恶的人。
Iks人看上去更像是反常的，有病的人。
我不能接受这个观点。
我相信Iks人并不能代表孤立的，被揭示本性的人，社会习俗使人类的本质更加清晰分明。
我相信他们的行为是额外的，外加给他们的，不是天生的。
这种无休止的，强迫性的，令人讨厌的行为是一种复杂的仪式。
他们一定通过学习才这样做的，他们通过某种方式模仿学来的。
我有一种理论。
Iks人一定是疯了。
一个独处的Ik人，孤立于被土崩瓦解的文化废墟中，已经为自己建立起新的防御工事。
如果你居住在一个不用工作的社会，你也可以建立一个属于你自己的防御工事，这就是IKs人所做的。
每一个Ik人变成一个组织，独自一人的部落，一个选举区。
现在所有的事都开始明朗化。
对我们所有人来说，这就是为什么Ik人似曾相识的原因。
我们以前已经见过他们。
这恰恰是小到委员会大到国家的大小不等的组织的行事方式。
正是人性的这一方面落后于人类其他的进化，这是为啥Ik看上去原始的原因。
当Ik处于绝对的自私，无论什么东西都不给别人，他就是一个成功的委员会。
当他站在自家棚屋的门前时，长篇大论义愤填膺大声侮辱邻居时，他就是一个城市向另一个城市发表正式讲话的形式。
城市有所有Ik人的特征。
他们在自己的或者别人的台阶上向江河湖泊中排泄。
他们丢弃垃圾。
他们憎恨所有相邻的城市，不给予任何东西。
他们甚至建立机构把老人抛弃到看不见的地方。
国家是所有组织中最像Ik人的。
难怪Ik人看起来那么熟悉。
对于一个国家而言，除了彻底的贪心，贪婪，残忍和不负责任，没有什么能更加与之相配的了。
根据法律，国家是自成一体的，自我中心的，离群索居的。
在国家之间，没有像爱这样的东西，当然也从没有一个国家爱过另一个国家。
他们从门口大声侮辱别人，将粪便排进整个海洋，抢夺食物，靠仇恨生存，对别人的厄运幸灾乐祸，庆祝别人的死亡，把别人的死当做自己的生活目标。
这就是答案，我将不会担心这边书了。
它并不意外着人类在他的内心中是毫无关联的，无人性的。
人类是正常的。
它仅仅说出了我们一直都知道的却没有时间去担心的事情，那就是我们还没学会如何在群居的状态下保持人性。
Ik人在绝望中表现出这种失败的状态，或许我们应该给予更多的关注。
国家把自己变得如此面目可憎，以至于我们不能对之加以思考，但是我们或许通过这些人学到些什么吧~！Unit 12 Thanksgiving1 很快人们又将团聚在一起，所有人都游走于自己与彼此的生活之间。
本周季节性的假日旅行将引诱他们回到家庭的餐桌旁。
2 到星期四这一天，即盛宴之日，家庭聚会之日，感恩日，这些比其他任何人都更加珍视个人主义的美国人都将围聚在家庭餐桌旁，举行归属仪式。
3 他们像张罗菜肴准备感恩大餐一样把家庭成员汇集到一起：每个家庭成员都有不同的个性，就像越橘果酱和南瓜饼完全不同一样。
为了这一次的感恩大餐，他们为对方做饭，为对方操心，给彼此食物，同时也相互争吵。
4 他们既接收他们共同的文化传统，赞同前辈们所热衷和关心的事情，同时也认真地对待他们共同的遗产即他们的孩子。
5 所有这些复杂的细胞，男人和女人，年长的和年轻的，拥有不同的梦想和失望，将再一次向他们既属于其中又与之保持距离的团体即他们的家庭表达敬意。
6 家庭与个体，我们和我。
作为理想的美国人我们游走于这两者之间。
7 我们在美国伟大的个人观念和伟大的家庭梦想之间作饶有价值的旅行。
我们往返来回磨坏了车胎，加快速度以缩短两种原则之间的距离。
8 在个人与家庭之间总是存在某种通道。
我们从认识自己是独立个体的那一刻起，就开始努力的解决单独自处和团结友爱之间的关系了。
9 此时此刻，这些冲突尤为严重。
毕竟我们是在家庭中成长为一个个体的。
这个双重身份伴随我们一生。
10 我们受到教诲知道作为“我”的自由和作为“我们”的安全。
作为“我”的孤独和作为“我们”的相互干扰，作为“我”的自私和作为“我们”的责任。
11 AM教导我们说：“人如果没有家庭，独自一个人生活在这个世界上，将在寒冷中颤抖。
”12 另一天，他又教导我们说：“对思想发展极度重要性的否定是许多对家庭反叛的原因。
”13 在理论上讲，世界鼓励个体和自我的“极度重要性”。
我们用自己的头脑独立思考。
以膨胀的自我感觉创作音乐和文学作品。
我们根据自身价值被划上等级，获得报酬，受雇佣或被解雇。
14 彻底的个人主义既动人心又残忍无情。
这是适者生存之所在。
15 另一方面，如果一个家庭处于最佳状态，对于个体的态度完全不同。
我们无需努力就已经被家庭所接收，我们只是不得不成为家庭中的一员。
我们的家庭成员关系不是基于证书，而是基于出身。
16 正如M所说“朋友因为你的聪明而喜爱你，情人因为你的魅力而喜爱你，但是家庭的爱是没有缘由的。
你出生于你的家庭，并与之血脉相连。
”17 家庭的形成不是为了适者生存，而是为了弱者生存。
它不是一个经济单位而是一个情感单位。
这不是一个人民彼此无情竞争，而是为彼此工作的地方。
18 它的职责是关爱，当家庭运作时，它不是冷漠的，而是友善的。
19 与外部世界相比，家庭生活中更少出现英雄和明星。
当这个世界颂扬美化自我时，家庭时不时地要求我们极力掩饰自我。
当全世界遗弃我们时，家庭时不时地发誓保护我们。
20 所有我们每天，每周，每年往返来回于一个世界和另一个世界中。
在一种可能一直养育我们也可能令我们窒息的家庭生活之间往返来回。
在一种可能让我们获得自由也可能让我们饱受打击的个人生活中往返来回。
我们犹豫徘徊于两套不同的要求和可能性之间。
21 周四围坐在餐桌旁的人们都生活在这两种世界中，既属于对方，又与对方保持距离。
幸运的是，他们从一个世界到另一个世界之间有富饶的土地，因为关爱和距离而富饶。
它是一个“我”和“我们”相互合作的地方。
22 至少在这一天，他们将带来彼此既特别又能共享的东西，那就是他们各自不同的自己。
Unit 13 Nine years for A and B1 Johnson博士是一位编撰词典的伟大的人。
James A.H.Murray是一位编制了一部伟大词典的人：从1879年到1915年，他去世时，他将自己的一生献给了牛津英语词典的创作。
Johnson 博士有权利，而我们没有，将词典编撰者称为“于人无忤的苦工”。
因为Johnson知道不仅要有比苦工多的多的工作量要投入进去，而且编制词典的苦工的工作量简直难以预测。
甚至编制词典者本人也不能幸运地提前知道。
2 所以词典编撰者--甚至像James Murray这样思想深邃又有经验的人也持有字母A是典型的这种观念，既然他已经完成了字母A，那么他就可以计算完成这部词典的编撰还需要多久。
而就在那时，很快地，他不得不承认，不仅字母A不是典型的（很明显它有很多经典的衍生词，而且它们大多没有多大意义），而且关于有典型字母的想法完全是一个幻想。
或者再一次，词典编撰者评估了追查生僻词或科技词汇所需要的时间和精力，然后发现最难的词汇是那些看起来很简单的词。
牛津英语词典里拥有最长词条的词是一个简单的棘手的小词set，同时“可怕的black和它的衍生词”使James Murray陷入极度的绝望。
3 词典编制者与时间赛跑。
他不得不，因为除非他加快速度，否则他会越来越落后，同时词典记录语言事件所花的时间比发生该语言事件所用的时间更长。
此外，像OED这样的巨大工程，需要部分出版，以维持所涉及词条的精髓。
但是人们不会买它除非在最终到达预定的Z时，仍有保持词条鲜活意思的可能性。
适用于预订者的也同样适用于出版商，他们确实希望获取利益或者至少收回他们的钱。
所以不得不有进度表，焦虑，怨恨和不停的催促，在这个与时间的竞赛中，而时间的脚步从来不会停止。
4 “三重噩梦：空间，时间和金钱”，是一本书中间的标题，这本书是由James Murray的孙女K.M.Elisabeth Murray编写，关于他的动人的真诚的谦逊的而又充满逸闻趣事的生动的一生。
Murray相信是天意提供给他这个伟大的机会。
他的宗教虔诚，爱国主义，意志力，非同寻常的博学天赋以及他的协调能力都聚集到委托他担任的这份重任上。
5 他当时，是否会意识到，上天为他做的事之一就是仁慈地让他全然不知这是一项对他而言永远完不成的任务这一事实呢？他从未低估这部大词典的独一无二的重要性，但是他确实多次低估了它最终的量：超过16000页，并且每一页的页面大，排版密，内容精确，其中近一半的内容是由James Murray亲自编写的。