自考英语语法知识

分词

1、分词作定语分词前置we can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日he is a retired worker.他是位退休的工人

分词后置(i分词词组；ii 个别分词如given, left；iii 修饰不定代词something等) there was a girl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里this is the question given.这是所给的问题there is nothing interesting.没有有趣的东西

过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. most of the artists invited to the party were from south africa. 典型例题1) the first textbook ___ for teaching english as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. a. have written b. to be written c. being written d. written 答案d.

书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句which is written 2）what's the language ____ in germany? a. speaking b. spoken c. be spoken d. to speak 答案b.

主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：what's the language (which is) spoken in german?

2、分词作状语as i didn't receive any letter from him, i gave him a call. -> not receiving any letter from him, i gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。if more attention was given, the trees could have grown better. -> given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。典型例题1）_____ some officials, napoleon inspected his army. a. followed b. followed by c. being followed d. having been followed 答案b.

napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。followed by（被…跟随）。本题可改为：with some officials following, napoleon inspected his army. 2）there was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light. a. followed b. following c. to be followed d. being followed 答案b. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases. a. heating b. to be heated c. heated d. heat 答案c. 本题要选一分词作为状语。

现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选c。它相当于一个状语从句when it is heated，…注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。(being ) used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。using the book, i find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。

3、连词+分词(短语) 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。连词有：when，while，if though，after, before, as.但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个，如：while waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. waiting 和saw 的主语相同。

4、分词作补语通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如：i found my car missing.我发现我的车不见了。i'll have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。

5、分词作表语现在分词：表示主动，正在进行过去分词：表示被动，已经完成she looked tired with cooking.她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。he remained standing beside the table.他依然站在桌旁。

6、分词作插入语其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。generally speaking一般说来talking of (speaking of) 说道strictly speaking 严格的说judging from 从…判断all things considered 从整体来看taking all things into consideration全面看来judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。(speaking 并不是dogs 的动作)

7、分词的时态1）与主语动词同时，hearing the news, he jumped with joy.听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。arriving there, they found the boy dead.刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。典型例题the secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president. a. to prepare b. preparing c. prepared d. was preparing答案b. 此处没有连词，不能选d，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。只能在b，c中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。2）先于主动词while walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done。having finished his homework, he went out. =as he had finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。典型例题___ a reply, he decided to write again. a. not receiving b. receiving not c. not having received d. having not received答案c. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选c。该句可理解为：because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.

8、分词的语态1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如：he is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…)他就是给你钱的那个人。he is the man stopped by the car.( = who was stopped by…) 他就是那个被车拦住的人。2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned 例: a well-read person.一个读过许多书的人 a much-travelled may一个去过许多地方的人 a burnt-out match

动名词

1、动名词作主语、宾语和表语

1）作主语Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。

2）作宾语 a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语V. + doing sth admit 承认appreciate 感激,赞赏avoid 避免complete 完成consider 认为delay 耽误deny 否认

detest 讨厌endure 忍受enjoy 喜欢escape 逃脱prevent阻止fancy 想象finish 完成imagine 想象mind 介意miss 想念

postpone 推迟practise 训练recall 回忆resent 讨厌resist

抵抗resume 继续risk 冒险suggest 建议face 面对include 包括

stand 忍受understand 理解forgive 宽恕keep 继续举例：(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? (2)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. b. 词组后接doing admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to busy look forward to(to为介词）no good,no use,It's worth…,as well as, can't help,It's no use /good be tired of be fond of be capable of be afraid of be proud of think of / about hold off put off keep on insist on count on / upon set about be successful in good at take up give up burst out prevent …from…

3）作表语Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children. 2、worth 的用法worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj.意为"值得"。1. worth：be worth + n.当名词为金钱时，表示"……值得……" be worth doing sth."……某事值得被做" The question is not worth discussing again and again. 2. worthy：be worthy of +n.当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……" be worthy to be done "某事值得被做" The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again. 3. worth-while：be worth-while to do sth"值得做某事" worth while：It is worth while doing sth It is worth while sb to do sth. 典型例题It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again. A.worth

B.worthy

C.worth-while

D.worth while 答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组be worth-while to do sth.。因此选C。

不定式作宾语

1) 动词+ 不定式 afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine

expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate

learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake

举例：

the driver failed to see the other car in time.

司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

i happen to know the answer to your question.

我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2）动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…

i like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。

i like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。

i want to speak to tom.我想和汤姆谈话。

i want you to speak to tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。

3）动词+疑问词+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

there are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that i can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。

the question is how to put it into practice.

问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

2 不定式作补语

1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge

warn

例句：

a.father will not allow us to play on the street.

父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。

b.we believe him to be guilty.

我们相信他是有罪的。

find 的特殊用法：

find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。

i found him lying on the ground.

i found it important to learn.

i found that to learn english is important.

典型例题:

the next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.

a. lying

b. lie

c. lay

d. laying

答案：a.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。

2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。

acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover, fancy(设想),feel find, guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解), show,suppose,

take(以为),understand

we consider tom to be one of the best students in our class.

我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。

典型例题

charles babbage is generally considered___ the first computer.

a. to invent

b. inventing

c. to have invented

d. having invented

答案：a. 由consider to do sth. 排除b、d。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而c为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选c。

3) to be +形容词

seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope, wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean…

the book is believed to be uninteresting.

人们认为这本书没什么意思。

4)there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

we didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。

注意：有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.

we regard tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。

mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲

不定式主语

1）it's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了

easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;

the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough

it's so nice to hear your voice.

听到你的声音真高兴。

it's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。

2) it's very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。

kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)

例句:

it was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

it seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。

注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型

2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。

3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用it is…to…的句型

(对)to see is to believe.百闻不如一见。

(错)it is to believe to see.

4 it's for sb.和it's of sb.

1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等：

it's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

it's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。

for 与of 的辨别方法：

用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：

you are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。

he is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)

5 不定式作表语

不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：

my work is to clean the room every day.

his dream is to be a doctor.

6 不定式作定语

不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：

i have a lot of work to do.

so he made some candles to give light.

7 不定式作状语

1）目的状语

to…only to (仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such)…as to…(如此……以便……) he ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。

i come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。

2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。

what have i said to make you angry.

he searched the room only to find nothing.

3)表原因

i'm glad to see you.

典型例题

the chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.

a. sit

b. sit on

c. be seat

d. be sat on

答案：b.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。

上海牛津小学英语语法知识总结(最新整理)

?一般情况下，直接加s 如：read-reads，swim-swims ?以s，x，sh，ch，o结尾，加es 如：wash-washes，watch-watches，do-does ?以辅音字母＋y结尾，变y为i，再加es 如：study-studies，fly-flies ?不规则变化如：have-has 4、一般现在时的句型转换：肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答 They watch TV every day.They don’t watch TV every day. —Do they watch TV every day? —Yes, they do. / No, they don’t. She watches TV She doesn’t watch— Does she watch TV every day?

every https://www.360docs.net/doc/d214871185.html, every day.—Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. 现在进行时 1、定义：表示现在或现阶段正在进行或发生的动作。句中常有now，look，listen等词。如：I am washing clothes now. Look! Liu Tao is climbing the tree. Listen! Jane is singing in the music room. 2、构成：be动词（am/is/are）+ 动词现在分词（V-ing） 3、动词现在分词构成： ?一般是在动词原形后加ing 如：read-reading，drink-drinking，eat-eating，look-looking ?以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e，再加ing 如：write-writing，make-making，ride-riding，take-taking ?以重读闭音节结尾，如末尾只有一个辅音字母，要双写这个字母，再加ing 如：sit-sitting，swim-swimming，put-putting，run-running，stop-stopping，get- getting，begin-beginning，jog-jogging，forget-forgetting 4、动名词其实就是动词的现在分词，它既有名词性质（可作主语），又有动词性质（可带宾语）。如：Asking the way My hobby is collecting stamps. He is good at skating. 5、现在进行时的句型转换：肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答 —Is he running now? He is running now.He isn’t running now. —Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.

英语语法大全(完整版)

【学英语必看】《英语语法手册》在实用英语备受青睐的现在，大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时，总是把听说读写放在首位，诚然，学习语言重在实践。但是，请不要忽视语法的作用，特别是在阅读和写作中，他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构，准确抓住句子的要点，更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集，不需背诵记忆，只要静下心阅读一遍，就能有所收获！宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。

牛津实用英语语法(无乱码)第35章

牛津实用英语语法(无乱码)第35章第三十五章名词从句名词从句常常由that引导，所以也被称做that从句。然而，名词从句并不全是由that引导的。 343 作主语的名词从句 A 以名词从句作主语的句子常常由it开头（参见第67节D）： It is disappointing that Tom can’t come．汤姆不能来，真扫兴。（that Tom can’t come是主语。） B 常见的结构是it＋be／seem＋形容词＋名词从句（参见第26节与第27节）： It’s splendid that you passed your exam．你通过考试了，真棒。

It’s strange that there are no lights on．真奇怪，没有一盏灯是开着的。有些形容词需要或可以与that…should连用（参见第236节）： It is essential that everybody knows／should know what to do．重要的是，每个人都应知道该做什么。 C 另一种可代用的结构是it＋be／seem＋a＋名词＋名词从句。下列名词均可用于这种结构：mercy，miracle，nuisance，pity，shame，relief，wonder。也可以使用a good thing。 It’s a great pity（that）they didn’t get married．他们没能结婚，真是令人惋惜。 It’s a wonder（that）you weren’t killed．你没死掉真是个奇迹。 It’s a good thing（that）you were insured．你保了险，这可是件好事。 344 位于某些形容词／分词之后的that从句

自考英语语法名词解释

Acronyms Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words. Affixation A word formation approach that attaches morpheme – an affix to a base，which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it. Anaphoric reference前照应A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clause Cataphoric reference 后照应A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference，which goes with a restrictive relative clause Collective nouns These are generally countable nouns，but even in the singular they refer to groups of people，animals or things. Compound A compound，the product of composition，and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Coordination并列词Realized by coordinators （also termed coordinating conjunctions）which join units at the same level. Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural. Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general. Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun. Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.）in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. （e.g. he is being rude） end-focus 尾部焦点under neutral conditions，the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus. ellipsis：省略leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression，especially our surprise，excitement，amazement，etc. It doesn…t take S-V inversion.

自考英语二重点语法知识讲解

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