外文文献翻译
论文外文文献翻译3000字左右
南京航空航天大学金城学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系部经济系专业国际经济与贸易学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115指导教师邓晶职称副教授2015年5月Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification（Excerpt）Iza Lejárraga,Peter WalkenhorstThe broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand.It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.Formal institutions and their regulatory control of the market,proxied by the size of the government and price controls,were not found to have significant effects on linkages formation.Despite the importance of democratic governance,this was not identified as a key determinant either.On the other hand,the significance of informal institutions accords with the clustering dynamics inherent in tourism,in which linkages are formed on the basis of self-enforcing“relations-based”governance.Also,informal structures cost less than formal,rules-driven institutional frameworks for entrepreneurship.Therefore,highly formalized regulations can deter the spontaneous and cost-driven coordination among potential local suppliers and the potential buyers of the tourism economy.One type of formal institutions that does matter is policing and vigilance.As would be expected,the results show that countries with higher incidence of violence or crime are significantly associated with lower levels of tourism linkages.Indeed, the coordination of providers in tourism clusters depends fundamentally on trust among local entrepreneurs and trust can hardly flourish in an environment characterized by social conflict.Equally important,the perception of violence on the part of tourists and hotels will dissuade tourists from venturing beyond the safe boundaries of the“enclave”hotel resort.Finally,hotel managers and other foreign investors in the tourism economy will be less inclined to maintain productive relations with the host economy in the absence of predictability and stability. Therefore,investments in institutions that maintain safety and a perception of safety,in the host economy appear critical for spawning coordination.While all country domains may be playing a role in fostering or hindering linkages, the business environment seems to exert an overriding influence on linkages.After controlling for a country's natural endowments,level of development,and institutional maturity,the business environment on its own explains almost20%of cross-country variations in linkages.In particular,the level of corporate taxes in the host economy is associated with the most significant adverse effect on the formation of linkages,in conformity with the lower-cost motivation underlying tourism-led linkage creation.Also,a widespread usage of internet is alsosignificantly associated with a positive effect in the ability of suppliers to orchestrate coordination in tourism linkages.Moreover,the results suggest that there could be a role for government in improving trade facilitation and reducing transportation costs.Also,maintaining an open trade regime seems to be critical for the emergence of linkages.This underscores the importance of not protecting inefficient economic activities and opening potential products for tourism demand to competition.Although trade barriers may indeed serve to prod investors in the tourism economy to procure domestic goods, they will also hinder the competitiveness of local producers.Shielded from imports, local producers will not have the incentives to meet the international quality standards of the products needed by the tourism economy.Yet,quality expectations, possibly more so than costs,will likely inform the procurement decisions of the tourism economy.Concerning the relative magnitude of the effects of the different domains on linkages,the business environment and trade regulations stand out.The independent contributions of these domains,that is their ability to explain variations in the dependent variable when no controls for other domains are applied,amount to53%and 43%,respectively.The level-of-development domain follows with25%explanatory power,while the domains covering institutions and endowments provide an independent contribution of23%each.The implications of the analysis should be considered in light of its limitations. Causal direction cannot be fully substantiated,because we use a cross-sectional approach due to data limitations.In the absence of time-series for the variables at hand,it is not possible to test for causation.While the explanatory variables concerning natural endowments are exogenous,some of the other explanatory variables could potentially be subject to reverse causality.That said,there do not seem to be a priori strong conceptual reasons that would lead us to believe that the degree of tourism linkages critically affects trade policy,the quality of institutions, and other variables of our model.Moreover,the risk of encountering problems of reverse causality is mitigated by the observation that several longitudinal studies have established a causal relationship that runs from higher levels of economic development Eugenio-Martin et al.(2008)or a better business environment(Barrowclough,2007and Selvanathan et al.,2009)to the development of the tourism sector,rather than the other way around.Finally,the construction of the dependent variable as a ratio of indirect to direct tourism expenditure makes the reverse causality hypothesis less compelling. While it might be expected that an expansion of the tourism sector that increases total revenues and employment opportunities might have an impact on the explanatory variables,it is less evident that a change in the composition of tourism revenues, as implied by a change in the LINK variable,would have such an effect.That said, the confidence in our findings would clearly be further enhanced,if supported by results from future studies based on longitudinal designs.The scientific environmental ethics plays a key role in the recognition of the human—environment interactions．Modern environmental ethics is the philosophical rethinking of modern human race environmental behavior．The development of environmental ethics theory as well as its application in reality．determines the viewpoints of environmental ethics．Sustainable development implies harmony on human-environment interactions and intergeneration responsibility，with emphasis on a harmonious relationship among population，resources，environment and development，so as to lay a sustainable and healthy foundation of resources and environment for future generations．The harmonious society construction in China that is raised by the Chinese central government should be covered by environmental ethics．The connotation of open environmental ethics includes a respect for nature．care for the individual human race．and respect for the development of future generations，which means giving consideration to natural values．individual and human race benefits and welfare across generations．The role of environmental ethics in regional development consists of cognition，criticism，education，inspiration，adjusting，legislation and promoting environmental regulations．The major problems in regional development are extensive resource exploration，fast population growth irrational,industrialstructure.Unfair welfare distribution and the twofold effects of science and technology development．The formulation of environmental ethics that aims at regional sustainable development，can not only harmonize the relationship of population，resource，environment and economic development，but also guide behavior selection，push social and political system transformation.strengthen the legal system，and raise environmental awareness of the public．Human races face severe global challenges in resources，environment，population and poverty．To solve these problems science and technology should be developed on one hand，and human-environment interactions should be adjusted on the other hand．Modem environmental ethics is the philosophical review on modem human race environmental behavior．Environmental ethics can be a view point as the moral perception of the relationship between humankind and nature in general．The keystone of sustainable development is on harmonious human．environment interactions．with an emphasis on sustainable environmental ethics．Environmental ethics and sustainable development are key issues in the study of man．1and system，as well as a precondition to regional development(Zheng，2005a)．Though there exists theoretical divergence in different environmental ideologies．some general understandings can also be obtained：human races are the only ethical agents on earth；the essence of the environmental crisis is a cultural and value crisis；future generations have the same right as current generations，especially on survival space；differences should be made between human race and other entities on earth，at the same time they are an undivided union；the capability of the earth is limited．Based on the above general understandings．it is possible to form a more open and sustainable environmental ethics．A more open and sustainable environmental ethics has some special connections．To respect and treat nature friendly means to acknowledge the value and right of nature，that is to say,minimum hurt criterion，basic benefit criterion and fair compensation criterion should be followed．To pay attention to both individuals and mankind should follow justice criterion，equity criterion and cooperation criterion．To have futuregeneration in mind Should follow responsibility criterion，saving criterion，and cautiousness criterion(Wang，2003；Wang，2004a)．The conclusion to be drawn from the above is to give attention to both human race and natural value．to both individual and mankind’s benefit。
外文文献及翻译
Disclosing vulnerability information to a vendor should not be a painful or difficult process for the security researcher or the vendor. Ideally, we should all coexist and work together.In May of 2011, I reported several vulnerabilities affecting the S7-1200, a PLC designed and manufactured by Siemens. There was, for a time following my disclosure, a common misconception perpetrated by Siemens' marketing team, which informed Siemens customers that the attacks and vulnerabilities only affected the Simatic S7-1200.This is clearly untrue. The TCP replay and memory protection authentication bypass vulnerabilities are not specific to one type of PLC, as Siemens initially claimed.The issue is present in several different hardware platforms, as revealed by my own investigations and confirmed in the latest ICS-CERT alert. It was not until further investigation of other PLC models by ICS-CERT and myself was completed that Siemens felt obligated to make public certain information regarding additional affected products. Siemens also attempted to minimize the severity of the initially disclosed vulnerabilities by claiming that the S7-1200 was not used in nuclear power installations, and those higher-end PLCs that are used in such sensitive installations were not affected. That claim also turned out to be false.Myself and many control systems experts, such as Dale Peterson, Bob Radvanovsky, Jake Brodsky, Kevin Finisterre and Kevin Lackey, were immediately skeptical of these claims, and rightly so. Each of these individuals already knew the entire line of S7s were using the same protocols and standards, so it wasn’t long before I started receiving inquiries regarding what exactly was exploitable on the controllers. They all knew that if it were a protocolspecific implementation issue, the attacks would not only affect Siemens PLCs, but many other vendors as well. I imagine we will start seeing a significant number of disclosures relating to insecure use of protocols in the near future.Ralph Langner, Stuxnet expert, posted a comment on Digital Bond regarding the password authentication flaw.“The password mechanism on Siemens S7 controllers is so simple that option 1 can probably be ruled out. And the next bombs that are waiting to be dropped may be much more serious than what we have seen so far. Once that Dillon figures out how to delete OB1, which he might before dinner, and crafts this into a Metasploit module, he will have created a cyber assault weapon. Both Siemens and ICS-CERT know that this is technically possible and what the impact would be. While the vendor has no obligation to act on this, DHS certainly has.” –Ralph Langner.I believe that, especially when related to critical industrial control systems, it is preferable for an independent security researcher to discover product vulnerabilities and create public awareness by responsibly disclosing information to CERTs, rather than for our enemies to find the bugs and use them against us.I am not entirely convinced that a metasploit module should be described as acyber-assault weapon, but it does sound cool! The ruby modules were intended to serve as a proof of concept to assist the vendor in validating the bugs, and subsequently developing a patch. These “cyber-assault weapons” are also helpful to ICS-CERT, helping them validate the severity of the issue so they can keep the public informed. In addition, the modules are now available to the pen testing community to assist companies in testing their own infrastructure.The S7-300 and S7-400 are impacted by the same attacks as the S7-1200 with the exception of one denial of service attack against an integrated web server running on the S7-1200 (see ICS-ALERT-11-186-01.)The S7-300 and S7-400 are recognized by many as Siemens’ “bread and butter” products. It is apparent that they share the same key characteristics, including the use of ISO-TSAP and the same PROFINET communication protocol.One of the attacks that we will cover during the Black Hat presentation is the packet replay attack: SIEMENS-SSA-625789. Siemens refers to this issue as a “security gap”. However, if an attacker can capture a CPU STOP/START command or send a CPU READ/WRITE command to any PLC in the automation network, he can alter the operational logic on the controller or disable any process attached to the device, including, but not limited to, enabling hidden features on the PLC.Here is a quote from Siemens’ first advisory notice regarding some of the vulnerabilities and the replay attack scenario. They were already aware of the weak password authentication mechanism, and yet still recommended the feature as a viable solution to prevent remote exploitation of the controller.The Siemens advisory recommends:“It is not however, possible to replay the recorded data obtained from one controller to other controllers within the same plant or other plants as long as they are configured with unique passwords. The answer to this scenario is that a password protected S7-1200 will, in the future (with the firmware update), no longer respond to recorded frames transmitted to the controller at a later time.”--SIEMENS-SSA-625789.The Siemens marketing department has since changed its tone after I provided the exploit code (free of charge). This code will also be available in the Metasploit framework after ICS-CERT has released its advisories.Siemens CERT and a team of their engineers quickly responded to the replay attack scenario by claiming they had a mitigation effort in place to prevent unauthorized access to the PLC. After speaking with ICS-CERT and Siemens CERT, I quickly discovered the ease with which an attacker could circumvent the access control feature they had recommended to prevent unauthorized access to the controller.It is important to remember that this feature was not intended to prevent remote exploits or replay attacks against the device, it was designed to prevent other engineers or unauthorized third parties from re-programming or tampering with the programmable logic onthe PLC. Based on my observation of the packet replay scenario, it seemed logical that if one were to intercept the packets containing a password they could replay the same packets against any controller with the that password and gain access to the controller. It also became evident that if the controller had no password at all, any controller would accept any commands sent to and from any source, without validating any portion of the packets.Just as we enabled the password protection feature by sending a series of packets to the PLC containing a password, which in turn flips a bit in the PLC's memory to enable a protection flag, we could turn that flag off by sending the same packets back to the PLC.It was also clear to me that because everything sent to the controller by the engineering workstation is in plain text, it would be trivial for an attacker to decode the encoded password hash used to flip the memory protection built into the PLC. ICS-CERT verified and reported that the S7-200, S7-300, S7-400, and S7-1200 are all affected by the same protocol specific security vulnerabilities.Conclusion:We need secure protocols in ICS. The product vendors have the ability to make this a reality.The time has come for experts around the ICS community to come together and make the necessary changes to insure a safer environment for all those affected. That means everyone in the world who lives near or works in a factory or a power plant!When vendors misrepresent vulnerability information, their customers cannot properly assess the risk to their operations. Given Siemens ' public statements, it is hard to imagine the company taking the lead in ICS security. If trust is an important buying criteria, other vendors in this industry, such as GE and Rockwell, have an opportunity to set an example and gain market share in the future.供应商对漏洞信息的披露，不应该成为一个让安全研究人员或供应商痛苦的过程。
外文文献翻译原文
Enterprise risk management functionEnterprise faces all the risk of the capitalization of forms, is the embodiment of the operating risk of an enterprise.By definition, "enterprise risk management (ERM) is a process, is an entity's board of directors, management and other personnel, applied in a strategic stetting and the whole enterprise, designed to identify potential events, and risk management, the entity within the risk preference to provide reasonable assurance that to achieve the goals. Entity" (COSO enterprise risk management-integrated framework (2004))Although the CEO job and senior management assessment and management company's exposure to risk, the audit committee (or in some cases, appointed a commission to) was charged with the responsibility of risk committee to discuss specific policies, establish and provide supervision and management of the process enterprise risk management process. In today's height in the form of currency in the economy and society, the enterprise in the environment of market economy organization with production and operating activities and bear all kinds of risk, its occurrence, development and risks are concentrated reflection is the reality of the enterprise or the underlying economic interests losses, all kinds of operating loss can also in a certain way into economic loss. From this perspective, the enterprise risk of the size and the losses have direct and clear representation in enterprise financial revenues and expenditures of the change, eventually ?Enterprise financial activities in the process, because every uncertainty factors, the actual financial status and financial situation is expected to possible deviation, cause loss and produce the financial risk. Strengthen enterprise's scientific management especially financial management is standardization of construction, the sustainable and healthy development of way.As mentioned above, the risk management is a process, including the documented risk assessment and management oversight process.Risk management procedures, including the documented risk assessment and establish management supervision process, is unique, each organization, is dedicated to ensure that the risk management process development bank in all bank address operation and business units. From this perspective, the enterprise shall establish a monetary fund business post responsibility system, clearly related department and post responsibility and authority, ensure the incompatibility of monetary fund business from each position, and restriction and supervision. Enterprise risk of the size and the losses have direct and clear representation in enterprise financial revenues and expenditures of the change, and finally the performance for the enterprise financial benefits reduced.The risk management of the whole process:The audit committee of the board of directors is responsible for the independent and objective supervision function, accounting and financial reporting and internal control audit function of the company. The enterprise risk assessment, risk management and audit plan (the basis of risk appraisal) defined procedures and related enterprise risk management audit function of the company.Integrated architecture is taking risk auditing function of the concept of risk, how to access these risk management, and the role of how to use the audit function. Enterprise risk management concepts, including:1.recognition, the source, the distribution and measure risk and responsibility2.risk strategy design3.implementation strategies4.review and monitoring an on-going basismunicate resultsIn order to facilitate the audit committee of the auditing function should be responsible management policy of a risk evaluation audit committee, all the operating areas (business process and unit) company for identify those could be dangerous area of the company. Risk can be identified and defined risk assessment of these units:1. credit,2. interest rates,3. market,4. liquidity,5. operation,6. supervision and management,7. law (hard),8. strategy and capital,9. reputationThe purpose of the risk assessment is to find out the inherent risks and internal control for each business process, thus leading to the development of the unit, the risk audit plans to allocate resources to verify and operation control system based on internal risk and business processes or unit.1. methodology of the risk assessment is to review and appraisal risk.2. The amount of risk ? (inherent risk),3. quality risk management (control risk),4. total risk assessmentBased on this analysis will determine the level as risk is low, medium or high, and the direction of risk-increasing, stable, reduce, in all the company business unit (defined as audit the universe).Risk assessment should also give effect (12 months) short term and long term (more than 12 months) business units expect the company's annual budget process links and long-term strategic plan.Risk assessment and corresponding audit plan should be reviewed and approved the audit committee and the board of the directors. Risk assessment should be updated need minimal, but the foundation of every year, in order to ensure the proper resources to audit function, make sure the identified risk is by audit plan. From the perspective of economics, the modern the financial risk of the enterprise is a microscopic economic risk, is the enterprise faces all the risk of the capitalization of forms, is the embodiment of the operating risk of an enterprise. Enterprise even reasonable arrange capital, avoid the mistakes bring capital scheduling financial risk, liquidity is the measure of a enterprise pay due debt of the scale of the ability. To maintain a high level of liquidity that enterprise control financial risk, and reduce the important guarantee of the financial pressure. Enterprise assets more easily get ?Risk management is throughout the company through the exercise of a matrix for the definition of risk management measures therapy. Risk management plan is to identify risks including every component as mentioned by using internal development risk managementprocesses, management team monitoring and management procedures, the board of directors and the committee report related board and supervision.. Enterprise adventure there will always be risks, the enterprise can't continue to the profit, regardless of the outcome, wantonly investment debt, increase financial burden. Management of risk management system is mainly produced imperfect system, caused the financial management activities in the corner and blind area. The implement of system is inadequate, reduce the management work of the actual effect; The supervision measures do not reach the designated position, weakened financial regulatory control; The management means not updating, restricted the management efficiency. These eventually led to the generation of accounting information, the transmission, the whole process of examination management does not arrive, the cause of the accounting information authenticity, integrity could not be guaranteed, information to deliver timely affected, affect decision-making more scientific and reasonable, increases the risk of decision-making errors. Which leads to the enterprise of the financial risk of intensified. In addition, in the management personnel, as we all know, the formation of any risks with people about, risk prevention, the human element is very important. If can not solve the problem of management, again good ?Enterprise in financing process, must influence financing activities of all kinds of factors are analyzed, and follow the certain financing principle to improve financing efficiency and reduce funding risk and financing cost. General enterprise's main purpose is to raise money for their own normal production and operation and the development, is in order to expand the scale of production and operation, to improve the economic benefit. Enterprise adventure there will always be risks, the enterprise can't continue to the profit, regardless of the outcome, wantonly investment debt, increase financial burden. Enterprise financing should master certain principles. Enterprise financing should master certain principles. Such as the appropriate scale, reasonable structure, cost saving and financing according to law. Summarize the risk evaluation matrix each company's major business unit/process will be developed. The following definitions are, each risk type identification in constant risk evaluation matrix, followed by the company's internal processes or risk management scheme to identify types of risk, address. In market economic waves, in a highly competitive environments, the benefits and risks always, the greater the risk, the greater the profits, high risk will bring high return. If the enterprise does not dare to risk, it may lose a lot of opportunity, because the risk of existence, also can give enterprise to bring the opportunity to get high profits. But at the same time, the enterprise must learn to control risk, increase to resist the ability of the risk.Also discusses and analyses the bank's risk profile determining internal control process can provide enterprises and institutions of risk assessment. Since then, the company according to the characteristics of the enterprise and capital requirements were number of possible investment company. In the screening, the risk of enterprise to consider the factors including: enterprise required the size of the investment; The geographical location of the enterprise; Enterprise's stage of development and development; Sales of enterprise profit and; The management of the enterprise range, etc. Usually, in the process, lawyers and accountants to play a large role.When measuring the risk in the business unit or a given process, consider the risk inherent risk (quantity) a given area. For example, some regions, such as the loan portfolios of quality,Shanghai/AML compliance and information system because of its natural or current foreign influence has a higher level of inherent risk, usually in financial institutions consistent regardless of size and complexity. Quality risk management provides a measure of control and process means to reduce risk in a particular risk category. In addition, in the management personnel, as we all know, the formation of any risks with people about, risk prevention, the human element is very important. If can not solve the problem of management, again good internal control system is of no help, a moral risk of out of control, again good regulations also resist the deliberately illegal enterprise. Under the guideline, the board of directors of the company and the audit committee, enterprise management should use risk management plan extensive, involves a series of partition scheme, unity of the assessment of the way the audit committee and senior management, supervision and the board of directors.。
外文文献及翻译
Yunnan Ethnic pattern in Packaging DesignAbstract: Art is a folk Mother of the arts，is the source of the new art, From which to draw a strong tradition of high—grade Nutrition。
The persons belonging to national folk arts Ethnic patterns，are folk arts Intraoperative a gem, its development Research，and with the means of modern art，art wind Grid，professional skills combine to form a unique Style and features a modern design There are important applications，this paper focuses on Minority Folk pattern in modern packaging design Meter applications are discussed.Keywords: Yunnan Ethnic. Pattern。
Packaging Design.IntroductionYunnan is a multi-ethnic province, Here multiply survive the Han, Yi, Bai More than twenty families， Zhuang, Miao， Dai, etc。
Nation. Long history of various ethnic groups in Yunnan Province， the source is far Long, creating a rich and colorful Folk art。
营销外文文献及翻译
外文文献A marketer’s guide to behavioral economicsApirl.2010 • Ned Welch • McKinsey QuarterlyMarketers have been applying behavioral economics-often unknowingly for years. A more systematic approach can unlock significant value.Long before behavioral eco nomics had a name, marketers were using it. “Three for the price of two” offers and extended-payment layaway plans became widespread because they worked—not because marketers had run scientific studies showing that people prefer a supposedly free incentive to an equivalent price discount or that people often behave irrationally when thinking about future consequences. Yet despite marketing’s inadvertent leadership in using principles of behavioral economics, few companies use them in a systematic way. In this article, we highlight four practical techniques that should be part of every marketer’s tool kit.1. Make a product’s cost less painfulIn almost every purchasing decision, consumers have the option to do nothing: they can always save their money for an other day. That’s why the marketer’s task is not just to beat competitors but also to persuade shoppers to part with their money in the first place. According to economic principle, the pain of payment should be identical for every dollar we spend. In marketing practice, however, many factors influence the way consumers value a dollar and how much pain they feel upon spending it.Retailers know that allowing consumers to delay payment can dramatically increase their willingness to buy. One reason delayed payments work is perfectly logical: the time value of money makes future payments less costly than immediate ones. But there is a second, less rational basis for this phenomenon. Payments, like all losses, are viscerally unpleasant. But emotions experienced in the present—now—are especially important. Even small delays in payment can soften the immediate sting of parting with your money and remove an important barrier to purchase.Another way to minimize the pain of payment is to understand the ways “mental a ccounting” affects decision making. Consumers use different mental accounts for money they obtain from different sources rather than treating every dollar they own equally, as economists believe they do, or should. Commonly observed mental accounts include windfall gains, pocket money, income, and savings. Windfall gains and pocket money are usually the easiest for consumers to spend. Income is less easy to relinquish, and savings the most difficult of all.Technology creates new frontiers for harnessing mental accounting to benefit both consumers and marketers. A credit card marketer, for instance, could offer a Web-based or mobile-device application that gives consumers real-time feedback on spending against predefined budget and revenue categories—green, say, for below budget, red for above budget, and so on. The budget-conscious consumer is likely to find value in such accounts (although they are not strictly rational) and to concentrate spending on a card that makes use of them. This would not only incre ase the issuer’s interchange fees andfinancing income but also improve the issuer’s view of its customers’ overall financial situation. Finally, of course, such an application would make a genuine contribution to these consumers’ desire to live within the ir means.2. Harness the power of a default optionThe evidence is overwhelming that presenting one option as a default increases the chance it will be chosen. Defaults—what you get if you don’t actively make a choice—work partly by instilling a perception of ownership before any purchase takes place, because the pleasure we derive from gains is less intense than the pain from equivalent losses. When we’re “given” something by default, it becomes more valued than it would have been otherwise—and we are more loath to part with it.Savvy marketers can harness these principles. An Italian telecom company, for example, increased the acceptance rate of an offer made to customers when they called to cancel their service. Originally, a script informed them that they would receive 100 free calls if they kept their plan. The script was reworded to say, “We have already credited your account with 100 calls—how could you use those?” Many customers did not want to give up free talk time they felt they already owned.Defaults work best when decision makers are too indifferent, confused, or conflicted to consider their options. That principle is particularly relevant in a world that’s increasingly awash with choices—a default eliminates the need to make a decision. The default, however, must also be a good choice for most people. Attempting to mislead customers will ultimately backfire by breeding distrust.3. Don’t overwhelm consumers with choiceWhen a default option isn’t possible, marketers must be wary of generating “ch oice overload,” which makes consumers less likely to purchase. In a classic field experiment, some grocery store shoppers were offered the chance to taste a selection of 24 jams, while others were offered only 6. The greater variety drew more shoppers to sample the jams, but few made a purchase. By contrast, although fewer consumers stopped to taste the 6 jams on offer, sales from this group were more than five times higher.Large in-store assortments work against marketers in at least two ways. First, these choices make consumers work harder to find their preferred option, a potential barrier to purchase. Second, large assortments increase the likelihood that each choice will become imbued with a “negative halo”—a heightened awareness that every option requires you to forgo desirable features available in some other product. Reducing the number of options makes people likelier not only to reach a decision but also to feel more satisfied with their choice.4. Position your preferred option carefullyEconomists assume that everything has a price: your willingness to pay may be higher than mine, but each of us has a maximum price we’d be willing to pay. How marketers position a product, though, can change the equation. Consider the experience of the jewelry sto re owner whose consignment of turquoise jewelry wasn’t selling. Displaying it more prominently didn’t achieve anything, nor did increased efforts by her sales staff. Exasperated, she gave her sales manager instructions to mark the lot down “x½” and departed on a buying trip. On her return, she found that the manager misread the note and had mistakenly doubled the price of the items—and sold the lot.2 In this case,shoppers almost certainly didn’t base their purchases on an absolute maximum price. Instead, t hey made inferences from the price about the jewelry’s quality, which generated a context-specific willingness to pay.The power of this kind of relative positioning explains why marketers sometimes benefit from offering a few clearly inferior options. Eve n if they don’t sell, they may increase sales of slightly better products the store really wants to move. Similarly, many restaurants find that the second-most-expensive bottle of wine is very popular—and so is the second-cheapest. Customers who buy the former feel they are getting something special but not going over the top. Those who buy the latter feel they are getting a bargain but not being cheap. Sony found the same thing with headphones: consumers buy them at a given price if there is a more expensive option—but not if they are the most expensive option on offer.Another way to position choices relates not to the products a company offers but to the way it displays them. Our research suggests, for instance, that ice cream shoppers in grocery stores look at the brand first, flavor second, and price last. Organizing supermarket aisles according to way consumers prefer to buy specific products makes customers both happier and less likely to base their purchase decisions on price—allowing retailers to sell higher-priced, higher-margin products. (This explains why aisles are rarely organized by price.) For thermostats, by contrast, people generally start with price, then function, and finally brand. The merchandise layout should therefore be quite different.Marketers have long been aware that irrationality helps shape consumer behavior. Behavioral economics can make that irrationality more predictable. Understanding exactly how small changes to the details of an offer can influence the way people react to it is crucial to unlocking significant value—often at very low cost.不可或缺的营销四技巧多年来，营销商一直在运用行为经济学，但往往是不自觉地运用。
员工激励理论外文文献及翻译.
员工激励理论外文文献及翻译员工激励理论外文文献及翻译One-to-one-management companiesare run -- in a timely inversion of John Adams's ideal -- as organizations of men (and women), not of laws. Nonetheless, a few laws, or at least cultural traits, appear to govern many such organizations. Together those traits create an environment where employees' needs are known, sometimes anticipated, and served, justas customers' needs are known, sometimes anticipated, and served in CRM-focused organizations. What follows is a look at the rules by which one-to-one-management companies operate[2].3.2 It's All in the DetailHow do you build morale and a sense of corporate responsibility? In surprisingly small ways. Standing in the kitchen at Eze Castle Software, CEO Sean McLaughlin watches as one of his programmers sets milk and cookies on a table. It's 2:30 on a Wednesday afternoon. "Hang on, Parvathy," McLaughlin says to the employee as he opens the refrigerator door and pulls out an apple pie. "Put this out, too." When Parvathy is done in the kitchen, she flips some switches, andthe lights flicker all over the fifth floor. Almost instantly, programmers leave their cubicles and make a beeline for thekitchen.Then Parvathy jogs up a staircase and flashes the lights on the sixth floor. Account managers, salespeople, and assorted techies come downstairs and join their colleagues in the kitchen. When they arrive, McLaughlin is at the center of the steadily building crowd, dishing out the pie. Around him conversations spring up between colleagues who work in different departments. The topics range from work to social life to politics. Ten minutes later the lights flash again and it's back to work for the 90 employees in the Boston office of Eze.What's so remarkable about the staff of a developer of securities-trading software with $13 million in revenues taking daily milk-and-cookies breaks? Not much -- until you consider that the practice is part of a cultural shift engineered by the CEO, a shift that has profoundly changed the way he and his employees relate toone another. Perhaps more significant, the changes have affected how employees deal with the myriad little details that keep the six-year-old company grounded.原文请找腾讯3249114六-维^论,文.网Eze's transformation began last year, when McLaughlin realized to his chagrin that his once small and collegial company had -- because of accelerated growth -- begun acting like a large corporation. His employees no longer knew one another, and he himself was increasingly vague about who some of the new faces were. "In the early days I could get to know everyone," saysMcLaughlin.However, the CEO was most annoyed by the fact that his employees -- both old and new -- were beginning to behave with large-company sloppiness rather than with start-up frugality. "Back when we were small, if someone sent a FedEx, we all knew how much that was costing the company," McLaughlin says. He recalls noticing that things were changing when one employee approved paying a contractor $100 a month to water the company's five plants. Then there were rising charges from the company's Internet service provider because of excessive traffic on the corporate T1 line. The cause? Employees were downloading MP3 files to listen to music during the workday. It frustrated McLaughlin that employees weren't taking responsibilityfor their actions and for the ways in which those actions affected the company's bottom line[2].But last summer two things happened that spurred McLaughlin to make some changes.First, the Boston office lost both of its administrative assistants. One assistant quit and the other left a few weeks later. The two had stocked the supply room, sorted the mail, and welcomed visitors. The dual departures wreaked havoc. "The kitchen was out of milk, we didn't have any pens in the supply cabinet, the reception area looked like crap," McLaughlin says.Then came the World Trade Center attacks. Though McLaughlin had long been brooding on how to reverse Eze's fat-cat habits, he had yet to act. He says that 9-11, and the "what are my priorities" thinking it engendered, "created an environment where it was easy for me to initiate a change."The change he had in mind was inspired by a visit to his daughter's kindergarten class. There he saw how the teacher divided the cleanup tasks among the children by posting a rotating "chore wheel." McLaughlin thought the wheel was just the thing to clean up the mess and teach his employees a little corporate responsibility. But he also wanted to institute something that would help improve camaraderie. That's where another kindergarten institution, the milk-and-cookies breaks, came in. "I wanted to build relationships among the employees, to make them feel more company morale," he says.上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] 下一页。
论文外文文献翻译流程
论文外文文献翻译流程论文外文文献翻译是研究工作中常见的一项任务，其流程可以分为以下几个步骤：1. 选择文献：首先，需要从相关学术期刊、会议论文集或其他学术资源中选择适合自己研究方向的外文文献。
在选择时，要根据研究目的和问题确定文献的质量和可靠性，以确保所选文献具有较高的学术价值。
2. 阅读理解：在开始翻译之前，要对选定的外文文献进行仔细阅读和理解。
这包括理解文献的结构和核心内容，获取对于自己研究的重要信息和观点。
3. 翻译规划：在开始翻译之前，需要制定一个翻译计划。
这包括确定翻译的时间安排、分工和所需的翻译工具，以确保翻译的高效进行。
4. 翻译过程：在翻译过程中，可以采用逐句翻译的方式，将原文逐句翻译成目标语言，注意保持原文的准确性和清晰度。
如果遇到词汇或表达不明确的地方，需要进行相关的查询和澄清。
在翻译过程中，还要注意语法和句子结构的准确性，以确保翻译的流畅度和可读性。
5. 校对修改：在完成翻译后，需要进行校对和修改。
在这个阶段，要比对原文和译文，检查译文的准确性和信息的完整性。
如果发现有任何错误或不完善之处，需要进行相应的修改和调整。
6. 审稿意见：在完成校对修改后，可以邀请一些专业人士或同行进行审稿。
他们可以对翻译的准确性和语言的表达提出宝贵的意见和建议，以进一步提高翻译质量。
7. 格式调整：在翻译完成后，需要对文献进行格式调整。
这包括调整字体、段落、标点和引用等格式，以符合目标语言的学术写作要求。
8. 最终定稿：最后一步是最终定稿，将翻译后的外文文献整理成最终的版本。
在这个阶段，要检查文献的所有细节，确保没有任何错误和遗漏。
整个外文文献翻译流程需要仔细和耐心地进行，以确保翻译的准确性和质量。
熟悉外文学术规范和术语的使用是提高翻译效果的关键。
并且，要合理利用翻译工具和辅助资源，提高翻译的效率和准确性。
最终的翻译成果将为研究工作提供重要的支持和参考。
(完整版)哈佛分析框架外文文献及翻译
经营分析与估值克雷沙·G.帕利普保罗·M.希利摘自书籍“Business Analysis and Valuation”第五版第一章节1.简介本章的目的是勾勒出一个全面的财务报表分析框架。
因为财务报表提供给公共企业经济活动最广泛使用的数据，投资者和其他利益相关者依靠财务报告评估计划企业和管理绩效率。
各种各样的问题可以通过财务状况及经营分析解决，如下面的示例所示：一位证券分析师可能会对问：“我的公司有多好？这家公司是否符合我的期望？如果没有，为什么不呢？鉴于我对公司当前和未来业绩的评估，该公司的股票价值是多少？”一位信贷员可能需要问：“这家公司贷款给这家公司有什么贷款？公司管理其流动性如何？公司的经营风险是什么？公司的融资和股利政策所产生的附加风险是什么？“一位管理顾问可能会问：“公司经营的行业结构是什么？该策略通过在工业各个企业追求的是什么？不同企业在行业中的相对表现是什么？”公司经理可能会问：“我的公司是正确的估值的投资者吗？是我们在通信程序中有足够的投资者来促进这一过程？”财务报表分析是一项有价值的活动，当管理者在一个公司的战略和各种体制因素完成后，他们不可能完全披露这些信息。
在这一设置中，外部分析师试图通过分析财务报表数据来创建“中端信息”，从而获得有价值的关于该公司目前业绩和未来前景的展望。
了解财务报表分析所做的贡献，这是很重要的理解在资本市场的运作，财务报告的作用，形成财务报表制度的力量。
因此，我们首先简要说明这些力量，然后我们讨论的步骤，分析师必须执行，以提取信息的财务报表，并提供有价值的预测。
2.从经营活动到财务报表企业管理者负责从公司的环境中获取物理和财务资源，并利用它们为公司的投资者创造价值。
当公司在资本成本的超额投资时，就创造了价值。
管理者制定经营战略，实现这一目标，并通过业务活动实施。
企业的经营活动受其经济环境和经营战略的影响。
经济环境包括企业的产业、投入和产出的市场，以及公司经营的规章制度。
生物科学论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照翻译Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathway in the Citrus Genus: Number of Copies and Phylogenetic Diversity of SevenGeneThe first objective of this paper was to analyze the potential role of allelic variability of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in the interspecifi diversity in carotenoid composition of Citrus juices. The second objective was to determine the number of copies for each of these genes. Seven carotenoid biosynthetic genes were analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. RFLP analyses were performed with the genomic DNA obtained from 25 Citrus genotypes using several restriction enzymes. cDNA fragments of Psy, Pds, Zds, Lcyb, Lcy-e, Hy-b, and Zep genes labeled with [R-32P]dCTP were used as probes. For SSR analyses, two primer pairs amplifying two SSR sequences identified from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of Lcy-b and Hy-b genes were designed. The number of copies of the seven genes ranged from one for Lcy-b to three for Zds. The genetic diversity revealed by RFLP and SSR profiles was in agreement with the genetic diversity obtained from neutral molecμLar markers. Genetic interpretation of RFLP and SSR profiles of four genes (Psy1, Pds1, Lcy-b, and Lcy-e1) enabled us to make inferences on the phylogenetic origin of alleles for the major commercial citrus species. Moreover, the resμLts of our analyses suggest that the allelic diversity observed at the locus of both of lycopene cyclase genes, Lcy-b and Lcy-e1, is associated with interspecific diversity in carotenoid accumμLation in Citrus. The interspecific differences in carotenoid contents previously reported to be associated with other key steps catalyzed by PSY, HY-b, and ZEP were not linked to specific alleles at the corresponding loci.KEYWORDS: Citrus; carotenoids; biosynthetic genes; allelic variability; phylogeny INTRODUCTIONCarotenoids are pigments common to all photosynthetic organisms. In pigment-protein complexes, they act as light sensors for photosynthesis but also prevent photo-oxidation induced by too strong light intensities. In horticμLtural crops, they play a major role in fruit, root, or tuber coloration and in nutritional quality. Indeed some of these micronutrients are precursors of vitamin A, an essential component of human and animal diets. Carotenoids may also play a role in chronic disease prevention (such as certain cancers), probably due to their antioxidant properties. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is now well established. Carotenoids are synthesized in plastids by nuclear-encoded enzymes. The immediate precursor of carotenoids (and also of gibberellins, plastoquinone, chlorophylls,phylloquinones, and tocopherols) is geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). In light-grown plants, GGPP is mainly derivedcarotenoid, 15-cis-phytoene. Phytoene undergoes four desaturation reactions catalyzed by two enzymes, phytoene desaturase (PDS) and β-carotene desaturase (ZDS), which convert phytoene into the red-colored poly-cis-lycopene. Recently, Isaacson et al. and Park et al. isolated from tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively, the genes that encode the carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO) which, in turn, catalyzes the isomerization of poly-cis-carotenoids into all-trans-carotenoids. CRTISO acts on prolycopene to form all-trans lycopene, which undergoes cyclization reactions. Cyclization of lycopene is a branching point: one branch leads to β-carotene (β, β-carotene) and the other toα-carotene (β, ε-carotene). Lycopene β-cyclase (LCY-b) then converts lycopene intoβ-carotene in two steps, whereas the formation of α-carotene requires the action of two enzymes, lycopene ε- cyclase (LCY-e) and lycopene β-cyclase (LCY-b). α- carotene is converted into lutein by hydroxylations catalyzed by ε-carotene hydroxylase (HY-e) andβ-carotene hydroxylase (HY-b). Other xanthophylls are produced fromβ-carotene with hydroxylation reactions catalyzed by HY-b and epoxydation catalyzed by zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). Most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes have been cloned and sequenced in Citrus varieties . However, our knowledge of the complex regμLation of carotenoid biosynthesis in Citrus fruit is still limited. We need further information on the number of copies of these genes and on their allelic diversity in Citrus because these can influence carotenoid composition within the Citrus genus.Citrus fruit are among the richest sources of carotenoids. The fruit generally display a complex carotenoid structure, and 115 different carotenoids have been identified in Citrus fruit. The carotenoid richness of Citrus flesh depends on environmental conditions, particμLarly on growing conditions and on geographical origin . However the main factor influencing variability of caro tenoid quality in juice has been shown to be genetic diversity. Kato et al. showed that mandarin and orange juices accumμLated high levels of β-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin, respectively, whereas mature lemon accumμLated extremely low levels of carotenoids. Goodner et al. demonstrated that mandarins, oranges, and their hybrids coμLd be clearly distinguished by their β-cryptoxanthin contents. Juices of red grapefruit contained two major carotenoids: lycopene and β-carotene. More recently, we conducted a broad study on the organization of the variability of carotenoid contents in different cμLtivated Citrus species in relation with the biosynthetic pathway . Qualitative analysis of presence or absence of the different compounds revealed three main clusters: (1) mandarins, sweet oranges, and sour oranges; (2) citrons, lemons, and limes; (3) pummelos and grapefruit. Our study also enabled identification of key steps in the diversification of the carotenoid profile. Synthesis of phytoene appeared as a limiting step for acid Citrus, while formation of β-carotene and R-carotene from lycopene were dramatically limited in cluster 3 (pummelos and grapefruit). Only varieties in cluster 1 were able to produce violaxanthin. In the same study , we concluded that there was a very strong correlation between the classification of Citrus species based on the presence or absence of carotenoids (below,this classification is also referred to as the organization of carotenoid diversity) and genetic diversity evaluated with biochemical or molecμLar markers such as isozymes or randomLy amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). We also concluded that, at the interspecific level, the organization of the diversity of carotenoid composition was linked to the global evolution process of cμLtivated Citrus rather than to more recent mutation events or human selection processes. Indeed, at interspecific level, a correlation between phenotypic variability and genetic diversity is common and is generally associated with generalized gametic is common and is generally associated with generalized gametic disequilibrium resμLting from the history of cμLtivated Citrus. Thus from numerical taxonomy based on morphological traits or from analysis of molecμLar markers , all authors agreed on the existence of three basic taxa (C. reticμLata, mandarins; C. medica, citrons; and C. maxima, pummelos) whose differentiation was the resμLt of allopatric evolution. All other cμLtivated Citr us species (C. sinensis, sweet oranges; C. aurantium, sour oranges; C. paradisi, grapefruit; and C. limon, lemons) resμLted from hybridization events within this basic pool except for C. aurantifolia, which may be a hybrid between C. medica and C. micrantha .Our previous resμLts and data on Citrus evolution lead us to propose the hypothesis that the allelic variability supporting the organization of carotenoid diversity at interspecific level preceded events that resμLted in the creation of secondary speci es. Such molecμLar variability may have two different effects: on the one hand, non-silent substitutions in coding region affect the specific activity of corresponding enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway, and on the other hand, variations in untranslated regions affect transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms.There is no available data on the allelic diversity of Citrus genes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. The objective of this paper was to test the hypothesis that allelic variability of these genes partially determines phenotypic variability at the interspecific level. For this purpose, we analyzed the RFLPs around seven genes of the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids (Psy, Pds, Zds, Lcy-b, Lcy-e, Hy-b, Zep) and the polymorphism of two SSR sequences found in Lcy-b and Hy-b genes in a representative set of varieties of the Citrus genus already analyzed for carotenoid constitution. Our study aimed to answer the following questions: (a) are those genes mono- or mμLtilocus, (b) is the polymorphism revealed by RFLP and SSR markers in agreement with the general history of cμLtivated Citrus thus permitting inferences about the phylogenetic origin of genes of the secondary species, and (c) is this polymorphism associated with phenotypic (carotenoid compound) variations.RESΜLTS AND DISCUSSIONGlobal Diversity of the Genotype Sample Observed by RFLP Analysis. RFLP analyses were performed using probes defined from expressed sequences of seven major genes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway . One or two restriction enzymes were used for each gene. None of these enzymes cut the cDNA probe sequence except HindIII for the Lcy-e gene. Intronic sequences and restriction sites on genomic sequences werescreened with PCR amplification using genomic DNA as template and with digestion of PCR products. The resμLts indicated the absence of an intronic sequence for Psy and Lcy-b fragments. The absence of intron in these two fragments was checked by cloning and sequencing corresponding genomic sequences (data not shown). Conversely, we found introns in Pds, Zds, Hy-b, Zep, and Lcy-e genomic sequences corresponding to RFLP probes. EcoRV did not cut the genomic sequences of Pds, Zds, Hy-b, Zep, and Lcy-e. In the same way, no BamHI restriction site was found in the genomic sequences of Pds, Zds, and Hy-b. Data relative to the diversity observed for the different genes are presented in Table 4. A total of 58 fragments were identified, six of them being monomorphic (present in all individuals). In the limited sample of the three basic taxa, only eight bands out of 58 coμLd not be observed. In the basic taxa, the mean number of bands per genotype observed was 24.7, 24.7, and 17 for C. reticμLata, C. maxima, and C. medica, respectively. It varies from 28 (C. limettioides) to 36 (C. aurantium) for the secondary species. The mean number of RFLP bands per individual was lower for basic taxa than for the group of secondary species. This resμLt indicates that secondary species are much more heterozygous than the basic ones for these genes, which is logical if we assume that the secondary species arise from hybridizations between the three basic taxa. Moreover C. medica appears to be the least heterozygous taxon for RFLP around the genes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, as already shown with isozymes, RAPD, and SSR markers.The two lemons were close to the acid Citrus cluster and the three sour oranges close to the mandarins/sweet oranges cluster. This organization of genetic diversity based on the RFLP profiles obtained with seven genes of the carotenoid pathway is very similar to that previously obtained with neutral molecμLar markers such as genomic SSR as well as the organization obtained with qualitative carotenoid compositions. All these resμLts suggest that the observed RFLP and SSR fragments are good phylogenetic markers. It seems consistent with our basic hypothesis that major differentiation in the genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway preceded the creation of the secondary hybrid species and thus that the allelic structure of these hybrid species can be reconstructed from alleles observed in the three basic taxa.Gene by Gene Analysis: The Psy Gene. For the Psy probe combined with EcoRV or BamHI restriction enzymes, five bands were identified for the two enzymes, and two to three bands were observed for each genotype. One of these bands was present in all individuals. There was no restriction site in the probe sequence. These resμLts lead us to believe that Psy is present at two loci, one where no polymorphism was found with the restriction enzymes used, and one that displayed polymorphism. The number of different profiles observed was six and four with EcoRV and BamHI, respectively, for a total of 10 different profiles among the 25 individuals .Two Psy genes have also been found in tomato, tobacco, maize, and rice . Conversely, only one Psy gene has been found in Arabidopsis thaliana and in pepper (Capsicum annuum), which also accumμLates carotenoids in fruit. According to Bartley and Scolnik, Psy1 was expressed in tomato fruit chromoplasts, while Psy2 was specific to leaf tissue. In the same way, in Poaceae (maize, rice), Gallagher et al. found that Psy gene was duplicated and that Psy1 and notPsy2 transcripts in endosperm correlated with endosperm ca rotenoid accumμLation. These resμLts underline the role of gene duplication and the importance of tissue-specific phytoene synthase in the regμLation of carotenoid accumμLation.All the polymorphic bands were present in the sample of the basic taxon genomes. Assuming the hypothesis that all these bands describe the polymorphism at the same locus for the Psy gene, we can conclude that we found allelic differentiation between the three basic taxa with three alleles for C. reticμLata, four for C. maxima, and o ne for C. medica.The alleles observed for the basic taxa then enabled us to determine the genotypes of all the other species. The presumed genotypes for the Psy polymorphic locus are given in Table 7. Sweet oranges and grapefruit were heterozygous with one mandarin and one pummelo allele. Sour oranges were heterozygous; they shared the same mandarin allele with sweet oranges but had a different pummelo allele. Clementine was heterozygous with two mandarin alleles; one shared with sweet oranges and one with “Willow leaf” mandarin. “Meyer” lemon was heterozygous, with the mandarin allele also found in sweet oranges, and the citron allele. “Eureka”lemon was also heterozygous with the same pummelo allele as sour oranges and the citron allele. The other acid Citrus were homozygous for the citron allele.The Pds Gen. For the Pds probe combined with EcoRV, six different fragments were observed. One was common to all individuals. The number of fragments per individual was two or three. ResμLts for Pds led us to bel ieve that this gene is present at two loci, one where no polymorphism was found with EcoRV restriction, and one displaying polymorphism. Conversely, studies on Arabidopsis, tomato, maize, and rice showed that Pds was a single copy gene. However, a previous study on Citrus suggests that Pds is present as a low-copy gene family in the Citrus genome, which is in agreement with our findings.The Zds Gene. The Zds profiles were complex. Nine and five fragments were observed with EcoRV and BamHI restriction, respectively. For both enzymes, one fragment was common to all individuals. The number of fragments per individual ranged from two to six for EcoRV and three to five for BamHI. There was no restriction site in the probe sequence. It can be assumed that several copies (at least three) of the Zds gene are present in the Citrus genome with polymorphism for at least two of them. In Arabidopsis, maize, and rice, like Pds, Zds was a single-copy gene .In these conditions and in the absence of analysis of controlled progenies, we are unable to conduct genetic analysis of profiles. However it appears that some bands differentiated the basic taxa: one for mandarins, one for pummelos, and one for citrons with EcoRV restriction and one for pummelos and one for citrons with BamHI restriction. Two bands out of the nine obtained with EcoRV were not observed in the samples of basic taxa. One was rare and only observed in “Rangpur” lime. The other was found in sour oranges, “V olkamer” lemon,and “Palestine sweet” lime suggesting a common ancestor for these three genotypes.This is in agreement with the assumption of Nicolosi et al. that “V olkamer” lemon resμLts from a complex hybrid combination with C. aurantium as one parent. It will benecessary to extend the analysis of the basic taxa to conclude whether these specific bands are present in the diversity of these taxa or resμLt from mutations after the formation of the secondary species.The Lcy-b Gene with RFLP Analysis.After restriction with EcoRV and hybridization with the Lcy-b probe, we obtained simple profiles with a total of four fragments. One to two fragments were observed for each individual, and seven profiles were differentiated among the 25 genotypes. These resμLts provide evidence that Lcy-b is present at a single locus in the haploid Citrus genome. Two lycopene β-cyclases encoded by two genes have been identified in tomato. The B gene encoded a novel type of lycopene β-cyclase whose sequence was similar to capsanthin-capsorubin synthase. The B gene expressed at a high level in βmutants was responsible for strong accumμLation ofβ-carotene in fruit, while in wild-type tomatoes, B was expressed at a low level.The Lcy-b Gene with SSR Analysis. Four bands were detected at locus 1210 (Lcy-b gene). One or two bands were detected per variety confirming that this gene is mono locus. Six different profiles were observed among the 25 genotypes. As with RFLP analysis, no intrataxon molecμLar polymorphism was found within C. Paradisi, C. Sinensis, and C. Aurantium.Taken together, the information obtained from RFLP and SSR analyses enabled us to identify a complete differentiation among the three basic taxon samples. Each of these taxons displayed two alleles for the analyzed sample. An additional allele was identified for “Mexican” lime. The profiles for all secondary species can be reconstructed from these alleles. Deduced genetic structure is given in. Sweet oranges and clementine were heterozygous with one mandarin and one pummelo allele. Sour oranges were also heterozygous sharing the same mandarin allele as sweet oranges but with another pummelo allele. Grapefruit were heterozygous with two pummelo alleles. All the acid secondary species were heterozygous, having one allele from citrons and the other one from mandarins ex cept for “Mexican” lime, which had a specific allele.柑桔属类胡萝卜素生物合成途径中七个基因拷贝数目及遗传多样性的分析摘要：本文的首要目标是分析类胡萝卜素生物合成相关等位基因在发生变异柑橘属类胡萝卜素组分种间差异的潜在作用；第二个目标是确定这些基因的拷贝数。
毕业设计外文文献翻译
毕业设计外文文献翻译Graduation design of foreign literature translation 700 words Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Job Market Abstract:With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), concerns arise about its impact on the job market. This paper explores the potential effects of AI on various industries, including healthcare, manufacturing, and transportation, and the implications for employment. The findings suggest that while AI has the potential to automate repetitive tasks and increase productivity, it may also lead to job displacement and a shift in job requirements. The paper concludes with a discussion on the importance of upskilling and retraining for workers to adapt to the changing job market.1. IntroductionArtificial intelligence (AI) refers to the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. AI has made significant advancements in recent years, with applications in various industries, such as healthcare, manufacturing, and transportation. As AI technology continues to evolve, concerns arise about its impact on the job market. This paper aims to explore the potential effects of AI on employment and discuss the implications for workers.2. Potential Effects of AI on the Job Market2.1 Automation of Repetitive TasksOne of the major impacts of AI on the job market is the automation of repetitive tasks. AI systems can perform tasks faster and moreaccurately than humans, particularly in industries that involve routine and predictable tasks, such as manufacturing and data entry. This automation has the potential to increase productivity and efficiency, but also poses a risk to jobs that can be easily replicated by AI.2.2 Job DisplacementAnother potential effect of AI on the job market is job displacement. As AI systems become more sophisticated and capable of performing complex tasks, there is a possibility that workers may be replaced by machines. This is particularly evident in industries such as transportation, where autonomous vehicles may replace human drivers, and customer service, where chatbots can handle customer inquiries. While job displacement may lead to short-term unemployment, it also creates opportunities for new jobs in industries related to AI.2.3 Shifting Job RequirementsWith the introduction of AI, job requirements are expected to shift. While AI may automate certain tasks, it also creates a demand for workers with the knowledge and skills to develop and maintain AI systems. This shift in job requirements may require workers to adapt and learn new skills to remain competitive in the job market.3. Implications for EmploymentThe impact of AI on employment is complex and multifaceted. On one hand, AI has the potential to increase productivity, create new jobs, and improve overall economic growth. On the other hand, it may lead to job displacement and a shift in job requirements. To mitigate the negative effects of AI on employment, it is essentialfor workers to upskill and retrain themselves to meet the changing demands of the job market.4. ConclusionIn conclusion, the rapid development of AI has significant implications for the job market. While AI has the potential to automate repetitive tasks and increase productivity, it may also lead to job displacement and a shift in job requirements. To adapt to the changing job market, workers should focus on upskilling and continuous learning to remain competitive. Overall, the impact of AI on employment will depend on how it is integrated into various industries and how workers and policymakers respond to these changes.。