中西方文化中非言语交际的差异-2019年精选文档

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浅谈中英交际中的文化差异

浅谈中英交际中的文化差异1. 引言1.1 文化差异对中英交际的影响文化差异对中英交际的影响是不可忽视的重要因素。

中英两国拥有各自独特的文化传统和价值观念，这种文化差异在交际过程中往往会导致误解和冲突。

在非语言交际中，中英两国人的表达方式和肢体语言都存在差异，可能会造成理解上的障碍。

在语言交际中，中英两国的习惯用语和语法结构也有所不同，容易引发歧义。

身体语言、交际方式和礼仪规范的差异也可能导致沟通不畅和误解。

了解并尊重对方的文化差异，是加强中英交际的关键。

只有通过增进文化互学，才能有效地促进双方之间的交流与合作。

在日常交往中，我们应该尊重对方的习惯和偏好，避免因文化差异而引发不必要的误解和冲突。

通过加强文化沟通，我们能够建立更加和谐的中英交际关系，实现更深层次的跨文化交流和合作。

【200字】2. 正文2.1 非语言交际的文化差异在中英交际中，非语言交际的文化差异也是非常重要的一部分。

不同文化背景的人们在表达情感、态度和意图时会有不同的方式，这种差异可能会导致交流不畅或产生误解。

以下是一些常见的非语言交际文化差异：1. 眼神交流：在中国文化中，眼神交流被认为是非常重要的。

直视对方的眼睛表示尊重和真诚，而在英国文化中，有时直视对方的眼睛可能被认为是无礼或挑战性的行为。

在交流中需要注意对方的文化背景，适当调整自己的眼神交流方式。

2. 身体接触：在一些西方国家，身体接触通常被视为亲密的表达方式，比如握手、拥抱等。

而在中国文化中，身体接触通常保持一定的距离，过度的身体接触可能被视为侵犯个人空间。

在交流中需要谨慎使用身体接触，避免引起误解或不适。

3. 姿势和手势：不同文化背景的人可能会有不同的姿势和手势习惯。

比如在中国文化中，鞠躬是一种尊敬的姿势，而在西方国家可能用握手表示问候。

手势也有可能产生误解，比如在西方国家竖起大拇指表示赞赏，而在一些亚洲国家可能被视为侮辱。

在中英交际中，了解并尊重对方的非语言交际习惯至关重要。

中西方交际礼仪的差异文档

2020中西方交际礼仪的差异文档Document Writing中西方交际礼仪的差异文档前言语料：温馨提醒，公务文书，又叫公务文件，简称公文，是法定机关与社会组织在公务活动中为行使职权，实施管理而制定的具有法定效用和规范体式的书面文字材料，是传达和贯彻方针和政策，发布行政法规和规章，实行行政措施，指示答复问题，知道，布置和商洽工作，报告情况，交流经验的重要工具本文内容如下：【下载该文档后使用Word打开】一、招呼语的差异日常打招呼，中国人大多使用“去上班呀？”“吃了吗？”“上哪呢？”等等，这体现了人与人之间的一种亲切感。

可是对西方人来说，这种打招呼的方式会令对方感到突然、尴尬，甚至不快，因为西方人会把这种问话理解成为一种“盘问”，感到对方在询问他们的私生活。

在西方，这种问候他们只说一声“Hello”或按时间来分，说声“早上好！”“下午好！”“晚上好！”就可以了。

西方人最常用的问候语大多有两类：第一，谈天气。

如英国人见面说：“今天天气不错呵！”这是因为英国终年西风带的影响，大西洋吹来的潮温气流使得天气无常，就连天气预报也没准，因此人们最关系天气。

第二，谈近况。

但只局限于泛泛而谈，不涉及隐私，可以说：“最近好吗？”初次见面总要说：“认识你很高兴”之类的客套话。

二、称谓的差异在汉语里，一般只有彼此熟悉亲密的人之间才可以“直呼其名”。

但在西方，“直呼其名比在汉语里的范围要广得多。

在西方，常用“先生“和”夫人“来称呼不知其名的陌生人。

在英国，对十几或二十几岁的女子可称呼“小姐”，结婚了的女性可称“女士”或“夫人”等。

西方在称谓上似乎“不拘礼节”，习惯于对等式的称呼。

[中�A励志网]如家庭成员之间，不分“上下长幼尊卑”，一般可互称姓名或昵称。

在家里，可以直接叫爸爸、妈妈的名字。

对所有的男性长辈都可以称“叔叔”，对所有的女性长辈都可以称“阿姨”。

这在我们中国是不行的，必须要分清楚辈分、老幼等关系，否则就会认为你不懂礼貌，分不清上下长幼尊卑了。

中西方文化差异在非言语交际行为中的体现

（二）身体行为１．目光。目光语行为是人们重要的交际手段，它的表义功能是非常丰富的。目光语能起到其他言语行为所起不到的作用，它可以传递喜好、怨恨、主导、威胁等内心微妙的情感，但说话人和听话人之间的目光接触的程度因文化而异。英美人交谈时，双方正视对方，在他们看来，这是正直与诚实的标志。但他们又讨厌那种目不转睛的凝视，认为这是一种非常粗鲁的行为，好像他们是“物”而不是人，即把他们 “非人格化了”。中国人在交谈时，双方不一定要不时地正视对方，甚至有的人还有意避免不断的目光接触，以示谦恭、服从或尊敬。而凝视的汉语意义有时仅是好奇与惊讶，并非无礼。２．声音。（１）功能性发声。英美人最忌讳的是从体内发出的各种声音，特别是咳嗽、喷嚏、抽鼻子、清嗓子、吐痰、打嗝、放屁、肚子咕噜咕噜作响等。他们在人前极力抑制这类功能性发声，如果做不到就立刻表示歉意。中国人认为这类行为纯属正常的生理现象，只要不是正对着人或对着满桌饭菜喷“毒”，也无须道歉。中国人喝热汤时先吹吹气，然后嘴巴啧啧作响，英美人认为这是“不文明”的。英美人不管吃喝什么东西，都觉得不应该弄出任何声响，否则就不文明了。（２）沉默。沉默是既不作声，也没有其它表示意义的非言
（责任编辑张海鹏）
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一、非言语交际行为的分类及其交际功能人们对于非言语交际的行为方式有许多不同的分类方法，虽然有些分类出现了相互交叉或包容的现象，但非言语交际的方式大致可分为以下八种：时间学（ｃｈｒｏｎｅｍｉｃｓ），研究人们利用时间的方式及其意义；空间学（ｐｒｏｘｅｍｉｃｓ），研究人际距离及空间使用方法及其意义，如拥挤、近体距离、领地观念、空间取向、座位安排等；身势学（ｋｉｎｅｓｉｃｓ），研究人们的面部表情、身体动作、手势等；体触学（ｈａｐｔｉｃｓ），研究身体接触所传达的信息；外表（ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌａｐｐｅａｒａｎｃｅ），研究人们的肤色、衣着打扮及身体形态等；目光学（ｏｃｕｌｅｓｉｃｓ），研究人们通过目光接触、眨眼、眼珠转动及瞳孔放大等所传达的信息；副语言（ｐａｒａｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ／ｖｏｃａｌｉｃｓ），研究声音的非言语成分所传达的信息，又称类语言或伴随语言，主要包括沉默、话轮转接和非语义声音；嗅觉学（ｏｌｆａｃｔｉｃｓ），研究人们如何通过气味来传达信息。非言语交际行为具有许多独特的交际功能，根据非言语交际行为的分类，其交际功能大体分为五种：（１）补足（ｃｏｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔｉｎｇ）：在交际中，非语言符号如表情、手势、声调等，都可以用来填补、增加、充实语言符号在传递信息时的某些不足或缺欠。例如你的孩子考试得了好成绩，你搂住他说：“真棒！”你的搂抱就补充了你的言语信息。（２）替代（ｓｕｂｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｎｇ）：替代作用是指在无法用语言交流信息，或特定的环境阻碍了语言交流时，人们可以用非语言符号来代替

英语论文浅析中美非语言交际差异

Analysis of Differences of Nonverbal Communication between Chinese and AmericanI.IntroductionHuman communication is usually divided first into verbal and nonverbal systems. We communicate more than we say. Actually, in everyday life, we spend a considerable amount of time on nonverbal communication. In addition, we receive much of our emotional meanings through nonverbal elements.Mehrabian, observing how feeling is transmitted in messages, found that as much as 93 percent of emotional meaning is transmitted nonverbally (Hickson & Stacks, 1989: 6). Most researchers believe that Mehrabian's 93 percent figure may be a little high, but at the same time, they do accept the relatively high impact of nonverbal communication. Another statistic figured out by Birdwhistell's and Philpott's approximations, said that nonverbal communication accounts for 60 to 70 percent of what we communicate to one another (Tubbs & Moss, 1991:137). It should be noted that this statistic has been widely accepted and reported by most contemporary nonverbal communication books.Since only about 30% of what is communicated in a conversation is verbal, nonverbal communication is of great significance. Whether we are truly successful communicators or not depends a lot on our awareness of the role that nonverbal communication played and our ability to use nonverbal skills appropriately.We should note that although many cultures share some nonverbal behaviors, nonverbal codes are influenced by culture. Cultural differences in nonverbal communication sometimes can lead to misunderstandings. With increasing contact between China and America, a better understanding between both cultures is of growing importance. Nonverbal communication influences how individuals from these two cultures interact and understand or misunderstand each other. Therefore, an understanding of the differences is vital for building harmonious relationships. The thesis is designed to help readers understand and appreciate the differences in nonverbal communication that Chinese and Americans discover when they intercourse in daily situations.II.Foundations of Nonverbal Communication2.1 Definition of Nonverbal Communication海量英语论文尽在英语论文网，免费下载网址：/需要其他类型英语论文可以咨询QQ 253771735Just like culture, there are numerous definitions for nonverbal communication. To theorize about nonverbal communication has been complicated not only by its multimodal and multifunctional nature, but also because our knowledge emanates from disparate disciplines with differing assumptions and methodologies.In its broadest definition, Devito, and Guerrero defines nonverbal communication as “all the messages other than words that people exchange in interactive contexts”(Guerrero, DeVito & Hecht, 1999:56).To further define what qualifies as nonverbal communication, experts have identified several perspectives, including those that assume all human behavior is potentially communicative, communicative only if intentionally sent, and communicative if behaviors reasonably function as messages within a given speech community (see Burgoon & Hoobler). Defined as such, nonverbal communication includes those behaviors that are mutually recognized and socially shared codes and patterns with a focus on message meaning. For example, an unintended frown when reading a memo may function as a message because most people regard it as a sign of displeasure. A frown in response to a stubbed toe is less likely to be regarded as a message because it is a more spontaneous, involuntary reaction.Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be communicated through gesture; body language or posture; facial expression and eye contact; object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture; symbols and infographics.Speech may also contain nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, emotion and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the use of emoticons. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, the physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction. Nonverbal communication can occur through any sensory channel – sight, sound, smell, touch or taste.Nonverbal communication is important as: “when we speak (or listen), our attention is focused on words rather than body language. But our judgment includes both. An audience is simultaneously processing both verbal and nonverbal cues. Body movements are not usually positive or negative in and of themselves; rather, the situation and the message will determine the appraisal." (Givens, 2000, p. 4) Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.”(Samovar & Porter, 2000:56)It not only marks the boundaries of nonverbal communication, but also reflects how the process actually works. Both intentional and unintentional behaviors are included in the communication event.2.2 Functions of Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication often performs one of several functions in relationship to verbal communication. These functions help us to understand and use communication more effectively. Nonverbal messages serve six major functions: repetition, contradiction, substitution, accentuation, supplementation or modification and regulation. (Gibson & Hanna, 1992: 98)(1) Repetition is defined as the process of reinforcing verbal messages through redundancy. People often use nonverbal messages to repeat a point they are trying to make. For example, we might hold up our hand in the gesture that signifies a person to stop at the same time we actually use the word "stop". Generally speaking, the gestures and words have a similar meaning and reinforce one another.(2) Contradiction is the opposite of repetition; it negates the verbal messages. On some occasions, our nonverbal actions send signals opposite from the literal messages contained in our verbal messages. For instance, you tell someone you are relaxed and at ease, yet your voice quavers and your hands shake.(3) Substitution is a function of inserting nonverbal messages for a verbal massage. We use substitution in nonverbal communication when we perform some action instead of speaking.(4) Accentuation is the result of nonverbal messages used to strengthen words. We sometimes use nonverbal messages to accentuate our sentences, e.g. You may have noticed how some people tap the desktop with each word of an important message.(5) Supplementation or modification results when nonverbal messages slightlychange the words they accompany. For example, when you are answering the phone, your friend just enters your room, so you nod to your friend or make a gesture showing "please sit down" at the same time. Nonverbal messages add to or modify the words as surely as tears add meaning to the sentence “sorry”.(6) Regulation occurs when nonverbal messages help to control the flow of verbal messages. We often regulate and manage communication by using certain form of nonverbal behavior. We nod our head in agreement to indicate to our communication partner that we agree and that he or she should continue talking or we have direct eye contact with someone to let him or her know the channels are open.Thus, nonverbal messages function in six ways. Sometimes the functions occur separately, and sometimes they occur in combinations. They occur through multiple channels, and often they occur at the same moment. Without them, we should have a very difficult time communicating.2.3 Characteristics of Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication is a form of human communication, and that the nonverbal form of communication is more complex than the term denotes. It has several important characteristics:(1)Unintentional. The sender may be unaware that he or she is sending anonverbal message and, consequently, may not be aware of the impact thatmessage may have.(2)Reliable. Since the message may be transmitted unconsciously, the senderwill not have planned it. That is why when receivers caught between twodiscrepant messages; they are more inclines to believe the nonverbal one.(3)Present. Neither oral nor written communication exists without nonverbalcommunication. Nonverbal communication may be shared between people orwithin a person.(4)Less precise but more elusive, intangible. There are no dictionaries or formalsets of rules to provide a systematic list of the meanings of a culture’snonverbal message.(5)Subtle and convert. Nonverbal communication messages function as a “silentlanguage”. Therefore, people process nonverbal messages, both the sendingand receiving of them, with less awareness than they process verbal message.(6)Continuous and natural. They tend to blur into one another. Nonverbalcommunication is ongoing and does not need a verbal component to havemeaning. Even the absence of nonverbal behaviors can send a message.2.4 Classification of Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication covers a wide scope and consists of abundant subcodes- those different component parts of the overall nonverbal code- including touch and space, physical appearance, gestures, vocalic, and covert body/temporal communication (Hickson & Stacks, 1989: 19). Accordingly, researchers may adopt various means to classify it. For conducting contrastive study, this thesis divides nonverbal communication into five categories2.4.1 Body LanguageBody language, also called body movements, body behavior and so on, refers to all expressions and movement that send communication message. The study of body language or how movement communicates is called “Kinestics”, which includes gesture (such as head gesture, facial expressions, eye contact, arm gesture, hand gesture, leg movement, etc.), posture (such as standing posture, sitting posture, walking posture, etc.), and touch (such as hand shake, kiss, hug, etc.);2.4.2 ParalanguageParalanguage also called paralinguistic features, which involves the linguistic elements of speech, is how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words. Paralanguage cues assist us in drawing conclusions about an individual’s emotional state, socioeconomic states, height, weight, age, intelligence, race, regional background, and educational level.Paralanguage has two components. One is voice qualities, such as pitch, range, resonance, lip control. Another is vocalizations, which involves three kinds: vocal characterizers; vocal qualifiers, and vocal segregates.2.4.3 Time LanguageTime language, which refers to how we give meaning to time communicates to others, is a powerful element of nonverbal communication. The study of time language is call “Chronemics”, which concerns concepts of time and the rules that govern its use.There are many cultural variations regarding how people understand and use time. Besides, a culture’s use of time can also provide valuable clues to how members of that culture value and respond to time. In America, people usually say; “Time is money” and “He who hesitates is lost”. All Chinese know the Confucian proverb “Think three timesbefore you act”. There sayings reflects how differently each of there cultures perceives time.2.4.4 Space LanguageSpace language is also called interpersonal distance, or proxemics. Edward Hall coined the term “proxemics”to refer to the study of how we use space in the communication process and the way that we use space to govern the personal actions and behavior of others.All cultures are organizes in some spatial pattern, which can reveal the character of the people in that culture. There are three important aspects of space language: personal space, territoriality, and spatial orientations.2.4.5 Object LanguageObject language generally refers to various kinds of artifacts with communicative functions, such as dress, cosmetics, ornament, furniture, olfactory messages etc, which can send nonverbal messages and display the user’s personality and cultural characteristic. In accordance with Tubbs and Moss, objectics is concerned with every kind of physical object from clothing we wear to the food we serve to our dinner guests.III.Differences of Nonverbal Communication between Chinese and AmericanDifferent people have different ways of making nonverbal communication. “Body language”, like our verbal language, is also a part of our culture. But not all body language means the same thing in different cultures. For example: different people have different ideas about the proper distance between people conversing; the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures; one could draw up quite a list of “rules” about eye contact: to look or not to look; when to look and how long to look; who and who not to look at; smiles and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment, and, this is generally true in China as well as the English-speaking countries, however, there are situations when some Chinese will laugh that will cause negative reactions by westerners; gestures can be particularly troublesome, for a slight difference in making the gesture itself can mean something quite different from that intended, and, a wrong interpretation of a gesture can arouse quite unexpected reactions and so on. So in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language, one should know also the gestures, body movements,mannerisms and etc. that accompany a particular language.Here, we research into three elements of body language: gesture (head gesture, facial expressions, eye contact, hand gesture and smile and laughter), posture (walking posture, standing posture, and sitting posture), and touch (ten distinctions concerning touching behaviors).3.1 GestureGesture refers to the use of movement of the body (our arms, legs, torsos and especially hands) to express a certain message. It is estimated that the human body can produce over 270,000 discrete gestures (Du et. al, 2004: 223).Care should be taken in using gestures because different cultures interpret gestures in different ways. Understanding human behavior is tricky stuff. No two people behave in precisely the same way. Nor do people from the same culture all perform exactly the same gestures and body language uniformly.As researchers have studied this field extensively in recent years and have developed body language dictionaries such as A Dictionary of Gestures, The Nonverbal Dictionary of Gestures, signs & Body Language Cues and so on, here this paper just probes into the distinctive Chinese and American gestures in common daily use.3.1.1 Head GestureChinese and American head gesture shares a number of similarities. For example: nodding the head up and down means "yes", "I agree"; shaking the head side to side means "no"; heading forward shows an interest in the conversation; heading backward shows lack of interest and so on.As to the differences, a nod of the head in China can function as greeting and beckoning someone to come here, while the same function performed by the Americans is a raise of the head. Patting on head means differently in these two cultures. Occasionally, Chinese adults may pat the head of children to show affection; patting the head of a teenager or an adult would cause displeasure and can be insulting. Americans' patting on other's head is just for giving comfort, consolation or encouragement; and also for showing affection.A unique head gesture in China – tip the head backward and audibly suck air in through the teeth –means “no”or “something is very difficult”and has function of pausing to rethink. Also there are some head gestures used in America but seldom seen in China: scratching the head means thinking or confused or skeptical; chin stroke,tapping the head with forefinger shows contemplation; hand cutting across the top of the head shows impatience; head switching to one side with rush or chin pointing to a certain direction functions as beckoning someone to come here or pointing direction.3.1.2 Facial ExpressionsWe constantly read expressions from people's face. In fact, facial cues are the single most important source of nonverbal communication. (Tubbs & Moss, 1991:151) Facial expressions have some own features: they are innate and universal. Therefore, the expressions for happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, anger, and surprise (the six basic emotions) are recognized by most cultural groups as having the same meaning. However, some variations also exist. Some facial expressions and their interpretations may vary from one culture to another.Generally speaking, Chinese people are more self-controlled, especially in formal, public occasions, and when communicate with strangers and foreigners, they tend to control their emotions. When in down spirits (sad, angry, contemptuous and so on), Chinese people usually try to sustain a neutral expression. The whole face is on a loose state, forehead and eyebrow are equable, lips close naturally, and eyes open looking forward-such kind of looks is considered to be a neutral expression. Differently, the Americans may show in their expressions immediately when they are in the same spirits. Controlling one's bad mood properly is considered mature and well-educated in China. Therefore, they think the Americans' lack of control their emotions as an illustration of puerility and philistinism; whereas the Americans may consider the Chinese to be wooden and slow.When expressing some positive emotions, such as compliment and sympathy, Chinese people sometimes have less sense of propriety in their expressions than the Americans do. They think the more exaggerated the better. American people regard this as dishonest.In daily communication and daily behaviors, some differences caused by Chines’s humility and Americans’self-esteem are worth mentioning. When receiving honest praise from others, Chinese people usually send an expression showing “I do not believe”, “no”, “I do not deserve such praise”, and sometimes even give an anxious looks. American people think that such response is dishonest and hypocritical. On the contrary, they may smile to the person who praise them, accept the compliment and usually say “thank you”. In the Chinese point of view, such response is a kind of prideand conceited.3.1.3 Eye ContactThe most important channel for receiving and sending nonverbal messages is our eyes. At present, most of the studies of eye movements have been concerned with eye contact. Eye contact is an important element of body language. The number of messages we can send with our eyes is almost limitless. One research estimated that in group communication we spend 30 to 60 percent of our time in eye contact with others (Tubbs & Moss, 1991:154). The study of eye contact mainly includes: to look or not to look; when to look and how long to look; who and who not to look at.In conversation with people who know each other, American custom demands that there should be eye contact. This applies to both the speaker and the listener. The duration of their eye contact is longer than Chinese people's. In the US, the lack of eye contact is considered being not sincere, genuine, and honest, as well as implies fear, contempt, uneasiness, guilt, indifference. For showing politeness, respect or obedience, Chinese people frequently avoid direct eye contact with others.The two countries have a different way of retracting the look- the way they stop eye contact: the Americans, especially women, tend to look aside. It seems to give the Chinese a feeling of indifference, apartness and dissatisfaction. In China, people are accustomed to looking down. It is common that Chinese women always look down; the same is true of the underling before the superior, and the young before the old. In Chinese culture, looking down represents a modest, reverent and deferential attitude. It may be difficult for Americans to understand it. They would think that Chinese women's looking down illustrates the androcentrism of Chinese men.In China, some people never seem to get over their curiosity about the foreigners. The fact that they can not communicate with foreigners make them even more curious. And their curiosity shows in the way they stare at the foreigners. For the Chinese, the staring may be nothing more than curiosity, or sometimes surprise; but for the Americans, the feeling aroused by this staring can be so strong that makes them feel they are not just a minority but even an object of curiosity. They may become embarrassed and self-conscious. In a word, this kind of impolite behavior usually causes antipathy and misunderstanding by Americans. Therefore, Chinese people should avoid staring at the overseas.America and China share some similar eye movements with the same meanings.For instance, winking with one eye implies sharing a secret or flirtatious; raising the eyebrows is a flirtatious gesture by men, etc. Some eye movement are common in America but seldom seen in China: rolling the eye shows incredulity or amazement; winking eyes may shows several feeling – understanding, approval, encouragement, try to get across a message, solidarity.To sum up, America, along with other English- speaking countries, values the function of eye contact. They usually associate eye contact and eye movement, trust, frankness and self-esteem. Generally, they have much more eye contact and eye movement than the Chinese due to their recognition of equality. With a long history of modesty and humility, Chinese people may be shy about direct eye contact and may have less changeful eye movement. In fact, it is a sign of showing respect and kindness. Both countries should keep in mind these differences when communication with each other.3.1.4 Hand GestureAs a mode of nonverbal communication, hand gestures rank second in importance only to facial cues. Though facial cues enjoy a larger potential of communicating, with a low visibility, they cannot function adequately. Only in a short distance can facial expressions be seen; whereas hand gestures can be identified in a long distance. Leger Brosnahan said that hand gesture is, as a matter of fact, the core of body language. (Bi, 1991:115)Hands are so flexible and freely that can show clear and vivid meanings. Hand gestures sometimes substitute for verbal communication. Deaf-mutes use a system of hand signals so comprehensive that it literally replaces spoken language. The signals themselves are arbitrary. Many of our hand movements are culturally determined. Thus the same gesture can convey different things to members of different cultures; and different cultures may have particular hand gestures that are rare in other cultures. For example:(1) Same gesture in two cultures, but with different meaning. Hand gesture: extend the forefinger and make a circular motion near the temple or ear. In China, it means urging someone to use his or her brain; or thinking deeply, while in America, something or someone is “crazy”(2) Same meaning, but with different gesture. “It is me”. In China, touching or pointing to tip of one’s own nose with raised forefinger, while in America touching orpointing to one’s own bosom with raised forefinger or thumb.(3) Gesture and meaning in China, no equivalent in America. Using an open hand to cover one’s mouth while speaking in China, it means to show confidentiality and secrecy.(4) Gesture and meaning in America, no equivalent in China. Chewing one’s fingernails in America, it means emotional stress, worried, does not know what to do.3.1.5 Smile and LaughterWhen it comes to smile and laughter, the most common facial expressions, they may cause some misunderstandings between Chinese and American culture. Thus it is necessary to explore them further in this point. Smile and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy, merriment. This is generally true in China as well as in America. However, there are situations when some Chinese smile or laugh that will cause negative reactions by Americans.It may be difficult for Americans to believe that smiling for the Chinese not only means that someone is happy, but also that he or she is sorry. It is desirable for a Chinese to apologize with a smile, which indicates humbleness and embarrassment. For Chen Jun, smile is an important part of the apology. However, Peter might take the smile as smirking, a sign of disrespect. An American in the same situation would probably keep his eyes lowed, especially during the time he or she is apologizing. In this case, the mistaken perception of a smile made an awkward situation worse.Chinese people resort to laugh or smile when they feel embarrassed. The person caught in embarrassing situation would also laugh or make a joke, to ease the embarrassment. Such laughter, of course, is not at the person or his misfortune –whether he be a foreigner or a Chinese. It can convey a number of feelings: do not take it so seriously; laugh it off, it is nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. However, if someone gets hurt seriously, it will not be a laughing matter any more. People will help him or her instead.Generally speaking, Chinese people do not smile at strangers. A lot of people do not start communication without a good reason or without someone introducing them. Being friendly by nature is not enough of a reason for most people to smile at each other. However, Americans do not always smile at strangers, but when in a corridor, elevator, or other confined space, and when there are few or no other people around, they are likely to exchange a brief smile or nod, or maybe even a quiet “good morning” or othergreeting.3.2 PosturePosture is the general way of holding the body, especially the back, shoulders and head when standing, walking and sitting. It is essential to distinguish between posture and gesture. Generally speaking, posture relates to the whole body; while gesture limits to different parts of the body. According to Brosnahan, it's more appropriate to distinguish them by time span. Posture refers to a comparatively steady state; gesture is the sign of impermanent movements (Bi, 1991:88). In addition, it is far more difficult to control our gestures, like eye contact, facial expressions and hand gesture, etc. Posture, on the contrary, can be controlled consciously to a certain extent.Researchers divided posture into three categories: standing, bent-knee positions (such as sitting, squatting, kneeling down and so on) and lying (Bi, 1998: 17). Although the basic posture of human being is much alike or similar, there are many cultural differences in posture. People of different cultures have their own characteristics of running, walking, standing, squatting, sitting and lying. In cross-cultural communication, these various characteristics sometimes may cause communication obstacles and misunderstandings. Here we will lay emphasis on four important aspects of posture: walking posture, standing posture, squatting posture, and sitting posture.3.2.1 Walking PostureThe Chinese and Americans differ obviously in walking posture. Both countries have their own standard walking posture: Americans regard the posture of athlete and soldier to be the standard posture, whereas the Chinese take the posture of scholar and civilian for their standard. Imagine how widely different when a drillmaster walking with a scholar.When Americans walk outside, they feel the surrounding scope widely and open. Therefore, they usually swing along the street highly and mighty, straighten up their abdomen and chest, free themselves from any control, as if the world belongs to them. Chinese people are critical of such walking way, because it displays a conceited feeling, and it can be marked by arrogance; haughty and overbearing.The walking way in China is quite contrary; people limit themselves to a confined walking scope, lower the head, and bend knees slightly. The U.S and other English-speaking countries may have no opinion on such walking posture. They are familiar with Chinese people's humility and wariness. A few of them may perceive it as。

跨文化交际中中西方社会文化差异的表现

跨文化交际中中西方社会文化差异的表现跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行的交流和互动，其中必然存在着中西方社会文化差异。

这些差异主要在以下几个方面表现出来。

一、交际方式的差异中西方社会在交际方式上存在很大的差异。

中西方国家在交际中有很多不同的方法和习惯用语。

中西方社会文化对待礼仪和礼貌的态度也不同。

在西方国家，人们非常注重个人主义、自由、平等等价值观，往往更直接地表达自己的看法，追求实用和效率。

而在中国，尤其是在社交场合，讲究礼貌和尊重，注重面子和礼节，往往需要用隐喻和象征的方式来表达自己的意思，避免直接否定或伤害他人。

二、时间观念的差异时间观念对于每个人来说非常重要，但中西方社会对时间的理解和应用方式有着很大的差异。

在西方文化中，时间被认为是有限的资源，非常珍贵，需要高效利用。

人们往往比较看重时间的准确度和限制性，遵守时间的约定很重要。

而在中国，时间被认为是一个相对的概念，更强调人际关系和人情味，时间的延伸和弹性是非常重要的。

人们不那么强调准时和晚到的问题，而是注重情感沟通和信任的建立。

中西方社会的环境观念也存在很大差异。

在西方，人们注重环保和可持续发展，相对绿色环保的意识比较高。

而在中国，由于国内社会和经济的快速发展，环境污染问题比较严重，尤其在人口密集的城市地区。

但在中国社会，文化中的祖国观念、思想、观念和伦理观能够强化人们对环境质量的关注，也提高了人们的环保意识。

四、音乐节奏的差异语言和音乐在文化中都是重要的一部分，也是中西方文化差异的体现之一。

在西方音乐中，通常采用多重节奏和复杂节奏来传达不同的情感、情绪和主题。

而在中国传统音乐中，常常运用简单的旋律和节奏来表达抒情和纯净的情感，强调音乐的自然和平和性。

非言语交际在西方商务交往中的差异及其重要性

The Differences and Importance of Non-verbal Communicationin Western BusinessAbstract: It is a necessary subject for western businessmen to learn how to deal with the relationship between the language, non-verbal communication and the culture in which they do business in order to ensure benign communication. Language is a tool of communication and it’s a carrier of the culture. Non-verbal communication is an indispensable part of communication, but people always pay more attention to verbal communication and ignore the non-verbal communication. This thesis demonstrates the differences and importance of non-verbal communication in western business by comparing the same non-verbal communication symbols which have a completely different meaning in another culture. It also aims to provide a better understanding of non-verbal communication for businessmen.Key Words:non-verbal communication; western business; importance; differences非言语交际在西方商务交往中的差异及其重要性摘要：在西方商务交往中如何掌握好语言、非言语交际和文化的关系，达到一种良性的沟通，对西方商务人员来说是一门必修的学科。

中美非言语交际的差异分析

中美非言语交际的差异分析发表时间：2020-12-09T07:18:44.329Z 来源：《学习与科普》2020年12期作者：孙文[导读] 第一，什么是非语言交际；第二，中国的非语言交际在哪些方面有别于美国。

重庆师范大学外国语学院重庆市 401331摘要：言语交际和非言语交际是人类交际的两种手段。

在人类的整个历史中，语言是在人类之后出现的。

随着经济全球化的迅速发展，各国之间的联系和交际的频率不断增加，近年来，对非语言交际的研究得到了社会语言学家、应用语言学家和其他专业人士的广泛关注。

对于大多数专家来说，在社会背景下，人们用来传达信息的口头交流量不超过35%。

换句话说，非语言交际在人类交际中起着重要的作用。

我们需要更好地认识到母语和目标语言在非语言交际中的差异，以便人们能够在跨文化交际中合理地进行交流。

关键词：非语言交际；差异；启示1.引言随着经济全球化进程的迅速发展，人们越来越重视跨文化交际。

关于如何适当对待国家间非语言沟通的研究有了极大的增长。

中国和美国是世界上最大的两个经济实体，两国在贸易、文化、经济等方面的接触与合作逐渐兴起。

因此，如何看待两国在日常生活和工作中的非语言交流差异，在研究中起着至关重要的作用。

本研究主要分析了两国非语言交际的差异，主要对以下问题进行研究和分析。

第一，什么是非语言交际；第二，中国的非语言交际在哪些方面有别于美国。

2.中美两国在非语言交际方面的差异2.1身势语身势语作为非语言交际的手段，在言语交际中起着重要的辅助作用。

它指的是对身体运动交流的解释（王腾腾，2015：145）。

身势语的范畴包括姿势、手势、面部表情、眼神交流和触觉。

下面，我们将进一步讨论身势语的差异。

2.1.1姿势姿势，或肢体语言，是指人们用身体的一般方式。

在中国，当被介绍给其他人，特别是那些地位很高的人时，所有人都必须站起来，这是一种表现谦虚、尊重和礼貌的方式。

而在美国，无论这个人是谁，女人在遇到同样的场合时都不需要站着。

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中西方文化中非言语交际的差异
人类的交际体系在结构上可分为言语交际（verbal communication ）和非言语交际（non-verbal communication ）。

根据一项调查显示，在人们的交际行为中，“言语交际所传达的信息仅占35%，而65%的信息则是通过非言语交际来传递的”。

在跨文化交际中，只有把握了各种非言语形式的不同含义，把它们放置在恰当的文化背景下，才能达到我们交际的目的。

本文拟对非言语交际在不同文化中表现的差异进行研究，探讨非言语交际的重要性及如何在我们的日常学习中培养这种能力。

一、非言语交际的内涵对于非言语交际的含义，许多学者都进行了研究。

美国著名学者萨默瓦（samovar）认为“非言语行为指的是在一定交际环境中语言因素以外的，对接收者或输出者含有信息价值的那些因素。

这些因素既可以人为的生成，也可以由环境造就”。

在本文中，非言语交际指的是一个人不张口说话，不动笔书写的一切行为，它主要伴随在口头交际中，通过交际者的面部表情、身体姿势等来更真实地表达感情和态度。

从跨文化交际的角度出发，非言语交际粗略地分为四大类：（1）体态语。

包括基本姿势，基本礼节动作，以及人体各部分动作所提供的交际信息。

（2）副语言。

包括沉默，话轮转换和各种非语义声音。

（3）客体语。

包括衣着和化妆，个人用品的交际作用，家具和车辆所提供的交际信息。

（4）环境语。

包括空间信息，时间信息，声音、灯光、颜色标识
等等。

本文主要对其中一些常见的非言语交际进行研究。

二、中西方文化中非言语交际的差异人们在语言交流过程中，会时不时的伴随有各种各样的“小动作”，这些小动作其实也是对交际的一种补充。

它的作用也是不容忽视的。

1，体态语。

非言语交际中最常见的就是体态语的运用。

体态语是指人们利用姿态、动作，包括身体动作和面部表情，来传达信息的非言语行为。

下面就手势、面部表情、目光语等等来分析一下这种差异性。

一、手势上的差异性。

不同的文化下，人们利用手势所表现出来的意义也是不同的。

一方面，相同的手势在不同的文化中有不同的含义。

美国人用拇指和食指围成一个圈，其余三个手指向上伸直，表示“ 0K，即同意、赞成；英国人用此表示顺利、不错和许可；在日本，这一手势表示钱，阿拉伯人用其表示深恶痛绝并同时使劲咬牙。

另一方面，如果我们想表达“过来”这一意思的时候中国人用手掌伸出，手心向下，指头朝着自己的方向来回伸缩。

而在美国人大都是手握成拳伸出，手心向上，食指朝着自己的方向来回伸缩。

这对有些中国人、日本人等一些亚洲国家来说，这一动作是对别人的一种不尊重行为。

当然这是由不同的文化背景决定的。

二、面部表情上的差异性。

面部表情是体态中最能表现出情绪的非言语行为。

西方人的表情比东方人变化多，表情丰富，常常有些夸张的表情；而在东方文化中，抑制自己感情的流露被认为是有修养的表现。

比如中国人受儒家思想的影响，认为内敛含蓄是一种谦让，喜怒哀乐常常不形于色。

汉民族在贵宾来到时，笑脸相迎才合情理，而美国的印第安
人却以开怀大哭迎接客人的到来。

另外，某些场合的笑在中国和西方国家不同。

通常情况下，微笑和大笑都表示友好、赞同、高兴之意，但在某些场合中国人的笑不但不会让西方人感到高兴，反而会引起西方人的质疑。

三、目光接触。

不同的文化中眼神的传递也是不同的。

人们怎样表示感兴趣或不感兴趣，怎样表达鼓励或拒绝，表示赞美与不满，表示爱慕与厌恶都会用不同的目光来表达。

在法国，男子对自己欣赏的女性的凝视是一种公认的文化，看到一位美女一直凝视是一种欣赏的信号；对于阿拉伯人来说眼睛是个人存在的关键，他们交流时彼此目光热情地凝视着对方；在英国直接凝视对方的眼睛是一种绅士风度；在瑞典，用目光不停地上下打量对方是一种习惯；在日本，他们的眼睛看的是对方的脖子，不会眼对眼的只是对方；在中国，若有人紧盯着中国人一直看，他们会对这样的目光感到不自在，甚至不安。

2，环境语。

环境语是指文化本身所造成的生理和心理环境，而不是人们居住的地理环境。

不同的文化对个人领地、空间距离和时间感上都存在着差异。

一、比如就空间距离来说。

任何一个人都需要有一个适合自己的自我空间，这个自我空间的大小与文化和民族有关。

不同文化背景的人们之间有着不同的空间距离。

西方人在交谈时保持一定的距离，不喜欢离得太近；而西班人和阿拉伯人交谈时会凑得很近；拉美人在交谈时几乎是紧贴对方。

东方人可以忍受着一群人挤在同一辆公交车上并坚持到终点站，在这种情况下，他们习惯了彼此间的身体接触；而西方人则不
同，他们不太习惯挤在拥挤的公交车上，属于自己的小汽车比较多，多数人是开私家车上下班，他们习惯了宽松舒适的空间。

二、时间信息。

不同文化背景下人们在看待时间和使用时间的时候，往往会有不同的概念和态度。

在西方国家，一周始于周日，在中国则始于周一。

西方人的日程安排的很紧，而且尽其最大努力去实现，而中国人做事没有安排日程的习惯，或不严格遵守约定时间。

例如，会议到时不开始，会议到该结束时迟迟不散会，人们同时与几个人谈话，同时办几件事。

时间观念的不同也使得不同文化背景下的人们的守时观念也不尽相同。

在英国和北美，正式的约会必须准时到达，最多不能超过约定时间5 分钟，而在阿拉伯国家迟到15 分钟仍属正常范围。

三、结论与非言语交际能力的培养本文主要对几种常见的非言语交际方式进行了研究。

通过研究我们可以看出不同的非言语交际的根本原因还是在于不同的文化背景。

因此为了达到成功交际的目的，交际双方必须弄清楚
对方的文化背景及非言语行为的差异，提高这种差异的敏感性，
强化应用非言语交际的能力。

在我们的日常生活中，这种培养也是可以通过一些活动来加强的。

我们应该认真观察和总结，并对其进行对比分析，突出这种差异性，提高遇到这种差异的敏感性。