APPARENT IDEAL AMINO ACIDS DIGESTIBILITY OF RAW
中国饲料成分及营养价值表2007年第18版_续_
锌 Ｚｎ （ ｍｇ／ｋｇ）
２１．１ ２１．１ １９．２ １９．２ ２０．１ ２９．７ ３０．０ ２３．６ ３５．０ ８．０ １０．０ ３６．４ １５．９ １４．０ ９．０ ７３．０ ７３．０ ９６．５ １０４．７ ５０．３ ５６．４ ６０．９ ４０．７ ４０．７ ４３．４ ４６．４ ４６．４ ４４．９ ５５．５ ５５．５ ５９．２ ６７．５ ５２．５ ５５．７ ６２．１ ８２．７ ８０．０ ３６．０ ３８．７ ２．４ １９．２ ４９．０
－ １．４０ ０．５７ ２．０８ ２．４０ ２．２２ ０．０８ １．７０ １．８１ ０．０１
－ ２．４０
铁 Ｆｅ （ ｍｇ／ｋｇ）
３６ ３６ ３７ ３７ ８７ ８８ １００ ８７ １１７ ４０ ７８ ６２ ２７０ １５０ １０７ １４０ １４０ １７０ １５７ ３０４ ４００ ４３２ １１１ １１１ １８７ １８５ １８５ ２６６ ２６３ ２６３ ６８７ ６５３ ３４７ ３６８ ４２４ ２２６ ３１０ ２０４ ２１９ １７８０ ２３０ ３３２ ４００ ２８２ ９９ ２１４ １９７ － １９８ ２２６ １８１ ８０ ２９２ ２１００ ７３ １３１ ５００ ４４０ ３７２ ３６１ ４３７ ２７４ ２４８ １６０ １３ － －
铜 Ｃｕ （ ｍｇ／ｋｇ）
３．４ ３．４ ３．３ ３．３ ７．６ ７．９ ７．０ ５．６ ７．０ ３．５ ３．３ ８．８ ２４．５ ４．２ ６．１ １１．６ １１．６ １３．８ １６．５ ７．１ ８．７ ９．４ １８．１ １８．１ １９．８ ２４．０ ２４．０ １１．６ １４．０ １４．０ ７．２ ７．１ ２３．７ ２５．１ ４５．６ ３２．８ ３５．０ ２７．０ ２５．５ ５０．４ １．９ １０．０ ２８．０ １０．７ １２．８ ７．７ ４３．９ ２２．０ ５．３ ９．１ ６．０ ８．０ ８．０ ８．０ ６．８ １１．１ １．５ １０．０ ９．１ ９．７ ９．１ ２０．１ ６１．０ ４３．１ ３．６ － －
表5.猪用饲料氨基酸标准回肠消化率
中国饲料成分及营养价值表（第30版）TABLES OF FEED COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUES IN CHINA表5猪用饲料蛋白质及氨基酸标准回肠消化率（参考）Standardized ileal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids used for swine（reference）*序号饲料名称Feed Name干物质DM%粗蛋白质CP%精氨酸Arg%组氨酸His%异亮氨酸Ile%亮氨酸Leu%赖氨酸Lys%蛋氨酸Met%胱氨酸Cys%苯丙氨酸Phe%酪氨酸Tyr%苏氨酸Thr%色氨酸Trp%缬氨酸Val%1 玉米Corn grain 86.080 89 87 86 89 75 87 83 87 79 80 77 852 膨化玉米（Extrude corn）90.087 88 81 78 71 84 93 77 75 82 61 69 733 高粱Sorghum grain, 单宁含量≤0.2% 86.077 81 74 41 96 67 79 63 95 69 76 74 944 高粱Sorghum grain, 0.5%≤单宁含量≤1.0%87.969 70 66 45 96 62 79 62 99 70 76 74 965 小麦Wheat grain (硬质) 87.088 91 88 89 89 82 88 89 90 88 84 88 886 大麦Barley grain 87.079 85 81 79 81 75 82 82 81 78 76 82 807 黑麦Rye 88.083 79 79 78 79 76 81 82 72 76 74 76 778 糙米Rough rice 87.090 89 84 81 83 77 85 73 84 86 76 77 789 粟(谷子)Millet grain 86.588 89 90 89 91 83 75 88 91 86 86 97 8710 次粉Wheat middling and red dog 88.076 91 84 79 80 78 82 76 84 83 73 81 8111 小麦麸Wheat bran 87.078 90 76 75 73 73 72 77 83 56 64 73 7912 米糠Rice bran 87.060 89 87 69 70 78 77 68 73 81 71 73 6913 米糠粕Defatted rice bran 90.283 75 75 75 75 78 74 63 69 86 76 73 -14 全脂大豆Soybeans，full-fat 88.079 87 81 78 78 81 80 76 79 81 76 82 7715 大豆浓缩蛋白Soybean protein concentrate 92.089 95 91 91 91 91 92 79 90 93 86 88 9016 大豆粕Soybean meal(sol.) 89.085 92 86 88 86 88 89 84 87 86 83 90 8417 发酵大豆粕Fermented soybean meal 90.585 93 90 89 90 90 91 87 90 90 85 86 8918 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal(sol.) 88.077 88 74 70 73 63 73 76 81 76 68 71 7319 菜籽饼Rapeseed meal(exp.) 88.075 83 78 78 78 71 83 76 80 74 70 73 7320 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal(sol.) 88.074 85 78 76 78 74 85 74 77 77 70 71 7421 花生仁粕Peanut meal(exp..) 88.087 93 81 81 81 76 83 81 88 92 74 76 78 续表5序号饲料名称Feed Name干物质DM%粗蛋白质CP%精氨酸Arg%组氨酸His%异亮氨酸Ile%亮氨酸Leu%赖氨酸Lys%蛋氨酸Met%胱氨酸Cys%苯丙氨酸Phe%酪氨酸Tyr%苏氨酸Thr%色氨酸Trp%缬氨酸Val%22 花生仁粕Peanut meal(sol.) 88.087 93 81 81 81 76 83 81 88 92 74 76 7823 向日葵仁粕Sunflower meal(sol.) 88.083 93 83 82 82 80 90 80 86 88 80 84 7924 芝麻粕Sesame meal(sol.) 92.091 96 84 87 92 85 92 92 93 91 90 85 8925 玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal 90.175 91 87 93 96 81 93 88 94 94 87 77 9126 玉米蛋白饲料Corn gluten feed 88.065 86 75 80 85 66 82 62 85 84 71 66 7727 玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal(sol.) 90.071 83 78 75 78 62 80 63 81 79 70 66 7328 玉米DDG Corn DDG 90.076 83 84 83 86 78 89 81 87 80 78 71 8129 玉米DDGS Corn DDGS 89.274 81 78 76 84 61 82 73 81 81 71 71 7530 鱼粉(CP67%) fish meal 92.485 86 84 83 83 86 87 64 82 74 81 76 8331 血粉Blood meal 88.089 92 91 73 93 93 88 86 92 88 87 91 9232 羽毛粉Feather meal 88.068 81 56 76 77 56 73 73 79 79 71 63 7533 肉骨粉Meat and bone meal 93.072 83 71 73 76 73 84 56 79 68 69 62 7634 肉粉Meat meal 94.076 84 75 78 77 78 82 62 79 78 74 76 7635 苜蓿草粉(CP17%) Alfalfa meal 87.037 74 59 68 71 56 71 37 70 66 63 46 6436 啤酒糟Brewers dried grain 88.085 93 83 87 86 80 87 76 90 93 80 81 3637 乳清粉Whey, dehydrated 94.0100 98 96 96 98 97 98 93 98 97 90 97 3738 酪蛋白Casein 91.0100 99 99 96 99 99 99 92 99 99 96 98 38 *: 数据参考来源：NRC(2012), INRA(2004),，AMINO Dat5.0(2016)等。
农用鱼蛋白制作流程
农用鱼蛋白制作流程英文回答：The production process of agricultural fish protein can be divided into several steps. Here is a detailed explanation of each step:1. Selection of raw materials: The first step in the production process is to select high-quality fish as raw materials. Freshwater or marine fish can be used, depending on the availability and preferences of the producers. It is important to choose fish that are free from diseases and contaminants.2. Fish cleaning and grinding: After selecting the fish, they need to be thoroughly cleaned to remove any impurities and scales. Once cleaned, the fish are ground into a fine paste using a grinder or a blender. This step helps in breaking down the fish into smaller particles for further processing.3. Enzyme addition: Enzymes are added to the fish paste to facilitate the hydrolysis process. Enzymes such as protease are commonly used to break down the proteins present in the fish into smaller peptides and amino acids. The addition of enzymes helps in improving thedigestibility and nutritional value of the fish protein.4. Hydrolysis: The fish paste, along with the added enzymes, is subjected to hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is a process that involves the breakdown of proteins into smaller fragments by the action of enzymes and water. This step is crucial in obtaining fish protein with high solubility and bioavailability.5. Separation and filtration: After hydrolysis, the mixture is separated to remove solid residues and impurities. Filtration techniques such as centrifugation or filtration through filter papers are commonly used to achieve this. The resulting liquid contains the fish protein in a soluble form.6. Concentration: The liquid containing fish protein is concentrated to increase its protein content. Various techniques such as evaporation or membrane filtration can be employed for concentration. This step helps in obtaining a higher concentration of fish protein, which is desirable for further processing and formulation.7. Drying: The concentrated fish protein is then dried to remove the water content. Spray drying or freeze drying methods are commonly used for this purpose. Drying helps in preserving the fish protein for longer shelf life and easy storage.8. Packaging and storage: The final step involves packaging the dried fish protein in suitable containers to ensure its quality and safety. Proper packaging materials and storage conditions are essential to prevent moisture absorption and maintain the nutritional integrity of the fish protein.中文回答：农用鱼蛋白的制作流程可以分为几个步骤。
脱酚棉籽蛋白在水产饲料中的应用
Xue Min Luo Lin
薛敏
罗琳
Beijing Aquaculture Nutrition Research Centre, Beijing
北京友谊通元水产技术开发中心
Why research on degossypolled cottonseed protein (DCP)
研究脱酚棉籽蛋白在水产饲料中的应用的目的
Fish meal is deficient and expensive resources，phosphorus excretion •鱼粉是很好的水产饲料蛋白源，但资源短缺，价格昂贵，磷污 染严重 The market price of the fish has been decreased rapidly •由于养殖规模的扩大和产量的大幅提高，水产品价格降幅较大 The importance of vegetable alternative proteins •植物性替代蛋白源成为研究热点
utilizationofdegossypolledcottonseedproteininaquaticfeed脱酚棉籽蛋白在水产饲料中的应用脱酚棉籽蛋白在水产饲料中的应用xueminluolin薛敏薛敏罗琳罗琳beijingaquaculturenutritionresearchcentrebeijing北京友谊通元水产技术开发中心北京友谊通元水产技术开发中心whyresearchondegossypolledcottonseedproteindcp研究脱酚棉籽蛋白在水产饲料中的应用的目的研究脱酚棉籽蛋白在水产饲料中的应用的目的fishmealisdeficientandexpensiveresourcesphosphorusexcretion?鱼粉是很好的水产饲料蛋白源但资源短缺价格昂贵磷污鱼粉是很好的水产饲料蛋白源但资源短缺价格昂贵磷污染严重染严重themarketpriceofthefishhasbeendecreasedrapidly?由于养殖规模的扩大和产量的大幅提高水产品价格降幅较大由于养殖规模的扩大和产量的大幅提高水产品价格降幅较大theimportanceofvegetablealternativeproteins?植物性替代蛋白源成为研究热点植物性替代蛋白源成为研究热点continue研究脱酚棉籽蛋白在水产饲料中的应用的目的研究脱酚棉籽蛋白在水产饲料中的应用的目的theannualproductofcottonseedisabout5milliontoninchinabutnormaluseofcottonseedmealinfeedislessthan15becauseofitslowlysinemethioninecystineavailabilityandtoxicityofgossypol
13种饲料原料蛋白质对尼罗罗非鱼的营养价值_吴建开
饲料原料 Ingredient s
血粉 3 Blood meal 羽毛粉 # Feat her meal 秘鲁鱼粉 Fish meal ,Peru 大豆粕 Soybean meal 酵母饲料 Yeast food 棉仁粕 Cottonseed meal 炒大豆 Soybean cooked 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal 花生粕 (带壳) Peanut meal ( hull) 小麦麸 Wheat bran 小麦次粉 Inferior wheat flour 大米糠 Rice bran 玉米 Corn ,yellow
关键词 :尼罗罗非鱼 ;饲料原料 ;蛋白质 ;有效必需氨基酸指数 ;营养价值 中图分类号 :S965. 125. 316 文献标识码 :A
饲料中的蛋白质是最重要的营养素 ,其营养价 值取决于饲料中蛋白质的氨基酸组成 、含量及其有 效性[1 ] 。因此 ,饲料中的蛋白质被鱼体消化和被利 用的程度是饲料营养价值评定的核心 。而蛋白质对 鱼类的营养价值的评定目前大多采用生物评价法 , 即通过测定蛋白质效率 、净蛋白质效率 、生物价和净 蛋白质利用率求得[2 ,3 ] 。化学评价法在鱼类应用不 多 ,但能势的试验表明虹鳟的生长与饲料蛋白质的 必需氨基酸指数之间有明显的正相关[4 ] 。
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粪饲便料中中营营养养成成分分含含量量)
尼罗罗非鱼对每种饲料原料中单个必需氨基酸 的消化率大多数同蛋白质和氨基酸总量的消化率相 近 。鱼粉 、大豆粕和炒大豆蛋白质中各种必需氨基 酸消化率均在 85 %以上 ,但一些饲料原料中赖氨酸 或含硫氨基酸消化率明显较低 。羽毛粉赖氨酸消化 率最低 ;大米糠 、酵母饲料和棉仁粕的赖氨酸消化率 也较低 ;此外棉仁粕蛋氨酸消化率和羽毛粉组氨酸 消化率都很低 。饲料原料在加工时 ,赖氨酸的ε氨基同饲料原料中非蛋白质分子如转化糖 、脂肪醛
肉牛及奶牛生长阶段饲粮的氨基酸限制性顺序及理想氨基酸模式研究现状
ｄｏｉ：１０．１３３０２／ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．ｆｉ．２０１８．２１．０１３
中图分类 号 ：￥８１６．１５
文献标识 码 ：Ａ
文章 编号 ：１００１—９９１Ｘ（２０１８）２１—００６０—０５
Ｓｔｕｄｙ ｏｎ ｌｉｍ ｉｔｉｎｇ ａｍ ｉｎｏ ａｃｉｄｓ ａｎｄ ｉｄｅａｌ ａｍ ｉｎｏ ａｃｉｄ ｍ ｏｄｅｌ ｏｆ ｂｅｅｆ ｃａｔｔｌｅ ａｎｄ ｄａｉｒｙ ｃａｔｔｌｅ ａｔ
究 。ＮＲＣ（２００１）－ 指 出后 备 牛 的蛋 白和氨 基 酸需 要 量 的氨 基 酸 营养 研 究 现 状 做 一 综 述 ，旨在 为 后 备 牛 生 的确 定 可 划 分 为 四个 阶段 ：断 奶 前 、过 渡期 （２～４月 长 阶段 的氨 基酸 限制 性顺 序 及需 要 量模 型的 研究 提 龄 ）、４月 龄～配种 期 、配种 后 ～产 犊前 。研 究后 备母 牛 供 参考 。 的氨 基 酸需要 量 有 助于 提 升牛 场 的经 济效 益 和母 牛 １ 牛 生长 阶段 的限制性 氨基 酸
ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ．Ｂｅｓｉｄｅｓ，ａ ｌｏｔ ｏｆ ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ ｆｏｃｕｓｅｄ ｏｎ ｃａｌｖｅｓ，ｌａｍｂｓ ａｎｄ ａｄｕｌｔ ＣＯＷＳ，ｗｈｉｌｅ ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗｅｒｅ ｏｎｌｙ ｌｉｍ—
ｉｔｅｄ ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ａｍｉｎｏ ａｃｉｄ ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍ ｅｎｔｓ ｏｆ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｓｔａｇｅ ｂｅｅｆ ｃａｔｔｌｅ ａｎｄ ｒｅｐｌａｃｅｍｅｎｔ ｈｅｉｆｅｒｓ．Ｔｈｅｒｅ—
ｏｆ ａｍ ｉｎｏ ａｃｉｄｓ ｏｆ ｂｅｅｆ ｃａｔｔｌｅ ａｎｄ ｒｅｐｌａｃｅｍ ｅｎｔ ｈｅｉｆｅｒｓ ａｔ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｓｔａｇｅ．
饲料专业英语
饲料feed营养素nutrient总能gross energy ;GE消化能digestible energy；GE代谢能metabolizable energy；ME净能net energy；NE理想蛋白质ideal protein必须氨基酸essential amino acid非必须氨基酸non essential amino acid限制性氨基酸limiting amino acid可消化氨基酸digestible amino acid可利用氨基酸available amino acid氨基酸平衡amino acid balance必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid必须矿物元素essential mineral常量元素macro-mineral微量元素micro-mineral总磷total phosphorus;TP有效磷available phosphorus；AP抗营养因子anti-nutritional factor营养需要量nutrient requirement维持需要量maintenance requirement磁性金属杂质magnetic metal impurites粗蛋白质crude protein(CP)粗灰分crude ash粗饲料roughage，forage粗纤维crude fiber(CF)粗脂肪crude fat，ether extract(EE)促生长剂growth promoting agent单细胞蛋白single-cell protein(SCP)蛋白能量比protein caloric ratio蛋白质饲料protein feed调味剂flavor enchancement防腐剂preservative防霉剂mould inhibitor非蛋白氮non-protein nitrogen(NPN)复合预混料compound premix干物质dry matter(DM)感观指标sensory index国际雏鸡单位international chick unit(ICU) 国际单位international unit(IU)混合均匀度mixing uniformity混合饲料mixed feed加工质量指标process quality index加药饲料medicated feed加药预混料medicated premix交叉污染cross contamination精料补充料concentrate supplement绝干样品absolute-dried sample抗氧化剂antioxidant颗粒饲料粉化率percentage of powdered pellets 颗粒饲料耐水性water durability of pellets颗粒饲料硬度hardness of pellets粒度particle size量元素预混料trace mineral feed能量蛋白比caloric-protein ratio能量饲料energy feed浓缩饲料(料精) concentrate配合饲料formula feed驱虫保健剂vermifuge全价配合饲料complete feed水分moisture日粮ration日粮配合ration formulation饲粮diet饲料转化比feed conversion ratio；FCR饲料报酬feed reward饲料标签feed label饲料原料(单一饲料) feed stuff,single feed饲料转化比(饲料报酬) feed conversion ratio饲料组分feed ingredient添加剂预混料additive premix维生素预混料vitamin premix卫生标准sanitation standard无氮浸出物nitrogen free extract(NFE)稀释剂diluent消化能digestible energy(DE)营养性添加剂nutritive additive营养指标nutritive index有毒、有害物质toxic and harmful substance有效磷available phosphorus(AP)载体carrier粘结剂binder着色剂color and pigment自动分级segregation单一饲料single feed饲料原料feedstuff(s)饲料组分feed ingredient能量饲料energy feed蛋白质饲料protein feed矿物质饲料mineral feed单细胞蛋白single-cell protein;(SCP)粗饲料roughage高粱sorghum grain小麦wheat grain大麦(裸) naked barley grain大麦(皮) barley grain黑麦rye稻谷paddy糙米rough rice碎米broken rice粟(谷子) millet grain木薯干cassava tuber flake甘薯干sweet potato tuber flake次粉wheat middling and reddog次粉wheat middling and reddog小麦麸wheat bran小麦麸wheat bran米糠rice bran米糠饼rice bran meal(exp.)米糠粕rice bran meal(sol.)大豆soybean全脂大豆full-fat-soybean大豆饼soybean meal(exp.)大豆粕soybean meal(sol.)大豆粕soybean meal(sol.)棉籽饼cottonseed meal(exp.)棉籽粕cottonseed meal(sol.)棉籽粕cottonseed meal(sol.)棉籽蛋白cottonseed protein菜籽饼rapeseed meal(exp.)菜籽粕rapeseed meal(sol.)花生仁饼peanut meal(exp.)花生仁粕peanut meal(sol.)向日葵仁饼sunflower meal(exp.)向日葵仁粕sunflower meal(sol.)向日葵仁粕sunflower meal(sol.)亚麻仁饼linseed meal(exp.)亚麻仁粕linseed meal(sol.)芝麻饼sesame meal(exp.)玉米蛋白粉corn gluten meal玉米蛋白粉corn gluten meal玉米蛋白粉corn gluten meal玉米蛋白饲料corn gluten feed玉米胚芽饼corn germ meal(exp.)玉米胚芽粕corn germ meal(sol.)酒糟蛋白饲料DDGS(distiller dried grains with solubles) 蚕豆粉浆蛋白粉broad bean gluten meal麦芽根barley malt sprouts鱼粉fish meal血粉blood meal羽毛粉feather meal皮革粉leather meal肉骨粉meat an bone meal肉粉meat meal苜蓿草粉alfalfa meal啤酒糟brewers dried grain啤酒酵母brewers dried yeast乳清粉whey,dehydrated酪蛋白casein明胶gelatin牛奶乳糖milk lactose乳糖milk lactose葡萄糖glucose蔗糖sucrose玉米淀粉corn starch牛脂beeftallow猪油lard家禽脂肪pouitry fat鱼油fish oil菜籽油canola oil椰子油coconut oil玉米油corn oil棉籽油cottonseed oil棕榈油palm oil花生油peanuts oil芝麻油sesame oil大豆油soybean oil葵花油sunflower oil。
饲料营养术语及定义-中英文
英文Aabsolute dry sample 绝干样品在103℃±2℃烘至恒重后的饲料样品。
acceptable daily intake (ADI) 人体每日允许摄入量（ADI）人体终生每日摄入某种化学物质，以人体健康无任何已知不良效应的剂量。
additive premix 添加剂预混合饲料由两种（类）或两种（类）以上的饲料添加剂与载体或稀释剂按一定比例配制的均匀混合物，是复合预混合饲料、微量元素预混合饲料、维生素预混合饲料的统称。
air dried sample 风干样品将饲料样品经风干、晾晒或在65℃±2℃恒温烘干后，在室内回潮，使其水分达到相对平衡的样品。
air expanding 气流膨化将物料送入密闭式容器内加压、加热，调质一定时间，当物料由容器排出时，由于骤然降压而膨化，由此可改善物料的理化性质。
amino acid antagonism 氨基酸颉抗由于饲料中某一种或几种氨基酸的过量而降低动物对另一种或另几种氨基酸利用的现象。
amino acid balance 氨基酸平衡饲料中的各种氨基酸之间在数据和比例上与动物特定需要相协调的状态。
ammoniated; ammoniating 氨化将粗饲料用氨或氨化物进行处理，改善其品质，提高其利用率。
anti-caking agent 抗结块剂为保持饲料或饲料原料具有良好的流散性而加入饲料的添加剂. anti-nutritional factor 抗营养因子饲料中存在的阻碍营养素消化、吸收和利用的物质。
antioxidant 抗氧化剂为防止饲料中某些成分被氧化变质而加入饲料的添加剂.aspirating 风选利用饲料之间或饲料与杂质之间悬浮速度的差别，用空气（风力）将饲料分级或去除杂质。
automatic micro-proportioning自动微量配料使用高精度专用机电配料设备对微量组分进行自动配料automatic proportioning 自动配料配料过程完全由机电设备自动完成。
猪饲料中添加碳水化合物酶
Overview of utilization of enzymes in dietsfor growing pigs饲料酶制剂在生长猪日粮中的应用综述Pedro. E. Urriola and Zhikai Zeng Department of Animal Science University of Minnesota, St. Paul曼中What are enzymes, how they work? 酶是什么，如何发挥作用？Enzymes modify activation energy to accelerate chemical reactionsKey-lock specific activity of enzymes降低反应活化能，加速生化反应锁钥理论曼中Digestion and breakdown nutrients for absorption 营养物质降解，消化和吸收曼中Enzymes modify activation energy to accelerate chemical reactions Key-lock specific activity of enzymesWhat are enzymes, how they work?酶是什么，如何发挥作用？降低反应活化能，加速生化反应锁钥理论曼中Types on digestive and exogenous enzymes內源和外源消化酶的种类•Proteases 蛋白酶: pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin,carboxypeptidases, keratinase 胃蛋白酶，胰蛋白酶，糜蛋白酶，羧肽酶，角蛋白酶•Carbohydrases 碳水化合物酶: amylase, maltase, xylanases or β-glucanase 淀粉酶，麦芽糖酶，木聚糖酶，葡聚糖酶 •Lipases 脂肪酶: pancreatic lipase 胰脂酶•Esterases 酯酶: ferulic acid esterase, acetyl-xylan esterase 阿魏酸酯酶，乙酰基木聚糖酯酶•Phosphatases 磷酸酶: alkaline phosphatase, phytase-3 or phytase-6碱性磷酸酶，植酸酶（3或6位起始）曼中Pigs can’t digest all nutrients in feed 饲料中营养成分不能完全消化吸收（猪）102030405060708090100A T T D o f D M , %玉米ATTD of DM: apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter 干物质表观全肠道消化率大麦豆粕小麦菜籽粕椰子粕棉粕玉米酒精糟玉米棕榈粕曼中Feed ingredients with high concentration of dietary fiber are less digestible 原料纤维含量越高，消化率越低837680432 58560 466 3522108192221233 298323 02004006008001000Rice Corn Peas Barley Soybean meal Oats Corn DDGSg /k g D MStarch Total dietary fiberBach Knudsen et al. (2013)燕麦日粮纤维豆粕大麦豌豆玉米稻米淀粉 曼中Even within the same ingredient (corn) digestibility of nutrients vary 营养物质消化率同种原料内变异也很大（以玉米为例）0.0000.2000.4000.6000.8001.000ATTD of DMATTD of NATTD of P12345干物质氮磷曼中Apparent total tract digestibility of DM decreases with fiber 干物质表观全肠道消化率随纤维增高而降低y = -0.0012x + 1.0248R² = 0.3070.9050.9100.9150.9200.9250.9300.93575.080.085.090.0D i g e s t i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t ATTD of DMLinear (ATTD of DM)Jeong et al. (2015)中性洗涤纤维曼中Exogenous enzymes enhance digestibility of nutrients 外源酶提高营养物质消化率•The global feed enzyme market is today worth in excess of $550 million 饲料酶制剂全球市场容量达5.5亿美元•Saves the global feed producers an estimated $3 to 5 billion per year 饲料生产商每年节约30-50亿美金 –Phytase 植酸酶(60%)–Non-phytase (40%) mainly carbohydrases 其他酶制剂（40%），主要是碳水化合物酶类Adeola and Cowieson (2011)曼中Phytase increases digestibility of phosphorus植酸酶提高磷消化率•Approx. 60% of P in cereal grains is present as phytate谷物原料中越60%的磷以植酸磷形式存在•Pigs cannot digest phytate植酸磷不能被猪利用•Phytase are enzymes added to feed to help release P from phytate饲料中添加植酸酶可以释放植酸结合的磷•Decrease of run off phosphorus减少磷排放曼中Phytase releases P, but also other nutrients 植酸酶磷释放及额外磷释放中曼Plant carbohydratesClassification based on location in the plant cell: Intracellular carbohydrates: Cell wall carbohydrates: Classification based nutritional or physiological impact:OrganicacidsSugarsStarch OligoPoly- fructans Β-glucan CelluloseLignin Phenols Pectins& gumsHemicellulose Classification of plant carbohydrates植物原料碳水化合物分类Corn fiber 玉米纤维: -Arabinoxylans 阿拉伯木聚糖 -Cellulose 纤维素-Ferulic and coumaric acid 阿魏酸和香豆酸细胞内 细胞壁有机酸糖 寡糖 果胶 葡聚糖 半纤维素 糖 木质素淀粉果聚糖 纤维素曼中Corn fiber 玉米纤维:L-arabino-D-xylan 阿拉伯木聚糖 -Cellulose 纤维素-Ferulic and coumaric acid 阿魏酸和香豆酸D-xyloseL-arabinose Classification of plant carbohydrates植物原料碳水化合物分类木糖阿拉伯糖阿魏酸阿拉伯木聚糖果糖纤维微束阿魏酸二聚体曼中Corn fiber vs. wheat fiber 玉米纤维 vs.小麦纤维:-Wheat fiber contains greater amount of soluble arabinoxylans 小麦纤维可溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量更高50100150200250300350Corn cDDGSWheat Barley T o t a l d i e t a r y f i b e r , g /k g D M日粮纤维 曼中Cereal grains and co-products contain different fibers-Soluble arabinoxylans 谷物及其副产物纤维组成不同0.0000.1000.2000.3000.4000.5000.6000.700Corn cDDGS Wheat BarleyS D F :I D F 曼中Xylanases are a group of enzymes that degrade hemicellulose 木酶是一类专门降解半纤维的酶GH = glycoside hydrolase 糖苷水解酶木酶木酶阿拉伯呋喃糖酶阿拉伯呋喃糖酶阿拉伯呋喃糖酶曼中效果↑ 6.5% AID of CP;↑ 12.3% ATTD of GE; ↑ 6.6% ADG; ↓ 1.3% ADFIFactors that affect the activity of exo-enzymes in swine feed影响猪日粮中外源酶添加效果的因素 Availability of substrate有效底物阿拉伯木聚糖 Structure结果Solubility可溶性Interaction among nutrients营养素间互作Thermal stability热稳定性Pellet diets制粒Interaction among enzymes酶之间的互作Arabinoxylans曼中Carbohydrase enzymes improve energy digestibility in low energy diets 碳水化合物酶提高低能量浓度日粮能量消化率y = -0.0093x + 29.513R² = 0.70820123456275028002850290029503000305031003150% i m p r o v e m e n t i n d i e t M EDiet Metabolizable Energy, kcal/kgAdapted from Zhou et al (2009)日粮代谢能M E 改善幅度曼中31.223.442.1 43.7 46.355.020406080100TDFATTD of TDF%Min.Mean Max.Min.MeanMax.Content and digestibility of fiber varies among sources of DDGS 不同来源DDGS 纤维含量及其消化率变异较大Urriola et al. (2010)曼中73184255100200300Digestible TDF, g/kg% . Substrate availability varies among sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles不同来源玉米DDGS （酶制剂）有效底物变异程度Enzymes may have greater activity on low digestible fiber 低可消化纤维（DDGS ）酶效果更好 Enzymes may have greater activity in highly digestible fiber 高可消化纤维（DDGS ）酶效果更好曼中IN VITRO E VALUATION OF VARIOUS COMMERCIAL FEED ENZYMES EFFICACY ON DIFFERENT INGREDIENTS 体外酶法评价饲料酶制剂对不同原料的作用效果Zhikai Zheng曼中Factors that affect the activity of exo-enzymes in swine feed 影响猪日粮中外源酶添加效果的因素 In vitro 体外酶法Enzyme 酶•Nutrient release 营养素释放•Increment in fermentation 改善发酵Substrate 底物•Trapped nutrient 包裹的营养素 •Extent offermentation 促进发酵Stomach and small intestine 2-6 h胃和小肠2-6 hEnzyme 酶•Nutrient release 营养素释放 •Degrade anti-nutr 降解抗营养素Substrate 底物•Entrapped nutrients 包裹营养素•Anti-nutr 抗营养因子Large intestine 大肠 18-28 hEnzyme 酶Beneficial fermentation products 发酵产物 (VFA)•Harmful fermentation products 有害发酵物Substrate 底物•Resist fermentation 难发酵底物Arabinoxylans 阿拉伯木聚糖曼中Dietary fiber increases secretion of mucins and number of goblet cells日粮纤维促进粘蛋白分泌，提高杯状细胞数目Goblet cell area (% of mucosa) ofgrowing pigs fed:生长猪杯状细胞粘中膜层面积占比（%），日粮为：-Corn and soybean meal玉米豆粕,-Wheat straw (WS)小麦秸秆-Corn distillers dried grains withsolubles (DDGS)玉米DDGS-Soybean hulls (SBH)豆皮-All diets contained 17% totaldietary fiber所有处理日粮纤维均为17% 曼Digestion and breakdown nutrients for absorption营养物质降解，消化和吸收曼中Goal: improve utilization of dietary fiber in diets of monogastric animals 目标：提高单位动物对日粮纤维的利用率•Understand utilization of energy and nutrients (amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates):理解能量和营养素（氨基酸，脂类，碳水化合物）的利用–What structures or characteristics of dietary fiber modify gut physiology and function?什么样的纤维结构或特性可调控肠道生理功能？•Develop “tools” to accurately estimate energy and nutrient digestion and absorption 研发特定的工具（或策略）准确预测能量和营养素的消化吸收（规律）–Can we predict the performance of pigs fed different fibrous materials? –能否预测饲喂不同纤维原料后猪的生长性能？ •Increase utilization of nutrients 提高营养素利用率–Can we modify the structure of fibers to our advantage? –能否定向改造纤维结构？曼中Greatest increase: 4.54%20406080I V D M , % Commercial enzymes 次粉体外酶法（胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶）干物质消化率最大提高幅度商业酶制剂产品对照组曼中102030405060I V D M , %Commercial enzymes Greatest increase by: 0.92%玉米DDGS 体外酶法（胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶）干物质消化率商业酶制剂产品对照组最大提高幅度曼中50100150200250300350400450020406080100Con E1E2E3E4E5E6E7Hours 小时G a s p r o d u c t i o n m L /gCarbohydrases decrease in vitro gas production in wheat midds 碳水化合物酶降低次粉体外发酵产气量产气量曼中Carbohydrase enzymes shift fiber degradation from large to small intestine 碳水化合物酶改变纤维在肠道降解位点（小肠vs.大肠），但全肠道纤维消化率可能不受影响AID of TDF C:20 vs. E:25% HGF of TDF25 vs. 20%ATTD of TDF45 vs. 45%1. Duodenum2. Ileum3. Cecum4. Feces5. Blood 曼中In summary 小结•Efficiency of feed utilization can be increased with addition of exogenous enzymes to diets of pigs 猪日粮中添加外源酶可改善饲料转化率–Carbohydrases degrade non-starch polysaccharides 碳水化合物酶主要针对非淀粉多糖–Phytase degrades phytic acid, increases digestibility of phosphorus 植酸酶降解植酸，提高磷利用率•Effects vary according to dietary and pig digestive conditions as well as availability of substrate 添加效果随着日粮结构，猪生理状况及有效底物含量等多种因素变化二变化曼 中Funding and collaborating partners •National Pork Board (NPB) Checkoff Program •Minnesota Corn Growers Association (MnCorn) •Minnesota Pork Board (MnPB) •Minnesota Discovery, Research, and InnoVation (MnDRIVE) •Danisco Animal Nutrition (DuPont) •Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) •USDA – ARS曼 中。
奶牛的氨基酸营养
Lys and Met in lean tissue, milk, rumen bacteria and feedstuffs (%
of protein), relative to predicted optimum concentrations in MP 赖氨酸在瘦肉组织、牛奶、瘤胃微生物蛋白及饲料蛋白中含量相对于可 代谢蛋白中赖氨酸最佳含量的比较
Essential 必需氨基酸
1. Arginine精氨酸 2. Histidine 组氨酸 3. Isoleucine 异亮氨酸 4. Leucine 亮氨酸 5. Lysine赖氨酸 6. Methionine蛋氨酸 7. Phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸 8. Threonine 苏氨酸 9. Tryptophan色氨酸 10. Valine缬氨酸
Amino Acid Nutrition of the Lactating Dairy Cow 奶牛氨基酸营养
Chuck Schwab Schwab Consulting, LLC, Boscobel, Wisconsin
Schwab咨询公司，威斯康星 Professor Emeritus, Animal Sciences
Albumins 白蛋白 Globulins 球蛋白 Fibrinogen纤维蛋白原 Regulatory proteins调节蛋白 Clotting factors凝固因子
Energy 能量
Glucose 葡萄糖
Energy 能量
Fat 脂肪
Amino Acid Use in Dairy Cows 氨基酸在奶牛中的使用
尽可能与动物对氨基酸种类及量需要一致可吸收氨基酸
Met and Lys are typically the most limiting AA 蛋氨酸和赖氨酸是首要的限制性氨基酸
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MENDELNET 2012 APPARENT IDEAL AMINO ACIDS DIGESTIBILITY OF RAW FULL-FAT SOYBEAN IN BROILER DIETS
ZDÁNLIVÁ IDEÁLNÍ STRAVITELNOST AMINOKYSELIN SUROVÉ PLNOTUČNÉ SÓJE VE VÝŽIVĚ BROJLERŮ
Rada V.1, Foltyn M.1, Lichovnikova M.1, Safarik I.2, Lohnisky A.1 1Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno,
Zemědělská 1/1665, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
2Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Nanobiology and Structural Biology of
GCRC, Academy of Science, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
E-mail: xrada@mendelu.cz
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to attempt to influence of soybean meal (SBM) replacement by multiple levels of raw full-fat soybean (RFFS) in broiler diets on the apparent ileal amino acids digestibility (AIAAD). In the experiment in total 208 ROSS 308 male chickens were used to examine the effect of RFFS on AIAAD and fat digestibility when four dietary treatments were used; Control group (without RFFS) and groups containing 4%, 8% and 12% of RFFS. The experiment lasted from 10th to 38th day of age. The AIAAD was lower when diets contained RFFS in all observed amino acids expect methionine. Higher AIAAD was obtained in RFFS12 in comparison with RFFS8 and RFFS4.
Key words: raw full-fat soybean, soybean meal, broiler, apparent ileal amino acids digestibility Acknowledgments: Authors thank the projects of IGA IP 4/2011 and IGA TP 1/2012 for financial support.
339 MENDELNET 2012 INTRODUCTION Currently, the most soybeans in poultry diets are used in the form of soybean meal and extruded soybeans (Karr-Lilienthal et al. 2005). Both of these soybean forms are treated through its process by heat and pressure in order to reduce the effect of antinutritional substances (trypsin inhibitor, antigenic proteins, estrogens, lectins, saponins and non-starch polysaccharides), which are present in soybean (Liener and Kakade, 1980) and limiting its use. But the thermal treatment process could also destroy other essential nutrients (Chunmei et al. 2010). For the most problematic antinutritional compounds are considered a trypsin inhibitors (TI) that consists in two types Bowman-Birker’s and Kunitzs’s. TI reduces the proteolytic action of the pancreatic enzyme trypsin (Rackis et al. 1986) in the digestive tract of animals and thereby reduces the digestibility of feed protein and it is associated with a growth reduction. Earlier studies have dealt with the use of raw full-fat soybean, but the with negative results linked to TI impact, especially Kunitzs’s trypsin inhibitors (Han et al., 1991; Zhang et al., 1991; Chohan et al., 1993). Limited data are available on the lower TI soybean hybrids less-required treatment for optimally inclusion full-fat soybeans in to the broilers diets. In recent years, there has been progress in soybean breeding with lower TI content in soybean hybrids as outcome (Bernard and Hymowitz, 1986; Han et al., 2005; Hymowitz, 1986). These hybrids can be used by omit the energy and costly intensive operation for soybean treatment and get better use of its nutrients.
The aim of this study was to attempt to influence of soybean meal (SBM) replacement by multiple levels of raw full-fat soybean (RFFS) in broiler diets on the apparent ileal amino acids digestibility.
MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment was conducted to determine the ileal amino acids digestibility and fat digestibility of diets with improving content of EFFSB when four treatments that differed in the percentage of RFFS were used. The broilers were fed diets formulated to resemble industry ingredient and nutrient specifications. Diets were offered in 2 feeding phase, starter form 0 to 10th day and grower from 10th to 38th day, both in grout. Starer diet had for all treatment same composition (21,5 % CP; 12,2 MJ MEN/kg). Grower diets were the experimental and based primarily on wheat, SBM, and corn and contained 0, 4, 8 or 12% RFFS (20,5 % CP; 12,7 MJ MEN/kg). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and similar in limiting and ohter nutrients (Table 1) and were formulated to meet or exceed NRC nutrient recomendations (NRC, 1994). Broilers consumed feed and water on an ad libitum basis.
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