Temperature dependence of dielectric and electromechanical properties of (K,Na)(Nb,Ta)O3 single....
Honeywell 低功耗开关技术简介说明书
LOW ENERGY SWITCHINGGeneral Technical Bulletin #13 - Low Energy Switching2 Honeywell Sensing and Controle of ContentsPageINTRODUCTION (3)LOW ENERGY SWITCHING (3)MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE (4)Plunger Movement Characteristics (4)Plunger Force vs. Plunger Position................................................................. 5 Circuit Terminology (5)ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE (6)Insulation Resistance..................................................................................... 6 Dielectric Strength......................................................................................... 6 Switch Resistance......................................................................................... 6 Contact Resistance....................................................................................... 7 Load Resistance........................................................................................... 7 Measurement of Switch Resistance................................................................ 7 Switch Resistance in Application................................................................... 8 Role of Contamination in Switch Resistance................................................... 9 Common Contact Materials..........................................................................10 Common Contact Configurations...................................................................11 Switch Life (12)GENERAL APPLICATION GUIDELINES .....................................................13 Storage, Installation, and Maintenance...........................................................13 Design..........................................................................................................14 Environment.. (15)SUMMARY (15)General Technical Bulletin #13 - Low Energy SwitchingFor application help: call 1-800-537-6945 Honeywell Sensing and Control 3INTRODUCTIONIn today’s age of low energy control, electromechanical switches are more frequently interfacing directly with computers and other low energy driven hardware. Switching low energy loads presents a unique challenge as compared to switching higher energy loads and at times requires an alternative switch design.The purpose of this bulletin is to provide general information about mechanical and electrical performance of electromechanical switches, along with application guidelines for using electromechanical switches in low energy applications.LOW ENERGY SWITCHINGLow energy switching can be described as using a switch to control any component(s) of a circuit where the load that the contacts will switch will not cause an arc to form between the contacts. Common names for these types of circuits are thermocouple load, dry circuit, logic level, etc.The primary concern in the area of low energy switching is contact contamination. Since low energy loads do not arc or burn the contact surface, they also do not arc or burn off the contaminants that may reside on the contact surface. These contaminants may cause erratic switch resistance and can stop current flow. Pay special attention to the General Application Guidelines if the switch is to be used in a low energy application.General Technical Bulletin #13 - Low Energy Switching4 For application help: call 1-800-537-6945 Honeywell Sensing and ControlMECHANICAL PERFORMANCEPlunger Movement Characteristics of a Basic SwitchFree Position: Switch plunger is fully released and common contact is against normally closed contact.Pretravel: Distance from free position to operating point.Operating Point: Common contact transfers from normally closed contact to normally open contact.Overtravel : Distance plunger travels past operating point.Full Overtravel Point : Point at which further plunger depression is prevented by switch mechanism.Release Point: Common contact transfers from normally open contact to normally closed contact.Differential Travel: Distance between operating point and release point.Operating Force: Force required to depress switch plunger to operating point.Full Overtravel Force: Force required to depress switch plunger to full overtravel point.Release force: Force required to allow the plunger to return to release point.The movement of the switch plunger from the free position through the release point is considered one cycle of switch operation.General Technical Bulletin #13 - Low Energy SwitchingFor application help: call 1-800-537-6945 Honeywell Sensing and Control 5Plunger Force vs. Plunger PositionThe graph at the right represents the relationship between plunger travel and plunger force and is of interest when the mechanism used to operate the switch is a force-sensitive device such as a dead weight, a thermostatic bimetal or a gas-filled bellows.For data on a specific switch type, contact the- MICRO SWITCH Application Center at 1-800-537-6945.Circuitry TerminologyPole : The number of completely separate circuits that can pass through the switch at one time.Throw: The number of different circuits that each pole can control.Break: The number of pairs of separated contacts the switch introduces into each circuit it opens.General Technical Bulletin #13 - Low Energy Switching6 For application help: call 1-800-537-6945 Honeywell Sensing and ControlELECTRICAL PERFORMANCEInsulation Resistance Applied voltage divided by the current is the electrical resistance of the insulation. For new switches at commonly used voltages, insulation resistance usually exceeds 100,000 megohms between non-connected terminals and between terminals and switch housing. The voltage does put an electrical stress on the material but does not damage it unless the potential exceeds the dielectric strength of the switch.Dielectric Strength Dielectric strength is the highest electrical potential that an insulating material can withstand without breaking down, i.e., dielectric breakdown. New switches usually have dielectric strength of over 1000 volts with leakage current less than 500 microamps. When the voltage exceeds the dielectric strength, the insulating material is permanently damaged.Insulation Resistance and Dielectric StrengthSwitch Resistance Switch Resistance is the total resistance of the conducting path between the wiringterminals of the switch.Sources of Switch ResistanceGeneral Technical Bulletin #13 - Low Energy SwitchingFor application help: call 1-800-537-6945 Honeywell Sensing and Control 7Typical Pattern of Switch Resistance versus Plunger Position at 6 Volts DC, 0.1 AmpereContact Resistance : The resistance between a pair of closed contacts.Load Resistance : Load resistance affects contact resistance in the following way; if the circuit voltageexceeds the softening or melting voltage of the contact material, the material softens or melts due to I 2R heating. See table below for softening and melting voltage of silver and gold.MaterialApproximateSoftening VoltageApproximate Melting VoltageSilver .09 Volt .37 Volt Gold.08 Volt.43 VoltIf the metal at the contact interface softens or melts, the cross-sectional area of the conducting path between the contacts will depend upon the current. The size of this cross-sectional area determines contact resistance. The higher the current, the greater the cross-sectional area of the bridge and the lower its resistance. If the softening voltage is not reached, the contact resistance is independent of current.Measurement ofSwitch Resistance: Switch resistance should be measured by voltage drop using the same voltage andcurrent as in the circuit in which the switch is to be used. This can be accomplished by connecting the switch in a series circuit consisting of a power supply of the specified voltage, a variable resistor and ammeter.General Technical Bulletin #13 - Low Energy SwitchingConnections for Measurement of Switch ResistanceSwitch Resistancein Application: In the application of snap-acting switches, if the source voltage is at least .5 volts, contact material almost always softens, or melts slightly, at the interface, and switch resistance becomes afunction of current. This leads to the following practical consequences:1. In low current circuits, switch resistance tends to be relatively high. However, low current circuitsusually have high resistance load components. The resistance of the switch usually is such a smallpart of the total resistance of the circuit that switch resistance is not a problem.2. High current circuits usually have low-resistance load components. In high current circuitshowever, switch resistance tends to be low. Again, the resistance is such a small part of the totalresistance of the circuit that switch resistance is not a problem.At source voltages of 0.5 volt or greater, the resistance of a switch during its life will rarely exceed1% of the load resistance. If source voltage is less than 0.5 volt, switch resistance may or may notbe a function of current, depending upon the amount of the source voltage that appears across thecontacts.In general, the maximum allowable switch resistance of a specific application can be defined asfollows: For DC circuits, the maximum allowable switch resistance equals the line voltage divided by the minimum allowable current, minus the load resistance. For AC circuits, the maximum allowable switch resistance equals the line voltage divided by minimum allowable current, multiplied by thepower factor and minus the load resistance.8 For application help: call 1-800-537-6945 Honeywell Sensing and ControlGeneral Technical Bulletin #13 - Low Energy SwitchingFor example, consider a switch in series with a relay coil:• 24 VDC, 5000 ohm coil, operate .004 amp, release .0025 amp.• Without the switch in the circuit, I=.0048• With the switch in circuit, coil will operate at I=.004. Switch resistance will do no harm if it does not reduce the .0048 amp to less than .004 amp• Total resistance that will allow .004 amp flow = R = V/I = 24 volts/.004 amp = 6000 ohms• Therefore, maximum allowable switch resistance = 6000 ohms - 5000 ohms or 1000 ohmsRole ofContamination inSwitch Resistance:There are two general classifications for switch contaminants, particles and films. Particles can becrushed solids that enter the switch during application or assembly. Particles deposit on the contact surface, are crushed between the contacts and can become embedded in the contact material due to contact force. Particles can cause erratic contact during wipe and roll of contacts and, if large orextensive enough, can stop current flow.Films are the second type of switch contaminant, which can be broken into two parts, organic andinorganic. Inorganic films, such as silver oxides or silver sulfides, do not typically cause switchresistance problems at the contacts. Silver oxide is conductive, so it does not represent a problem.Silver sulfide films are brittle and are punctured mechanically due to contact force and wiping action.There are several types of contaminants that can create organic films and cause resistance problems.The most common are flux, organic vapors, and silicones. Flux enters the switch cavity by vapor or is carried into the switch cavity by a cleaning solvent. Flux will increase switch resistance and can stop current flow. To avoid flux contamination: avoid use of activated flux; use flux sparingly; use flux core solder; do not allow liquid flux or flux vapor to enter the switch; use a soldering temperature ofapproximately 550° F (288° C); and, do not use solvents on or near switches - they carry flux residue and other contaminants into the switch. It is not necessary to remove flux residue from terminals.Organic materials, especially organic vapors, can decompose in the arc or I2R heating of the material at the interface between the closed contacts. Carbonaceous deposits can build up over time on thecontact surface and increase the switch resistance.For application help: call 1-800-537-6945 Honeywell Sensing and Control 9General Technical Bulletin #13 - Low Energy SwitchingSilicon is an inorganic element found in many materials. Silicone is an organic material commonlyfound in oils, greases, mold release, cleaning sprays, and potting material. Silica (SiO2), commonly referred to as glass, is transformed from silicone in the presence of electrical energy. Silicones enter the switch as vapor and over time, based on load, rate of actuation, and amount of silicone present, transform into silica. These silica deposits can raise switch resistance and stop current flow. Everyprecaution should be taken in the application to prevent silicone from coming in contact with the inner switch cavity.Common ContactMaterials:• Fine silver. 1.6 ohms/cm, low cost, if kept clean, there is no lower load limit.• 24 karat gold.2.36 ohm/cm, high cost, limited to use in applications with little or no arc energy because of its ductility.• Gold Alloys.Different properties depending on the alloy.• Gold clad over silver.If the load is low energy, it is carried through gold. If the load is arcing, it burns away the gold and is carried through silver contacts. However, a switch that has seen anarcing load should not be used for a low energy load.• Silver Cadmium Oxide.Designed for use in power loads, not recommended for use in loads less than .5 amp and/or 12 volts.The following graph can be used as a general guide for the selection of contact material. The graph indicates 1st choice, 2nd choice, etc. for each current range. Note, the current represented on the X axis is steady-state. Inrush currents from motor loads and lamp loads can be 6 to 10 times steadystate current.General Guide to the Selection of Contact Material10 For application help: call 1-800-537-6945 Honeywell Sensing and ControlFor application help: call 1-800-537-6945 Honeywell Sensing and Control 11 Common ContactConfigurations:Smooth contact. Common contact configurationSerrated contact. The top surface of the contact can be serrated toprovide a series of peaks and valleys. When the switch is operated theraised areas (peaks) tend to scruff or scrape over the mating contactsurface. This self-cleaning discourage buildups of films or particulate foreignmaterial on the raised areas. Even when the minute particles are not totallyremoved, they tend to drop into the valleys where they are less likely tocontaminate the contact interface. Serrated contacts have been effective inimproving electrical continuity in applications ranging from power duty loadsto low current requirements.Bifurcated contacts. The most effective system developed to date.Bifurcated contacts offer some of the same benefits as described forserrated contacts in addition to providing parallel redundancy.Redundancy can also be provided by connecting two or more switches inparallel and actuating them at the same time.NOTE : Not all contact configurations are available on all switch types.For more information regarding the availability of different contactconfigurations on specific switch types, contact the HONEYWELLApplication Center at 1-800-537-6945.12 For application help: call 1-800-537-6945 Honeywell Sensing and ControlSwitch Life: Mechanical life: The life of a switch with no electrical load present.Electrical life: The life of a switch when switching an electrical load.The following graph demonstrates the life of switch at different electrical loads. Switch life depends on such criteria as electrical load, environment, switch mechanism, and other factors particular to the application. As electrical load increases, switch life decreases. Below 1 amp, the electrical life approaches the mechanical life of the switch. For available test data, contact the HONEYWELL Application Center at 1-800-537-6945.GENERAL APPLICATION GUIDELINESStorage, Installation,and Maintenance• Store switch in a clean, reasonably dry environment that does not exceed the rated temperature of the switch.• Install the switch carefully:♦ Do not drill, sand or otherwise modify the switch.♦ Do not overtighten mounting screws. Review packing sheet instructions carefully.♦ If mounting the switch with an adhesive, use extreme care to avoid contaminating the switch interior.♦ Avoid the use of silicone materials to prevent silicone from coming in contact with the interior of the switch. If this is not possible, in low energy applications, use a sealed switch.♦ When soldering leads to terminals, use non-activated flux core solder and a soldering temperature of about 550° F (288° C).♦ Do not use solvents on switches.♦ Do not use commercial contact cleaners on snap-action switches.♦ Do not paint over switch after installation.♦ Do not connect opposite polarity between normally open and closed terminals. When this is done, and when the arc persists after the contacts are fully apart, a short circuit is establishedthrough the arc and hence through the switch.• Chemicals used during maintenance cleaning can degrade switch materials. If the switch cannot be easily removed prior to cleaning and the types of chemicals used for cleaning are known,contact the HONEYWELL Application Center at 1-800- 537-6945 fo r fluid compatibilitydata.For application help: call 1-800-537-6945 Honeywell Sensing and Control 13Design• For advice regarding the choice of a switch for a specific application, contact the HONEYWELL Application Center at 1-800-537-6945.• If low price is an important factor, silver contacts may help reach the objective.• All snap acting electromechanical switches have contact bounce. When the contact closes it bounces, causing the switch to open and close for a period of microseconds before stayingclosed. If contact bounce will be a problem, the circuit must be buffered. The circuit can bebuffered with additional electronic circuitry or with software.• If the load is below melting voltage, gold or gold alloys can be used for an added measure of safety.• Actuate the switch as closely as possible to the extremes of its plunger travel without applying excess force that might damage the switch. For force data, contact theHONEYWELLApplication Center, 1-800-537-6945.• Decide, based on accurate technical information, whether a switch resistance specification is needed and whether its additional cost is justified. If so, on the basis of end use, specify: thevoltage, current, plunger position, sequence of actuation, and measurement, and maximumallowable switch resistance.• When to give switch resistance special attention:♦ When the switch controls a circuit at less than 0.5 volts.♦ When several switches must be connected in series.♦ When a switch is likely to be exposed to contaminating particles or fumes.♦ When an occasional switch closure with the switch resistance exceeding 1% of the load resistance will have negative consequences.• Design the circuit so the switch sees voltage well above the softening voltage of the contact material, e.g., 0.08 volt for gold, 0.09 volt for silver.• Design low voltage circuits with a minimum number of switches in series.• Design the switch circuit to be as insensitive to normal variations of switch resistance as possible.14 For application help: call 1-800-537-6945 Honeywell Sensing and ControlIf additional assurance of low and stable resistance is desired, use bifurcated contacts or connect two or more switches in parallel and actuate them at the same time.Customers should test the switch under conditions simulating end use to verify that it performs asrequired in the application.Environment• Protect unsealed switches from contamination by particles and fumes.• Switches can be sealed to help prevent contamination from entering them. Some common levels of sealing are: dust resistant, drip-proof, water resistant, resilient, and hermetic. In general, themore critical the application and the harsher the environment, the more stringent the sealrequirements.• If the switch is unsealed and a low energy load is involved, a thorough understanding of the environment is required to choose the correct contact material and configuration. Contact theHONEYWELL Application Center at 1-800-537-6945, for help in choosing the propermaterial• If the environment of an unsealed switch contains a significant amount of sulfides (such as decaying organic matter, cardboard, or vulcanized rubber) and moisture, gold or gold-plated contacts canhelp.• If an alien film contaminant (such as paint spray or oil mist) can reach the contacts, gold won't help. Use a sealed switch.SUMMARYContact material, contact configuration, and the degree of environmental protection are importantconsiderations when low energy switching is required. They must be considered, along with otherapplication variables, to determine the proper switch for the application. The most reliable and cost-effective solution to any switch application results from a partnership between the user andHoneywell’s Sensing and Control Division.For further technical information and assistance in determining your total switching requirements,contact HONEYWELL:1-800-537-6945 USA1-800-737-3360 Canada1-815-235-6847 InternationalFAX1-815-235-6545 USAINTERNET********************.comFor application help: call 1-800-537-6945 Honeywell • MICRO SWITCH Sensing and Control 15Helping You Control Your World Honeywell Inc.11 West Spring StreetFreeport, Illinois 61032001008-3-EN IL50 GLO 797 Printed in USA。
电气熔断器说明书
V14-T1-1Fuses GeneralCurrent Limiting FusesExpulsion Fuses1.1Product OverviewPower Fuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V14-T1-2Power vs. Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V14-T1-2Low vs. Medium vs. High Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V14-T1-2Expulsion vs. Current Limiting (Definitions per ANSI C47.40-1993). . .V14-T1-3Current Limiting Fuse Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V14-T1-3General Fuse Component Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V14-T1-31.1Fuses GeneralProduct OverviewTypical Eaton FusesContentsDescription PageCurrent Limiting Fuse Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V14-T1-3Expulsion vs. Current Limiting(Definitions per ANSI C47.40-1993). . . . . . . . . . .V14-T1-3General Fuse Component Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . .V14-T1-3Product OverviewPower FuseEaton’s roots in themedium voltage powerfuse business beganover 75 years ago underWestinghouse® Electric.In 1935, Westinghouseintroduced the mediumvoltage boric acid expulsionfuse followed by the mediumvoltage current limiting fuse.Even today, medium voltagefuses continue to use thatcore technology. Eatoncontinues to build onthe technology legacyby engineering highperformance, cost-effectivepower fuse products.Eaton’s medium voltagefuses are manufactured andtested to the requirementsof the C37-4X series ofstandards that are maintainedand updated regularly tomaintain currency withindustry practices. Thesestandards are:IEEE Std. C37.40™IEEE Standard ServiceConditions and Definitionsfor High Voltage Fuses,Distribution Enclosed Single-Pole Air Switches, FuseDisconnecting Switches,and Accessories (ANSI).IEEE Std. C37.41™IEEE Standard DesignTests for High-Voltage(>1000V) Fuses, Fuse andDisconnecting Cutouts,Distribution Enclosed Single-Pole Air Switches, FuseDisconnecting Switches, andFuse Links and Accessoriesused with These Devices(ANSI).IEEE Std. C37.42™IEEE Standard Specificationsfor High-Voltage (>1000V)Expulsion-Type Distribution-Class Fuses, Fuse andDisconnecting Cutouts,Fuse DisconnectingSwitches, and Fuse Links,and Accessories used withThese Devices (ANSI).IEEE Std. C37.46™IEEE Standard Specificationsfor High Voltage Expulsionand Current Limiting TypePower Class Fuses and FuseDisconnecting Switches.IEEE Std. C37.47™IEEE Standard Specificationsfor High Voltage CurrentLimiting Type DistributionClass Fuses and FuseDisconnecting Switches.The following IEEE standardsare also applicable to the fuseproducts covered in thispublication:IEEE Std. C37.48™IEEE Guide for theApplication, Operation, andMaintenance of High VoltageFuses, Distribution EnclosedSingle-Pole Air Switches,Fuse DisconnectingSwitches, and Accessories(ANSI).IEEE Std. C37.48.1™IEEE Guide for theClassification, Application,and Coordination of Current-Limiting Fuses with RatedVoltages 1–38 kV.A better understanding ofsome fuse terminology willhelp you understand andselect the correct fuse. Thefollowing is a brief overviewof those terms.Power vs. DistributionThe differentiation is intendedto indicate the test conditionsand where fuses are normallyapplied on an electricalsystem, based on specificrequirements for generatingsources, substations anddistribution lines. Eachclass has its own uniqueset of voltage, current andconstruction requirements(see C37.42, .46 and .47).Low vs. Medium vs.High VoltageWhile fuses are defined inthe ANSI standards as eitherlow or high voltage, Eatonhas elected to name theirfuses to correspond with theequipment in which they areinstalled. Therefore, per ANSIC84, our fuses are namedas follows:●Low voltage—1000V andbelow●Medium voltage—greaterthan 1000 to 69,000V●High voltage—greater than69,000VV14-T1-2V14-T1-31.1Fuses GeneralProduct OverviewExpulsion vs. CurrentLimiting (Definitions per ANSI C47.40-1993)An expulsion fuse is a vented fuse in which the expulsion effect of the gases produced by internal arcing, either alone or aided by other mechanisms, results in current interruption.A current limiting fuse is a fuse that, when its current responsive element is melted by a current within the fuse’s specified current limiting range, abruptly introduces a high resistance to reduce current magnitude and duration, resulting in subsequent currentinterruption. Refer to Fuse Types Protection Range figure below for a features comparison.An expulsion fuse is not current limiting and as aresult limits the duration of a fault on the electrical system, not the magnitude.Current Limiting Fuse TypesThere are three current limiting fuse types: Backup, General Purpose and Full Range. It is important that the user have an understanding of these definitions to ensure proper application of the fuse (see Fuse Types Protection Range figure below).Backup FusesA fuse capable of interrupting all currents from themaximum rated interrupting current down to the rated minimum interrupting current.Backup fuses are always used in a series with another interrupting device capable of interrupting currents below the fuse’s minimum interrupting current.General Purpose FusesA fuse capable of interrupting all currents from the rated interrupting current down to the current that causes melting of the fusible element in no less than one hour.General Purpose fuses are typically used to protect feeders and components such as transformers.Full Range FusesA fuse capable of interrupting all currents from the rated interrupting current down to the minimum continuous current that causes melting of the fusible element, with the fuse applied at the maximum ambient temperature specified by the manufacturer.General High Voltage Fuse ComparisonFuse Types Protection RangeExpulsion Current Limiting VentedSealed Electromechanical StaticInterrupts at current zeroLimits fault currentGenerally higher voltage and current application capabilitiesGenerally higher interrupting ratings Different time/current characteristicsDifferent time/current characteristicsC u r r e n t L i m i t i n g T y p eInterrupting Currenti i hr.i min.i max.i max. — Maximum rated interrupting current i min. — Minimum rated interrupting currenti hr. — Current causing element melting in 1 houri — Any current melting element with no time limitGeneral Fuse Component TermsFuse Refill Unit (of an Expulsion Fuse)A fuse refill unit is a replaceable assembly containing the calibrated current-responsive fuse element and certain other items that facilitate current interruption. On its own, the refill unit has no interrupting ability. A refill unit must be mounted in a fuse holder with a spring assembly to form a refillable fuse unit. The refill unit is the section of the fuse that must be replaced after a fuse operation.Fuse Holder (of an Expulsion Fuse)A fuse holder is a reusable holder that when equipped with a fuse refill unit forms a fuse unit, capable of interrupting an overload or fault current. A fuse holder is supplied with a spring and shunt assembly, necessary to complete the internal interrupting assembly. The spring and shunt assembly is supplied with the fuse holder but is also available as a replacement part, as it may need replacement after several of heavy operations.Fuse UnitA fuse unit is a replaceable unit or assembly that isable, on its own, to perform current interruption. Inthe case of a refillable fuse unit, the refill unit must be replaced after a fuseoperation. Where a complete fuse unit is supplied from the factory, the complete fuse unit must be replaced after a fuse operation. All current-limiting fuses are fuse units.Exhaust Control DeviceWhen expulsion fuses are used in enclosures, exhaust control devices (filters,condensers or mufflers) are used to control the sound of the fuse operation, and to de-ionize and absorb the fuse exhaust products. These devices are normally supplied separately, because ofdifferent characteristics and ratings. They are reusable but may need replacement after several heavy operations.MountingA mounting provides all the necessary parts to safely mount a fuse in its intended piece of equipment. The base is the metal support to which all other pieces attach. Insulators attach to the base and insulate the live fuse unit from the base and everything beyond the base. Live parts are the parts of the mounting that are energized onceelectricity is flowing. The live parts provide the means to hold the fuse unit in place, electrical contact, and a place to make line and load connections.Non-Disconnect Mounting A non-disconnect mounting does not provide a means for removing the fuse unit until the circuit is dead and the fuse unit can be removed manually. The fuse unit is held in place by friction through the use of fuse clips or by a cross bar.1.1Fuses GeneralProduct OverviewDisconnect MountingThe disconnect mountingallows the fuse unit to beremoved (off load) using aninsulated switch stick. Theswitch stick grabs a pull ringand disconnects the fuse unitthat may then be lifted out ofits mounting.Dropout MountingDropout mountings areused in outdoor applications.The fuse unit is equippedwith a mechanical trigger thatunlatches the upper contact,allowing the fuse unit to dropout, increasing the dielectricseparation, and providingvisible indication of ablown fuse.Live PartsLive parts were brieflydiscussed as part of the“Mounting” definition.Everything above theinsulators on the mountingexcluding the fuse unit, fuseholder, and the fuse endfittings (if required) areconsidered the live parts. Fuseend fittings are discussednext and are not requiredwith non-disconnect liveparts, but are required andincluded with disconnect liveparts. Live parts may be soldseparately as replacementparts or for new OEMapplications.End FittingsEnd fittings are metal partsthat attach to each end of afuse unit’s ferrules (end caps).As previously mentioned,they are used solely withdisconnect fuse applicationsor when converting a non-disconnect to a disconnectfuse configuration.When end fittings areordered, a fitting for each endof the fuse is included. Keepin mind that end fittings canbecome damaged in use and,therefore, are sold separatelyfrom the live parts whennecessary. It is not necessaryto purchase an entire set oflive parts when only the endfittings are required.V14-T1-4。
可靠性预计 电信 电子
FOREWORD
This present databook gives elements to calculate failure rate of mounted electronic components. It made easier equipment reliability optimization studies, thanks to influence factors introduction. This document replaces and cancels UTE C 80 - 810 (June 1997). This present guide has been adopted on 07/03/2000 by the UTE board of directors.
76 à 77 77 77 77 78 à 89 79 à 81 82 à 83 84 à 85 86 à 87 88 à 89 90 à 91 91 92 à 93 93 93 93 93 94 à 95 95 95 95 95 96 à 97 97 97 97 97 98 à 99 99 99 9TE
This reliability calculation guide for electronic and optical card, is an important progress compared to older guides. Calculation models take directly into account the influence of the environment. The thermal cycling seen by cards, function of mission profiles undergone by the equipment, replace environment factor which is difficult to evaluate. These models can handle permanent working, on/off cycling and dormant applications. On the other hand, failure rate related to the component soldering, is henceforth included in component failure rate.
ABB塑壳断路器 Formul A塑壳断路器选型手册
• No nominal performance derating for use up to an altitude of 6562 ft. Above 6562 ft, the properties of the atmosphere (composition of the air, dielectric strength, cooling power and pressure) change, having an impact on the main parameters which define the circuit breaker. The table below gives the changes to the main performance parameters.
• Circuit breaker weights
Weights Circuit breaker 1 pole Circuit breaker 2 poles Circuit breaker 3 poles
A1 [Lbs] 0.54 1.04 1.54
A2 [Lbs] 0.82 1.61 2.43
• FORMULA circuit breakers can be used in ambient with a temperature between -25°C to 70°C (-13°F to 158°F) and stored in a room with atmospheric temperature between -40°C to 70°C (-40°F to 158°F).
Altitude
Rated service voltage, Ue Rated uninterrupted current
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氧化剂 oxidizing agent还原剂 reducing agent着色剂 colouring agent脱色剂 decolourize agent粉碎 comminution筛分 screen classification称量 metage混合 mixture配料 batching配合料 batch生料 raw batch熟料 grog。
粒化料 pelletizing batch压块料 brinqueting batch分料 segregation纯碱飞散率 loss soda ash percentage 芒硝含率 salt cake content碳粉含率 powdered carbon content萤石含率fluorite content分离器deviator导向设备pilot device耐磨板wearproof plate平锥型truncated cone form套筒/套管sleeve脉动喷气过滤器pulse-jet air filter聚酯毛毡polyester felt荷重传感器load cell防剪切类型anti-cut type防锈漆anti-rust protection paint通气附件articulated accessory吹气过滤器breather filter离心风机centrifugal fan碾碎机crusher碎玻璃储存库cullet storage shed除尘系统dedusting system除铁单元deferrization unit电磁给料机electro-magnetic feeder振动输送机vibrating conveyor排气管exhaust stack备用捕捉机emergency snapper配合料输送机batch conveyor配合料的贮存和剔除batch stock and reject 斗式提升机bucket elevator料仓激振器bin activator碎玻璃皮带机cullet conveyor混合机mixer料仓silo深弯磁铁设备overbend magnet device原料入料系统raw material intake system双向皮带机reverse conveyor密闭输送机shutter conveyor缓冲料斗surge hopper量斗weighing hopper称量荷重传感器weighing load cell三大热工设备热料含率 cullet adding熔成率 batch changing into melt rate 玻璃熔窑 glass melting furnace熔化部 melting end冷却部 cooling end通路 canal成形室 drawing chamber耳池 auriculate bath池壁 side wall胸墙 breast wall矮弦 flying arch卡脖 neck小炉 port蓄热室 regenerator格子体 checker换向器 reversal device烟道闸板 flue damper闸板开度 opening of damper窑体保温 insulation of furnace wall保窑 protecting furnace热修 hot repair冷修 cold repair放玻璃水 tapping烤窑 heating up过大火 heating with normal burner炉龄 furnace life熔窑热效率 heat efficency of furnace熔化 melting熔化温度 melting temperature熔化温度制度 temperature regulation for glass-melting 投料 batch charging泡界线 foam line跑料 running飞料 batch carry-over倒料 batch turnning结料 batch cake料堆 float batch鼓泡 bubbling搅拌 stirring富氧燃烧 oxygen-enriched浸没燃烧 immersion combustion辅助电熔 electric boosting预热 preheating蓄热 heat accumulation风冷 air cooling窑压 furnace pressure雾化 atomization雾化介质 atomization medium火根 root of flame火稍 end of flame火焰发飘 flame drifting火焰亮度 brightness of flame火焰覆盖面积 flame covered助燃空气 secondary air空气过剩系数 coefficient of excess air氧化焰 oxidizing flame中性焰 neutral flame还原焰 reducing flame换火 reversal换火周期 reversal interval液面 metal level芒硝水 water of salt cake浮渣 float slag澄清 refining澄清温度 refining temperature均化 homogenize四大稳 four large stabilizing四小稳 four small stabilizirtg冷却面积 cooling area熔化面积 melting area熔化量melting quantity熔化率 melting rate成形 forming预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete低碳钢mild steel钢筋rebar型钢Profiled bar工字钢I bar钢结构Steel structure铸铁支架cast iron pieces冷却水包barrage操作平台Walkway顶丝机构Screw jack砧和趾砧bottom block and tie硅质电熔闸板砧fused silica tweet电熔砧fusion cast block角砖king closer吊墙Suspended wallL型吊墙L Backwall for glass doghouse投料口Doghouse影墙Shadow wall熔窑Melting furnace窑坎dam wall横火焰池式玻璃熔窑cross-fired glass melting furnace 马蹄形窑horseshoe flame furnace拱顶碹脚Crown加热系统Heating system过滤泵Pumping filter set机动泵Motor pump压力表Pressure gauge截止阀Shut-off valve重油电加热器Electric HFO heater重油粘度测定系统HFO viscosity measurement system重油回路HFO return line压力控制阀Pressure control valve电动气动阀electro-pneumatic valve压力变送器pressure transmitter带歧管的传送器flow transmitter with manifold助燃风-燃油换向装置reversal air-fuel set旁通阀by-pass valve喷枪injector油喷枪oil burner喷枪砧burner block喷枪口burner port可调支架adjustable support挠性软管flexible hose快速密封装置quick seal蒸汽管道steam tracing pipe空气雾化装置atomizing air set压力调节器pressure regulator压缩空气系统compressed air system助燃风系统combustion air system风机fan吹风机blower压力开关pressure switch废气系统waste gas system电动机械卷扬机Electromechanical winch换向闸板Reversal damper立式手动平衡闸板Hand-operated vertical balancing damper 清扫门Cleaning door蓄热室墙chamber wall蓄热室炉条碹Regenerative rider arch碹顶蓄热室crown regenerator辅助加热系统Auxiliary heating system卡脖端neck end报警开关Alarm switch水平搅拌器Horizontal stirring set卡脖单轨Mono-rail熔化池Melting tank澄清池Refining tank卡脖液面线waist metal line走道corridor山墙gable前脸墙front wall=shadow wall前脸墙趾砧front wall toe block前脸墙浇塑件front wall casting挡墙baffle wall隔墙partition wall小炉port小炉侧墙port jamb小炉Burner反弦invert arch平弦jack arch立柱jamb wall弧弦port arch弦高arch rise弦股arch rib弦座arch support铠装电缆armoured cable炉条弦bearer arch吹塑blow moulding筒管，绕丝管bobbin桥墙bridge wall辐射热交换器radiation recuperator密封板Sealing plate快换接头Quick coupling椭圆轮计数器oval wheels counters离心风机set off fan投料口水包charging water jacket流道canal流道 runner流槽 spout流槽Flowing spout投料机batch charger投料池filling pocket窑头给料机furnace feeder分隔式料仓section hopper喂料料仓feeding hopper过道catwalk鼓泡系统bubbling system鼓泡管bubbling tube辅助电熔boosting electric melting烟囱chimney烟道flue烟道Flue duct烟道碹flue arch热电偶thermocouple观察孔Peep hole光学高温计optical pyrometer彩频摄像机和潜望镜color video camera and periscope 玻璃液面检测器glass level detector热电偶补偿电缆compensating cable for thermocouple 玻璃液面检测装置Glass level measuring device非接触气动系统non contact pneumatic system现场电控柜Local cubicle接线箱junction box线路断路器circuit breaker紧急按纽emergency push button窑炉碹顶furnace crown窑炉压力控制阀furnace pressure control valveT型吊挂件Type hanger池底铺面Paving bottom通道Forehearth拉丝部位Spinning portion背衬Back lining组装示意图Assembly layout全组合结构Complete closure structure弯曲，翘曲buckling抗弯强度，抗纵向弯曲强度buckling strength内应力build-in strain拼合模具build-up mould炉底衬bushing well熔渣buoyant well煅烧calcinations恒温器calorstat外层硬化case-hardening色谱法，色层分析chromatography密闭板closure plate空气净化连接装置connection for air purge对流冷却convection cooling冷却空气cooling air共聚合作用co-polymerization双层墙double wall定位销，暗榫dowel电力事业electric utility电机动绞车electro-mechanical winch电气活动安全阀electro pneumatically actuated safety valve 供油泵房feed pump house齿轮箱gear box中间壁midfeather孔板orifice plate底壳bottom casing耳池Tin drain pocket锡泵Tin pump保护气体分配系统atmosphere distribution system.石墨件carbon piece安装用工装Erection flag楔形板Wedge角撑板Gusset出口唇砖exit lip连接件jack膨胀辊expansion roller连接件Hold down真空检测器Vacuum tester热段hot bay清渣口（耳池）tin pocket扒渣口dedrossing pocket填缝水泥filling cement锚固螺栓stud套圈ferrule垫圈washer螺母nut陶瓷套管ceramic sleeve垫片shim垫块spacer block硅树脂silicone扭矩扳手Torque wrench底砖起吊工具Blocks handling tool 线性石墨Linear carbon石墨挡坎Dam carbon湿背砖Wetback tile闸板砖Restrictor tile扒渣机scrapper槽钢channel吊挂杆hanger rod侧板repartition plate盖板cover plate销pin二级变压器secondary transformer 二级电缆secondary cable加热元件heating element电源控制柜power panel闸板机构tweel mechanism驱动框架drive frame齿轮电机Gear motor电磁离合器Electro magnetic clutch 编码器Encoder顶丝Screw jack非驱动侧框架Non drive side frame 齿轮箱gear box万向轴Cardan shaft提升轴Lifting shaft上部横梁Upper transversal girder闸板支撑Tweel support导向装置Guiding device限位开关Limit switch可编程编码器Programmable encoder限制箱Limit box现场箱Local box底板Base plate边封Side sealing拉边机top roller挡边fence卷边器pusher内窥镜endoscope水冷套water jacket支撑小车support carriage挡边器Fence barrel电气柜Electric cubicle接口设备interface device走道gangway水包water box流槽唇砖spout lip流槽壳体Spout casing渣箱dross box吊挂杆suspension rod挡帘curtain石墨推挡弹簧carbon pusher spring传动辊轴承roller bearing顶盖母线排roof bus bar直线电机linear motor气体压力变送器Bath atmosphere pressure transmitter 连接平台Connection gangway填空结构Fill-In Floor换热器管Exchanger tube膨胀套管Expansion sleeve排风连接法兰Exhaust air connecting flange配电柜distribution box高温电缆High Temp. Cable红外高温计Infrared Pyrometer电-气动定位器Electro-pneumatic positioner扶手handrail隔热段Vestibule喷嘴nozzle通风阀Louver valve可控硅装置thryristor unit辊子传动变速柜roll drive speed variation cabinet过渡辊Lift Out Roll退火辊Lehr Roll混合站Mixing station减压装置Pressure reducing set耐火材料体积密度（g/cm3）bulk density显气孔率（%）apparent porosity常压耐温强度（Mpa）cold compression strength荷重软化点℃（01Mpa×0.6%）Refractoriness under load0.2Mpa荷重软化开始温度0.2Mpa Softening temp under load 重烧线变化率（%）Permanent linear change重烧线变化permanent linear change on reheating烧后耐压强度（Mpa）Crushing strength after fire耐火度（℃）Refractoriness粘结强度Sticking strength（Mpa）导热系数（W/mK）Thermal conductivity热震稳定性，次（1100℃-水冷）Thermal shock resistance，cycle 氢扩散性（mmH20）Hydrogen diffusion抗锡渗透性Tin exudation proof蠕变强度Creep resistance玻璃相渗出量exudation of glass phase常温抗压强度cold crushing strength脆性温度brittleness temperature扩散系数proliferation index假比重quotation density介电常数dielectric constant平列耐火砖juxtaposed refractory block流道用砖Channel block溶液线砖Flux line block格子砖Checker硅藻土保温砖Diatomite insulating brick粘土Fireclay烧结锆刚玉砖Sintered zircon corundum (AZS) brick硅砖Silica brick优质硅砖superduty silica熔融浇注砖cast flux无缩孔锆砖void free ZrO2保温热板hot board红柱石anadalusite镁砖Magnesia brick熔窑用粘土大砖Glass furnace fireclay bottom block锡槽顶盖组合砖Composite tin bath roof blockTi锡槽顶盖砖n bath roof blocks锡槽底砖Tin bath bottom blocks锡槽用封孔料Sealing material for bolt holes锆质捣打料Zircon ramming mass高温粘结剂Uncommon refractory repair material氧化铝空心球Alumina bubble brick莫来石砖Mullite brick高致密锆英石砖High dense zircon block电熔莫来石砖Fusion zirconia corundum brick电熔锆莫来石砖Fusion zirconia-mullite brick颗粒型锆英石砖Dense zircon block高纯刚玉砖High-Purity corundum brick硅线石砖Sillimanite brick进出口密封砖In/out seal-brick保温型复合熔窑池底大砖Furnace fireclay bottom block laminated with insulation横向桥砖Transverse brick纵向桥砖Longitudinal brick板砖Plain brick轻质保温砖Light insulating layer brick槽子砖debit use特殊贴砖Special patch保温砖Insulating refractory浇注耐火材料Castable纤维保温材料Fiber materials方石英Cristobalite十字形cruciform硼/环氧复合材料boron/epoxy composite切割线辊道rolls conveyor掰边snap应急切割桥emergency cutting bridge退火窑出口处光电开关fotocell for lehr break落板辊道drop conveyor破碎装置breaker unit检测辊道examination conveyor玻璃检测系统glass inspection system纵切辊道longitudinal cutting conveyor纵切桥longitudinal cutter beams横切辊道cross cutter conveyor数字转换器digitizer unit横切刀cross cutter自动缺陷打标装置automatic fault marking system加速分离辊道run-out conveyor掰边机selvedge machine行进式掰边轮wheels cut running equipment动态边子掰断装置dynamic side break out动态中分掰断辊dynamic intermediate break-out吹屑机chip blower多区落板辊道drop conveyor multizone不对称玻璃提升装置lifting device asymetric glass piece带倾斜框架的辊道roll conveyor with tilting frame真空吸盘器vaccum cups frame电动滑轮装置electric takle主线安全区护栏main line fences/safety area玻璃板漂移自动监测系统automatic vision system for wander ribbon 旋转台rotator堆垛机stacker两段式落板辊道two section drop conveyor喷粉机powder applicator对中辊道centering conveyor对直辊道squaring conveyor可旋转的双面堆垛平台twin indexing platform with rotation自动监测系统automatic vision system去边设备selvage remove device玻璃清洗机washing machine分片side leg玻璃板咬合辊道snapping roller辊道输送机roller conveyor玻璃板边部应力测量ribbon edge stress measurement板宽和厚度测量ribbon width and thickness measurement堆垛架/板台pallet衬纸设备paper interleaving machine玻璃板破碎机ribbon breaker疵点标记枪fault marker落板段drop section收尘器dust collecting unit公用工程三通阀Tee valve汽化器carbureter增压阀pressure building-up valve出口含油量carryover排空阀blowdown螺杆空压机screw air compressor重载进气过滤器heavy-duty air filter高效电机premium efficiency motor远程启动器remote starter多台机组联控multiple unit sequencer热损耗heat rejection冷冻式干燥机refrigerated air drier吸附式干燥机desiccant air drier空气过滤器air filter膨胀波纹管Expansion bellow板翅式换热器plate-in heat exchanger蜗壳scroll casing油封oil seal齿轮轴pinion gear轴向止推轴承thrust journal bearing轴向轴承journal bearing主驱动齿轮bull gear齿轮箱上盖gear box cover叶轮impeller气管inlet casing可倾瓦径向轴承tilting pad journal bearing扩压器diffuser进气消音器suction filter silencer内冷却器intercooler进气控制阀suction control valve液化气（LPG）卸载系统LPG loading system管道pipeline余热锅炉remaining heat boiler断路器circuit breaker三相UPS配电盘three phases UPS electrical panel铅蓄电池lead battery过程操作站Process operation station以太网母线通信处理机Ethernet bus communication processor 喷墨彩色打印机Inkjet color printer黑白打印机Matrix black White printer主机架CPU mounting support电源模块Power supply module中央处理器Central processing unit备份控制柜control back-up cabinet电缆桥架cable tray给水工程 water supply engineering排水工程 sewerage，waste water engineering给水工程 water supply system排水系统 sewerage system给水水源 water source原水 raw water地表水 surface water地下水 ground water苦咸水（碱性水）brackish water,alkaline water 淡水 fresh water冷却水 cooling water废水 waste water污水 sewage,wastewater用水量 water consumption供水量 output污水量 waste water flow,sewage flow用水定额 water consumption norm排水定额 waste water flow norm水质 water quality渠道 channel,conduit干管 main泵站 pumping house给水处理 water treatment污水处理 sewage treatment,waste water treatment 废水处置 wastewater disposal格栅 bar screen曝气 aeration沉淀 sedimentation澄清 clarification过滤 filtration离子交换法 ion exchange消毒 disinfection氯化 chlorination余氯 residual chlorine游离性余氯 free residual chlorine通用阀门 General valve闸阀 Gate valve,slide valve截止阀 Globe valve,stop valve节流阀 Throttle valve球阀 Ball valve蝶阀 Butterfly valve隔膜阀 Diaphragm Valve旋塞阀 Cock,plug止回阀 Check valve,Non-return valve安全阀 Safety valve减压阀 Pressure reducing valve蒸汽疏水阀 Automatic steam trap Trap低压阀门 Low pressure valve中压阀门 Middle pressure valve高压阀门 High pressure valve超高压阀门 Super high pressure valve 高温阀门 High tempreture valve低温阀门 Sub-zero valve超低温阀门 Cryogenic valve阀门结构与零部件：结构长度 Face-to-face dimensionEnd-to-end dimensionFace-to-centre dimension结构形式 Type of construction直通式 Through way type角式 Angle type直流式 Y-globe type,Y-type三通式 Three way typeT形三通式 T-pattern three wayL形三通式 L-pattern three way平衡式 Balance type杠杆式 Lever type常开式 Normally open type常闭式 Normally closed type保温式 Steam jacket type波纹管密封式 Bellows seal type阀体 Body阀盖 Bonnet,Cover,Cap,lid启闭件 Disc阀瓣 Disc阀座 Seat ring密封面 Sealing face阀杆 Stem,Spindie阀杆螺母 Yoke bushingYoke nut填料箱 Stuffing bow填料压盖 Gland工程维修乙炔气焊机acetylene welder备份系统back-up system电池充电battery charge其它物流搬运material handling物理化学实验室physicochemical lab管子工pipe fitter平板玻璃flat glass普通平板玻璃sheet glass浮法玻璃 float glass吸热玻璃 heat absorbing glass热反射玻璃 heat reflecting glass压花玻璃 figured glass夹丝玻璃 wired glass板晶 crystallization软化点（软化温度） softening point应变点 strain point转变温度 transformation temperature应力 stress密度 density化学稳定性chemical stability有槽垂直引上法 Fourcault process无槽垂直引上法 Pittsburgh process 对辊法 Asahi process平拉法 Colburn process压延法 Rolling process浮法 Float process垂直引上机 vertical drawing machine 槽子砖 debiteuse引砖 draw bar换槽子（或引砖）changing debiteuse铲槽子 scraping debiteuse压槽子 suppressing debileuse down对辊 Asahi process drawing rnllers 转向辊 bending roller抗弯强度Flexural strength弹性模数Elasticity Modulus断裂模量Modulus of rupture小眼温度 temperature of orifice槽口温度 temperature of debiterse morth 板根 meniscus板根肥大 large and thick meniscus上炉 drawing up看炉 watching chamber掉炉 drawing-off打炉 drawing chamber打炉周期 cycle of drawing-chamber烧炉 firing drawing-chamber舀玻璃水 stiring melt烧边火 side firing燎裂子 firing crack架疙瘩 passing knots over掏渣 de-drossing锡槽 tin bath过渡辊台 life up rollers沾边 wetting edge满槽 fulled bath漏锡 tin leaking保护气体 atmosphere玻璃平衡厚度 equilibrium thickness拉边器 edge roller跑边 glass edges deviation挡边 keeping up the side修边 trimming edges改板 changing substance of ribbon放边 widening ribbon缩边 narrowing ribbon炸边 crack edges退火 annealing退火窑 annealing lehr采板 snap原板 raw sheet合格原板 qualified raw sheet引上速度 drawing speed拉引速度 stretching speed引上率（拉引率） drawing rate原板破损率 breakage rate of raw sheet 原板废品率 reject rate of raw sheet 切裁 cut切裁率 yield of glass sizing选片 option panel装箱破损率 failure percentage总成品率 percentage of pass标准箱 standard case重量箱 weight case折算系数 conversion factor波筋 wave波纹 streak裂口 crack结石 stone疙瘩 knot气泡 bubble开口泡 broken blister线道 thread划伤 scratch辊子伤 roller scratch轴花 roller bump麻点 mottling沾锡 tin pick－up光畸变点 spot distortion雾斑 hotenddust发霉 weathering of glass夹杂物 inclusion断丝 brokenwire网歪斜 out of square for wire破皮 sheel偏斜 out of square边部缺陷 edge fault条纹，线道cord波筋，淋子cords烧爆decrepitation点光源法 method of dot light source斑马法 zebra （crossing） methbd<<玻璃词典>>Abbe value;constringence阿贝值,阿贝数Above-gauge(overpressed);excees glass;over-gauge(US)飞刺(过压),压制品飞边Abraded package磨损包装Abrasion resistance test耐磨试验Abrasive belt;grinding belt磨砂带,研磨带Absorbing coating吸收涂层Absorptiometric analysis吸收测量分析Absorption loss吸收损耗Acceptance quality level;AQL可接收质量水平Acceptance sampling scheme可接收抽样检验方案Acid badging;stamp etching;stamping酸蚀印记Acid embossing;acid frosting;obscuring酸蚀(成毛面)Acid embossing;etching;acid etching酸蚀浮雕；酸浸析Acid-etched frosted glass酸蚀（刻）毛玻璃Acid mark酸蚀痕；酸刻Acid polishing酸抛光Acid pot；low alumina pot酸性坩埚，低氧化铝坩埚Acid resistance耐酸性Acid resistance test耐酸试验Acid-strengthening；acid-fortificationg（US）酸增强（处理）Actinic-green glass光化（学绿色）玻璃（毒物瓶用）Active fibre活性纤维Actual capacity；effective capacity实际生产能力；有效容量Adhesion layer粘附层Adhesive tape pull test（decoration adhesion test）胶布带拉力试验（装饰粘附性试验）Adjustable curtain wall（Fo）可调节吊墙（Fo）Admix；scrap return（to the forming hood）掺和；废料回炉（到玻璃纤维成形部）Aerodynamic diameter of a particle微粒的空气动力学直径Aerosol；atomiser气溶胶；雾化器Aerosol closure；keeper seal；sealing；bead气溶胶密封；密封装置；封接Aerosol container气溶胶容器Ageing；aging；maturing老化，陈化Agglomeration聚集（作用）Air bell空气泡Airborne agents悬浮剂Aircraft transparency飞机玻璃窗，航空器镶玻璃部分Air-cushioned tempering；air-cushion tempering；air-support process；air-support tempering气垫淬火（钢化）Air distributor空气分配器Air former；wind header（US）风罩Air gun；air jet气枪；气锤Air inlet进风口；进气口Air line；hair line气泡线；细长条纹Air lock气塞Air manifold集气管Air monitoring大气监测Air pollution；atmospheric pollution大气污染Air stripper空气分离器Alabaster glass乳白玻璃Alarm glazing；alarm glass报警器玻璃Alcover；channel料道；通道Ale bottle（爱尔）啤酒瓶Aligned bundle；coherent bundle定相排列纤维束；传象束；相干束Alignment surface；reference surface；datum level基准面Alkali（obsolete in UK）碱；碱金属氧化物Alkali resistance耐碱性Alkali resistance test；mixed alkali test耐碱性试验All-electric melting全电熔All-glass double-glazing unit；All-glass double-glazed unit；双层中空玻璃窗构件All-glass paper（US）（paper made only from glass fibre）玻璃纤维纸Almond shaped cut；almond cut若圆形切割Alumina；calcined alumina；aluminium oxide铝氧；煅烧铝氧；氧化铝Alumina refractory氧化铝耐火材料Aluminishing（plating）镀铝Aluminosilicate glass铝硅酸盐玻璃Aluminosilicate refractory；semi-silica fireclay refractory铝硅酸盐耐火材料；半酸性耐火材料Amber glass；amber；brown glass；amber-yellow glass琥珀色玻璃；棕色玻璃；茶色玻璃Amber glass，European type Ⅱ欧洲药典Ⅱ型琥珀色玻璃Ambient air环境空气Aminolevulinic acid level氨基乙酰丙酸级Amorphous state无定形态Ampoule；ampule（US）安钵Ampule bottle安钵瓶Ampoule glass（UK）；ampule glass（US）安钵玻璃Ampoule with teat具有乳头端的安钵Anatase锐钛矿Angle of pitch倾（斜）角Angle of slip滑动角，自溜角Angle of spread展开角Angle of yaw偏转角Angular particles有棱角的玻璃颗粒Angular shearing成角度剪切Anhydrite；anhydrous gypsum无水石膏Anhydrous borax无水硼砂Anneal退火Annealed glass退火玻璃Annealing退火Annealing check退火检验，退火质量检查Annealing curve退火曲线Annealing furnace退火窑（炉）Annealing kiln退火窑（炉）Annealing lehr（plate glass）退火窑（炉）（平板玻璃）Annealing lehr；lehr；leer（for flat glass only）隧道式退火窑（炉）（仅用于平板玻璃）Annealing lehr with rollers；lehr（flat glass）辊道式退火窑（炉）（平板玻璃）Annealing range退火（温度）范围Annealing schedule；cooling curve；thermal programme；cooling programme 退火制度；冷却曲线Annealing zone；annealing region退火区Annular bushing环形漏板（玻璃纤维）Annular crack环状开裂（瓶口）Anode beam阳极射束Anode button；anode cap阳极帽，阳极头Anorthite钙长石Antenna windshield（US）；aerial windscreen天线风挡玻璃Anthracite无烟煤Anti-agglomerating agent抗聚结剂Antibiotic finish抗生素瓶瓶口Antibiotics vial抗生素瓶Anti-dazzle glass；non-glare glass（US）；glare-reducing glass防眩玻璃Antimony；antimony oxide锑，氧化锑Antique（flat glass）；blown flat glass古法平板玻璃；吹制平板玻璃Antique drawn glass古法拉制玻璃Antique glass；imitation antique glass古玻璃；仿古玻璃Anti-reflection coating；non-reflecting coating；anti-glare coating抗反射涂层；无反射涂层；防眩涂层Antistatic layer抗静电涂层Anti-storm glazing；wind-resisting glazing；storm-resistant glazing挡风窗玻璃Anti-sun coating；sun shielding layer遮光涂层Apparent porosity显气孔率Apparent weight；bulk weight显重量；体重量Applicator section；facing section（纸张）敷面部分Applied thread；laid-on thread贴玻璃线（玻璃器皿装饰法）Apron applicator；belt applicator带式浸润器；带式上浆装置Arch；pot opening坩埚预热炉；坩埚操作口Arch-shaped cutting；gothic cutting弓形切割，（哥特式的）尖拱式切削Area of fine hackle；fine hackle（玻璃断面）细锯齿形区Armoured glass；armored glass（US）装甲玻璃；防弹玻璃Arrised edge；arris edge；seamed edge（US）；sniped edge（US）（玻璃板）斜边Arsenic；white arsenic砷，白砒，三氧化二砷Asbestos marks石棉痕Asbestos roll disc石棉辊片Asphalt tank沥青池Atmosphere distribution保护气体分配Atmosphere mixing station；atmosphere plant保护气体混合站Atmosphere venting保护气体排出Atmospheric impurities大气中杂质Atomic absorption spectroscopy；AAS原子吸收光谱学Atomization air；atomising air雾化空气Attenuation；attenuating（玻璃纤维或管）拉细Attenuation；loss coefficient衰减；损耗系数Attenuation（float glass）（板宽）收缩（浮法玻璃）Audiometer听力测定器Auger electron spectroscopy；AES俄歇电子能谱学Autoclave test；whole article test；EP test高压釜试验，热压试验Automatic batch plant自动配料车间Automatic bore-gauging machine自动（瓶口）内径测量机Automatic cutter；automatic cutter head自动切割器；自动切割器头Automatic cutting machine自动切割机Automatic feeder；tube distributor自动供料机；管形分料机Automatic feeding自动供料Automatic forming自动成形Automatic packer自动包装机Automatic pressing自动压制Automatic weigher自动称Auxiliary cut；breaking-out cut；breaking-out（平板玻璃）辅助裁切（切裁碎边）Auxiliary electrode辅助电极Aventurine金星玻璃Axial deposition轴向沉积Axial load test轴向载荷试验Babal glass钡硼铝玻璃Baby food jar婴儿食品瓶Background contamination本底污染Backlap背面折痕，皱折Back pressure反向压力Back quarter light；rear quarter light汽车尾座小灯（占全照明的1/4）Back surface of the sheet；back（sheet glass）；hot side（US）（玻璃带）热面（背面）Back tweel反向截止闸门Back-up panel支承板Back-up roll；back roller；back roll；fixed roller；fixed roll支承轧辊，固定辊Baddeleyite斜锆石Badge；crest；monogram（US）带有字母图案的装饰玻璃Badging贴印商标Bad join接缝不良Badly annealed；bad annealing；off-temper（US）退火不良Bad registration；registration；location；poor registration of colors；poor registration；bad color marks彩色定位不良，（电视图象）彩色不正Bad vitrification；poor vitrification玻化不良Baffle；baffle angle；baffle frame；base angles挡板；（引上机的）鱼鳞板Baffle hole挡板孔Baffle mark闷头印Baffle plate；baffle闷头Bag house袋式收尘室Bait拍子（平板玻璃开始引上用的工具）Bake and UV-irradiation test（laminated glass）耐热和耐紫外光照射实验（夹层玻璃）Balanced yarn平衡纱Balcony平台Balcony-railing；railing平台栏栅Ball impact test；ball test（冲击强度）落球试验法Ball mill球磨（机）Ball-on-ring test环上滚珠试验Bamboo；cane竹节Banding画（色）边Banding wheel画边轮Bandwidth带宽Bar；torsion bar（US）；spreader bar撒开棒；扭棒Bar-electrode；rod-electrode棒状电极Baria；barium oxide氧化钡Barium carbonate碳酸钡Barium nitrate硝酸钡Barium selenide硒化钡Barium sulphate；barium sufate（US）硫酸钡Barrel-shaped package筒形包装Barrier electrode阻挡电极Bar stippling（点刻）点画棒Barytes；heavy spar（rare）；barite（US）重晶石Base（Fo）底座Base forming瓶底成形Base glass;parent glass基础玻璃Basement cullet;cellar cullet炉底碎玻璃Base of neck;root of neck颈根Base pads底垫Base shoe底座Base slots(Fo)槽子砖槽口Basic fibre;strand玻璃纤维原丝Basic pot碱性坩埚Basic refractory碱性耐火材料Basket;spinner basket(US)(坩埚)多孔漏板Basketweave packing编篮式格子体Batch;glass batch;batch mixture;charge;mix玻璃配合料Batch barrow配合料料车Batch bin;batch silo;glass bunker;batch bunker玻璃配合料料仓Batch bucket;batch skip料斗Batch can;batch cannister料罐Batch cart运料车Batch change配合料组成变化Batch charger;barch feeder;batch stoker(US)投料机;加料器Batch crust;crust配合料结壳Batch dust配合料粉尘Batch formula;batch composition配合料料方;配合料组成Batch-free生料熔尽Batch-free time生料熔尽时间Batch gases配合料(产生的)气体Batch granule;granule配合料粒化料Batch house;mixing room;batch plant;mixing shop料房;配料车间Batch mixer;blender混料机Batch mixing配合料混合Batch pile;lump(flat glass)配合料料堆(平板玻璃)Batch preheating;preheating配合料预热Batch stone配合料结石Batch tower塔式料仓Batch transfer配合料输送Batch wetting配合料湿润Bath amosphere;atmosphere池炉(保护)气氛Bath bottom池炉底Bath casing;casing池炉壳体Bath of glass;bath;”melt”玻璃池Bath roof池炉顶Bath side wall池炉侧墙Battery jar(玻璃)电池瓶Battledore;pallette篦子(手工成形玻璃酒杯挺用的工具)Bauxite(铁)矾土,铝土矿Bay底板Bayonet cap finish卡口盖瓶口Bead;back ring;ring collar;ball(US);reinforcing ring;reinforced ring;beaded finish(增强)圆口边Bead玻璃珠Bead(fiberizing)玻璃液滴(纤维成形)Bead(hollow glass);beaded finish;reinforced rim凸环(空心玻璃制品上的凸缘);具凸环的瓶口;加固边Bead break珠断(玻璃纤维拉制缺陷)Bead down总揪珠(玻璃纤维生产中揪落漏板下面的全部玻璃滴)Beaded bevel椭圆面斜边Beaded shoulder；rounded shoulder具凸环的瓶肩Beadless finish无凸环的瓶口Beaker烧杯Beam bending viscometry弯杆法粘度测定（法）Beam yarn纱束Beaming聚束Beam sizing聚束上浆Beam splitter coating分束器涂层（料）Bearing surface支承面Beer glass啤酒杯Bell；cone锥形轴，垂直心轴Bell cover；“bell”炉盖；锥形轴套Bell jar（for clock or melon）（玻璃）钟罩Below-gauge（underpressed）；glass deficiency；under-gauge（US）not up 压料不足Belshazzar装香槟酒大瓶Belt conveyor网带输送机Belt marks（制品底部）网带印Bench cloth；laying cloth；setting cloth（平板玻璃抛光用的）铺放绒布Benchworking玻璃钳工操作Bend弯头Bending（flat glass）弯曲，（烤）弯（平板玻璃）Bending（tubes）弯曲，（烤）弯（管子）Bending mould弯曲模具，弯板模Bending roller（LO）；bending roll（LO）转向辊（LO）Bending strength；flexure strength抗弯强度Bending test弯曲试验Beneficiation选矿Bent弯曲Bent finish；crooked finish；bent ring歪口Bent glass；curved glass曲面玻璃Bent neck歪颈，瓶颈弯曲Bent pincers曲柄（咬口）钳子Beryllia；beryllium oxide氧化铍Bevel倒棱Bevel；sloped edge斜边；棱边Bevel cutting斜边切割Bevelling；beveling磨斜边Bevelling倒棱（光学玻璃）Bevel on both surfaces双面斜棱边Bevel with edge nose polished倒棱后将边缘抛光Bifocal lens；bifocal glass双焦眼镜，双光眼镜Binder粘结剂，粘合剂Binder applicator；applicator粘结剂敷料器Binder content粘结剂含量Binder distributor粘结剂分配器Binder gun；Binder spray；Binder spray gun粘结剂喷枪，喷胶器Binder solids content粘结剂固体含量Binder spot粘结剂斑点“bindicator”（bin indicator）料位指示器biodegradable glass（可）生物降解的玻璃biodegradable material（可）生物降解的材料bioessay生物试验bioglass（for surgical implants）生物玻璃（用于移植）biological limit value；BLV生物极限值biological monitoring生物监控biological oxygen demand；BOD生物耗氧量bird cage；chicken roost（US）；bird swing玻璃瓶内搭丝bird’s nest玻璃瓶内粘丝（搭丝）birefringence；double refraction双折射blackboard enamel；chalkboard enamel黑板搪瓷black burner黑色灯头（燃烧器）black glass中性滤光镜；黑色玻璃black speck；chromite stone；chromite;chromite knot黑点；铬铁矿结石black spot；black specks黑点；黑斑black stain黑色釉料black staining黑色彩饰black streak黑色条纹blank毛坯，初型模blank cracking；cracking初型模微开blanket毯状薄层料blanket为改善光学质量用的金属盖板blanket charger毯式加料机blanket feed；blanket feeding；blanket charging；blanket filling薄层加料；毯式加料blank mould turnover初型模翻转blank seam；blank mould seam初型模接缝blank table初型模转台blank tear弯扭blank transfer；parison transfer；parison invert；blank invert（UK）；invert of blank（US）雏型交换blast-furnace slag；slag高炉炉渣bleaching；fading退色作用；复明blender混料器，配合料混合机blending batch（换料时的）掺合配合料blibe；elongated bubble；blib细长气泡blind；open冲刷；冲洗blister大气泡blistered surface起泡的表面，粗糙的表面blistering起泡bloach；bleach凹麻点（玻璃研磨不足造成的缺陷）bloach（underside of cast glass）残印（浇注玻璃的底面）bloach灰点（玻璃研磨缺陷）block成块block；head of cutter；head cutter（切割玻璃的）金刚石刀头block；block wheel金刚石磨轮blocking；polling；plugging；boiling冒泡，滚沸（加速玻璃澄清）blocking滚料blocking（operation）砌池炉大砖blocking；touch-up；patch-up；retouch修补炉；修饰。
Analog Devices IC (ADE) 产品系列简介说明书
Energy Measurement ProductsADE Product Family OverviewThe Analog Devices IC (ADE) family combines industry-leading data conversion technology with a fixed function digital signal processor (DSP) to perform the calculations essential to an electronic energy meter. The portfolio includes single-phase products and polyphase products for stepper motor and LCD display meter designs, with five critical measurements available: watt, V rms, I rms, VA, and VAR.With 175 million units deployed in the field, ADI has added to the portfolio the ADE71xx and ADE75xx product families that simplify energy meter design by providing all the features needed for an accurate, reliable, and fully functional energymeter with LCD display in a single IC.ADE Product Family • High accuracy exceeds IEC and ANSI standards • Proprietary 16-bit ADCs and DSP provide high accuracy over large variations in current, environmental conditions, and time • Reliability proven with over 175 million units deployed in the field• On-chip reference with low temperature drift (20 ppm to 30 ppm typ)• On-chip power supply monitoring• On-chip creep protection (no-load threshold)• Single 5 V supply • Low power consumption • Instantaneous active power output for calibration or interface to an MCU • Miswiring or reverse power indication• Tamper detection optionsADE Pulsed Output Products or Stepper Motor Display Meters • Exceeds IEC 61036/62053-21, IEC 60687/62053-22, ANSI C12.16, and ANSI C12.20• Active energy measurement with less than 0.1% error over a dynamic range of 500 to 1 at 25°C• Power consumption as low as 15 mW (typ) for single-phase products and 30 mW (typ) for polyphase products• Built-in current channelamplifier allows the use of low resistance, low cost shunts • Active energy, low frequency outputs directly driveelectromechanical counters • Single 5 V supplyADE Serial Interface Products for LCD Meters• Exceeds IEC 61036/62053-21, IEC 60687/62053-23 (for multifunction products), ANSI C12.16, and ANSI C12.20• Active energy measurement with less than 0.1% error over a dynamic range of 1000 to 1 at 25°C• Active energy and sampled waveform data• Multifunction products provide VAR, VA, V rms, and I rms • User-programmable power quality monitoring features • Digital calibration for power, phase, and offset• Serial peripheral interface (SPI) with interrupt request pin (IRQ)• Single 5 V supplyIntegrated Products for LCD Meters• Exceeds IEC 61036/62053-21, IEC 60687/62053-23 (for multifunction products), ANSI C12.16, and ANSI C12.20• Single chip solution integrates ADE measurement core for watts, VAR, VA, V rms, and I rms• 8052 MCU core with flash memory• 104-segment LCD driver with contrast control for low/high temperature visibility • Low power RTC (1.5 μA typ) with digital compensation for temperature performance • Power fail and batterymanagement with no external components• Reference with low temperature drift (5 ppm/°C typ)• Noninvasive in-circuitemulation/energymeterValue of ADE Products1. Proven TechnologyAnalog Devices is the market leader in sales of energy metering ICs with over 175 million meters deployed worldwide with ADE products.• Quality: Strict quality and test standards applied to ADE products throughout design and manufacturing stages ensure low meter production failure rate and uniform part-to-part characteristics.• Reliability: Accelerated life expectancy tests on ADE products, representing more than 60 years of field usage, reduce probability of meter failure due to IC failure.• Performance: Proprietary Σ-∆ ADCs provide excellent performance with an error of less than 0.1% over an extended current dynamic range.2. Ease of DesignAnalog Devices ADE solutions aim to simplify energy meter design, reduce system cost, and reduce time to market with:• Integration of ADCs and fixed function DSP on a single chip leading to a single IC energy meter• Integration of ADCs and fixed function DSP on a single chip reduces processing requirements, enabling the use of a lower cost MCU • Embedded essential energy calculations to ensure harmonic content is included (up to 233rd harmonics for watt-hour measurement)• Direct and flexible sensor interface without external gain amplifiers• Unparalleled design support including detailed data sheets, reference designs, application notes, evaluation tools, and technical support • Integrated MCU core, and all necessary peripherals, with field proven metering front end • Greater system control with minimized current consumption in battery mode3. Innovation and ChoiceAnalog Devices is committed to continuing its investment in the ADE product family and to enabling very competitive system costs while maintaining a high level of innovation.• 16 patents granted or pending on innovative energy measurement technology• Many energy measurement products currently available for single-phase and polyphase energy meters with more to come4. Quality• Samples from production lots constantly drawn for rigorous qualifications• ADI’s product analysis group continually addresses customer concerns and feedback on the quality of our products • Constant monitoring of electrical ppm failure rate of finished products• Electrical ppm failure rate is largely comprised of marginal parametric rejects that are fully functional but are most likely to experience failure in the field•ADI products have a consistently low ppm failure rate that reflects the stability and high quality of the manufacturing process• TIME DEPENDENT DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN • ELECTROMIGRATION• HOT CARRIER INJECTION• THERMAL SHOCK SEQUENCE• TEMPERATURE CYCLING SEQUENCE• ELECTRICAL ENDURANCE—HTOL AND LTOL • EARLY LIFE FAILURE CHARACTERIZATION • HIGH TEMPERATURE STORAGE • MOISTURE ENDURANCE TEST • DIE SHEAR TEST• FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY QUALIFICATION • ELECTRICAL STATIC DISCHARGE (ESD)• LATCH UPPRODUCTION QUALITY CONTROL SUPPLEMENTAL QUALIFICATIONS APPLICATION SPECIFIC QUALIFICATIONEND PRODUCT QUALIFICATIONFABRICATION QUALIFICATIONASSEMBLY QUALIFICATIONANALOG DEVICESSTANDARD QUALIFICATIONS LIST OF QUALIFICATIONSPASSEDPASSEDCUSTOMER FEEDBACK• BOND STRENGTH • BURN-IN SEQUENCE• CONSTANT ACCELERATION • HERMETICITY• HIGH TEMPERATURE STORAGE • INTERNAL WATER VAPOR TEST • LEAD FATIGUE • LID TORQUE• MARKING PERMANENCY • MECHANICAL SHOCK• MOISTURE SENSITIVITY CHARACTERIZATION• MOISTURE ENDURANCE SEQUENCE AND AUTOCLAVE • RESISTANCE TO SOLDERING HEAT • SOLDERABILITY• THERMAL IMPEDANCE• VIBRATION, VARIABLE FREQUENCY • X-RAY INSPECTIONReliabilityAnalog Devices conducted a high temperature operating lifetest (HTOL) to simulate aging of ADE products in the field.Method—ICs subjected to 150°C for 3000 hours:• With acceleration factor of 179×, the life expectancy correlates to 60 years at operating temperature of 60°C.• Four main parameters monitored: reference voltage, gain error, current, and voltage channel offset.Results—parameter distribution over time shows:• Negligible parameter distribution shifts.• Parameters maintain data sheet specifications.• Zero failures.Conclusions from HTOL test:• If other components in electronic meter have the same life expectancy, meter replacement is only needed every 60 years.• Proven stability and accuracy of digital energy measurement.Meter manufacturers must carefully select components to ensure that the overall reliability of electronic energy meter is maximized.10,000125OPERATING TEMPERATURE (°C)A C C E L E R A T I O N F A C T O R10001001010,0001L I F E T I M E (Y e a r s )100010010303540455055606570758085PerformanceThe unsurpassed accuracy of power calculation over a very wide dynamic range, harmonics, and stability over time are the primary reasons why ADE ICs are preferred by many meter manufacturers around the world. The plot to the right highlights the typical performance of ADE ICs over a dynamic range of 1000:1 and temperature range of –40°C to +85°C. Even at a low power factor (PF = 0.5), the ICs maintain their high accuracy.0.4–0.4AMPSE R R O R (%)0.30.20.10–0.1–0.2–0.3Reliability Lifetime PredictionsTypical Performance for ADE ICs"%$"%$"%$&/&3(:.&"463&.&/5%41*/5&3/"- 7 QQN $4*/(-&$:$-& .$66"3541* *$8%53".108&3 4611-:$0/530-108&3 4611-:.0/*503*/(-%0103"%$*/5&3/"-3&4&5"%$5&.1&3"563&4&/403*/5&3/"- 147 ."9$)"3(& 16.1%"$-$% %3*7&3 4&(.&/541--*/5&3/"-$-0$,35$'-"4).&.03:"%& YY "%& YYSelection GuideADE71xx/ADE75xx: Energy Measurement Computing EngineThe ADE71xx/ADE75xx family builds on Analog Devices’ 10 years of experience in energy measurement to provide the best analog-to-digital converters combined with the advanced digital signal processing required to build an accurate, robust, and fully featured energy meter with LCD display.Energy Measurement Key Features:• Exceeds IEC 61036/62053-21,IEC 60687/62053-22, IEC 61268/62053-23, ANSI C12.16, and ANSI C12.20• 4-quadrant power and energy measurement for:• Active, reactive, and apparent• Tampering protection• 2 current inputs for line and neutral • Tampering algorithms integrated • Special energy accumulation modes• Shunt, current transformer, and di/dt current sensor connectivity enabled• 2 high precision pulse outputs for calibration • Power line quality: SAG, period/frequency, peak, zero-crossing• Large phase calibration (5° @ 50 Hz)• Wide measurement frequency bandwidth (14 kHz) for harmonic measurementADE71xx/ADE75xx: LCD DriverThe ADE71xx/ADE75xx family has a unique LCD driver capable of maintainingmaximum contrast on the LCD independently of the power supply level using charge-pump circuitry. This technology combined with the on-chip temperature measurement enables the lowest power operation and maximum readability of the energy meter LCD display.LCD Driver Key Features:• 104-segment LCD driver• Adjustable LCD voltage (5 V max) independent of the power supply (2.7 V min)• LCD freeze and hardware blink functions for low power operation in battery mode • Low offset to minimize LCD fluid biasingRTC Key Features:•1.5 μA current consumption•Low voltage operation: 2.4 V•2 ppm/LSB digital frequency adjustment for calibration and temperature compensation •Alarm and midnight interruptsADE71xx/ADE75xx: Real-Time ClockThe ADE71xx/ADE75xx family provides a low power RTC with nominal and temperature dependent crystal frequency compensation capabilities enabling low drift and high accuracy timekeeping. The RTC functionality is also maintained at low power supply (2.4 V) and over all power supply connections, extending the operating life of the energy meter in battery mode.ADE71xx/ADE75xx: Battery ManagementThe ADE71xx/ADE75xx family has unique battery management features enabling low power consumption in battery mode and optimal power supply management when line voltage is lost.Battery Management Key Features:•No external circuitry for battery switching•Power supply switching based on absolute level•Early warning of power supply collapse with SAG and preregulated power supply monitoring•Internal power supply always valid by hardware controlled switchover to batteryKey Features Maintained in Battery Mode:•Real-time clock for timekeeping•LCD display•Temperature measurement•Meter wake-up events such as RTC alarms, I/O, UART activitiesADE Development ToolsThe ADE71xx and ADE75xx family of products share a common set of tools designedto minimize design time while improving the part understanding. These tools arecomprised of:• Energy meter reference design• 1-pin emulator with isolated USB interface• Isolated USB to UART debugger interface• Downloader software• Evaluation software• Integrated development environment from well-known vendor• Firmware libraries for common and part specific functionsThe energy meter reference design integrates the main functions of an LCD meter withIR port and RS-485 communication, battery backup, two current sensors, antitamperinterface, and EEPROM interface while using the features of the ADE71xx and ADE75xxseries such as battery management, antitamper detection, temperature compensatedreal-time clock, and LCD driver contrast.The reference design is accompanied by code libraries and an example of systemintegration code allowing easy evaluation and further development of solution.Isolated USB communication boards for debugging and emulation provide a safesolution for code development when the meter is connected to the line.The ADE71xx and ADE75xx series can be used with integrated developmentenvironments (IDE) from open market vendors to simulate, compile, debug, anddownload assembly or C code. A free of charge IDE with unlimited assembly codecapability and 4 kB limited C code capability is included in the evaluation kit. Inaddition, the part can be evaluated with a UART interface and a PC by using theversatile evaluation tools and downloader.Single-Phase Energy Metering ICs with Integrated OscillatorThe AD71056, ADE7768, and ADE7769 are single-phase ICs that provide watt-hour information using pulse outputs that directly drive a stepper motor counter.The AD71056, ADE7768, and ADE7769 are pin-reduced versions of the ADE7755, with the enhancement of an on-chip, precisionoscillator circuit that serves as the clock source for the IC. The direct interface to low resistance, low cost shunt resistors also helps to lower the cost of a meter built with AD71056, ADE7768, or ADE7769.These products are pin compatible. The AD71056 and ADE7769 accumulate bidirectional power information, and the ADE7768accumulates power only in the positive direction providing flexibility for various billing schemes. The ADE7769 indicates when the power is below the no-load threshold by holding the calibration frequencypin high. This is useful to indicate a tampering or miswired condition.Single-Phase Energy Metering ICs with Antitamper FeaturesThe ADE7761B detects two common tampering conditions: “fault” condition (when loads are grounded to earth instead of connected to neutral wire or when the meter is bypassed with external wires) and “missing neutral” condition (when the voltage input and return current are missing). The ADE7761B incorporates a novel tampering detection scheme which indicates the fault or missing neutral conditions and allows the meter to continue accurate billing by continuous monitoring of the phase and neutral (return) currents. A fault is indicated when these currents differ by more than 6.25%, and billing continues using the larger of the two currents. The missing neutral condition is detected when no voltage input is present, and billing is continued based on the active current signal. The ADE7761B also includes a power-supply monitoring circuit which ensures that the voltage and current channels are matched,eliminating creep effects in the meter.Polyphase Energy Metering ICs with Pulse OutputThe ADE7752A, ADE7752B, and ADE7762 are polyphase ICs that provide watt-hour information using pulse outputs that can directly drive a stepper motor counter. Compatible with a wide range of 3-phase grid configurations, including 3-wire and 4-wire delta and wye distributions, each of these products can be used for 3-phase commercial and industrial revenue meters or submeters, 3-phase motors or generators, industrial control, and utility automation. The ADE7762 and ADE7752B are optimized for 3-phase, 3-wire applica-tions with no-load threshold and REVP indication based on the sum of the phases.To ensure that energy is billed properly under miswiring or tamper-ing conditions, any of the ICs can be set to accumulate based on the sum of the absolute value in each phase. The active power accumu-lation is signed by default.The ADE7762 has four additional logic output pins. These four pins drive six LEDs for prioritized indication of phase dropout and phasesequence error as well as reverse polarity per phase.ADE7752A and ADE7752B are pin compatible with the legacy ADE7752 and have up to a 50% power consumption reduction from ADE7752. The four additional pins of ADE7762 are located at the top of the package so that the same PCB may be used with an ADE7752A-, ADE7752B-, or ADE7762-based meter.10Single-Phase Energy Metering ICs with Serial InterfaceADI has a range of product offerings for single-phase energy measurement solutions requiring serial interface. The ADE7756 measures active energy and allows digital calibration of phase, offset, and gain through a serial port interface. The ADE7759 has a built-in digital integrator for direct interface with a di/dt sensor such as a Rogowski coil and includes the capability to interface with low resistance shunts and traditional current transformers. The ADE7753 provides active, apparent, and reactive energy measurements, and incorporates a built-in digital integrator to allow direct interface with a Rogowski coil sensor in addition to a low resistance shunt or CT. The ADE7763 provides the same functionality as the ADE7753 but without reactive energy measurement. All four of these ADE single-phase energy metering ICs with SPI are pin compatible for ease of design migration.11Polyphase Energy Metering ICs with Serial InterfaceADI has a selection of product offerings for3-phase energy measurement solutions requiring serial interface. The ADE7758 features second-order sigma-delta ADCs, and is designed formidrange 3-phase energy meters. For each phase, the chip measures active, reactive, and apparent energy, as well as rms voltage and rms current. These measurements are accessed via an SPI that allows a fully automated digital calibration. The ADE7758 interfaces with a variety of sensors, including current transformers and di/dt current sensors, such as Rogowski coils. Additionally, the ADE7758 provides a programmable frequency pulse output for both active and apparent orreactive power.Analog Devices, Inc.Worldwide Headquarters Analog Devices, Inc. One Technology Way P .O. Box 9106Norwood, MA 02062-9106 U.S.A.Tel: 781.329.4700 (800.262.5643, U.S.A. only)Fax: 781.461.3113Analog Devices, Inc. Europe Headquarters Analog Devices, Inc.Wilhelm-Wagenfeld-Str. 6 80807 Munich GermanyTel: 49.89.76903.0 Fax: 49.89.76903.157Analog Devices, Inc. Japan Headquarters Analog Devices, KK New Pier Takeshiba South Tower Building 1-16-1 Kaigan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-6891 JapanTel: 813.5402.8200 Fax: 813.5402.1064Analog Devices, Inc. Southeast Asia Headquarters Analog Devices22/F One Corporate Avenue 222 Hu Bin Road Shanghai, 200021 ChinaTel: 86.21.5150.3000 Fax: 86.21.5150.3222©2007 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.Printed in the U.S.A. BR04915-5-8/07(A)/energymeter。
polyimide在封装中的作用
polyimide在封装中的作用英文回答：Polyimide plays a crucial role in packaging due to its excellent thermal stability, mechanical strength, and electrical insulation properties. It is widely used as a dielectric material in electronic devices and integrated circuits. Here are some key functions of polyimide in packaging:1. Insulation: Polyimide acts as an excellentelectrical insulator, preventing electrical short circuits and leakage currents. It is commonly used as a dielectric layer in flexible printed circuit boards (PCBs) and as an insulation material for wire bonding.For example, in the production of flexible PCBs, polyimide films are used as a substrate to insulate the conductive traces. This allows the PCB to bend and flex without causing any electrical failures.2. Protection: Polyimide provides a protective barrier against moisture, chemicals, and other environmental factors. It is resistant to many solvents, acids, and bases, making it an ideal choice for encapsulating and protecting sensitive electronic components.For instance, in the packaging of microchips, polyimide films are often used as a protective coating to shield the delicate circuits from moisture and chemical damage. This helps to prolong the lifespan and reliability of the electronic devices.3. Thermal management: Polyimide has excellent thermal stability, allowing it to withstand high temperatureswithout deforming or degrading. It acts as a thermal barrier, dissipating heat and preventing thermal stress on the packaged components.An example of polyimide's thermal management functionis its use in LED packaging. Polyimide films are often used as a heat sink to transfer heat away from the LED chips,preventing overheating and ensuring optimal performance.4. Adhesion: Polyimide has good adhesive properties, allowing it to bond well with various materials used in packaging. It can be used as an adhesive layer to attach different components together, providing structural integrity and stability.For example, in the assembly of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), polyimide is often used as an adhesive to bond the MEMS device to the packaging substrate. This ensures secure attachment and prevents any movement or detachment during operation.中文回答：Polyimide在封装中扮演着重要的角色，因为它具有优异的热稳定性、机械强度和电绝缘性能。
OVATION卡件接线方式(以此为准)
Ovation I/O 卡件接线方式每一个I/O点的具体端子号填写按如下规则：1．DI卡（开关量输入）1C31234G011C31234G01 provides 48 VDC on-card auxiliary power for 16 contact inputs with common return.9.3 SPECIFICATIONS ELECTRONICSMODULE (1C31234)Table 9-2 describes the specifications of the Compact ContactInput module.Table 9-2. Compact Contact Input Module Specifications9.4 Compact Contact Input Terminal Block Wiring Information Table 9-2. Compact Contact Input Module Specifications (Cont’d)Humidity (non-condensing) 0 to 95%9.4 COMPACT CONTACT INPUT TERMINAL BLOCK WIRING INFORMATIONThe available foam insert has a simplified wiring diagram label on its top, which appears above the terminal block. This diagramindicates how the wiring from the field is to be connected to theterminal block in the base unit. The diagram for the CompactContact Input module is illustrated in Figure 9-1. The followingtable lists and defines the abbreviations used in this diagram.Abbreviation Definition1+ throughContact input positive terminal connection 16+1-through 16 Contact input negative terminal connectionEarth ground terminalsPS+, PS- Auxiliary Power Supply terminalsRSV Reserved terminal. No internal connectionFigure 9-1. Terminal Block Connections for the Compact Contact InputModules9.5 Compact Contact Input Field Wiring Information2．SOE卡（DI卡）1C31233G04POINT + -01 C1 B102 C2 B203 C3 B304 C4 B405 C5 B53．DO卡（带继电器开关量输出，250V AC）5A26457G015A26457G01 contains a Relay Output Electronics module a relay outputbase assembly, and 16 Form C relays (G2R style).Table 20-3. Relay Output Base Specifications (1C31223G01, G2R Style)20.4 Specifications 20.5 Relay Output Terminal Block Wiring InformationTable 20-3. Relay Output Base Specifications (1C31223G01, G2R Style)(Cont’d)4，DO卡（带继电器开关量输出, 150VDC） 5A26458G025A26458G02 contains a Relay Output Electronics module, a relay output base assembly, and 12 Form X relays (KUEP style).Table 20-4. Relay Output Base Assembly Specifications (1C31222G01,KUEP Style)6，DO卡（开关量输出,250V DC）1C31122G01/1C31125G027， AI卡（4－20mA输入）1C31224G01/1C31227G01DCS对现场供电(内供电)注：P（N）和CI（N），SH（N）和地(E)需短接内供电AI信号屏蔽线在DCS侧接地，现场侧悬空。
Perovskite structure development and electrical properties
PerovskitestructuredevelopmentandelectricalpropertiesofPZNbasedthinfilms
HuiqingFan*,Seung-HoLee,Chang-BunYoon,Gun-TaePark,Jong-JinChoi,Hyoun-EeKim
SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,SeoulNationalUniversity,Seoul,151-742,SouthKoreaReceived26April2001;receivedinrevisedform18August2001;accepted19September2001
AbstractPb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3(PZN)isawellknownrelaxorferroelectricwithexcellentdielectricpropertiesforcapacitorapplicationsandelectromechanicalpropertiesforsensorandactuatorapplications.TheperovskitestructurestabilizationofPZNbasedceramicsandtheirrespectivethinfilmshaslimitedtheirapplicationsinthesedevices.ThecrystallizationbehaviorandthedevelopmentoftheperovskitestructureinPZNwiththeadditionofPb(Zr0.47Ti0.53)O3(PZT)thinfilmswereinvestigatedusingametal–organic
decompositiontechnique.Whentheannealingtemperaturewashigherthan600C,theperovskitephasecrystallizedtogetherwithapyrochlorephase.Thefractionsoftheperovskitestructurewerekeptatapproximately80%iftheannealingtemperaturewashigherthan700C.Otherwise,anewphaseappearedwhentheannealingtemperaturewasapproximately900C.Usingaleadoxideupper-layercoatingtechnique,ahighlyh111iorientedPZNbasedthinfilmwith$96%perovskitewasprepared.Theelec-tricalpropertiesofthisthinfilmwerecharacterizedwiththeremnantpolarization,Pr=25mC/cm2,andthedielectricconstant,
第二讲：压电陶瓷参数及多层压电陶瓷性能及注意事项
Qe
1 tan
测量试样自由电容 CT
测试的精度需要考虑到 • 设备自身的测试精度，温度的精度±2度，电容的测试精度在±10%等等 • 样品的规格要求12mm×6mm×1mm；或者直径l5～20 mm，厚度0.7～1 mm • 工装要求：总分布电容要小于试样室温自由电容的5%，线尽可能短 • 测试过程要求：温度点不少于10个，升（降）温速度不大于3℃/min．在每个 选定的温度点保持一定时间，一般为1h．
2 =0.27 时， K p 2.51
f fr
f fr f
2 =0.30时， K p 2.53
kp
2 1
d 31 s
E T 11 33
2 k31 1
k p k 31
2 =0.36时， K p 2.55 f r
平面机电耦合系数Kp
f s0
f s1 分别为压电振动体基音频率和一次泛音频率，
且一次泛音约是基音频率的2.5～2.6倍。
公式只适合于泊松比从0.27到0.42的情况，0～0.5的情况 可以获得 f s1 f s 0 再查表。
机电耦合系数
Electromechanical coupling factor
表示压电体中机械能与电能之间相互耦合程度的 重要参数，是衡量压电性强弱的重要物理量。 无论执行器还是传感器，都应尽量高；
压电铁电各种物理 参数及其关系
压电陶瓷各种参数
压电陶瓷材料最常用参数
介电性
压电性
弹性
机械自由介电常数T11 、T33 ；机械夹持介电常数 S11 、 S33 d31； d33；d15 s11； s12 ； s13 ； s33 ；s44
介电损耗角正切 tan
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Temperature dependence of dielectric and electromechanical properties of(K,Na)(Nb,Ta)O3 single crystal and corresponding domain structure evolutionLimei Zheng, Junjun Wang, Xiaoqing Huo, Rui Wang, Shijing Sang, Shiyang Li, Peng Zheng, and Wenwu Cao
Citation: Journal of Applied Physics 116, 044105 (2014); doi: 10.1063/1.4891718 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4891718 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jap/116/4?ver=pdfcov Published by the AIP Publishing
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[This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to ] IP:111.186.3.193 On: Tue, 09 Sep 2014 11:37:18Temperaturedependenceofdielectricandelectromechanicalpropertiesof(K,Na)(Nb,Ta)O3singlecrystalandcorrespondingdomainstructureevolution
LimeiZheng,1,2JunjunWang,1XiaoqingHuo,1RuiWang,3ShijingSang,1ShiyangLi,4PengZheng,5andWenwuCao1,2,a)1CondensedMatterScienceandTechnologyInstitute,HarbinInstituteofTechnology,Harbin150080,China
2DepartmentofMathematicsandMaterialsResearchInstitute,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,University
Park,Pennsylvania16802,USA3DepartmentofChemistry,HarbinInstituteofTechnology,Harbin150080,China
4DepartmentofInstrumentScienceandEngineering,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,Shanghai200240,China
5CollegeofElectronicsandInformation,HangzhouDianziUniversity,Hangzhou310018,China
(Received27March2014;accepted19July2014;publishedonline30July2014)Domainstructuresandtheirevolutionwithtemperatureinthe[001]Coriented(K,Na)(Nb,Ta)O3
(KNNT)singlecrystalhavebeenstudiedbeforeandafterpolingbypolarizinglightmicroscopy.
TheresultsindicatethattheKNNTcrystalisdifficulttobecompletelypoledbytheroomtemperaturepolingprocess.Thedomainstructureisratherstableintheorthorhombicphase,butexhibitssubstantialchangesnearthephasetransitiontemperaturesTO-TandTC.Narrowerstripe
domainsareformedduringboththeorthorhombic-tetragonalandtetragonal-cubicphasetransitionprocesses,nointermediatephaseswerefoundduringthephasetransitions.Thetemperaturede-pendenceofthedielectricandpiezoelectricpropertiesweremeasured,andtheinfluenceofdomainstructuresonthedielectricandelectromechanicalpropertieswerequantified.VC2014AIPPublishingLLC.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4891718]
I.INTRODUCTIONLead-freepiezoelectricmaterialsareattractivefromtheviewpointofenvironmentalprotection.Amongalllead-freepiezoelectricmaterialsinvestigateduptodate,the(K,Na)NbO3[KNN]basedperovskitematerialsareoneofthemostpromisinglead-freealternativesforPb(Zr,Ti)O3
(PZT)ceramicsduetotheirhighCurietemperatureandhigh
piezoelectricproperties.1–4
Similartothemorphotropicphaseboundary(MPB)inPb-basedferroelectricmaterials,highpiezoelectricanddielectricpropertiescanbeobtainednearthepolymorphicphasetransition(PPT)temperatureTO-T,wheretheortho-
rhombic(O)andtetragonal(T)phasescoexist.5–8
However,theoriginofthehighpiezoelectricitynearPPThasyettobeunderstood.Itiswidelyacceptedthatthein-termediatephase(monoclinicphaseororthorhombicphase)formedintheMPBcompositionplaysanimportantroleintheenhancementoftheelectricalpropertiesinPb-basedferroelectricmaterials.9–11Whetherthereisaninter-
mediatephasepresentbetweentheOandTphasesinKNN-basedmaterialsisstillunclear.Fordeeperunder-standingonthemechanismandfurtherimprovementofthefunctionalpropertiesofKNN-basedmaterials,itisim-portanttofindouttheoriginofthehighpiezoelectricitynearthePPT.Ingeneral,thedielectricandpiezoelectricpropertiesofaferroelectricmaterialcanbedividedintointrinsicandex-trinsiccontributions.Theintrinsiconeisattributedtothe
relativeionicshiftthatpreservesthecrystalstructureorienta-tion,whereastheextrinsiconeisascribedmainlytothemovementofdomainwallsthatcausesdomainswitching,orreorientationofpolarization.11–13Therefore,domainstruc-