Oil free presentation
牛津英语9A Unit2 Integrated skills教案及练习 (含答案)
9A Unit2 Colour (Period 7 Integrated skills)Teaching Aims:1. To understand the context of an advertisement and a TV demonstration.2. To understand how a colour therapist does.3. To get information from a printed advertisement.4. To get furter（further）i nformation from a TV interview.(reading )and llistening and determine the facts.Teaching emphasis: 1. To understand the context of an advertisement and a TV demonstration.2. To understand how a colour therapist does.Teaching difficulties: To learn to express different feelings according to colours.Teaching preparation: Recorder, etcPreview：1．Preview the new words:discover promise successfully college oil rub dark skin pale advise free 2.Translate the following phrases:1) 改善你的生活2）拿回你的钱3) 皮肤苍白的人4）给我一些建议5）答应帮助你6）一张免费的电影票7) 建议某人做某事8）上大学9）颜色的力量10）想到一个好主意3.根据句意和所给的汉语写出单词，使句子意思完整正确。
学术英语(第二版)综合教师手册unit3
Unit 3 Business EthicsI Teaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 3, students (Ss) are expected to develop the following academic skills and knowledge:II Teaching Activities and ResourcesReadingText ALead-inTeaching StepsAsk Ss to work in groups and complete the task in Lead-in. Then choose some groups to share their answers with the whole class.Answer Keys (Suggested Answers)1.Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be defined as a self-regulatingbusiness model that helps a company be socially accountable —to itself, its stakeholders, and the public. In other words, it is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large.2.Text AnalysisTeaching Steps1.OverviewAsk Ss to preview Text A before class. Or, allocate some time for Ss to read the text quickly in class. Then invite several Ss to summarize the main idea of Text A.2.In-Depth Analysis1)Show Ss the following words and ask them to contribute to the class as muchas possible with what they know about these words. Provide additional information in Supplementary Information when necessary.•economic system•free enterprise2)Explain some important language points in Language Support to Ss.3)Discuss with Ss the features of the two versions of Adam Smith’s theory bydoing Task 1 in Critical reading and thinking.4)Organize a group discussion about the questions from Task 2 in Criticalreading and thinking. Encourage Ss to think independently, critically and creatively and share their ideas with each other.Supplementary Information1.economic systemAn economic system is a system for producing, distributing and consuming goods and services, including the combination of the various institutions, agencies, consumers, entities that comprise the economic structure of a given society or community. It also includes how these various agencies and institutions are linked to one another, how information goes between them, and the social relations within the system.Two of the basic and general economic systems are market economy and planned economy. Market economy is an economic system in which businesses and individuals decide what to produce and buy, and the market determines quantities sold and prices, whereas planned economy is an economic system in which decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority, usually by a public body such as a government agency.Although a planned economy may be based on either centralized or decentralized forms of economic planning, it usually refers to a centrally planned economy.2.free enterpriseFree enterprise refers to the system of business in which individuals are free to decide what to produce, how to produce, and at what price to sell.Language Support1.Most academics today subscribe to the following modified version of AdamSmith’s theory:…(Para. 2)In the text, the phrase “subscribe to”means “agreeing with or supporting (an opinion, theory, etc.)”（同意；赞成）.e.g. I subscribe to the idea that voting is my civic duty.She subscribes to the theory that some dinosaurs were warm-blooded andothers were cold-blooded.It can also refer to “paying money to get (a publication or service) regularly”（订阅）.e.g. I subscribe to several magazines.We have subscribed to an evening newspaper.2.These constraints take a number of different forms. …Another set ofconstraints …(Para. 3)Two recent examples dramatically illustrate these points. First, …(Para. 3) Classification is employed to organize things into categories with a single organizing principle, and give examples of things that fit into each category. Here are other commonly-used words and expressions for classification:•The first (kind/type/group/class/etc.) …; the second …; the third …•sort, classify, categorize …•category, group, class, kind …3.Saving the financial system required a bailout of the banks and otherfinancial companies, and that bailout imposed huge costs on the taxpayers, and also helped push the economy into a deep recession. (Para. 5)impose sth. on sb.:i) force something on someone把......强加于e.g. He always imposes his opinion on others.ii) levy a tax or duty征税e.g. It is therefore necessary for governments to impose a higher tax on this kindof food.Here is another usage of the word “impose”:impose on sb.:i) force oneself on others强加于人e.g. Thanks for your offer to help, but I did not want to impose on you.ii) take unfair advantage of 利用e.g. Don’t you think you are imposing on your neighbor when you use histelephone for half an hour?4.be true to one’He is always true to his word and focused on the big picture.Ninety days later, true to his word, the goldsmith brought the crown.5.To date, Buffett has contributed more than $6 billion, and over time he isscheduled to contribute additional stock that is now worth in excess of $40 billion. (Para. 7)in excess of: greater than, more than 超过e.g. Luggage in excess of 100 kg will be charged extra.This plane can reach speeds in excess of 1000 kilometers an hour.Answer KeysCritical reading and thinkingTask 1 / Overview1The original version：The invisible hand; Profit maximization; Free enterprise systemThe modified version:the wealth of its stockholders; the best economic system; constraints2Argument 11) a wide range of regulations are imposed2) assessing costs on companies; BP oil spillArgument 21) behave ethically; value and reputation2) Don’t Be Evil3) creative capitalism4) contributed more than $6 billionTask 2 / Points for discussion (Suggested Answers)11) Yes, I agree. Because:• Earning profit is the main aim of every economic activity. A business is an economic activity and hence, its main aim should be to earn profit.• Profit is a measure of eff iciency and economic prosperity of the business. This justifies the concept of profit maximization.• Economic conditions do not remain the same all the time. A business can retain its profit so that it can survive the adverse situations in the future. Profit gives protection against future risks and uncertainties.• Profit is the main source of finance for growth and expansion. Profit is essential for the business in order to invest in new business propositions.• Profitability is essential for fulfilling the social goals of the business. With profit maximization a business can do socio-economic welfare and follow its policies of corporate social responsibility.2) No, I don’t agree. Because:Business should do anything they can to make a profit, but never at the cost of human welfare and natural environment. Human welfare must be considered as important as profit making. A business is successful to the extent that it provides a product that contributes to happiness in all forms. As a matter of fact, the great value of a business should be morally associated with consumer’s satisfaction and safety. On the other hand, businesses of great value should not be blind to their moral obligations of protecting the natural environment.2 Yes, it is a very effective way for society to impose such regulations to prevent companies from engaging in practices that hurt society. For most businesses their ultimate goal is to make profits. It is true that most businessmen try to abide by the laws while making profits. However we have to admit that there are some who use every means to make as much money as possible, even regardless of the interests ofemployees, communities, and environment. Therefore, the regulations such as penalties and suspension for internal rectification should be imposed to deter companies from unlawful practices.3 Yes, having a good reputation with customers, suppliers, employees and regulators is essential if value is to be maximized. Business success is associated with many entities, such as customers, suppliers, employees and regulators. If customers are satisfied with your products and service, they will be loyal to your company. If suppliers provide you with qualified products, your business will operate well. If employees are treated well, they will work very hard and are willing to be part of your company. If regulators are certain that your company acts fairly and follows rules, your company will develop sustainably. All above depends on whether the business is continually operating with society’s interests in mind and maintaining a good reputation.Language building-upAnswer keysTask 1 / Specialized vocabulary11 纳税人2 自由企业制度3 股东4 经济体制5 市场力量；市场调节作用6 金融机构7 stock price 8 mission9 corporate motto 10 assets11 profit maximization 12 financial system21 financial institutions2 free enterprise system3 assets4 Taxpayers5 stockholder6 profit maximization7 economic system 8 market forcesTask 2 / Academic vocabulary1. principal2. dramatically3. academics4. maximization5. framework6. range7. compensate 8. transfer9. inadequate 10. constraintsTask 3 / Collocations1. subscribe to2. striving to3. imposing …on4. go out of business5. as a whole6. engaged in7. go hand in hand with 8. in excess ofTask 4 / Formal English1 insights2 subscribe to3 imposes4 adverse5 mission6 philanthropic7 donated 8 famedTranslation of Text A达到适当的平衡在1776年，亚当·斯密描述了一只“看不见的手”是如何引导企业追求利润的，而这只手会引导企业做出有利于社会的决策。
《学术英语(综合)》课后答案
《学术英语(综合)》书本答案以下答案对书本习题中类似于“Do you(think/agree)”“give a presentation”等的部分问题进行了省略。
Unit1EconomicsText A:Lead-in:omittedCritical reading and thinking:Task1:Body:Use the labor and skills behind the Thanksgiving weekend as examples to illustrate the concept of“the invisible hand”End:Echo the beginning,emphasizing we should be grateful to the miracle on this Thanksgiving Day and every dayTask2:1.It is not difficult at all to explain why grocery stores stock up on turkey before Thanksgiving.There seemsto be no miracle in it.2.The use of so many“and’s”helps to emphasize that a series of actions and all kinds of work are involved inthe sale of Thanksgiving turkey.3.Here“from above”means“from God”.The phrase is used to show that there is something wondrous andalmost inexplicable in the social order of freedom.Task3:Market has its own way of punishing business malpractice.For example,if a fast food chain sells contaminated food,nation-wide demand for their food will go down,along with their profit.When a company sells defective products,they have to deal with liability costs.Language building-up:Task1:1．1．饲料经销商；饲料批发商2．为他自己的收益而工作3．技能与劳动力4．制造塑料5．私人交易6．包装并定价7．无形之手2．1.pricedbor3.transactions4.gainbor;manufactured6.the invisible hand7.distributorTask2:1.Today,in millions of homes across the nation,God will be thanked for many gifts,for the feast on thetable and the company of loved ones,for health and good fortune in the year gone by,for peace privilege of having been born—or having become—American.(Line2,Para.1)2.And yet,isn't there something wondrous—something almost inexplicable—in the way your Thanksgivingweekend is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of total strangers?(Line1,Para.4)3.…Thanksgiving Turkey,there would be one—or more likely,a few dozen—waiting.(Line3,Para.6) Task3:1.very many2.buying or selling3.a large group of4.more huge5.understand6.troubledText B:Critical reading and thinking:Task1:1.Considering that her boyfriend doesn’t even bother to choose a gift for her,the girl concludes that hedoesn’t love her.Therefore,she breaks off the relationship.In the case where the strength of affection is most in question,people care a lot about what is given as a gift.2.The following is one more example where the signaling theory can be applied:In the job market,anemployer may not know whether a candidate is qualified for a post or not.Very often,the candidate will show the employer education credentials,which can be used as a signal to the employer.Thus the information gap is narrowed.Task2:(以下所有表格题若未说明，顺序皆为从上到下，从左到右)Internet browser;Windows operating system;deter;entering the market and offering new products;cars today include many built-in products;monopoly;80;reliable;easier to use;severely limited;changing;competitors;low;Researching:The U.S.economy is a free market economy with some government regulation ad there has been a lasting debate about how much government regulation is necessary.Those who argue for less regulation claim that the free market itself will require business to protect consumers and provide good products or services and the interference from the government can do nothing but increase the cost of doing corporations are not concerned about the public’s interest,so regulation is indispensable.Interestingly, Adam Smith himself believed that government had an important role to play in economic life.For example, he believed that the government should enforce contracts and grant patents and copyrights.Text C:Task:每一个精明的一家之主都知道，如果买一样东西所花的钱比在家里自己生产所花的成本要小，那就永远不要尝试在家里生产。
(国际贸易)石油贸易必须的ICPO
IRREVOCABLE CONFIRMED PURCHASE ORDERDate : 13 August 2009To : Lukoil-UralnefteptoductWe, EURO ASIA ENERGY CO. LTD. as funder with full intention to purchase on the following commodity as per the specification and quantity at a price as specified in the foregoing terms and conditions as set forth, hereunder :COMMODITY : Mazut M100 ( GOST 10585-75) Sulphur 0.5SPECIFICATION : As in Appendix APRICE FOR PRINCIPAL BUYER : FOB, Russia Baltic Sea Port, USD270.00 per Metric Ton (‘MT’)CONTRACT QUANTITY: 600,000 MT (50,000 MT x 12 months)SHIPMENT PACKING : In BulkVESSEL CAPACITY : About 50,000MT per vesselCOUNTRY OF ORIGIN : Russian Federation.DESTINATION COUNTRY : Peoples Republic of ChinaINITIAL DELIVERY TIME: Within 35 days after seller’s re ceipt of DL/C (Documentary Letter of Credit)INSPECTION AGENT: SGS at Seller’s po rt to be instructed by Buyer.TYPE OF CONTRACT: FOB, Baltic Sea PortBILL OF LADING: Full set of original Bill of Lading to be presented under the DLC METHOD OF PAYMENT: By Irrevocable, Transferable Documenary Letter of CreditBy signing, Principal Buyer and the Seller are both in mutual understanding and that all other terms are subject to Final Agreement of the Sales Contract.Procedure:Stage 1: The Buyer supplies formal contract relating to the purchase and sale of the goods.Stage 2: Upon signing of the contract, Seller confirms to the Buyer the fact of presence and the arrangement of delivery (conditions of delivery - FOBport Baltic Sea) of fuel oil by presentation of the following documentsrelating to the existence of fuel oil and arrangement for domestictransportation:1.Contract between OOO "Lukoil-Uralnefteptoduct" and OOO "EcologyPlus".2. Contract between "Lukoil - Resource" and OOO "Ecology Plus".(These two Contracts are to delivery Mazut to OOO "Ecology Plus").3. These Contracts No. 1&2 above to delivery 50,000MT Mazut M100 permonth.4. Contract between OOO"Ecology Plus" and "Super Group Purtners,Ltd" under FCA conditions by the group of the city of Ufa refineries.5. The Letter from OOO "Ecology Plus" to Guarantee the delivery (sale)50,000MT of Mazut M100 per month to "Super Group Purtners, Ltd".6. Contract between OOO "ReservNefteGas"and SAO <Интертранс> fortransportation the Goods from the refinery to the loading port No.713dated 09.06.08.7. The Contract between "Super Group Purtners, Ltd." and OOO"ReservNefteGas" for transportation of the Mazut to the port of loadingand loading the Goods.8. Contract between OOO "ReservNefteGas" and "Nord Oil Bunker Ltd"11/06/08 dated 07.06.08 for the storage and reloading (perevalka).Stage 3: The following documents will to be presented to the Buyer as a proof of product commence to deliver to the Buyer:Copy of the statement of availability of the fuel oilCopy of the producer sales contract without financial detailsCopy of the passport of the deal: Marsh route telegramCopy of the refinery run for the month of deliveryCopy of the port storage and loading contractCopy of any issued graphics or preliminary graphics, or tankreceipt and port contract.Stage 4: Within five banking days the Buyer Bank issues the following payment instrument:a) Irrevocable, Revolving Documentary Letter of Credit issued byShanghai Pudong Development Bank to the Supplier for the valueof the cargo-to-cargo or monthly basis;Banking charges of the Buyer's bank are for the Buyer's account, Seller's bank - for Seller's account;Accepted on behalf of the buyerAccepted on behalf of the sellerAppendix ARussian Origin MAZUT-100 Specification:GOST 10585-75COMPONENT RESULT1. Ash content, not more % 0,142. Mass fraction of sulphur, not more % 0,53. Temperature of the flash, not less ºC in the open crucible ºC 110 min4. The temperature of solidification, not higher ºC 255. Kinematics viscosity at 50ºC 118 max6. Water content 0.5%7. Mechanical impurities Lower than 0.1%8. Acidity Lower than 5 mg KOH/100ml9. Alkalinity nil10. Gross Calorific Value Kcal/kg / KJ/kg Min9 200/4130011. Density at 15.0 deg. C Kg/l 0.890-0.92012. Hydrogen Sulfide Content (H2S) pom 0.5 max13. Carbon Residua Lower than 7%14. Vanadium (V) ppm 3015. Aluminum (Al) ppm 516. Silicon (Si) ppm 1217. Nickel (Ni) ppm 2918. Aspartames m/m 3.6%19. Distillation @4 mm HgExtracted to 760 mm HgInitial Boiling Point deg. C 2165% recovered deg. C 25910% recovered deg. C 3102 0% recovered deg. C 35830% recovered deg. C 44540% recovered deg. C 50250% recovered deg. C 53460% recovered deg. C 53875% recovered deg. C 54580% recovered deg. C -9 0% recovered deg. C -Final Boiling point deg. C 5 60Percent Recovered vol 78%Residue vol 22%Total Nitrogen m/m 0.192%20. Sodium (Na) ppm 15。
松辽盆地古龙页岩油大规模压裂后闷井控排方法
松辽盆地古龙页岩油大规模压裂后闷井控排方法
刘 刚１ 杨 东２ 梅显旺１ 于书新１ 马威奇１ 范学君１
（１ 大庆油田有限责任公司试油试采分公司， 黑龙江 大庆 １６３４１２； ２ 大庆油田有限责任公司勘探事业部， 黑龙江 大庆 １６３４５３）
摘要： 松辽盆地页岩油藏丰富， 与致密砂岩储层相比， 页岩油储层微—纳米孔隙发育， 孔喉细小， 孔隙结构复与开发 ２０２０ 年
０ 引 言
古龙页岩油储层位于松辽盆地北部青山口组，
储层厚度较大 （ ７０ ～ １２０ ｍ） ， 石油资源潜力巨大，
是大庆油田非常规资源接替的重要领域 ［１⁃３］ 。 目前
ＬＩＵ Ｇａｎｇ １ ， ＹＡＮＧ Ｄｏｎｇ ２ ， ＭＥＩ Ｘｉａｎｗａｎｇ １ ， ＹＵ Ｓｈｕｘｉｎ １ ， ＭＡ Ｗｅｉｑｉ １ ， ＦＡＮ Ｘｕｅｊｕｎ １
（１ Ｏｉｌ Ｔｅｓｔ ａｎｄ Ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ Ｂｒａｎｃｈ ｏｆ Ｄａｑｉｎｇ Ｏｉｌｆｉｅｌｄ Ｃｏ Ｌｔｄ， Ｄａｑｉｎｇ １６３４１２， Ｃｈｉｎａ；
的岩心样品 （ 图 １—图 ３） ， 开展室内岩心渗吸驱
油实验、 应力敏感性实验等， 结合现场生产数据分
析， 探讨了闷井控排方法在研究区的适应性。
１ １ 压汞实验
利用压汞法测量岩石孔隙的毛管力大小及其岩
石孔喉分布， 通过毛细管力曲线定量特征参数描述
岩石的连通性 ［６］ 。 实验结果表明 （ 图 ４） ， 样品在
ｏｉｌ⁃ｗａｔｅｒ ｉｍｂｉｂｉｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｒｅｐｌａｃｅｍｅｎｔ ａｆｔｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｆｒａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇ ｈａｖｅ ｅｎｓｕｒｅｄ； ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｈｅｌｐ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎ⁃
ｃｅｐｔ ｏｆ “ ｃｈｏｋｅ ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ” ， ｔｈｅ ｍａｔｃｈｅｓ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｔｈｅ ｂｌｏｗｏｕｔ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ， ｔｈｅ ｗｅｌｌｈｅａｄ ｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｃｈｏｋｅ ｓｉｚｅ
Presentation演讲稿【范本模板】
Good morning，everyone. It’s my pleasure to introduce my hometown，especially as the first to eat crab [kræb]。
Have you ever heard of the tower ［ˈtauə]？Yes, it’s Yellow Crane ［krein] Tower 。
（Chinese: 黄鹤楼）。
It is a famous and historic ［hisˈtɔrik］tower, and built in the year 223 AD。
The tower is the landmark in Hubei province ［ˈprɔvins］. Yes, I come from Hubei.At first, I will give an overview [ˈəʊvəˌvju：］of Hubei. Hubei province，with a population of 60 million, is located ［ləʊˈkeɪtɪd] in the middle reaches of the Yangtze river，and to the north of dongting lake，with Wuhan as the provincial [prəˈvɪnʃəl] capital[ ˈkæpitl］, and Qichun as my birthplace。
Hubei covers an area of over 180，000 square kilometers with over 12 prefecture ［ˈpri:fektʃuə］-level city，and 102 counties。
It is well known as “a thoroughfare［ˈθɜ：rəʊˌfeə］of 9 provinces(Chinese:九省通衢）"for its networks of transportation by air，water，highway and railway。
Compressor and compressed air systems
Isothermal power (kW) = P1 x Q1 x loger / 36.7
P1 = Absolute intake pressure kg / cm2 Q1 = Free air delivered m3 / hr r = Pressure ratio P2/P1
16 © UNEP 2006
Training Session on Energy Equipment
Compressors & Compressed Air Systems
Presentation from the “Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia”
6 © UNEP 2006
Types of Compressors Two Basic Compressor Types
Type of compressor
Positive displacement
Dynamic
Reciprocating
Rotary
Centrifugal
Axial
7 © UNEP 2006
System leakage (m3/minute) = Q × T / (T + t)
20
© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Compressors
Types of Compressors
Reciprocating Compressor
• • Used for air and refrigerant compression Works like a bicycle pump: cylinder volume reduces while pressure increases, with pulsating output
Presentation英文演讲文稿
What is your choice?
Where do brown paper bags come from?
Paper bags come from trees -- lots of trees.
Conclusions
Both plastic and paper bags are harmful for our environment and consume large amounts of natural resources. To make all the bags we use each year, it takes 14 million trees for paper and 12 million barrels of oil for plastic. The production of paper bags creates 70 percent more air pollution than plastic, but plastic bags create four times the solid waste
Where do plastic bags come from?
Plastic is made from petroleum products, primarily oil
Things you need to know about plastic bags
Litter: Lቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱttered plastic bags are everywhere today -- blown around streets, stuck in fences and trees Danger to wildlife: Plastic waste is deceptive for birds and other wildlife, who mistake it for food. Long-term degrading: Light breaks plastic down so it photo degrades rather than biodegrades Recycling difficulties: Although for the most part, plastic takes less energy to recycle than paper, plastic bags are a frustrating recycling dilemma.
tight oil
SPE 116105Unlocking Tight Oil: Selective Multi-Stage Fracturing in the Bakken Shale Brent Miller and John Paneitz, Whiting Petroleum Corporation, and Sean Yakely and Kent Evans, Baker Hughes Copyright 2008, Society of Petroleum EngineersThis paper was prepared for presentation at the 2008 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Denver, Colorado, USA, 21–24 September 2008.This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright. AbstractIn recent years, the formation known as the Bakken Shale in eastern Montana and western North Dakota has seen enormous growth in oil and gas production. Scientists from the United States Geological Survey have commented that the area has the potential to become “the next Saudi Arabia.”In most cases, the Bakken horizontal wells are fracture stimulated. However, with several thousand feet of formation, effective stimulation of the entire length has proven time-consuming and costly. In the past, a single-leg zone was fractured all at the same time, regardless of the varied permeability of the layers. Although this simple method of stimulation was seen as a success at the time, a new, more efficient method using swellable packers with reactive elements now promises to optimize total recovery and minimize fracturing cost.Case history data will show how employing multiple frac sleeves with swellable packers straddling each interval proves to be a cost-effective way to stimulate multiple zones and save days of rig time. Specific experience in the Bakken field provides an optimization model for worldwide well completion marketsUnlocking Tight OilTraditional methods for tight oil drilling often include several costly steps to open up new veins: multiple downhole trips, cementing, plugging, perforating and finally fracturing. With the reactive-element packer method, the open-hole packers segregate multiple frac sleeves used to set up and designate multiple fractures on a horizontal wellbore. This segmenting process allows for more fractures, reduces the time and cost for hydraulic fracturing, accelerates production and improves reservoir drainage.In the Middle Bakken formation at the Sanish Field, North Dakota, an independent contractor sought a frac stimulation procedure to increase overall production while reducing well construction and completion costs. The contractor selected a successful recent innovation ─ reactive-element (swellable) packers ─ to perform an eight-stage compartmentalized frac job.ChallengesThe efficacy of frac stimulation is diminished when laterals exceed 5,000 ft. running an eight-stage frac job at more than5,000 ft. involved even greater challenges.Major pumping investments are often required for tight shale formations. Traditional methods include pumping frac fluid into the open hole or isolating separate zones of a horizontal wellbore. The former method typically results in the frac fluid flowing to areas of least resistance, which can reduce production along the rest of the wellbore. The latter method typically includes several steps (repeated cementing, plugging, perforating and fracturing) and will also require multiple trips as well as the expense of additional crew and equipment for the duration of the operation.ComponentsThe operator selected a Baker Oil Tools open-hole frac system comprised of four primary technological components -- a liner top packer, open-hole packers, ball actuated frac sleeves, and pressure-actuated sleeves (P sleeves). (See Figure 1). The liner top packer is run on top of the completion and is hydraulically set by landing a ball on seat in the toe of the completion and applying internal hydraulic pressure to set the hanger/packer portion of the tool. This packer creates isolation to the annulusof the liner to allow a casing frac to be performed, as well as anchors the liner in the casing so that it is not affected by frac and production pressures. The open-hole packers create a pressure tight seal in the open hole allowing compartmentalization of the zone. The frac sleeves are placed between the open-hole packers, which provide pressure and fluid communication so that each zone can be independently fractured. Finally, the P sleeve is installed below the bottom-most open hole packer. This sleeve does not contain a ball seat, but is shifted with internal pressure.The P sleeve and frac sleeves are opened sequentially, with balls dropped into ball seats sized accordingly, which isolates already treated lower intervals. The balls and seats can be sized up to nearly the full operating ID if necessary.Because the frac system used is a one-trip system, fracture treatments can be completed in sequence, and in most instances the entire multistage fracture can be completed in one day. In-depth upfront analysis allows the system to be deployed with a strategy based upon traditional project management concepts.Analysis, Selection and InstallationA well-defined project management methodology was necessary. The first phase – Feasibility – verifies the operator’s data and prepares preliminary options; this step allows for collaboration by all decision-makers throughout the process. The feasibility analysis ensured that not only would the designed equipment work but that the proposed completion was the most optimal for the application. Among the critical data considered were bottomhole temperature, expected treating pressures and expected flow rates during the stimulation phase. Additionally, it was of the utmost importance to do extensive fluids analysis on the completion fluid as well as the produced oil and water (if any). This analysis was required because the REPacker can be deployed in either water or oil-swelling elastomer, and for each one the fluid type is critical in the planning phase. In order to validate the use of REPackers in the fracturing application, a series of full-scale tests were carried out up to 10,000 psi (with no bypass) as seen in Figure 2.The Selection Phase analyzed possible choices and risks, such as number of zones, conductivity and dimensions of fractures. Once the packers were qualified and met the requirements per design, the completion was selected and mobilized to location. During the Execution Phase, the installation and stimulation took place, carefully monitored by both the operator and Baker Oil Tools. Finally, the operator evaluated the performance of the operation, measuring results and producing lessons learned.A side benefit to following this process is that the operator and the service company can analyze the voluminous pre- and post-completion data to determine the efficacy of the project. This methodology allows for fine-tuning of the process to further enhance the process for additional wells.Bakken Frac DesignThe swellable packer/frac sleeve design for the Bakken job required the operator to drill down two miles (3.2 km), then move lateral and drill sideways for an additional two miles to create a single horizontal completion. The design required completing the well in eight to ten stages, with swell packers separating the frac sleeves along the lateral. Each stage used progressively larger balls, with the smallest at the farthest end of the drilling, and the largest closer to the start of the drilling, as the ID increased. As each section was completed, a ball would be dropped to isolate that section.The operator had originally planned to run the job in brine water, with an estimated 28 to 36 hours to trip the tools to total depth, but due to bottomhole pressure, the brine had to be swapped over to oil-based mud (OBM). To mitigate any premature swelling, the OBM was immediately tested. The results from the test showed that the OBM would swell the packer to full open-hole ID in 48 hours (See Figure 3). To successfully deploy the system, an effective retardant had to be found.Baker Oil Tools coordinated an effort that extrapolated swell rate at various depths and temperatures, giving the operator a matrix to show swell rate over trip time. Through rapid and efficient collaboration, a new retardant was discovered and tested in less than one week. The application of this unique material allowed the open-hole packers and open-hole frac sleeves to be deployed successfully.The final completion of utilizing standard liner top equipment with the combination of frac sleeves and packers allowed the operator to minimize risks and costs associated with cementing and perforating. The fracture treatment was pumped approximately one month after the completion was run. All balls seated and all the sleeves shifted as expected.ResultsThe pre-job planning and mobilization in shop resulted in savings of six hours of trip/rig time. The analysis before and during the job resulted in more accurate placement of frac sleeves, resulting in more production than possible with other methods. The packers and frac sleeves achieved a new performance record for horizontal extended reach – 7,740 ft (2,359 m). Using conventional perforating guns and composite plugs during winter months could have taken more than four days. The ability to frac the entire interval in 12 hours resulted in significant operator savings. Also, the new retardant developed is now available for similar contingencies.The well was drilled with 7 ft, 29 lb/ft and 32 lb/ft casing set through the curve with a 12°/100 ft build rate at a depth of 9,920 ft TVD at 90°. The 4.d in, 11.6 lb/ft L-80 LT&C liner was run with 7 3-ft oil swell packers, 7 frac sleeves and one pressure activated sleeve. The total horizontal pay was 7,740 ft with 8 compartmentalized zones. Once TD was reached, diesel was pumped into the annulus and a ball was dropped behind the diesel. With the diesel displaced into the annulus and the setting ball on seat, the liner hanger was set, the running tool was released, and the liner top packer was set. With the activation fluid in the annulus the rig was rigged down as the operator scheduled the fracture. With a bottom hole temperature of about 210°F, it was expected that the swell packers would only need three days to reach full differential.Once the packers had ample time to swell, the fracture treatment took place. The first stage was pumped through the pressure-activated sleeve once it was opened with 4,000 psi of tubing pressure. The following 7 stages were all pumped through ball actuated frac sleeve. The entire 8-stage frac was completed in 10 hours, and over 1.9 million lbs of sand were pumped into the different stages. The average treating pressure was 4,500 psi with a maximum treating pressure of 7,186 psi seen, with an average pump rate of 39 BPM.The initial production for the well 1,323 barrels of oil and 2.0 MMcf of gas during a 24 hour flow test. Over the next 30 days, the well averaged 818 barrels of oil and 828 Mcf of gas production per day (See Figure 4)Employing multiple frac sleeves with swellable packers straddling each interval proved to be a cost-effective way to stimulate multiple zones and saved days of rig time, reduced cost, and resulted in greatly increased production. To date, at least ten more wells in the region have been completed with swell technology in multiple different configurations to optimize the production for each well. Specific experience with this technology in the Bakken formation exceeds all expectations and provides a model for the worldwide well completion market.Figure 1. LIFFRIG 11-27H Hook-up DrawingFigure 2. REPacker Fullscale Pressure TestFigure 3. Swell PREdictor PlotFigure 4. Post-job Production Data Plot。
介绍鸡头米的英文作文
介绍鸡头米的英文作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Introduction to Chicken Head RiceChicken head rice, also known as "Jitou Rice" in Chinese, is a traditional dish originating from the Hakka people in southern China. It is a unique and flavorful dish that has been passed down through generations and continues to be a popular choice in Hakka cuisine.The name "chicken head rice" may sound strange to some, but it actually refers to the shape of the dish when it is served. The rice is shaped into a dome-like mound with various toppings, resembling the shape of a chicken's head. The toppings typically include diced chicken, mushrooms, Chinese sausage, and sometimes even vegetables such as peas or carrots.The key to making delicious chicken head rice lies in the preparation of the rice. The rice is first cooked until it is perfectly fluffy and then mixed with a special blend of seasonings including soy sauce, oyster sauce, and sesame oil. This gives therice a rich and savory flavor that complements the other ingredients perfectly.One of the most important components of chicken head rice is the chicken itself. The chicken is usually marinated in a mixture of soy sauce, ginger, garlic, and other spices before being diced and cooked until tender. The tender and flavorful chicken adds a delicious taste to the dish and pairs perfectly with the rice.Other toppings such as Chinese sausage and mushrooms are also added to give the dish more depth and flavor. The Chinese sausage adds a hint of sweetness and umami flavor, while the mushrooms provide a meaty texture that complements the other ingredients well.In addition to being delicious, chicken head rice is also a nutritious meal. The dish is high in protein from the chicken and Chinese sausage, and the rice provides a good source of carbohydrates. The vegetables add vitamins and minerals, making it a well-rounded meal that can be enjoyed by the whole family.Overall, chicken head rice is a flavorful and satisfying dish that showcases the unique flavors of Hakka cuisine. Whether you are a fan of Chinese food or looking to try something new, chicken head rice is a dish that is sure to impress. Experience thetaste of tradition with a bowl of delicious chicken head rice today!篇2Introduction to Chicken Head RiceChicken head rice, also known as 鸡头米(ji tou mi) in Chinese, is a unique and popular dish originating from Nanjing, a city in eastern China. This traditional dish has a history dating back over 100 years and continues to be a favorite among locals and tourists alike.The name "chicken head rice" may sound a bit strange at first, but it actually refers to the shape of the rice grains used in the dish. These grains are small and round, resembling the shape of a chicken's head. The rice used in chicken head rice is specially cultivated in Nanjing and is known for its soft texture and fragrant aroma.To make chicken head rice, the rice is first washed and soaked in water to soften. It is then cooked in a broth made from chicken, mushrooms, and various seasonings such as ginger, garlic, and soy sauce. The result is a flavorful and savory rice dish that is both comforting and satisfying.One of the key ingredients in chicken head rice is the chicken itself. The chicken used in this dish is usually a free-range chicken that is cooked until tender and then shredded into small pieces. The chicken is then mixed with the cooked rice to create a delicious and hearty meal.Chicken head rice is often served with a variety of side dishes, such as pickled vegetables, braised tofu, and green vegetables. It is a popular choice for lunch or dinner and is often enjoyed with family and friends.In addition to its delicious taste, chicken head rice is also known for its health benefits. The dish is low in fat and cholesterol and is a good source of protein, vitamins, and minerals. It is also easy to digest, making it a good choice for those with sensitive stomachs.Overall, chicken head rice is a beloved dish in Nanjing and a must-try for anyone visiting the city. Its unique flavors and comforting qualities make it a true culinary delight that is sure to leave a lasting impression.篇3Introducing Chicken Head Rice (鸡头米)Introduction:Chicken Head Rice, also known as "Jitoumi" in Chinese, is a traditional and popular dish in Southern China. It is a type of rice mixed with chicken heads, cooked in a special way to bring out the unique flavors and textures of both the rice and the chicken. This dish has been enjoyed by generations of Chinese people and is considered a delicacy in many regions.History:The origins of Chicken Head Rice can be traced back to ancient times in China. It is believed that it was first created in the Guangdong province, where people discovered the flavorful combination of chicken heads and rice. Over the years, this dish has spread to other parts of China and has become a popular choice for family gatherings, celebrations, and special occasions.Ingredients:The main ingredients for Chicken Head Rice are, of course, chicken heads and rice. The chicken heads are typically marinated in a mixture of soy sauce, ginger, garlic, and other spices to enhance their flavor. The rice is then cooked with the marinated chicken heads, absorbing the rich and savory taste of the chicken.Preparation:To prepare Chicken Head Rice, the chicken heads are first cleaned and marinated in a mixture of soy sauce, ginger, garlic, and other spices for several hours. The rice is then washed and cooked in a pot with water until it is almost done. The marinated chicken heads are added to the pot of rice and cooked together until the rice is fully cooked and the chicken heads are tender.Presentation:Chicken Head Rice is typically served in a large bowl or platter, with the rice and chicken heads mixed together. The dish is garnished with chopped green onions or cilantro for added flavor and color. It is traditionally enjoyed with a side of pickled vegetables or a spicy sauce to complement the rich flavors of the dish.Health Benefits:Despite its name, Chicken Head Rice is actually a nutritious and healthy dish. Chicken heads are high in protein, vitamins, and minerals, while rice is a good source of carbohydrates and fiber. When combined, these ingredients create a well-balanced and satisfying meal that is not only delicious but also nourishing for the body.Conclusion:In conclusion, Chicken Head Rice is a unique and flavorful dish that has been enjoyed by generations of Chinese people. Its rich history, delicious taste, and health benefits make it a popular choice for family meals, celebrations, and special occasions. Whether you are a fan of traditional Chinese cuisine or looking to try something new, Chicken Head Rice is definitely worth a try!。