Unit 5 English hypotaxis and Chinese parataxis 2
形合与意合的实现方式
In mid-October when the tough oceangoing training ended, part of the teammates took on board a ship which then headed for Antarctica. 十月中，严格的远洋集训结束，部分队员登轮起航，驶向南极。 These two cultures, which were created in different areas, developed in parallel and without interinfluence． 这两种文明产生于不同的地区，它们的发展并行不悖，互不影响。 Two things are noticeable, by comparison, in Europe: first, that successful people there who lack good college qualification have often made their way on the basis of mental flexibility and good social skills alone. 相比之下，在欧洲有两点是很显著的：第一，那些在校成绩不太 好，但在事业上获得成功的人，往往仅靠头脑灵活并善于社交来 为自己开路。
English modifiers: before or after the modified
• 向右扩展(又称“句子的尾部开放”(open ending)，是英 语句子结构的一个重要特点。
Chinese modifiers: before the modified
• 向左扩展(即所有的定于只放在被修饰语的前面) • 在表达思想时，汉民族习惯于先对事情发生的背景进行铺 垫，从侧面说明，阐述外围的环境，最后点出话语的焦句子结构上， 这种不同语言的形态特点反映在英汉句子结构上， 有一个显著的特征，即英语重形合(hypotaxis)， 有一个显著的特征，即英语重形合 ， 汉语重意合(parataxis)。 汉语重意合 。
英语翻译 Unit 2PPT课件
English / Chinese -- Practice
人不犯我，我不犯人。 说是说了，没有结果。 有饭大家吃。
Until all is over, ambition never dies. Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable. Smart as a rule, but this time a fool.
再现原语特色 再现原语文化信息
English / Chinese
Ben my uncle died have to go to the funeral
Richard said the teacher is silly
English / Chinese
Ben my uncle died have to go to the funeral
不到黄河心不死。 物极必反。 聪明一世，糊涂一时。
English / Chinese
Ambiguity in English and Chinese
English / Chinese
下雨天留我不留
① 下雨，天留我不留。 ② 下雨？天留我不留。 ③ 下雨天，留我不留？ ④ 下雨，天留，我不留。 ⑤ “下雨，天留我。” “不留。” ⑥ “下雨天留我？” “不留！” ⑦ “下雨天留我不？” “留！” ⑧ 下雨天留我不留？
5. Mr. Li is a student interpreter while his father is a student of life. They work at night using student lamps. 李先生是个见习译员，其父亲是个研究生命科学 的学者。夜间，父子俩都用可调亮度的台灯。
翻译_对比
• 6.各国社会制度不同，但不应妨碍彼此接近和相互合作。 • Differences between the social systems of states shall
not be an obstacle to their approaches and cooperation. • 7. Bowell’s first pledge to Bush was, “Mr. President, you have my support and my loyalty.” • 鲍威尔一开始就对布什保证说：“总统先生，我支持您， 并效忠于您。”
has a subject and a predicate. It seems that English is centered round the predicate. However, as English develops from a synthetic language to an analytical language, the word endings have become less than before. There are limitations to the use of verbs. On the contrary, there are little limitations to the use of nouns, thus the nouns are widely and flexibly used in English. Consequently, Propositions are used in a large number. • 2. Chinese is a semantic language, and it has no morphological changes. There are no limitations to the use of verbs. Accordingly, verbs are used flexibly. • C. Examples: This difference is best illustrated in the following: • Business as Usual • Employees Only
Chinese-English Translation
From parataxis to hypotaxis
Have a try
Translate the following into English 我们过了江，进了车站。我买了票，他忙着 照看行李。……这时我看见他的背影，我的 眼泪很快掉了下来，我赶紧拭干了泪，怕他 看见。
Revised version
Li Li, a 25-year old male, graduated from the Chinese department of Beijing University. Since he started to publish creative works at the age of 20, he has now published over 20 novels. He has considerable leading and organizing talents, so he is recommended to be the director for the section of literature and arts.
Possible versions
1. We crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage…at the sight of his back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them hastily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them. 2. I was born in Beijing in 1995. with two elder sisters, I was the third child in the family. Later, with the birth of a boy into the family, my father decided that there would be no more child in the family as it was enough for my brother to carry on the family name.
从英译汉的实例分析看英汉思维方式差异_外语翻译论文
从英译汉的实例分析看英汉思维方式差异_外语翻译论文从英译汉的实例分析看英汉思维方式差异_外语翻译论文[Abstract]Duetodifferentcultures,EnglishandChinesepeoplehav eformedtheirownmodesofthought,whichinfluencetheirlivingways greatly,especiallytheirownlanguages.Modeofthoughtisaverycom plicatedabstractconceptionconnectedcloselytophilosophy.Inth ispaperIwillmainlyconcernonEnglishindividualismandChineseen tirety,becausetheirdifferenceisthemostdistinctoneexistingin modesofthought.Englishpeoplepreferindividualism,whichleadst hemtosubordinatetherecognizedobjectsintosmallparts.WhileChi nesepeoplelikeentirety,theyprefertotaketheworldasawhole.Thi nkingpatternshavebeenclearlyreflectedonlanguages,asaresulto fwhichEnglishishypotacticandChineseisparatactic.Thispaperce ntersonthedifferencesofhypotacticandparatacticcharacteristi csinlanguagesandtheirformingreasons—modesofthought.English peoplepreferstomakegooduseofthehypotacticmarkerstolinkthese ntencecomponents,whileChineseusuallytrytounderstandtheworld bytheirownintuition.Inthispaperthedifferencesareexplainedth roughEnglish-Chinesetranslationandthestatisticsarealsogiven toprovethem.[KeyWords]comparisonmodeofthoughtlanguagesEnglishChinese [摘要]根源于不同的文化渊源,英汉两族人民形成了他们各自的思维模式。
Parataxis and Hypotaxis
Parataxis and HypotaxisBoth parataxis and hypotaxis are methods for organizing languages, and they are the methods which not only have their own characteristics but also can be well get with each other from meanings to the detailed types of languages. Both of them are important topic in the Chinese and English translation studies.1the characteristics of parataxis and hypotaxis in the organization of languagesParataxis means that the connections between words and words or sentences and sentences briefly depend on the meanings of the languages or the logical relationship. However, hypotaxis, the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, means that the connections mainly rely on the connection words or the linguistic form of the languages.From the sight of the linguistics, the most important difference between Chinese and English is that the difference between parataxis and hypotaxis.2the representations of parataxis and hypotaxisProfessor Wang Li said that in Chinese, we usually just make sense what we said to others, instead of using connective words. And when we study Chinese, we should start from the structure of language images, and that is to say, we should understand what the Chinese people were thinking when they said something to you.On the contrary, in English, when we are making a complicated sentence, we must use some connective words to express our ideas. Those connective words includes words such as and, but, or, because, so, however, therefore, that, which, of, to, with, and so on. So the relationship between word and word can’t be understood like Chinese, but be referred by an objective word. For example, “Don’t come in until I call you.”In this sentence, the relationships between the two action s “come” and “call”must be referred by the connective word “until”, thus there could n’t be any misunderstandings. However, to express the same meaning with English sentence “Don’t come in until I call you”, in Chinese, we just say “不叫你不要进来”, without any connective words.Here is one more example.[1]It seems as if a great deal were attainable in a world where there are so many marriages and decisive battles, and where we all at certain hours of the day, and with great gusto and dispatch, stow a portion of victuals finally and irretrievably into the bag which contains us.All in all, for parataxis and hypotaxis, some experts have made some wonderful metaphors, such as, the English sentence is like a tree, a bunch of grapes, a tree of lynches, while the Chinese sentence is like a bamboo, a dish of pearl. The progress of translating Chinese into English is like translating something like bamboo into something like the big tree. And this kind of translation, from the sight of form, ischanging the long sentence in Chinese into a short one in English, during which, the most important thing is that understanding all kinds of logical relationships in Chinese and then translating them into English with all kinds of methods of form.3 the details in Chinese and English translationThe characteristic of Chinese sentence structure is paradoxical linkage, and the most important thing you should do while translating is that you should understand what are entity concepts, and put them in the main clause, and what are objective descriptions, the backgrounds of the whole case, the conditions of the case, or the objective descriptions of the case, and you should put these objective things into clauses or regard them as words or phrases. Detailed speaking, there are several methods for translation.3.1 translating into a sentence with clauses[2]她们妯娌吵嘴，不巧被我撞见了。
英汉互译第三章英汉语言对比 ppt课件
汉语的一些字词也通过偏旁部首的改变产生词义的
改变，如“他”改变偏旁部首则变为“她”或
“它”；但在多数情况下通过增加、减少或改变字
词引起意义上的变化，如“男大夫”，“女演员”
等。在句子的结构上，英语句子的各个成分要由各
种连词、介词、关系词等连接起来，特别强调句子
成分之间的从属、修饰、平行、对比等关系。相比
英语重形合(hypotaxis)是指英语语言符号之间有较强
的逻辑关系；汉语重意合(parataxis)是指汉语句子主要通
过字词的意义连结起来。汉字起源于象形文字，文字的图
形表示其意义，并引起意义上的联想，发展形象思维；英
语是拼音文字，字母是基本的文字表达符号，词的拼写与
发音按一定的发音规则形成逻辑关系，而字母对意义而言
• 如果老师最后没有总结一节课的重点的难点，你 是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进？
• 你所经历的课堂，是讲座式还是讨论式？ • 教师的教鞭
• “不怕太阳晒，也不怕那风雨狂，只怕先生骂我 笨，没有学问无颜见爹娘 ……”
• “太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早……”
2021/3/30
4 返回章重点 退出
achiever with brains, brawn or lucky break
and let ourselves off the hook because we
fall short in all three.
【译文】成就常常使人产生错觉，使人只看到功成名就，却
看不到成就的来之不易，和为之所付出的艰辛困苦，
不同语言间的差异不仅表现在语言、词汇和
语法这些语言形式上，而且表现在语言文化特征 上。语言文化特征不仅涉及到一种语言所代表民 族的心理意识、风土人情、宗教信仰和历史传统 等因素，而且涉及到历史文化、地域文化、习俗 文化、宗教文化等方面，其范围是广泛庞杂的、 内涵是多采丰富的。
形合
形合（Hypotaxis）的英语通常被认为是主语显著的语言（subject-prominent），主题往往并非就是句子的主语，从而要求句中有明显的主语；而意合（Parataxis）的汉语则被认为是主题显著的语言（topic-prominent），其主题往往就是句子的主语，因此不要求必须有主语。
Subject-prominent (主语显著)language is a language in which the grammatical units of subject and predicate are basic to the structure of sentences and in which sentences usually have subject-predicate structure. English favors the use of nouns and prepositions, in which static motif takes advantage. (在主语显著的语言里) Topic-prominent (主题显著) language is a language in which the information units of topic and comment are basic to the structure of sentences.Chinese, often in topic-comment structures, employs frequent use of verbs in its sentence construction.In either EC or CE translation, conversion between verb expressions and nominal expressions is constantly encouraged.Hypotaxis (形合)refers to the linking of linguistic elements of words, phrases, clauses, sentences achieved by cohesive ties. It usually uses syntactic devices or lexical devices for overt textual cohesion. Cohesion may be considered as an overt relationship between parts of a text, expressed by language specific markers: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion.Parataxis (意合)is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. The linking for linguistic elements is achieved by meaning and logic for covert coherence. Coherence, on the other hand, might be viewed as a covert potential meaning relationship among parts of the text, made overt by the reader or listener through processes of interpretation.Chinese is characterized by parataxis, which means the relation between sentence parts is loose and unclear. English is characterized by hypotaxis, which means that English speakers give much attention to formal cohesion. Connective words are usually omitted in Chinese and should be amplified in the translation into English.Exercise：翻译下列句子，请特别注意划线部分英汉之间的表达差异。
实用英汉互译教程2 Basic difference between English and Chinese
Read the following passages and their translations.
1) 今天晚上，很好的月亮。（《狂人日记》） The moon is extremely bright tonight. 2) 午后便步行至雀华桥，雇了一只小船，荡起双 桨。朝北不远，便到了历下亭前。（《老残游 记》） After lunch he walked to the Sparrow Flower Bridge, where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north. Soon he reached the Li Xia pavilion.
3) Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in its restless seeking.
春花含苞待放，绿叶缓缓舒展，溪水潺潺流淌， 欢乐的春天涌动着无限的追求与希望，这一切难 以用语言表达。
奉献爱心, 增进友谊。( 2007 上海特奥会街头标 语) Give a loving heart, and develop deep friendship. Let’s give a loving heart and develop deep friendship.
英汉语言的差异
1、英语重形合(hypotaxis)，汉语重意合(parataxis)
1、英语重形合，汉语重意合
He spoke so well that everybody was convinced of his innocence. a. 他说得那么好听，以至于每个人都相信他是无辜 的。 b. 他说得那么好听，谁都相信他是无辜的。
翻译课课件UNIT 2
What will it be when the increase of yearly production is brought to a complete stop? Here is the vulnerable place, the heel of Achilles.
2. 恩格斯（Engels, Friedrich）在一篇文章中使用过Achilles’ heel 一词：
Analysis II
In other words, students do not have to pass a test to be admitted to a two-year institution. 换句话说，进两年制大学学习不用考试。（original S. omitted) European interest in MBA programs had to wait until the late 1950s. 直到20世纪50年代，欧洲人才开始对MBA 产生兴趣。 Courses were designed to integrate functional skills, and to emphasize international cultural and business learning. 课程的设置旨在将实用技能融会贯通，注重国际性文 化背景和商业知识的学习。
Questions
What
is the difference between the English and Chinese expressions? What do you think causes the difference? Viewpoint, sentence forming E: Hypotaxis: subject + predicate Ch: Parataxis: topic + statement Does Chinese topic function the same as English subject? What is a subject?
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Unit 6 English Hypotaxis and Chinese Parataxis 丑女：我比美女更有魅力！ Society’s preoccupation with beauty puts extra pressure on young people who are already busy trying to build a good career and enjoy life. Society says we have to be beautiful and slim if we want to be happy and successful. But do we? Does a pretty face and a good-looking body make you a better person? Better at your job? More important than someone who got hit with the ugly stick at birth and could afford to lose some weight? A hit TV show is certainly questioning our obsession with beauty. Ugly Betty, an American sitcom, is generating plenty of buzz with viewers around the world, not only because it is smart, funny, and easy for viewers to identify with, but also because it highlights the problems with society’s obsession with beauty, all in an easy to digest and amusing TV show. 当今社会对美丽的盲崇给那些疲于创业和享受生活的年轻人带来了额外的压力。社会舆论无时无刻不在叫嚣：想要幸福和成功，天使脸孔和魔鬼身材是不二法门。但果真如此吗？是不是有了姣好的面容和玲珑的身段，我们的人格就能升华，我们的事业就能成功了？是不是外表完美了，我们就比那些天生相貌平凡、身材臃肿的人更有价值了呢？最近一部正在热播的美国连续剧就对我们已经走火入魔的“美丽”情结提出了质疑。《丑女贝蒂》在全球观众中掀起热潮，该剧之所以能成功，不仅因为其剧情幽默、充满智慧、使观众容易产生共鸣，更重要的是，它用一种轻松诙谐的手法将我们这个社会对外在美近乎疯狂的崇拜表现得淋漓尽致。
1. We may ask ourselves if we are ready, psychologically, to accept the possibility of life elsewhere.我们可以自问，我们是否已作好了心理准备，接受地球以外存在生命的可能性。 2. We must recognize that what we are doing is simply part of trend that began with Copernicus and Galileo, who first showed us that Earth is not the center of the universe. 我们必须认识到，目前我们正在做的不过是认识转变趋势的一部分，这个认识的转变起源于哥白尼和伽利略，当初哥白尼和伽利略告诉我们地球不是宇宙中心。 3. Located in the Taiwan Straits, Meizhou Island is a small island with a total area of 14 square kilometers and a population of 35 thousand. It is well-known home and abroad for the first Mazu Temple. 湄洲岛位于台湾海峡通道里，是莆田市湄洲湾上的一个小岛，面积14平方公里，人口3.5万多，因供奉妈祖的“湄洲祖庙”闻名世界。
首先翻译下面的句子： A student of mathematics must become familiar with all the signs and symbols commonly used in mathematics and bear them in mind firmly, and be well versed in the definitions, formulas as well as the technical terms in the field of mathematics, in order that he may be able to build up the foundation of the mathematical subject and master it well for pursuing advanced study. 参考译文：为了打好数学基础，掌握好数学，以便学习深造，学数学的人必须熟悉和牢记数学中常用的符号，通晓定义、公式以及术语。
It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort.
照英文的连法，可能译成： 这是件我不能想出解释的事，就是正好那些天气最坏和寻找风景如画的地方最带有困难的欧洲国家是对乡村生活具有的热情和对自然景色具有的爱心最强烈和最普遍的。（误） 欧洲有些国家，天气坏透，那里的人要辛苦一番，才能找到景色如画的地方。奇怪，他们恰好最喜欢过乡村生活，也最爱欣赏天然风景，而且这个情形也极普遍。这是实情，我怎么也提不出叫人满意的解释法。（正）
把它照原文用的字、照中文不连的方法还原，就会译成像下面这样不通的句子： Europe has some countries, climate is worst, people there must have greatest discomfort, then can search for the picturesque, curious, they precisely have the greatest enthusiasm for country life, and love of natural scenery, and this is most widely diffused, this is a fact, but I can never think of any satisfactory explanations.
中英文的区别初感： 英文连在一起像九连环，一看就看出来；而中文却象一盘珠子，各不衔接，但大家心里有数，上下还是连的，不过不用“环”，也没有连接词“和”、“是”等。
中文是大珠小珠放在盘子里或桌子上，各粒可以单独放开，要串起来可以，不串也可以，不串更自然。如：“鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜”，还有马致远这样的曲： 枯藤老树昏鸦， 小桥流水人家， 古道西风瘦马， 夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。
从总体上讲，英语注重形合（hypotaxis），汉语注重意合（parataxis）。所谓形合，指的是词与句子的组合主要通过外显形态标记来表现，而意合则着眼于根据特定语境下讲话双方依据自己的语感，对话语做出正确的判断。汉语由于这个特点而显得简洁而富有弹性。（张维为：英汉同声传译，中国对外翻译出版公司，1999年10月第一版，2002年11月第三次。） 王力先生指出过：“西洋语言是法制的，中国的语言是人制的。” 例句：“他不干我干”， 假设关系：（如果）他不干，我干。 因果关系：（因为）他不干，我干。 转折关系：他不干，（但是）我干。 让步关系：（即使）他不干，我（也）干。
浪 漫 一个小伙子暗恋着一个女孩，女孩是他的同事，他们在一起工作。 小伙子性格内向，不善言辞，不知道怎么对女孩表达爱慕之情。写情书吧，小伙子学的是理工的，一直搞技术工作，满脑子的图形，就是没有一句有文采的话。送花吧，小镇上没有花店，电影电视上常见的送花那一套也无从说起。至于直截了当的对女孩说“我爱你”又没有勇气，更没有胆量。 这样的恋情照样说应该没有什么希望了，可实际上一年后他们却结了婚。有人向小伙子讨教，他说：“我每天第一件事情就是帮她擦桌子，然后为她泡上一杯她爱喝的绿茶。她的胃不好，我就经常给她放些胃药在那里。一开始她不知道是我在做这些事情，后来时间长了她也就知道了。就这么简单。” 忍不住让人想起“浪漫”这个词。写情书是一种浪漫，送花是一种浪漫，可是我不知道，擦桌子泡茶送药是否也是一种浪漫。也许浪漫是没有定义的，也许那些实实在在的呵护和关心才是真正的浪漫，它是爱情之火所点燃的最绚烂的花朵。 A young boy was secretly in love with a girl, one of his colleagues in the same office. Being a man of few words and not good at expressing his feelings, he did not know how to unbosom himself of his love for her. He had thought of writing love letters to her, but he had been a student of technology and was now working as a technician. He could not for the life of him dig out one beautiful sentence from a mind which was stocked full with diagrams and graphs. Presenting flowers, as is often seen over TV and in films, was out of the question, there being no flower shops in this