History of Linux
linux操作系统实训教学大纲
实训教学大纲《操作系统》实训教学大纲（适用专业：计算机软件课程）一、本课程课时：80课时学分：4实训课时：40二、实训性质与目的：《操作系统》课程计算机软件专业的一门核心课程，主要围绕操作“系统干什么，操作系统如何干”等基本问题展开。
课程以Linnx操作系统为背景，讲述操作系统的基本原理。
本课程在内容上力求突出应用能力的培养，在保证基本理论的基础上，结合学、练、做的学习方法强化学习效果，培养学生的专业技能。
本课程实训目的是通过学习，要求学员能够灵活掌握Linnx操作系统的安装与配置方法、常用命令和shell编程、用户管理和文件管理等操作方法，为今后就业提前打基础。
为今后从事相关的工作打下坚实的基础。
本课程是专业必修课程。
本课程在学习之前要求有计算机基础，程序设计基础等作为其先修课程，并具备一定计算机操作水平。
三、实训内容与要求（一）内容：基本目标：掌握Linnx操作系统基础知识，通过Linnx操作系统的安装和配置，常用命令的操作应用了解操作系统的五大管理功能，最终目标是使学生从理论到实践全面了解现代操作系统的基本思想和基本方法。
具体目标：Linnx操作系统的安装是以Red Had Linux为蓝本，在完成安装的基础上，完成Linux系统的图形界面的使用，Linnx系统的基本操作，vi编辑器和简单shell编程，Linux系统管理、Linnx网络配置等一系列实训。
（二）要求1、Red Had Linux安装：要求了解操作系统的发行版本，了解Linux系统对硬件资源的要求，掌握分区的方法和具体的安装过程。
2、Linux系统的图形界面的使用：设置系统面板，桌面图标的设置、桌面环境的设置，Nautilus文件管理器的设置，添加/删除应用程序。
3、Linnx系统的基本操作：了解Linux操作系统的启动/登录及关闭方法、掌握Linux的常用命令及文件管理。
4、vi编辑器和简单shell编程：掌握vi编辑器的使用方法，熟悉shell的种类及基本功能。
Linux系统调用详解之pdbedit
Namepdbedit − manage the SAM database (Database of Samba Users)Synopsispdbedit [−a] [−b passdb−backend] [−c account−control] [−C value][−d debuglevel] [−D drive] [−e passdb−backend] [−f fullname][−−force−initialized−passwords] [−g] [−h homedir] [−i passdb−backend][−I domain] [−K] [−L] [−m] [−M SID|RID] [−N description][−P account−policy] [−p profile] [−−policies−reset] [−r][−s configfile] [−S script] [−t] [−−time−format] [−u username][−U SID|RID] [−v] [−V] [−w] [−x] [−y] [−z] [−Z]DESCRIPTIONThis tool is part of the samba(7) suite.The pdbedit program is used to manage the users accounts stored in thesam database and can only be run by root.The pdbedit tool uses the passdb modular interface and is independentfrom the kind of users database used (currently there are smbpasswd,ldap, nis+ and tdb based and more can be added without changing thetool).There are five main ways to use pdbedit: adding a user account, removinga user account, modifing a user account, listing user accounts,importing users accounts.OPTIONS−L|−−listThis option lists all the user accounts present in the usersdatabase. This option prints a list of user/uid pairs separated bythe ´:´ character.Example: pdbedit −Lsorce:500:Simo Sorcesamba:45:Test User−v|−−verboseThis option enables the verbose listing format. It causes pdbedit tolist the users in the database, printing out the account fields in adescriptive format.Example: pdbedit −L −v−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−username: sorceuser ID/Group:500/500user RID/GRID:2000/2001Full Name:Simo SorceHome Directory: \\BERSERKER\sorceHomeDir Drive:H:Logon Script:\\BERSERKER\netlogon\sorce.batProfile Path:\\BERSERKER\profile−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−username: sambauser ID/Group:45/45user RID/GRID:1090/1091Full Name:Test UserHome Directory: \\BERSERKER\sambaHomeDir Drive:Logon Script:Profile Path:\\BERSERKER\profile−w|−−smbpasswd−styleThis option sets the "smbpasswd" listing format. It will makepdbedit list the users in the database, printing out the accountfields in a format compatible with the smbpasswd file format. (see the smbpasswd(5) for details)Example: pdbedit −L −wsorce:500:508818B733CE64BEAAD3B435B51404EE:D2A2418EFC466A8A0F6B1DBB5C3DB80C:[UX ]:LCT−00000000:samba:45:0F2B255F7B67A7A9AAD3B435B51404EE:BC281CE3F53B6A5146629CD4751D3490:[UX ]:LCT−3BFA1E8D:−u|−−user usernameThis option specifies the username to be used for the operationrequested (listing, adding, removing). It is required in add, remove and modify operations and optional in list operations.−f|−−fullname fullnameThis option can be used while adding or modifing a user account. It will specify the user´s full name.Example: −f "Simo Sorce"−h|−−homedir homedirThis option can be used while adding or modifing a user account. It will specify the user´s home directory network path.Example: −h "\\\\BERSERKER\\sorce"−D|−−drive driveThis option can be used while adding or modifing a user account. It will specify the windows drive letter to be used to map the homedirectory.Example: −D "H:"−S|−−script scriptThis option can be used while adding or modifing a user account. It will specify the user´s logon script path.Example: −S "\\\\BERSERKER\\netlogon\\sorce.bat"−p|−−profile profileThis option can be used while adding or modifing a user account. It will specify the user´s profile directory.Example: −p "\\\\BERSERKER\\netlogon"−M|´−−machine SID´ SID|ridThis option can be used while adding or modifying a machine account.It will specify the machines´ new primary group SID (SecurityIdentifier) or rid.Example: −M S−1−5−21−2447931902−1787058256−3961074038−1201−U|´−−user SID´ SID|ridThis option can be used while adding or modifying a user account. It will specify the users´ new SID (Security Identifier) or rid.Example: −U S−1−5−21−2447931902−1787058256−3961074038−5004Example: ´−−user SID´ S−1−5−21−2447931902−1787058256−3961074038−5004 Example: −U 5004Example: ´−−user SID´ 5004−c|−−account−control account−controlThis option can be used while adding or modifying a user account. It will specify the users´ account control property. Possible flags are listed below.•N:No password required•D:Account disabled•H:Home directory required•T:Temporary duplicate of other account•U:Regular user account•M:MNS logon user account•W:Workstation Trust Account•S:Server Trust Account•L:Automatic Locking•X:Password does not expire•I:Domain Trust AccountExample: −c "[X ]"−K|−−kickoff−timeThis option is used to modify the kickoff time for a certain user.Use "never" as argument to set the kickoff time to unlimited.Example: pdbedit −K never user−a|−−createThis option is used to add a user into the database. This command needs a user name specified with the −u switch. When adding a new user, pdbedit will also ask for the password to be used.Example: pdbedit −a −u sorcenew password:retype new passwordNotepdbedit does not call the unix password syncronisation script if unixpassword sync has been set. It only updates the data in the Samba userdatabase.If you wish to add a user and synchronise the password thatimmediately, use smbpasswd´s−a option.−t|−−password−from−stdinThis option causes pdbedit to read the password from standard input, rather than from /dev/tty (like the passwd(1) program does). Thepassword has to be submitted twice and terminated by a newline each.−r|−−modifyThis option is used to modify an existing user in the database. This command needs a user name specified with the −u switch. Otheroptions can be specified to modify the properties of the specified user. This flag is kept for backwards compatibility, but it is no longer necessary to specify it.−m|−−machineThis option may only be used in conjunction with the−a option. It will make pdbedit to add a machine trust account instead of a user account (−u username will provide the machine name).Example: pdbedit −a −m −u w2k−wks−x|−−deleteThis option causes pdbedit to delete an account from the database.It needs a username specified with the −u switch.Example: pdbedit −x −u bob−i|−−import passdb−backendUse a different passdb backend to retrieve users than the onespecified in smb.conf. Can be used to import data into your local user database.This option will ease migration from one passdb backend to another.Example: pdbedit −i smbpasswd:/etc/smbpasswd.old−e|−−export passdb−backendExports all currently available users to the specified passworddatabase backend.This option will ease migration from one passdb backend to another and will ease backing up.Example: pdbedit −e smbpasswd:/root/samba−users.backup−g|−−groupIf you specify−g,then−i in−backend −e out−backend applies to the group mapping instead of the user database.This option will ease migration from one passdb backend to another and will ease backing up.−b|−−backend passdb−backendUse a different default passdb backend.Example: pdbedit −b xml:/root/pdb−backup.xml −l−P|−−account−policy account−policyDisplay an account policyValid policies are: minimum password age, reset count minutes,disconnect time, user must logon to change password, passwordhistory, lockout duration, min password length, maximum password age and bad lockout attempt.Example: pdbedit −P "bad lockout attempt"account policy value for bad lockout attempt is 0−C|−−value account−policy−valueSets an account policy to a specified value. This option may only be used in conjunction with the−P option.Example: pdbedit −P "bad lockout attempt" −C 3account policy value for bad lockout attempt was 0account policy value for bad lockout attempt is now 3−y|−−policiesIf you specify−y,then−i in−backend −e out−backend applies to the account policies instead of the user database.This option will allow to migrate account policies from theirdefault tdb−store into a passdb backend, e.g. an LDAP directoryserver.Example: pdbedit −y −i tdbsam: −e ldapsam:ldap://my.ldap.host−−force−initialized−passwordsThis option forces all users to change their password upon nextlogin.−N|−−account−desc descriptionThis option can be used while adding or modifing a user account. It will specify the user´s description field.Example: −N "test description"−Z|−−logon−hours−resetThis option can be used while adding or modifing a user account. It will reset the user´s allowed logon hours. A user may login at any time afterwards.Example: −Z−z|−−bad−password−count−resetThis option can be used while adding or modifing a user account. It will reset the stored bad login counter from a specified user.Example: −z−−policies−resetThis option can be used to reset the general password policiesstored for a domain to their default values.Example: −−policies−reset−I|−−domainThis option can be used while adding or modifing a user account. It will specify the user´s domain field.Example: −I "MYDOMAIN"−−time−formatThis option is currently not being used.−h|−−helpPrint a summary of command line options.−d|−−debuglevel=levellevel is an integer from 0 to 10. The default value if thisparameter is not specified is 0.The higher this value, the more detail will be logged to the logfiles about the activities of the server. At level 0, only critical errors and serious warnings will be logged. Level 1 is a reasonable level for day−to−day running − it generates a small amount ofinformation about operations carried out.Levels above 1 will generate considerable amounts of log data, and should only be used when investigating a problem. Levels above 3 are designed for use only by developers and generate HUGE amounts of log data, most of which is extremely cryptic.Note that specifying this parameter here will override thesmb.conf.5.html#parameter in the smb.conf file.−V|−−versionPrints the program version number.−s|−−configfile <configuration file>The file specified contains the configuration details required bythe server. The information in this file includes server−specificinformation such as what printcap file to use, as well asdescriptions of all the services that the server is to provide. Seesmb.conf for more information. The default configuration file nameis determined at compile time.−l|−−log−basename=logdirectoryBase directory name for log/debug files. The extension".progname"will be appended (e.g. log.smbclient, log.smbd, etc...). The logfile is never removed by the client.NOTESThis command may be used only by root.VERSIONThis man page is correct for version 3 of the Samba suite.SEE ALSOsmbpasswd(5),samba(7)AUTHORThe original Samba software and related utilities were created by Andrew Tridgell. Samba is now developed by the Samba Team as an Open Sourceproject similar to the way the Linux kernel is developed.The pdbedit manpage was written by Simo Sorce and Jelmer Vernooij.。
Linux操作系统概述
开放与协作的开发模式 世界各地软件爱好者集体智慧的结晶 提供源代码，遵守GPL 经历了各种各样的测试与考验，软件的稳定性 好。
开发人员凭兴趣去开发，热情高，具有创造性
Linux内核
Linus领导下的开发小组开发出的系统内核 是所有Linux 发布版本的核心。 内核开发人员一般在百人以上，任何自由程序员都可以提交自己的修改工作。 采用邮件列表来进行项目管理、交流、错误报告。 有大量的用户进行测试，正式发布的代码质量高。
Linux的开发使用了众多的GUN工具
GNU通用公共许可证：GPL
软件最初的作者保留版权。 其他人可以修改、销售该软件，也可以在此基 础上开发新的软件，但必须保证这份源代码向 公众开放。
经过修改的软件仍要收到GPL的约束，除非能 够确定经过修改的部分是独立于原来作品的。
如果软件在使用中引起了损失，开发人员不承 担相关责任。
Linux在企业领域被广泛使用
作为应用服务器、数据库服务器被使用：解决 海量数据、高并发的问题； 作为网络平台的后台服务器被使用：门户网站 （搜狐、新浪、网易等）、电商平台（淘宝、 QQ商城等）大部分使用Linux操作系统； 作为嵌入式操作系统被使用：智能控制、自动 化、物联网等领域。
与Linux相关的主要工作岗位
POSIX 1003.1标准定义了一个最小的Unix操 作系统接口。任何操作系统只有符合这一标准 ，才有可能运行Unix程序。
Linux系统组成 （1）符合 POSIX 标准的操作系统内核、 Shell 和外围工具。
（2）C 语言编译器和其他开发工具及函数库 （3）X Window 窗口系统 （4）各种应用软件，包括字处理软件、图象处理软件等。
Linux现状及发展趋势
作为服务器，Linux市场份额一直在快速增 Linux非常稳定，特别适合大型企业生产 环境。
Linux简介与安装
第1章Linux简介与安装1991年荷兰赫尔辛基大学一名大二学生林纳斯·托瓦兹（Linus B. Torvalds）编写了Linux系统，并将其放在互联网上。
经过这20年的发展，Linux系统已经扩展到各个领域，从拥有成千上万个CPU的超级计算机到只有几个芯片组成的单片机，随处可见Linux系统的身影。
正是因为Linux的流行，笔者特意编写了此书，让读者可以更好地学习Linux。
本章主要涉及的知识点如下。
❑介绍Linux系统、主要发行版及Linux系统的优势等内容。
❑简述Linux系统中的存储及目录结构。
❑介绍VMware Workstation软件和虚拟化在企业中的应用。
❑以VMware虚拟机安装Linux操作系统为例，讲解Linux系统的安装过程及安装过程中的建议等内容。
1.1 Linux系统简介通常所说的Linux操作系统，是对使用Linux内核的一类操作系统的统称，这些操作系统的主要结构包括：Linux内核、人机交互程序、应用程序等。
本节将简单介绍Linux 的用途和优势。
说明：Linux内核是操作系统的核心部分，主要负责管理进程、存储设备和网络接口等。
无论何种操作系统，内核都至关重要，其决定了操作系统的许多性能指标。
小知识：Linux隶属于GNU（GNU’s Not UNIX）计划，该计划的目标是建立一个自由的操作系统，即自由地使用、复制、修改、发布操作系统及其中的软件。
GNU计划还包括许多软件，例如文本编辑器GNU Emacs、GCC等。
GNU/Linux操作系统通常被简称为Linux，如果没有特殊说明，本书中的Linux即指GNU/Linux。
1.1.1 Linux能做什么Linux究竟能为我们做些什么呢？这是每个用户都关心的问题。
目前Linux系统的应用主要分为桌面环境和企业环境两个方面，本小节将从这两个方面简单介绍Linux系统的应用。
1．桌面环境对于家庭用户而言，Linux提供了比较方便的KDE和GNOME桌面环境。
Linux 命令大全(英文版)Index of the Bash command line for Linux
An A-Z Index of the Bash command line for Linux.adduser Add a user to the systemaddgroup Add a group to the systemalias Create an alias ?apropos Search Help manual pages (man -k)apt-get Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu) aptitude Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu) aspell Spell Checkerawk Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/indexbbasename Strip directory and suffix from filenamesbash GNU Bourne-Again SHellbc Arbitrary precision calculator languagebg Send to backgroundbreak Exit from a loop ?builtin Run a shell builtinbzip2 Compress or decompress named file(s)ccal Display a calendarcase Conditionally perform a commandcat Display the contents of a filecd Change Directorycfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linuxchgrp Change group ownershipchmod Change access permissionschown Change file owner and groupchroot Run a command with a different root directorychkconfig System services (runlevel)cksum Print CRC checksum and byte countsclear Clear terminal screencmp Compare two filescomm Compare two sorted files line by linecommand Run a command - ignoring shell functions ?continue Resume the next iteration of a loop ?cp Copy one or more files to another locationcron Daemon to execute scheduled commandscrontab Schedule a command to run at a later timecsplit Split a file into context-determined piecescut Divide a file into several partsddate Display or change the date & timedc Desk Calculatordd Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot recordsddrescue Data recovery tooldeclare Declare variables and give them attributes ?df Display free disk spacediff Display the differences between two filesdiff3 Show differences among three filesdig DNS lookupdir Briefly list directory contentsdircolors Colour setup for `ls'dirname Convert a full pathname to just a pathdirs Display list of remembered directoriesdmesg Print kernel & driver messagesdu Estimate file space usageeecho Display message on screen ?egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression eject Eject removable mediaenable Enable and disable builtin shell commands ?env Environment variablesethtool Ethernet card settingseval Evaluate several commands/argumentsexec Execute a commandexit Exit the shellexpect Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal expand Convert tabs to spacesexport Set an environment variableexpr Evaluate expressionsffalse Do nothing, unsuccessfullyfdformat Low-level format a floppy diskfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linuxfg Send job to foregroundfgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed stringfile Determine file typefind Search for files that meet a desired criteriafmt Reformat paragraph textfold Wrap text to fit a specified width.for Expand words, and execute commandsformat Format disks or tapesfree Display memory usagefsck File system consistency check and repairftp File Transfer Protocolfunction Define Function Macrosfuser Identify/kill the process that is accessing a fileggawk Find and Replace text within file(s)getopts Parse positional parametersgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern groups Print group names a user is ingzip Compress or decompress named file(s)hhash Remember the full pathname of a name argumenthead Output the first part of file(s)help Display help for a built-in command ?history Command Historyhostname Print or set system nameiid Print user and group id'sif Conditionally perform a commandifconfig Configure a network interfaceifdown Stop a network interfaceifup Start a network interface upimport Capture an X server screen and save the image to file install Copy files and set attributesjjoin Join lines on a common fieldkkill Stop a process from runningkillall Kill processes by namelless Display output one screen at a timelet Perform arithmetic on shell variables ?ln Make links between fileslocal Create variables ?locate Find fileslogname Print current login namelogout Exit a login shell ?look Display lines beginning with a given stringlpc Line printer control programlpr Off line printlprint Print a filelprintd Abort a print joblprintq List the print queuelprm Remove jobs from the print queuels List information about file(s)lsof List open filesmmake Recompile a group of programsman Help manualmkdir Create new folder(s)mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)mkisofs Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystemmknod Make block or character special filesmore Display output one screen at a timemount Mount a file systemmtools Manipulate MS-DOS filesmtr Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)mv Move or rename files or directoriesmmv Mass Move and rename (files)nnetstat Networking informationnice Set the priority of a command or jobnl Number lines and write filesnohup Run a command immune to hangupsnotify-send Send desktop notificationsnslookup Query Internet name servers interactivelyoopen Open a file in its default applicationop Operator accessppasswd Modify a user passwordpaste Merge lines of filespathchk Check file name portabilityping Test a network connectionpkill Stop processes from runningpopd Restore the previous value of the current directory pr Prepare files for printingprintcap Printer capability databaseprintenv Print environment variablesprintf Format and print data ?ps Process statuspushd Save and then change the current directorypwd Print Working Directoryqquota Display disk usage and limitsquotacheck Scan a file system for disk usagequotactl Set disk quotasrram ram disk devicercp Copy files between two machinesread Read a line from standard input ?readarray Read from stdin into an array variable ?readonly Mark variables/functions as readonlyreboot Reboot the systemrename Rename filesrenice Alter priority of running processesremsync Synchronize remote files via emailreturn Exit a shell functionrev Reverse lines of a filerm Remove filesrmdir Remove folder(s)rsync Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)sscreen Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh scp Secure copy (remote file copy)sdiff Merge two files interactivelysed Stream Editorselect Accept keyboard inputseq Print numeric sequencesset Manipulate shell variables and functionssftp Secure File Transfer Programshift Shift positional parametersshopt Shell Optionsshutdown Shutdown or restart linuxsleep Delay for a specified timeslocate Find filessort Sort text filessource Run commands from a file `.'split Split a file into fixed-size piecesssh Secure Shell client (remote login program)strace Trace system calls and signalssu Substitute user identitysudo Execute a command as another usersum Print a checksum for a filesymlink Make a new name for a filesync Synchronize data on disk with memoryttail Output the last part of filestar Tape ARchivertee Redirect output to multiple filestest Evaluate a conditional expressiontime Measure Program running timetimes User and system timestouch Change file timestampstop List processes running on the systemtraceroute Trace Route to Hosttrap Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)tr Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characterstrue Do nothing, successfullytsort Topological sorttty Print filename of terminal on stdintype Describe a command ?uulimit Limit user resources ?umask Users file creation maskumount Unmount a deviceunalias Remove an alias ?uname Print system informationunexpand Convert spaces to tabsuniq Uniquify filesunits Convert units from one scale to anotherunset Remove variable or function namesunshar Unpack shell archive scriptsuntil Execute commands (until error)useradd Create new user accountusermod Modify user accountusers List users currently logged inuuencode Encode a binary fileuudecode Decode a file created by uuencodevv Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')vdir Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')vi Text Editorvmstat Report virtual memory statisticswwatch Execute/display a program periodicallywc Print byte, word, and line countswhereis Search the user's $path, man pages and source files for a program which Search the user's $path for a program filewhile Execute commandswho Print all usernames currently logged inwhoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un')Wget Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTPwrite Send a message to another userxxargs Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)yes Print a string until interrupted. Run a command script in the current shell### Comment / Remark。
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 软件管理指南说明书
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9Managing software with the DNF toolManaging content in the RPM repositories by using the DNF software managementtool
Last Updated: 2023-12-07Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 Managing software with the DNF toolManaging content in the RPM repositories by using the DNF software management toolLegal Notice
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Linux操作系统
• 每个版本又分为以下几种：
• Fedora Desktop
• Fedora Workstation Server(WS)
• Fedora Enterprise Server(ES)
• Fedora Advanced Server(AS)
第七页，共317页。
第一章 Linux简介
• Red Hat Fedora
芬兰的大学生Linus Torvalds在Minix基础上 编写了 一个操作系统核心软件，并于1991年10月公布为 Linux 0.0.2版。随后世界上众多的 Unix爱好者和黑 客共同完善了其余部分。
目前有很多商业公司可以免费得到Linux的核心源 代码，并加以包装和改进后形成自己的产品， 即 Linux发行套件(distribution)。
第一章 Linux简介
一、Linux的发展过程
• 在Linux操作系统面世之前，计算机操作系统市场 主要由两大系统占领：Unix系统和Microsoft Windows。
• Unix是大中小型机、工作站和高档微型机的主流操作 系统，拥有众多的企业用户，并已成为事实上的操作 系统标准。
• Windows系统则以易用性占据了微型计算机操作系统 市场的绝大部分份额。
1992年4月
第一个Linux新闻组comp.os.linux诞生，Linux 0.96首次可以运 行X- Window；
1993年1月 第一个商业发行版Slackware Linux诞生；
1994年3月 Linux 1.0推出，Linux转向GPL版权协议；
1995年3月 Linux 1.2推出；
第二章 图形环境
三、GNOME的基本操作
GNOME面板（即windows任务栏）
unix基础知识英文
Solaris used by Sun Microsystems on its SPARC-based servers Linux follows standard UNIX conventions, highly stable, and free Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 Widely supported and used Mac OS X Server: Runs on Apple’s Xserve line of computers as well as Power Mac computers All support TCP/IP and other protocols Support many network topologies and physical media
Customer has no access to system’s source code
Cannot customize
Network+ Guide to Networks, 4e
9
Open Source UNIX
Open source software available to anyone, without licensing fees Open source UNIX flavors:
System V
UNIX sLeabharlann urce code was cheaply available from AT&T
Quickly distributed to many organizations
Network+ Guide to Networks, 4e 4
linux下pcie驱动编写流程
linux下pcie驱动编写流程1.确定PCIE驱动的功能和目标。
Determine the function and goal of the PCIE driver.2.阅读PCIE驱动的规范和文档。
Read the specifications and documentation of the PCIE driver.3.确定PCIE设备的特性和接口。
Determine the characteristics and interface of the PCIE device.4.编写PCIE驱动的初始化代码。
Write the initialization code for the PCIE driver.5.实现PCIE设备的探测和识别。
Implement the detection and recognition of the PCIE device.6.编写PCIE设备的注册和注销函数。
Write the registration and deregistration functions forthe PCIE device.7.实现PCIE设备的数据传输和通信。
Implement data transfer and communication for the PCIE device.8.编写PCIE驱动的中断处理函数。
Write the interrupt handling function for the PCIE driver.9.测试PCIE驱动的功能和稳定性。
Test the functionality and stability of the PCIE driver.10.调试PCIE驱动的错误和异常。
Debug errors and exceptions in the PCIE driver.11.优化PCIE驱动的性能和效率。
Optimize the performance and efficiency of the PCIE driver.12.编写PCIE驱动的文档和说明。
什么是Linux
什么是Linux？也许很多人会不屑的说，Linux不就是个操作系统么。
其实Linux不是一个操作系统，严格来讲，Linux只是一个操作系统中的内核。
内核是什么？内核建立了计算机软件与硬件之间通讯的平台，内核提供系统服务，比如文件管理、虚拟内存、设备I/O等。
既然Linux只是一个内核。
那么我们通常所说的Linux操作系统又是什么？我们通常所说的Linux，指GNU/Linux ，即采用Linux内核的GNU操作系统。
是的，操作系统的实际名称是GNU。
什么是GNU？GNU代表GNU‟s Not Un ix。
可以说是一个操作系统又可以说是一种规范。
比如，众所周知的PHP，原名为Personal HomePage（个人主页），根据GNU的软件命名规则，PHP现已更名为PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor（超文本预处理程序）。
谁编写/创造了Linux？Linux最早由Linus Torvalds在1991年开始编写。
在这之前，Richard Stallman创建了Free Software Foundation（FSF）组织以及GNU项目，并不断的编写创建GNU程序（程序的许可方式均为GPL: General Public License）。
在不断的有程序员和开发者加入到GNU组织中后，变造就了今天我们所看到的Linux，或称GNU/Linux。
什么是Linux发行版？正如之前所说的，Linux只是一个内核。
然而，一个完整的操作系统不仅仅是内核而已。
所以，许多个人、组织和企业，开发了基于GNU/Linux的Linux发行版。
这其中最著名的便是Red Hat公司的Red Hat系列以及社区（community）组织的Debian系列。
DebianDebian 是一套为了您的计算机所设计的自由操作系统(OS)。
操作系统是使计算机运行的基本程序和工具的集合。
Debian 使用Linux 核心（操作系统的最重要部份），但大部份的基本工具则来自GNU 计划，因此我们称为GNU/Linux。
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The Linux Mascot Visits since July 2002
History of Linux version 2.2.0 by Ragib Hasan Department of Computer Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
This article is hosted at http://netfiles.uiuc.edu/rhasan/linux Translations: [Hebrew] | [Bulgarian] [Japanese] [Chinese] [Romanian] [Portuguese]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table of Contents a. In The Beginning b. New Baby in the horizon c. Confrontation and development d. A Decade of Linux e. Tux: The Spirit of Linux f. Some Linux Cookies g. Timeline h. Links i. Acknowledgments
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a. In The Beginning It was 1991, and the ruthless agonies of the cold war were gradually coming to an end. There was an air of peace and tranquility that prevailed in the horizon. In the field of computing, a great future seemed to be in the offing, as powerful hardware pushed the limits of the computers beyond what anyone expected.
But still, something was missing. And it was the none other than the Operating Systems, where a great void seemed to have appeared.
For one thing, DOS was still reigning supreme in its vast empire of personal computers. Bought by Bill Gates from a Seattle hacker for $50,000, the bare bones operating system had sneaked into every corner of the world by virtue of a clever marketing strategy. PC users had no other choice. Apple Macs were better, but with astronomical prices that nobody could afford, they remained a horizon away from the eager millions.
The other dedicated camp of computing was the Unixworld. But Unix itself was far more expensive. In quest of big money, the Unix vendors priced it high enough to ensure small PC users stayed away from it. The source code of Unix, once taught in universities courtesy of Bell Labs, was now cautiously guarded and not published publicly. To add to the frustration of PC users worldwide, the big players in the software market failed to provide an efficient solution to this problem.
A solution seemed to appear in form of MINIX. It was written from scratch by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, a US-born Dutch professor who wanted to teach his students the inner workings of a real operating system. It was designed to run on the Intel 8086 microprocessors that had flooded the world market.
As an operating system, MINIX was not a superb one. But it had the advantage that the source code was available. Anyone who happened to get the book 'Operating Systems: Design and Implementation' by Tanenbaum could get hold of the 12,000 lines of code, written in C and assembly language. For the first time, an aspiring programmer or hacker could read the source codes of the operating system, which to that time the software vendors had guarded vigorously. A superb author, Tanenbaum captivated the brightest minds of computer science with the elaborate and immaculately lively discussion of the art of creating a working operating system. Students of Computer Science all over the world pored over the book, reading through the codes to understand the very system that runs their computer.
And one of them was Linus Torvalds. Back
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b. New Baby in the Horizon In 1991, Linus Benedict Torvalds was a second year student of Computer Science at the University of Helsinki and a self-taught hacker. The 21 year old sandy haired soft-spoken Finn loved to tinker with the power of the computers and the limits to which the system can be pushed. But all that was lacking was an operating system that could meet the demands of the professionals. MINIX was good, but still it was simply an operating system for the students, designed as a teaching tool rather than an industry strength one.
At that time, programmers worldwide were greatly inspired by the GNU project by Richard Stallman, a software movement to provide free and quality software. Revered as a cult hero in the realm of computing, Stallman started his awesome career in the famous Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT, and during the mid and late seventies, created the Emacs editor. In the early eighties, commercial software companies lured away much of the brilliant programmers of the AI lab, and negotiated stringent nondisclosure agreements to protect their secrets. But Stallman had a different vision. His idea was that unlike other products, software should be free from restrictions against copying or modification in order to make better and efficient computer programs. With his famous 1983 manifesto that declared the beginnings of the GNU project, he started a movement to create and distribute softwares that conveyed his philosophy (Incidentally, the name GNU is a recursive acronym which actually stands for 'GNU is Not Unix'). But to achieve this dream of ultimately creating a free operating system, he needed to create the tools first. So, beginning in 1984, Stallman started writing the GNU C Compiler(GCC), an amazing feat for an individual programmer. With his legendary technical wizardry, he alone outclassed entire groups of programmers from commercial software vendors in creating GCC, considered as one of the most efficient and robust compilers ever created.