中石油托福题型和做题技巧共17页文档
年中石油职称英语考试备考技巧
年中石油职称英语考试备考技巧如何做才能顺利通过考试呢?我们要通过两个方面来把这个问题解决掉。
首先分析我们的考生特点：我们大部分同学都是在职人员，属于一个特殊群体，处于三无状态：a无时间(需要大量工作)b 无精力 (休息时间少) c 无根底(多年不用英语)。
所以就面临着考试的两个难点：一、难在专业性上。
教材上所有文章只给翻译，无试题无解析。
需要老师在课后或者课上不断的给大家去分析去讲解。
二、难在词汇量上。
文章专业性很强，要求的词汇量就很大。
不仅会考到词汇，还会考到语法，完型，阅读和翻译，是一个非常传统的应试化考试，客观题占主体，主观题只有一部分，庆幸的是只有翻译没有写作。
那我们需要如何去复习呢?下面我从题型和复习方法两个方面来给大家做一个系统的讲解。
关于题型，在我们的网站上有一个对中石油考试非常详细的介绍。
在此，我从大纲的命题思路和考试题型上做一个标准性的归纳和概括。
大纲中标明要考20个句子，其实非常简单，因为它通用教材的很多文章或者历年的四六级考试真题或者有可能从其他某些考试照抄句子，将四个选项变换就得出我们的词汇题。
甚至前年去年就有取自四六级考试的原题。
词汇的考点：并非考专业性词汇，而是高中大学常用的一些同义词，近义词辨析。
比方，经常考的一个词“上升”，有“increase”“improve”“rise”“arise”，这几个词都有上升的含义，详细如何区分呢?有及物的不及物的，有表示能力和数量的，无论是搭配关系还是语境上都有区分，这就是课上我们会给大家讲到的。
所以词汇部分最忌讳的就是自己学，因为考试并不会考那么多词，既然是20个句子，就说明只考大家20个单词，考点非常的明确。
常考的它会考，不常考的也不会考。
词汇的数量：在新东方的课程中有词汇特训课，课上会给大家分析词汇，迅速带大家把我们在大学在中石油职称英语中所需要掌握的词汇，从地头到尾的串一遍。
利用这几周的时间过一遍，不管是从词形，词义，还是词用这三个层次上来说都会对单词有一个详细的把握。
中石油托福真题199512
1995.12 国内考试真题Section One: Listening Comprehension1.(A) She doesn’t like roller skating.(B) She writing a story about roller skating.(C) She’s too busy to go roller skating.(D) The man shouldn’t be going roller skating.2.(A) He already bought a car.(B) He didn’t mean to bother the woman.(C) He didn’t say he would call the woman.(D) He forgot to call the woman.3.(A) Admission to the movie is free.(B) She’ll lend the man some money.(C) She’ll buy the tickets for the movie.(D) She paid for the movie the last time.4.(A) He was surprised the woman didn’t like the concert.(B) He enjoyed the concert more that the woman did.(C) He was not impressed by the conducting.(D) He didn’t like the choice of music.5.(A) The man and woman live on Elm Street.(B) The directions the woman got were wrong.(C) The man and woman are unfamiliar with the area.(D) The woman already called for directions.6.(A) She’s usually in a good mood.(B) She doesn’t feel as cheerful as she looks.(C) She enjoyed her son’s visit.(D) She’s happy because of the weather.7.(A) He’ll miss Professor Lawrence.(B) He’s surprised to hear the woman’s news.(C) Professor Lawrence will continue to work part-time.(D) Professor Lawrence has found a new job.8.(A) He’s not planning to move.(B) He has found a new apartment.(C) He’s looking for a new roommate.(D) He’s also having trouble with his apartment.9.(A) He should do more.(B) She’d be glad to help him.(C) He should be paid.(D) He’s done a lot.10.(A) She’d rather go later.(B) She’d rather sew for an hour.(C) The library is only open an hour more.(D) The library closed an hour ago.11.(A) Sit down to eat.(B) Take the woman’s order.(C) Look for some apples.(D) Remove the woman’s unfinished salad.12.(A) The woman should wait to buy new clothes.(B) The cold weather will probably continue.(C) The weather will warm up soon.(D) He already has a warm coat.13.(A) She’s happy that the student center is getting more computers.(B) She’ll let the man use her computer.(C) She hopes to take a statistics course soon.(D) She’d like to buy a computer.14.(A) Reschedule the meeting.(B) Cancel his membership.(C) Take some time to decide.(D) Talk to the committee.15.(A) Larry usually gets good grades.(B) He helped Larry write the report.(C) He’s surprised at Larry’s grade.(D) It’s strange that Larry and Mark are lab partners.16.(A) She didn’t go skiing last year.(B) She’s just learning to ski.(C) She doesn’t travel very often.(D) She enjoyed her vacation very much.17.(A) The man was excited about winning.(B) The man is very lucky.(C) The man is feeling better now.(D) The man felt bad about losing.18.(A) He doesn’t have time to do his laundry.(B) He’d like the woman to buy some detergent.(C) He’s going to the store.(D) He’s going to buy some detergent.19.(A) He enjoys the history class.(B) He has plenty of time to study.(C) He wants to take another history class.(D) He has too many tests.20.(A) It’s harmful for him to use his voice.(B) He needs to see a doctor.(C) He hasn’t been taking his medicine.(D) It’s difficult to understand him when he whispers.21.(A) The woman is wrong about when his birthday is.(B) He expects to hear from his brother.(C) He bought a present for the woman’s birthday.(D) His brother is coming to visit him.22.(A) They’re going to France for a vacation.(B) The woman doesn’t need to study now.(C) He’s concerned about the woman’s studies.(D) The woman isn’t worrying isn’t worrying about her vacation.23. (A) They’re indifferent to its reviews.(B) They’re convinced that it will be good.(C) They’re puzzled by the criticism of it.(D) They’re glad they saw it together.24.(A) He feels energetic too.(B) He jogs because he doesn’t like aerobics.(C) He just joined a health club to lose weight.(D) He realizes he needs more exercise.25.(A) She wishes the rain would stop soon.(B) She doesn’t care about the weather.(C) She’ll go out after the rain stops.(D) She expects it to rain for four more days.26.(A) He had a doctor examine his injuries.(B) He was supposed to meet the woman yesterday.(C) He’ll have to explain why he missed practice.(D) He asked the woman to take him to the clinic.27.(A) Public speaking makes him nervous.(B) His final examination is this afternoon.(C) He enjoys classroom presentations.(D) He’s going to miss his afternoon classes.28.(A) She wants the man to be at the station when she arrives.(B) She isn’t sure which train she’ll be on.(C) The train will be an hour late.(D) She’ll leave home at 6:30.29.(A) She has probably had a lot of free time this week.(B) She’s probably not planning to come on Sunday.(C) She’s probably not at home.(D) She has probably tried to call.30.(A) He bought it at a well-known store.(B) It was very expensive.(C) He doesn’t consider it attractive.(D) Someone gave it to him.31.(A) His lecture notes weren’t very good.(B) He didn’t understand the lecture.(C) He couldn’t attend the lecture.(D) His research was on the same topic as the lecture.32.(A) Survival strategies for extreme Antarctic cold.(B) Why inactive volcanoes become active.(C) The principal causes of global warming.(D) The effects of volcanoes on the Antarctic ice sheet.33.(A) That a snow cover can cause ice to melt.(B) How heat can prevent ice from melting.(C) How water flows into the ocean.(D) Why volcanoes have a slippery surface.34.(A) Melting ice.(B) Snowfall(C) Glaciers which serve as barriers.(D) Variations in temperature in Antarctica.35.(A) How to increase one’s speed in a bicycle race.(B) Major Canadian bicycle races.(C) The contribution of cycling to health.(D) An annual cycling event.36.(A) The length of the course.(B) The route the cyclists take.(C) The number of participants.(D) The month in which the tour is held.37.(A) They are not competing with each other.(B) They have to pay a high fee.(C) They tend to be beginning cyclists.(D) Most of them fail to finish the route.38.(A) Chocolates.(B) Water(C) First aid.(D) Bicycle repair services.39.(A) Reasons for increased productivity.(B) How wristwatches are manufactured.(C) The industrialization of the United States.(D) The development of individual timepieces.40.(A) They were common in the United States, but not in Europe.(B) Only a few people had them.(C) People considered them essential.(D) They were not very accurate.41.(A) They were a sign of wealth.(B) It was important to be on time.(C) It was fashionable to wear them.(D) They were inexpensive.42.(A) Watches were of higher quality than ever before.(B) More clocks were manufactured than watches.(C) The availability of watches increased.(D) Watches became less important because factories had clocks.43.(A) The difficulty of breeding electric fish.(B) The medical importance of electric fish.(C) How certain fish use electricity.(D) How fish navigate.44.(A) To destroy tree roots.(B) To digest its food.(C) To protect its territory.(D) To find its way.45.(A) To hear a translation of her talk.(B) To hear signals produced by electric fish.(C) To hear sounds used to train electric fish.(D) To hear a tape about electric fish.46.(A) Improved understanding of diseases of the nervous system.(B) Improved understanding of a type of malnutrition.(C) Improved understanding of some types of bone disease.(D) improved understanding of disease of the internal organs.47.(A) The origins and characteristics of modern dance.(B) The influence of modern dance on ballet.(C) Pioneer modern dancers.(D) The training of modern dance choreographers.48.(A) They were created in Europe.(B) They were conventional.(C) The theaters were crowded.(D) The tickets were overpriced.49.(A) Lightness of movement.(B) Elaborate scenery.(C) Free expression.(D) Rigid choreography.50.(A) They performed mainly in Europe.(B) They imitated the techniques of ballet.(C) They performed to classical music.(D) They weren’t formally trained.Section Two: Structure and Written Expression1.The fertile catkins of the willow tree are thegreen, caterpillar-like ones, commonly____inlength.(A) or an inch more(B) or an inch as(C) at least the inches(D) an inch or more2.____a short-handled, long-bladed weapon,similar to a dagger but larger.(A) Like a sword(B) A sword is(C) A sword is what(D) Before a sword3.In 1948 the United States Secretary of StatesDean Acheron ____ the Marshall Plan to aid theeconomic recovery of Europe after the SecondWorld War.(A) begin to carry out(B) began carrying out(C) beginning and carrying out(D) to have begun carrying out4.The protection of technologies andtechnological information has become______ofmany nations.(A) the importance of a concern(B) a concern of important(C) the importance concerning(D) an important concern5.____ Several years for bamboo seeds to growinto plants that can be used for commercialpurposes.(A) To be taken(B) It takes(C) By taking(D) Although taking6.Arthur Miller’s Play Death of a Salesman isthe tragic story of a man destroyed by his ownhollow values and those of the society_____ .(A) he lives in which(B) in which he lives(C) which in he lives(D) lives he which in7.During courtship,____ displays his green-and-gold upper tail feathers before the peahen.(A) in which the crested peacock(B) which the crested peacock(C) the crested peacock that(D) the crested peacock8._____ Theories approximate the truth is theday-to-day business of science.(A) Determining how closely(B) How closely to determine(C) How one determines close(D) One is close to determining9.The earthworm is a worm_____ in moist,warm soil in many geographical areas.(A) where is it found(B) is found(C) and found it(D) found10._____ Advance and retreat in their eternalrhythms, but the surface of the sea itself isnever at rest.(A) Not only when the tides do(B) As the tides not only do(C) Not only do the tides(D) Do the tides not only11.The monarch butterfly’s migration of 1,800miles or more makes______ among insects.(A) uniquely(B) is uniquely(C) it unique(D) it is unique12.A reagent is any chemical that reacts in apredictable way______ with other chemicals.(A) when mixed(B) when is mixed(C) it mixed(D) mixed is13.By the 1950’s, Mahalia Jackson’spowerful, joyous gospel music style had gainedher_____ .(A) and she had an international reputation(B) with an international reputation(C) which was her international reputation(D) an international reputation14.Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, areunusual_____ travel over land water on a layerof air.(A) they(B) in they(C) that they(D) in that they15.In the United States, a primary election is amethod_____ voters select the nominees forpublic office(A) that(B) is that(C) by which(D) by those16. Allan Pinkerton, founder of the famous detective agency that bears him name,ABCdirected a Civil War espionage system behind Confederate lines.D17. Until the 1910 formation of the National Hockey Association in eastern Canada,Aprofessional and amateur teams were allowed to playfully together.BCD18. Contralto Marian Anderson became a member permanentof the Metropolitan OperaABCCompany in 1955.D19. Widely acknowledged as a great and important playwright, Eugene O’Neill broughtAto the United States stage it was probably its first really serious drama.20. Because some critics considered it decadent, subversive, and incomprehensibly,ABabstract art encountered much opposition in its early years.CD21. To survive, most birds must eat at least half their own weigh in food every day.ABCD22. The glass tube in a fluorescent lampcontains mercury vapor under small pressure.ABCD23. In 1977, Marilyn Yadlowski, a undergraduate at CornellUniversity, found that pigeonsAhad excellent low-frequency hearing, far surpassing that of humans.BCD24. The General Accounting Office reviews the accounting systems used by federalAagencies to determination whether expenditures conform to laws, and it also settles claims.BCD25. Australian koalas are furry, gray animal that live in trees and feed on leaves.ABCD26. Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then struggled to establishABits own economic and financial system.CD27. The first known radio program among the United Stateswas broadcast on ChristmasABCEve, 1906, by Reginald Fessenden from his experimental station at Brant Rock, Massachusetts.D28. A typical feature-length film costs millions of dollars to make and requiresABCthe skillful of hundreds of workers.D29. After his trips to the West between 1869 and 1872, Ralph Albert Blakelock wouldABoften painted American Indian encampments on brown-and-yellow-toned canvases.CD30. Artist Helen Frankenthaler returned home from college in 1949 to her nativeNew York,ABthe city producing the most art revolutionary of the day.CD31. The giraffe’s long neck and legs are the most obvious features that make differentABCfrom all other animals.D32. Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds and keeping the soil in the bestAB Ccondition to help crop grow until it is ready for harvesting.D33. The city of Bostonwas settled in 1630 on a hilly, wooded peninsula where the CharlesAB CRiver flows into a natural harbors.D34. Critical thinkers are able to identify main issues, recognize underlying assumptions,and evaluating evidence.D35. Because of its maneuverability and ability to land and take off in small areas theABChelicopter is used in wide range of services.D36. Melting glaciers may account the rise in sea level that has taken place duringABCDthis century.37. Farce is a dramatic form that derives much of its humorous from improbable charactersABCDand situations.38. Anthropologist Jane Goodall has contributed a wealth information concerning primateABbehavior through her studies of chimpanzees.CD39. The discovery of gold in 1848 transformed San Francisco suddenly from a quiet portABCinto one of the world’s richest and most famous city.D40. The outermost part of the Sun’s atmosphere is very hot that its gases continuallyABCDexpand away from the Sun.Section Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestions 1-10Another early Native American tribe in what is now the southwestern part of the United States was the Anasazi. By A. D. 800 the Anasazi Indians were constructingmultistory pueblos-massive, stone apartment compounds. Each one was virtually astone town, which is why the Spanish would later call them pueblos, the Spanish word (5)for towns. These pueblos represent one of the Anasazis' supreme achievements. Atleast a dozen large stone houses took shape below the bluffs of ChiacoCanyon innorthwest New Mexico. They were built with masonry walls more than a meter thickand adjoining apartments to accommodate dozens, even hundreds, of families. Thelargest, later named Pueblo Bonito (PrettyTown) by the Spanish, rose in five terraced (10)stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1,000or more.Besides living quarters, each pueblo included one or more kivas-circular underground chambers faced with stone. They functioned as sanctuaries where theelders met to plan festivals, perform ritual dances, settle pueblo affairs, and impart (15)tribal lore to the younger generation. Some kivas were enormous. Of the 30 or so atpueblo Bonito, two measured 20 meters across. They contained niches for ceremonialobjects, a central fire pit, and holes in the floor for communicating with the spirits oftribal ancestors.Each pueblo represented an astonishing amount of well-organized labor. Using only (20)stone and wood tools, and without benefit of wheels or draft animals, the buildersquarried ton upon ton of sandstone from the canyon walls, cut it into small blocks,hauled the blocks to the construction site, and fitted them together with mud mortar.Roof beams of pine or fir had to be carried from logging areas in the mountain forestsmany kilometers away. Then, to connect the pueblos and to give access to the (25) surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stonestaircases for ascending cliff faces. In time, the roads reached out to more than80 satellite villages within a 60-kilometer radius.1.The paragraph preceding the passage most(A) how pueblos were built(B) another Native American tribe(C) Anasazi crafts and weapons(D) Pueblo village in New Mexico2.What is the main topic of the passage?(A) The Anasazi pueblos(B) Anasazi festivals of New Mexico(C) The organization of the Anasazi tribe(D) The use of Anasazi sanctuaries3.The word "supreme" in lien 5 is closest inmeaning to(A) most common(B) most outstanding(C) most expensive(D) most convenient4.The word "They" in line 7 refers to(A) houses(B) bluffs(C) walls(D) families5.The author mentions that Pueblos bonito hadmore than 800 rooms as an example of which of the following?(A) How overcrowded the pueblos could be(B) How many ceremonial areas it contained(C) How much sandstone was needed to build it(D) How big a pueblo could be6.The word "settle" in line 14 is closest inmeaning to(A) sink(B) decide(C) clarify(D) locate7.It can be inferred from the passage thatbuilding a pueblo probably(A) required many workers(B) cost a lot of money(C) involved the use of farm animals(D) relied on sophisticated technology8.The word "ascending" in line 26 is closest inmeaning to(A) arriving at(B) carving(C) connecting(D) climbing9.It can be inferred from the passage that inaddition to pueblos the Anasazis were skilled atbuilding which of following?(A) Roads(B) Barns(C) Monuments(D) Water systems10.The pueblos are considered one of theAnasazis' supreme achievements for all of thefollowing reasons EXCEPT that they were(A) very large(B) located in forests(C) built with simple tools(D) connected in a systematic wayQuestions 11-21Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as "silent", the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning,music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films wereshown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they (5)were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music playedbore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient.Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemnfilm became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching theirpieces to the mood of the film.(10)As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist,would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters smallorchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of music for each filmprogram rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, andvery often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste (15)so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. Since theconductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown (if,indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangementwas normally improvised in the greatest hurry.To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of (20)publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments. In 1909, for example, the EdisonCompany began issuing with their films such indications of mood as "pleasant', "sad","lively". The suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheetcontaining indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precisedirections to show where one piece led into the next.(25)Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of theseearly special scores was that composed and arranged for D. W. Griffith's film Birth ofa Nation, which was released in 1915.11.The passage mainly discusses music thatwas(A) performed before the showing of a film(B) played during silent films(C) specifically composed for certain movietheaters(D) recorded during film exhibitions12.What can be inferred that the passage aboutthe majority of films made after 1927?(A) They were truly "silent".(B) They were accompanied by symphonicorchestras.(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors'voices.(D) They corresponded to specific musicalcompositions.13.The word "solemn" in line 7 is closest inmeaning to(A) simple(B) serious(C) short(D) silent14.It can be inferred that orchestra conductorswho worked in movie theaters needed to(A) be able to play many instruments(B) have pleasant voices(C) be familiar with a wide variety of music(D) be able to compose original music15.The word "them" in line 17 refers to(A) years(B) hands(C) pieces(D) films16.According to the passage, what kind ofbusiness was the Edison Company?(A) It produced electricity.(B) It distributed films.(C) It published musical arrangements.(D) It made musical instruments.17.It may be inferred from the passage that thefirst musical cue sheets appeared around(A) 1896(B) 1909(C) 1915(D) 192718.Which of the following notations is mostlikely to have been included on a musical cuesheet of the early 1900's?(A) "Calm, peaceful"(B) "Piano, violin"(C) "Key of C major"(D) "Directed by D. W. Griffith"19.The word "composed" in line 26 is closest inmeaning to(A) selected(B) combined(C) played(D) created20.The word "scores" in line 26 is closest inmeaning to(A) totals(B) successes(C) musical compositions(D) groups of musicians21.The passage probably continues with adiscussion of(A) famous composers of the early twentiethcentury(B) other films directed by D. W. Griffith(C) silent films by other directors(D) the music in Birth of a NationQuestions 22-31The Earth comprises three principal layers: the dense, iron-rich core, the mantle made of silicate rocks that are semimolten at depth, and the thin,, solid-surface crust.There are two kinds of crust, a lower and denser oceanic crust and an upper, lightercontinental crust found over only about 40 percent of the Earth's surface. The rocks (5)of the crust are of very different ages. Some continental rocks are over 3,000 millionyears old, while those of the ocean flow are less than 200 million years old. The crustsand the top, solid part of the mantle, totaling about 70 to 100 kilometers in thickness,at present appear to consist of about 15 rigid plates, 7 of which are very large. Theseplates move over the semimolten lower mantle to produce all of the major topographical (10)features of the Earth. Active zones where intense deformation occurs are confined tothe narrow, interconnecting boundaries of contact of the plates.There are three main types of zones of contact: spreading contacts where plates moveapart, converging contacts where plates move towards each other, and transformcontacts where plates slide past each other. New oceanic crust is formed along one or (15)more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust,for example, by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges. If at such a spreadingcontact the two plates support continents, a rift is formed that will gradually widen andbecome flooded by the sea. The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American andAfro-European plates move in opposite directions. At the same time at margins of (20)converging plates, the oceanic crust is being reabsorbed by being subducted into themantle and remelted beneath the ocean trenches. When two plates carrying continentscollide, the continental blocks, too light to be drawn down, continue to float andtherefore buckle to form a mountain chain along the length of the margin of the plates.22.The word "comprises" in line 1 is closest inmeaning to(A) adapts to(B) benefits from(C) consists of(D) focuses on23.According to the passage, on approximatelywhat percent of the Earth's surface is thecontinental crust found?(A) 15(B) 40(C) 70(D) 10024.The word "which" in line 8 refers to(A) crusts(B) kilometers(C) plates(D) continents25.The word "intense" in line 10 is closest inmeaning to(A) surface(B) sudden(C) rare(D) extreme26.What does the second paragraph of thepassage mainly discuss?(A) The major mountain chains of the Earth(B) Processes that create the Earth's surfacefeatures(C) The composition of the ocean floors(D) The rates at which continents move27.Which of the following drawings bestrepresents a transform contact (line 13-14)?(A)(B)(C)(D)28.The word "margins" in line 15 is closest inmeaning to(A) edges(B) peaks(C) interiors(D) distances29.The word "support" in line 17 is closest inmeaning to(A) separate(B) create(C) reduce(D) hold30.According to the passage, mountain rangeare formed when(A) the crust is remelted(B) two plates separate(C) a rift is flooded(D) continental plates collide31.Where in the passage does the authordescribe how oceans are formed?(A) Lines 3-4(B) Lines 6-8(C) Lines 16-18(D) Lines 19-21Questions 32-40Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number ofspecies in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the (5)exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little hasbeen said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems arecomparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominants, most-distinctive feature-the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes (10)gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy torealize that landmasses occupy only one-third of the Earth's surface. Given that two-thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean,the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater thanthat of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the。
中国石油考试中心老托福试题及答案
0310托福真题0310听力1A She is younger than her sister .B she does not spend much time with her sister’s children.C she does not get along well with her sisterD she no longer resembles her sister.2A Paper plates are cheaper than dishes.B Dishes break more easily than paper plates.C There is no need to wash any dishes now.D The woman’s roommate will return soon.3A She has not applied to any universities yet,B She will begin university classes in a few weeks.C She does not know yet if a university will accept her.D She is too busy to contact the university right now.4A Reconsider his position laterB Allow the student to miss classC Lower the student’s gradeD Suggest that the student try to reschedule the operation5A He does not have enough money for the trip yet.B He is planning to work during spring break .C The trip is too far off in the future to think about.D He has changed his mind about going to Canada.6A The photograph is not good enough to send.B The photograph was not taken at the Grand Canyon.C They already sent Mary a photograph of their vacation.D Sending pictures through the mail is too expensive.7A She should have asked to be excused from the trip.B She deserves the zero.C She is right to be angry.D She should have gone on the field trip.8A He wants to live off campus.B There are advantages and disadvantages to living off campus.C Living space in the dorm is crowded.D There are only a few apartments available off campus.9A Turn down the volume of the musicB Turn the music offC Play a different style of music.D Listen to music in a different room.10A It took a long time to finish the building.B He was too busy to notice the opening of the hotel.C He did not know the hotel had a restaurant.D He would like to meet the woman for brunch next Sunday.11A Go to her class.B Cancel her appointment with the president.C Ask her professor to excuse her from class.D Attend the presentation.12A She admires Steve’s relationsh ip with his father.B She does not know Steve or his father.C Her daughter is older than Steve.D She disagrees with the man.13A He has heard the new CD.B He does not enjoy classical music.C He is not interested in the CD.D He rarely listens to music.14A Buy tickets for the next showing.B Leave the theaterC Change their seats for a better viewD Ask the couple in front of them to be quiet15A The library closes earlier during the summer.B The library is closed during summer vacation.C The library will be open until midnight tonight.D She does not usually go to the library during the summer.16A She is sorry the man has to cancel the plansB She wants to hand in her report early.C She would like to go with the man.D she does not usually enjoy the symphony.17A He has other plans for the eveningB He is looking forward to attending the party.C He often misses Linda’s parties.D he wants to know if he should bring anything to the party.18A There is just about enough time to do the jobB The desk has never been so orderly.C The clock on the desk needs to be set.D The desk really needs organizing.19A He enjoys looking at the flowers.B He thinks the park is boring.C He does not like walking with the woman.D He does not see any trees.20A There are not very many hotels in the area.B She stayed at the Clover Inn last month.C She is not sure the man’s parents would like the Clover Inn.D It may be too late to get a room at the Clover Inn.21A Wait until later to eatB Go to the cafeteria without herC Bring her some food from the cafeteriaD Meet her at the cafeteria22A He has to work with his brother .B He has no definite plans.C He usually works on weekends.D His plants depend on the woman.23A Buy stamps at the post officeB Mail the woman’s billC Drive to the woman’s houseD Pick up a package from the post office24A The woman should call Bill to check his schedule.B The woman should have left for the airport earlier.C The woman does not need to rush to meet Bill .D Traffic near the airport could delay the woman’s arrival.25A She did better on the quiz than the man did.B She did not have to take the quiz.C She has not yet received her grade on the quiz.D She did not do well on the quiz.26A He will be happy to share their dessertB He did not know what time he was supposed to arrive.C He expected the traffic to be bad.D He is not upset that they ate lunch.27A She has to quit her job in the laboratory.B She cut herself while working in the laboratory.C She enjoys doing laboratory experiments.D She feels that the man is dedicated to his work too.28A Ask for directionsB Try a different route to the beachC Go back for the mapD Cancel their trip29A He would like the woman to reschedule the meeting.B He will meet the woman briefly on FridayC The report will not be ready until Thursday.D The report was finished last Friday.30A Find out when the bookstore opensB Withdraw some cashC Inquire about a jobD Spend her extra money on books31A Ways to determine the age of a fossilB The identity of a fossil the woman foundC A comparison of two shellfish fossilsD Plans for a field trip to look for fossils32A The class is going to study them .B They evolved from brachiopods.C They are similar to brachiopods in appearance.D They belong to the same species as brachiopods.33A It has a ribbed shell.B It has an unusually large valve.C It was found near the water.D It is smaller than a mollusc.34A He has never seen a fossil that old.B It could be many millions of years old.C It is probably a recent specimen.D He will ask the lab how old it is.35A Take it to classB Put it in her collectionC Take it to the labD Leave it with her professor36A A jewelry store robberyB Buying a birthday presentC Writing a storyD Doing research for a class assignment37A Her professor did not like her story .B She had trouble finishing her assignmentC she did not like the topic she had chosen for her paper.D She was taking too many courses,38A Take some extra timeB Do a writing exerciseC Do some work for another courseD Write the story ending first39A To go shoppingB To do research for her storyC To meet with her professorD To take a break from her work40A To describe ways pests can damage plantsB To examine the life cycle of caterpillarsC To explain how corn plants developD To describe how a natural pesticide works41A Caterpillars chewing on its leavesB Wasps laying eggs on its leavesC Pesticides sprayed on its leavesD Knives cutting its stalk42A By flying in circles around a fieldB By detecting a chemical signalC By inspecting individual corn leavesD By noticing the caterpillar’s coloration43A Recently discovered manuscriptsB Similarities among religionsC Methods of analyzing ancient manuscriptsD How ancient manuscripts are preserved44A The simplicity of their languageB Their ageC The location of their discoveryD The material they are made of45A Orally preserved teachingsB A collection of lettersC A diaryD A scholarly article46A Ancient settlers in AsiaB How Buddhism is practiced todayC The spread of Buddhism in AsiaD Why some languages disappear47A The language they are written in is not widely known.B They cannot be moved from where they were foundC The writing in them has fadedD Many people want credit for the discovery.48A The advantages of an economy based on farmingB Reasons farmers continued using river transportationC The role of cotton in the United States economyD Improved methods of transporting farm crops49A The new technology used to build roadsB The ability to transport goods over landC The trade in grain and cottonD The linking of smaller local roads into one long road50A Reduced charges for transporting farm productsB Required payment from vehicles that used their roadsC Made repairs to older roadsD Installed streetlights on roads connecting major cities10月语法1.The musical comedy Oklahoma!did much to expand the potential of the musical stage, and it encouraged others to attempt......(a)original themes(b)to original themes(c)that were original themes(d)how original themes2.Despite its fishlike form, the whale is......and will drown if submerged too long.(a)an animal breathes air that(b)an animal that breathes air(c)an animal breathes air(d)that an animal breathes air3.The saguaro ,found in desert regions in the southwestern United States ,......cactus in the world.(a)is the largest(b)the largest(c)that is the largest(d)the largest that is a4.It is said that United Stales literature......individuality and identity in the twentieth century, after long imitation of European models.(a)was achieved(b)achieved(c)to achieve(d)achieving5.Lucy Stone ,......first feminists in the United States ,helped organize the American Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.(a)the one(b)who was the(c)another(d)one of the6.......,including climate, mineral content, and the permanency of surface water, wetlands may be mossy ,grassy , scrubby, or wooded.(a)Depending on many factors(b)Many factors depending on(c)Factors depending on many(d)On many factors depending(7)Duke Ellington's orchestra ,......his own often complex compositions, made many innovations in jazz.(a)he played(b)playing(c)that it played(d)was playing(8)The term "ice age" refers to any of several periods of time when glaciers covered considerably more of Earth's surface......(a)as is today(b)than today is(c)than they do today(d)that today(9)From colonial times ,United States property owners agreed to tax themselves on the theory......directly from services that the government could provide.(a)property owners benefited so that(b)why property owners benefited(c)that if property owners benefited(d)that property owners benefited(10)Helium is not flammable and ,next to hydrogen ,is......(a)known the lightest gas(b)lightest the known gas(c)the lightest gas known(d)the known gas lightest(11)Wild eagles that survive to adulthood are believed......from 20 to 30 years.(a)live(b)to live(c)they live(d)their living(12)Portland,......,is located primarily on two hilly peninsulas overlooking Casco Bay and its many island.(a)which Maine's largest city(b)Maine's largest city where(c)is Maine's largest city(d)Maine's largest city13.......widely used in the chemical industry, sodium carbonate is principally consumed by the glass industry.(a)Despite(b)Whether(c)Though(d)Except for14.Cells,first identified by the early microscopists, began to be considered......in the nineteenth century.(a)them as microcosm of living organisms(b)the microcosm of living organisms(c)the microcosm of living organisms to be(d)as which ,the microcosm of living organisms15.Like Jupiter, Saturn is a large ,gaseous planet composed......of hydrogen and helium.(a)it is mostly(b)mostly(c)almost(d)both are almost16．Bacterial cultures are used commercially in the preparation of food products such that yogurt ,sour cream ,and vinegar.17.Anyone with absolute ,or perfect,pitch are able to identify by ear any note at some standard pitch or to sing a specified note at will.18.Sea horses usually live along the shore among seaweed and other plants to which they cling to by their tails.19.Babies have soft spots between the bones of their skulls ,which allowing for further growth.20.T.S.Elot,who a poet ,playwright, literary critic ,and editor ,was a leader of the Modemist movement in poetry.21.The Pacific Ocean comprises almost th e entire boundary western of North and South America.22．Established in 1948 ,the State University of New York is the singly largest university system in the United States.23.Photography disseminates information about humanity and nature ,records the visible world, and extension human knowledge into areas the eye cannot penetrate.24.Because of their rapidly changing economically fortunes, many frontier towns of the American West underwent spectacular fluctuations in population in the nineteenth century.25.Virtually no disease exists today for which there is no drug that can be given ,neither to cure the disease or to alleviate its symptoms.26.Calcium is essential for blood clotting ,for the action of certain enzymes, and for the normal contraction and relax of muscles.27.The large collection of the Williams College Museum of Art includes ancient and medieval art ,but much exhibits are modern or contemporary.28.The technique of spectroscopy allows analyst of incoming light after it has been separated into its component wavelengths by passage through a prism.29.Today,fifty years after its construction ,the Alaska Highway conveys40,000 vehicles in normal year.30.Since prehistoric times ,artists (have been) arranged colors on surfaces (in ways) (that express) their ideas (about people) ,the world ,and religion.31.(Few substances)look less (alike than)coal and diamonds ,yet both (are fashioned) (from same) elemental carbon.32.Meteorologists can program their computes to scan for a specific set of weather criteria, such as falling barometric pressure ,increase cloud cover ,and rising humidity.33.Obsidian is formed when siliceous lava cools too rapidly to crystallized into rock-forming minerals.34.European settlers in North America moved from the Atlantic coast across 3,000 miles forests, grasslands, deserts, and mountains until they reached the Pacific Ocean.35.Philosophy tries to discover the nature of true and knowledge and to find what is of basic value and importance in life.36.In this world of high technology ,it is easy to forget that the most important tools ever developed for learning is still the book.37.The element potassium makes up less than one half percentage of the human body.38.Twenty thousand years ago a sheet of ice a thousand meters thick covered the coastal region which the cities of Vancouver and Juneau now are located.39.The Crow ,Blackfoot ,and Sioux tribes traditionally adorned they dwellings and costumes with colorful and highly valued beaded decorations.40.In the late 1800’s ,United States painter Thomas Eakins develop a broad ,powerful Realist style that became almost expressionistic in his later years.Questions 1-9:Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiter’s four largest moons and the second moon out from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Thencame the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and withindays, Europa was transformed-in our perception, at least-into one of the solar system’s(5)most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail,especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinkedbrown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far off the mark.The surface of Europa is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence ofcraters indicates that Europa’s surface ice resembles Earth’s Antarctic ice cap. The(10) eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometersthick –a true shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that , in turn, encasesa rocky core. The interior of Europa has been kept warm over the eons by tidal forcesgenerated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel aroundJupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle. The resulting internal heat (15) keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The cracklike marks onEuropa’s icy face appear to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below.Soon after V oyager 2’s encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images of Europa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europa’s subsurfaceocean might harbor life. Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a(20 )vast store of internal heat. Jupiter’s early heat was produced by the compression of thematerial forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primalSun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity.During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europa’s ocean may have been liquid right to the surface, making it a crucible for life.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The effect of the tides on Europa’s interior(B)Temperature variations on Jupiter’s moons(C)Discoveries leading to a theory about one of Jupiter’s moons(D)Techniques used by V oyager 2 to obtain close-up images.2.The word ―intriguing‖ in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A)changing(B)perfect(C)visible(D)fascinating3.In line 7, the another mentions ―cracks in an eggshell‖ in order to help readers(A)visualize Europa as scientists saw it in the Voyager 2 images(B)appreciate the extensive and detailed information available by viewing Europa from faraway(C)understand the relationship of Europa to the solar system(D)recognize the similarity of Europa to Jupiter’s other moons4. It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979(A) provided many contradictory statistics about Europa(B) considered Europa the most important of Jupiter’s moons(C) did not emphasize Europa because little information of interest was available(D) did nor mention Europa because it had not yet been discovered5. what does the author mean by stating in line 7 that ―this analogy is not far off the mark‖?(A) The definition is not precise.(B) The discussion lacks necessary information.(C) The differences are probably significant.(D) The comparison is quite appropriate.6. IT can be inferred from the passage that Europa and Antarctica have in common which of thefollowing?(A) Both appear to have a surface with many craters.(B) Both may have water beneath a thin, hard surface.(C) Both have an ice can that is melting rapidly.(D) Both have areas encased by a rocky exterior.7. The word ―endless‖ in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) new(B) final(C) temporary(D) continuous8. According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter’s other large moons on Europa?(A) They prevent Europa’s subsurface waters from freezing.(B) They prevent tides that could damage Europa’s surface.(C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes Europa.(D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europa is maintained at a steady level.9 According to the passage, what is believed to cause the thin lines seen on Europa’s surface?(A) A long period of extremely high tides(B) Water breaking through from beneath the surface ice(C) The continuous pressure of slush on top of the ice(D) Heat generated by the hot rocky coreQuestion 10-19Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the peoples ofthe Archaic era (8,000-1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to beginnings of cultivation through their intensive gathering and processing of wild plant foods. In both areas, there was a well-established ground stone tool technology, a method of pounding(5)and grinding nuts and other plant foods, that could be adapted to newly cultivated foods.By the end of the Archaic era, people in eastern North America had domesticated certain native plants, including sunflowers; weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or marsh elder;and squash or gourds of some kind. These provided seeds that were important sources of carbohydrates and fat in the diet.(10)The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of theMidwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years agoand domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Although the term ―Neolithic‖ isnot used in North American prehistory, these were the first steps toward the same major subsistence changes that took place during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period(15)elsewhere in the world.Archaeologists debate the reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern part of thecontinent. Although population and sedentary living were increasing at the time, there islittle evidence that people lacked adequate wild food resources; the newly domesticatedfoods supplemented a continuing mixed subsistence of hunting, fishing, and gathering(20)wild plants, Increasing predictability of food supplies may have been a motive. It has been suggested that some early cultivation was for medicinal and ceremonial plants rather thanfor food. One archaeologist has pointed out that the early domesticated plants were allweedy species that do well in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that would form around human settlements where people cut down trees, trample the ground, deposit trash, and(25)dig holes. It has been suggested that sunflower, sumpweed, and other plants almost domesticated themselves, that is , they thrived in human –disturbed habitats, so humans intensively collected them and began to control their distribution. Women in the Archaic communities were probably the main experimenters with cultivation, because ethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that women were the main collectors of plant foodand had detailed knowledge of plants.10. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of the life of Archaic peoples?(A) The principal sources of food that made up their diet(B) Their development of ground stone tool technology(C) Their development of agriculture(D) Their distribution of work between men and women11. The word ―these‖ in line 13 refers to(A) seeds(B) river valleys(C) the Midwest and the Southeast(D) experimentation and domestication12 According to the passage, when did the domestication of plants begin in North America?(A) 7,000 years ago(B) 4,000 to 2,000 years ago(C) Long after the Neolithic period(D) Before the Archaic period13. The word ―adequate‖ in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) sufficient(B) healthful(C) varied(D) dependable14. According to the passage, which of the following was a possible motive for the cultivation ofplants in eastern North America?(A) Lack of enough wild food sources(B) The need to keep trees from growing close to settlements(C) Provision of work for an increasing population(E)Desire for the consistent availability of food15. T he phrase ―rather than‖ in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A)in addition to(B)instead of(C)as a replacement(D)such as16. The plant ―sumpweed‖ is mentioned in line 25 in order to(A) contrast a plant with high nutritional value with one with little nutritional value(B) explain the medicinal use of a plant(C) clarify which plants grew better in places where trees were not cut down(D) provide an example of a plant that was easy to domesticate17. The word ―thrived‖ in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) stayed(B) originated(C) grew well(D) died out18. According to the passage, which of the following is true about all early domesticated plants?(A) They were varieties of weeds.(B) They were moved from disturbed areas.(C) They succeeded in areas with many trees.(D) They failed to grow in trampled or damaged areas.19. According to the passage, it is thought that most of the people who began cultivating plantswere(A) medical workers(B) leaders of ceremonies(C) women(D) huntersQuestions 20-29Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the others to follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the routeby intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail(5 )pheromone—a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the context changes.These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants ineither direction.Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to be kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use (10)a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitive to thesesignals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three times around Earth.The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way, (15)and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone willevaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from side to side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other antenna intothe vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space.(20)The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new courseuntil its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and soweaves back and forth down the trail.20. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The mass migration of ants(B) How ants mark and follow a chemical trail(C) Different species of ants around the world(D) The information contained in pheromones21. The word ―forage‖ in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) look up(B) walk toward(C) revolve around(D) search for food22. The word ―intermittently‖ in live 4 is closest in meaning to(A) periodically(B) incorrectly(C) rapidly(D) roughly23. The phrase ―the one‖ in line 8 refers to a single(A) message(B) dead ant(C) food trail(D) species24. According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trail pheromones?(A) To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals(B) To attract different types of ants(C) To protect their trail from other species(D) To indicate how far away the food is25. The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 11 to point out(A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail(B) the different types of pheromones ants can produce(C) a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world(D) that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone26. According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones?(A) They concentrate on the smell of food.(B) They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail(C) They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line.(D) They sense the vapor through their antennae.27. The word ―furnish‖ in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) include(B) provide(C) cover(D) select28. The word ― oscillating ― in line 17 is closest in meaning to。
托福答题技巧
托福答题技巧一.Task1和Task2解题技巧Task1最常考的就是偏好题，通过智课老师的仔细研究，这类题型常出现的话题是人物话题、地点话题、事件话题或者是物品话题。
针对这类题型，同学们可以针对一个话题不断的神话，而且完全可以一个例子通用到各类话题中。
如果在文章的开头进行表述，最好是将主体分为三部分来阐述，开题无需技巧，简单读题即可，把you都改成me，比起Ithink……开头可以省去相对多的思维时间。
内容一般找三个理由，为避免理由重复或累赘，建议就方便、经济、减压等常用理由进行练习，并结合不断问自己How及Why等问题来充实内容，完成example的部分。
最后用连词进行连接，这里有个技巧，就使用first,also,finally，因为三到六题综合题中这三个词常成为提示词出现，在前两题中使用可对其有一定敏感度。
结合第一题，第二题内容分布完全相同，并且这两题对时间把握尤其重要，要求考生进行“掐表”练习，对45s有感性认识，当一定练习后，口语部分的考试不再是考内容的，而是考时间的，因此在考试过程中掐时间角度有很多技巧可言，比如：当阐述内容结束时时间为38s或39s，则在最后可加句detail或一句类似Thepersonlikemehasnochoicebuttodosth.的长废话;当结束时时间为41s或42s，则在最后可加一句短废话，如Ifindit’scool.二.Task3解题技巧三.Task4解题技巧(1)用两三句话概括阅读段落大意，重点在听力段落描述(2)阅读段落中有提到，但没有在听力段落中提到的信息，答题时可以不说(3)半数问题可能只针对听力段落提问，回答可不提阅读段落，引用概念即可四.Task5解题技巧(1)前半部分问题的描述尽量使用模版，节约时间(2)前半部分陈述问题+描述方案时做到条理清晰，描述准确(3)描述个人倾向意见时不强求两条理由，一条充分描述即可五.Task6解题技巧(1)描述清楚起因，结果和主要特征最重要(2)两个例子或试验分别进行描述，说完一个再说另一个(3)尽量不要遗漏重要信息，同时注意不要张冠李戴托福口语：语音和语调的重要性注意到一个事实：托福口语拿到高分，比如说26分-30分的考生有共同的三大优点：1、他们的语音语调比较标准，或者说非常标准。
中石油托福真题200301
20**年1月TOEFL试题Section One: Listening Comprehension1. (A) She'll type the man's paper for him.(B) The computer won't be available immediately.(C) The man should be more patient.(D) She doesn't want the man to use her computer.2. (A) Read the woman's letter.(B) Visit Jeff in Alaska.(C) Write to Jeff.(D) Mail a letter for the woman.3. (A) He went to the library twice to look for the book.(B) He already returned the book to a library out of town.(C) He called the library to say the book would be overdue.(D) He couldn't return the library book because he was away.4. (A) Where the midterm exam was held.(B) Where she can see the results of the midterm exam.(C) Where she can buy a copy of the chemistry textbook,(D) Where the chemistry study group meets.5. (A) He'll ask the driver for help with the luggage.(B) He doesn't mind driving by himself.(C) He doesn't have much luggage.(D) He'd like the woman to drive him.6. (A) The suit is out of style.(B) The suit is more appropriate for the occasion.(C) The woman looks better in blue than in black.(D) The suit doesn't fit the woman well.7. (A) Writing her thesis was easier than she thought it would be.(B) She intends to work on her thesis during her vacation. (C) She intentionally chose an easy topic to write about.(D) She plans to spend some time relaxing.8. (A) He hasn't had a chance to meet Kathy yet(B) Kathy had already told him the news(C) He didn't know that Kathy was being moved.(D) His new office will be located in New York.9. (A) She'd like the man to visit her.(B) She can help the man clean up.(C) She left her room on time this morning.(D) She hasn't cleaned her room either.10. (A) He doesn't know what's wrong with the computer,(B) The woman misunderstood what he said.(C) The problem is different from what he thought it was(D) The computer cannot be repaired11. (A) She didn't see it(B) It had nothing to do with politics.(C) Some people wouldn't find it interesting.(D) The man ought to watch it again12. (A) He doesn't feel well enough to exercise(B) He prefers to exercise in the morning.(C) He accepts the woman's invitation.(D) He doesn't like to exercise in cold weather.13. (A) Change the topic of her research project.(B) Sign up for a different political science course.(C) Ask Mary to help her choose a topic.(D) Take a class together with Mary.14. (A) Send the man to a store that sells cassettes.(B) Borrow a blank cassette from her friends.(C) Sell the man one of her cassettes(D) Purchase some extra cassettes15. (A) The books were sent out late.(B) The books were sent to the wrong place.(C) He didn't mind helping the woman move.(D) He doesn't know the woman's new address.16. (A) Let him borrow her heavy jacket.(B) Stay in her car if the weather is too cold.(c) Leave campus in a couple of hours.(D) Be prepared for the possibility of cooler weather.17. (A) The man was absent when she gave them to the class.(B) She'll give some of them to the class on Wednesday.(C) She has no more of them to give to the man.(D) The man must do many more of them to pass the test.18 (A) She has never had a class with Professor Smith.(B) She's surprised the man is taking a history class.(C) The assignment must be finished by 3 o'clock. (O) Professor Smith's classes are very demanding.19. (A) She'll return the questionnaire soon.(B) The first question is optional.(C) The man doesn't need to answer all the questions.(D) The man doesn't need to submit a questionnaire.20. (A) She doesn't like the painting.(B) She hasn't seen the man's office.(C) She'll hang the painting on the wall.(D) She doesn't know where to put the painting.21. (A) He doesn't like to cook spaghetti sauce.(B) He isn't careful when he's preparing food.(C) He makes very good desserts.(D) He cooks for the Spanish club quite often.22. (A) She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.(B) She recently visited a different university.(C) She already told the man about her plans. (D) She isn't planning to transfer to a different university.23. (A) Start cleaning sooner.(B) Hire a cleaning service.(C) Wait a while before giving another party.(D) Have his party at a different24. (A) She prefers to remain indoors.(B) She has the same allergies that the man has.(C) She doesn't think the man is sincere.(D) She doesn't understand what the man said.25. (A) He has invited many people to(B) He intentionally cooked a lot of soup.(C) He doesn't like leftovers either.(D) He used leftovers in the soup.26. (A) She can't help the man make his decision(B) A bicycle isn't a safe method of transportation.(C) The man doesn't need a new bicycle,(D) She doesn't know how to fix a bicycle,27. (A) Ed is happy with his job.(B) Ed isn't as good a worker as the boss thinks.(C) The boss plans to give Ed a raise in salary.(D) The boss hasn't treated28. (A) She left work after the man.(B) She was unable to follow the man's directions.(C) It only rained in a small area.(D) She doesn't mind driving in29. (A) It isn't necessary to attend the lecture.(B) There isn't enough time to eat dessert(C) Eating in the lecture hall is prohibited.(D) The lecture probably won't start on time.30. (A) She doesn't think that Oakville is very far.(B) She thinks the man misunderstood what he(C) She didn't know that Matthew planned to move to Oakville.(D) She wants to buy a car from Matthew.31. (A) They've lost their suitcases.(B) They can't find their dormitory.(C) Their dorm rooms have been given to other students.(D) They've missed the bus to their dormitory.32. (A) It has no bus service(B) It is small(C) It is located outside of town.(D) It is very hilly.33. (A) It's far from the academic buildings.(B) No buses go to it.(C) There are few first-year students living there.(D) It's older than the other dormitories.34. (A) They bring too many things with them.(B) They waste their time.(C) They don't familiarize themselves with the campus(D) They don't make realistic career plans.35 (A) Judging people's behavior.(B) Common causes of anger.(C) Changing people's attitudes.(D) The effects of negative behavior.36. (A) When they're unable to control the person's behavior.(B) When the causes of the behavior are obvious.(C) When the consequences of the behavior are unpleasant.(D) When the behavior is expected.37. (A) It's not always clear why people behave in certain ways.(B) People usually blame others for their mistakes.(C) Certain conditions cause drivers to behave strangely.(D) The reason for some behavior is obvious.38. (A) They usually accept responsibility.(B) They blame factors beyond their control(C) They complain about their personal problems.(D) They compare their behavior to the behavior of others. 39. (A) Settlement patterns in desert.(B) Causes of desertification.(C) Plant adaptation to desert conditions.(D) Regions most affected by desertification.40. (A) It receives more nutrients than it can absorb.(B) It becomes oversaturated with water.(C) It loses the ability to support insect life.(D) It loses nutrients that aren't replaced.41. (A) Too many animals eating the plants in one small area.(B) Planting too much vegetation in one small area.(C) Too many people building houses in one small area.(D) Bringing together the wrong kinds of animals and plants.42. (A) The animals overfertilize the soil.(B) Dead plant roots can't hold the soil together.(C) The wrong types of plants are left standing.(D) There is a buildup of plant and animal matter.43. (A) It can cause flooding in an(B) It can carry diseases that affect animals.(C) It can introduce too much salt into the soil.(D) It can divert water from important crops.44. (A) A possible explanation for why green turtles nest in certain locations.(B) Physical differences among various groups of green turtles.(C) Several examples of mating behavior in green turtles.(D) The impact of continental drift on the diet of green turtles.45. (A) Teach their young how to swim.(B) Mate and lay eggs.(C) Hide from predators.(D) Eat different kinds of fish.46. (A) Its geography is similar to Brazil's.(B) Their instinct leads them to the place they werehatched.(c) There are other species of turtles located there.(D) Its climate is milder than Brazil's.47. (A) To discover how long their ancestors lived.(B) To analyze how their appearance has evolved.(C) To find out how a disease has spread(D) To determine how closely groups of turtles are related.48. (A) To demonstrate George Washington's survival skills.(B) To show that some stories about famous people may be historically inaccurate.(C) To describe a historical event that was portrayed in a painting. (D) To tell a story that George Washington told about himself.49. (A) She led her tribe to victory against the colonists(B) She was considered to be extremely beautiful.(C) She created popular American Indian art.(D) She helped establish peace between her tribe and the colonists50. (A) They have only recently been discovered.(B) They were painted by the colonists who knew her.(C) Most of them portray her as a child.(D) They might not reflect her true appearance.Section Two: Structure and Written Expression1. .........crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but the stone is durable in adry atmosphere.(A) The surface of marble is(B) The surface of marble, which(C) Although the surface of marble(D) The surface of marble2. By using their trunks, elephants can tell the shape of an object and ........ is rough or smooth, orhot or cold.(A) it(B) whether it(C) how(D) since it3. In 1989 Carret Hongo was chosen as ........ for the Pulitzer Prize in poetry.(A) his being one of the finalists(B) to be one of the finalists(C) one of the finalists(D) the one finalist who4. The Moon is much closer to Earth ...... is the Sun, and thus it had greater influence on the tides.(A) unlike(B) than(C) but(D) where5. The brain of an average adult is one of the largest organs of the body, ........about three pounds.(A) weighs(B) is weighed(C) weighing(D) to weigh it6. Throughout history ........different representations for numbers and for the basic process ofcounting.(A) have been many(B) there have been many(C) many(D) when many7. Democratic governments constantly face the problem of balancing …..... the i ndividual with theneeds of society.(A) the rights of(B) to the rights for(C) for the rights to(D) with the rights by8. Connecticut was the fifth of the original thirteen states …..... the Constitution of the UnitedStates.(A) ratified(B) ratify(C) to ratify(D) have ratified9. The chemical composition of sandstone is the same as ….....(A) that of sand(B) that sand is(C) sand is that(D) what of sand10. Hydrofoils can exceed 75 miles per hour, as compared with conventional watercraft, whosemaximum speeds .......... approach 50 miles per hour.(A) are rarely(B) rarely(C) of rarely(D) they rarely11. It was novelist and poet ….... in 1968 founded JacksonStateUniversity's Institute for theStudy of the History, Life, and Culture of Black People.(A) Margaret Walker did(B) Margaret Walker(C) Margaret Walker who (D) Margaret Walker and12. Before the Europeans arrived, American Indians were using virgin copper …... into ornaments,knives, and other artifacts.(A) Which was hammering(B) which hammered(C) was hammered(D) hammered13. In western North America, …...... form the Great Divide, which separates the areas fromwhich waters flow either eastward to the Atlantic or westward to the Pacific.(A) the Rocky Mountains(B) where the Rocky Mountains(C) the Rocky Mountains in which(D) there are the Rocky Mountains14. Some ecologists believe ….... more than 50 percent of existing species will be lost in thenext100 years.(A) because(B) that(C) while there is(D) that there are15. Almost ….... substances expand in volume when heated and contract when cooled.(A) all(B) they all(C) all of(D) all are16. A children's librarian often conducts story hours and other activities to help childrenA Benjoy herself while developing an interest in reading and the library's resources.C D17. Titanium has the strength of steel but weighs half only as much, hence its advantageA B Cfor use in aircraft.D18. Protective behaviors of amphibians include hiding in the presence of danger andA Bhaving coloration such closely matching the environment that the animal is notC Dobvious.19. As the highest-paid star of the silent screen, earning a reputedly income of $20, 000AB Ca week, Gloria Swanson epitomized the glamour of Hollywood in the 1920's.D20. Candles may be made by repeatedly dipping wicks in tallow, by molding, nor byA Bpouring melted wax over the wicks and rolling them into shape.C D21. While models of automobiles date back as far as the late 1600's, the 1880'sA Bseen the first commercial interest in the vehicle.C D22. The conceptual of musical harmony is generally traced to the ninth century becauseA B Cit is first mentioned in treatises of that period.D23. Palcontologists have examined fossil embryos and hatchlings from three type ofA B Cduck-billed dinosaurs to figure out how they matured.D24. Lightning tends to strike the nearest good conductor, and hence often strikesA Bin same place more than once.C D25. When study different cultures and societies, anthropologists often focus on marriageA Bas a contractual agreement between different parties.C D26. The first piloted balloon flight across the Atlantic Oceantook place at 1978.A B CD27. The Arts and Crafts Movement of the late nineteenth century strove to revitalizingA handicrafts and applied arts during an era of increasing mass production.B C D28. When cannedusing proper methods, food suffers no loss in vitamins or anotherA B C Dnutritive elements.29. Heat exhaustion is causing by excessive loss of body fluids and body salts.A B C D30. Primitive humans probably did not deliberately cook food until long after they hadA Blearned to use fire for light and warm.C D31. The poor condition of prisoners are what concerned Dorothea Dix, an AmericanA B Csocial worker and director of a school in Boston.D32. Found in the shells of lobsters, shrimp, and crabs, glucosamine is also presentA B Cin human cartilage, which covering the bones in joints.D33. Between 1871 until 1891, the population of Torontomore than tripled, increasingA B Cfrom 56,000 to 181,000.D34. In the nineteenth century, Montreal grew into an important transportation andA Bindustrial center, aided by its many natural resources and an abundant ofC Dhydroelectric power.35. In the initial planning for theaters, auditoriums, but any room intended primarilyA B Cfor listening, acoustics is a major consideration.D36. The pulse that may be felt wherever an artery passes over a solid structure, such asA B Ca bone or cartilage.D37. Through his essays, poems, and lectures, Ralph Waldo EmersonAestablished himself as a major thinker of his time and as a figure leadingB C Dof American literature.38. The "method", which is both a style of acting a system of training for the actor,A Bstresses inner motivation and psychological truth.C D39. On September 6, 1996, civil rights activist Rosa Parks was awarded the PresidentialA BMedal of Freedom, the highest honor the United States government gives to civilian.C D40. Basalt, which composes most of the ocean floor, is a dark-grey rock rich in ironA B C Dand magnesium than most surface rocks.Section Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestions 1-10By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax orwool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinningLine and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during (5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. Americanproducers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton ginby Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating thefiber---or lint--from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relativelyeasy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the (10) base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along thenation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season,but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker couldhand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machinewith revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, (15) a worker could produce up to '50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of largergins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread ofthe cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main Americanexport, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American(20))exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent sharein 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of Americanexports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. Thegrowing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an(25) unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of theUnited States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.1. The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time when(A) the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products(B) mechanization of spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry (C) cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to process(D) cotton became the most important American export product2. The word "favored" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) preferred(B) recommended(C) imported (D) included3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand forcotton EXCEPT(A) cotton's softness(B) cotton's ease of processing(C) a shortage of flax and wool(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.4. The word "laborious" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) unfamiliar(B) primitive(C) skilled(D) difficult5. According to the passage, one advantage of sea island cotton was its(A) abundance of seeds(B) long fibers(C) long growing season(D) adaptability to different climates6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin?(A) More cotton came from sea island cotton plants than before.(B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before.(C) Most cotton produced was sold domestically.(D) Most cotton produced was exported to England.7. The word "surge" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) sharp increase(B) sudden stop(C) important change(D) excess amount8. The author mentions "wheat and wheat flour" in line 22 in order to (A) show that Americans exported more agricultural products than they imported.(B) show the increase in the amount of wheat products exported.(C) demonstrate the importance of cotton among American export products.(D) demonstrate that wheat farming was becoming more profitable.9. The word "unprecedented" in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) slow(B) profitable(C) not seen before(D) never explained10. According to the passage, the Mississippi River was(A) one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place(B) a major source of water for agricultural crops(C) the primary route by which agricultural crops were transported(D) a main source of power for most agricultural machineryQuestions 11-19The origins of nest-building remain obscure, but current observation of nest-buildingactivities provide evidence of their evolution. Clues to this evolutionary process can befound in the activities of play and in the behavior and movements of birds during mating, Line such as incessant pulling at strips of vegetation or scraping of the soil. During the early (5)days of the reproductive cycle, the birds seem only to play with the building materials. Inpreparation for mating, they engage in activities that resemble nest-building, and continue these activities throughout and even after the mating cycle. Effective attempts at construction occur only after mating.Although nest-building is an instinctive ability, there is considerable adaptability in(10) both site selection and use of materials, especially with those species which build quiteelaborate constructions. Furthermore, some element of learning is often evident sinceyounger birds do not build as well as their practiced elders. Young ravens, for example,first attempt to build with sticks of quite unsuitable size, while a jackdaw's first nestincludes virtually any movable object. The novelist John Steinbeck recorded the contents (15) of a young osprey nest built in his garden, which included three shirts, a bath towel, andone arrow.Birds also display remarkable behavior in collecting building materials. Crows havebeen seen to tear off stout green twigs, and sparrowhawks will dive purposefully onto a branch until it snaps and then hang upside down to break it off. Golden eagles, over (20) generations of work, construct enormous nests. One of these, examined after it had beendislodged by high winds, weighed almost two tons and included foundation branchesalmost two meters long. The carrying capacity of the eagles, however, is only relative to their size ant1 most birds are able to carry an extra load of just over twenty percent of their body weight.11. The word "obscure" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) interesting(B) unclear(C) imperfect(D) complex12. According to the passage, which of the following activities is characteristic of the early part ofthe reproductive cycle of birds?(A) Selecting a mate(B) Collecting nest-building materials(C) Playing with nest-building materials(D) Building a nest13. The word "display" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) communicate(B) imitate(C) initiate(D) exhibit14. The novelist John Steinbeck is mentioned in line14 because he(A) conducted a scientific study on the behavior of ospreys(B) was the first to describe where ospreys built their nests(C) described the materials ospreys can use to build their nests(D) compared the size of osprey nests with the nests of other species15. Which of the following birds are mentioned as those that build nests that include unusual objects? (A) Ravens(B) Ospreys(C) Crows(D) Sparrowhawks16. According to the passage, when gathering materials to build their nests, sparrowhawks do which of the following?(A) Hang upside down(B) Select only green twigs(C) Use objects blowing in the wind(D) Collect more branches than necessary17. The word "these" in line 20 refers to(A) golden eagles(B) generations(C) winds(D) nests18. The word "load" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) weight(B) number(C) section(D) level19. The author mentions twenty percent in line 23 to indicate that(A) eagles are twenty percent bigger than most birds(B) twenty percent of all nests include foundation branches(C) the nests of eagles are twenty percent of larger than those of other birds(D) birds can carry twenty percent of their own weightQuestions 20-30A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that providesinformation concerning how people think and act. In the United States, the best-knownsurveys are the Gallup poll and the Harris poll. As anyone who watches the news duringLine campaigns presidential knows, these polls have become an important part of political life in (5) the United States.North Americans are familiar with the many "person on the street? interviews on localtelevision news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are notnecessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location. Thus, such samples can be biased in favor (10) of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending On which area thenewspeople select. Second, television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who arewilling to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated bya camera. A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinelyreflect a broad range of the population.(15) In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wordingof questions. An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people tounderstand it. It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting the results. Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired. Surveys can be indispensable sources of information, but (20) only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately.There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire. Each of theseforms of survey research has its advantages. An interviewer can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request for an interview than to throw away a written questionnaire. In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written (25) questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaireshave the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent.20. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The history of surveys in North America(B) The principles of conducting surveys(C) Problems associated with interpreting surveys(D) The importance of polls in American political life21. The word "they" in line 8 refers to(A) North Americans(B) news shows(C) interviews(D) opinions22. According to the passage, the main disadvantage of person-on-the-street interviews is thatthey(A) are not based on a representative sampling (B) are used only on television(C) are not carefully worded(D) reflect political opinions23. The word "precise" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) planned(B) rational(C) required(D) accurate24. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is most important for an effective survey?(A) A high number of respondents(B) Carefully worded questions(C) An interviewer's ability to measure respondents' feelings。
中石油模拟托福应试精讲50页PPT
1、不要轻言放弃ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ否则对不起自己。
2、要冒一次险!整个生命就是一场冒险。走得最远的人，常是愿意 去做，并愿意去冒险的人。“稳妥”之船，从未能从岸边走远。-戴尔．卡耐基。
梦 境
3、人生就像一杯没有加糖的咖啡，喝起来是苦涩的，回味起来却有 久久不会退去的余香。
中石油模拟托福应试精讲 4、守业的最好办法就是不断的发展。 5、当爱不能完美，我宁愿选择无悔，不管来生多么美丽，我不愿失 去今生对你的记忆，我不求天长地久的美景，我只要生生世世的轮 回里有你。
46、我们若已接受最坏的，就再没有什么损失。——卡耐基 47、书到用时方恨少、事非经过不知难。——陆游 48、书籍把我们引入最美好的社会，使我们认识各个时代的伟大智者。——史美尔斯 49、熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙 50、谁和我一样用功，谁就会和我一样成功。——莫扎特
托福考试技巧
托福考试技巧为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理了托福考试技巧,下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读考试多选题怎么做答题技巧托福阅读多选题怎么做托福阅读最后一题是多选题，要求大家六选三。
能不能选到正确的答案另说，选中答案的顺序会不会影响最后的得分呢?托福阅读最后一道题是从6个里选择3个，但是关于TPO上这六个的排列顺序是不固定的：有的答案是按横向：A BC DE F有的答案是按纵向：A DB EC F如此的选择时尽管选对了，但那3个空并未按顺序，也会被判错。
如此是怎么回事?冰冰老师在此回答：不会的，只要选的3个内容是对的，不分顺序的。
托福阅读最后一题的评分标准：托福阅读六选三的题满分成绩在2分，选对2个得1分，选对1个不得分;托福阅读七选五的题满分成绩在3分，选对4个得2分，选对3个得1分，那么选对两个和两个以下不得分托福阅读最后一题的答题方法：方法一：选大意的题目：首先使用最快的速度根据细节排除的原则作，通常可以排除2个细节选项，如此最多只错一个了，而后通常还有一个选项是被改动过是错的，因此可以快速的做对了。
做托福阅读时首先要浏览每一个段落的第一句(第一段短的话每句都要看)，然后按段落记录关键词。
方法二：1、分清楚文章细节与主题。
当大家阅读文章时，做好文章分析，有的是本段论点，有的则是段落中的举例，和离体内容。
有的肯定并非是要答案。
除了一种情况，大段举例能够当成主旨。
2、托福阅读时做好简单笔记。
理清文章思路。
有的是论点与论点的支持论据，那些是转折，作者态度，就这三点。
3、排除文章里并未提及的选项。
用这些方法，相信多加练习是可以做对的。
常见话题1. 人：学术性的托福阅读常考的就是各种科学家，以ist和er结尾居多。
例如：anthropologist，archaeologist，paleontologist，zoologist，geogrAPher，astronomer(人类学家，考古学家，古生物学家，动物学家，地理学家，天文学家)这类的词汇大家无需记住拼写，只要在阅读中出现可以辨认就足以。
托福阅读tpo4PetroleumResources石油资源原题解析
托福阅读tpo4PetroleumResources石油资源原题解析阅读原文：Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.石油是由原油和天然气组成，似乎都源自于海洋的有机物沉淀。
微小的有机物沉积到海底并堆聚在海泥里，有机物会局部分解，消耗沉淀里的溶解氧，当氧气消耗殆尽分解便停止，留下剩余的有机物。
Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom —buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.持续的沉积——堆积物沉积到海底的过程将有机物埋在海底使之受到海底温度、高压的影响，最终转变成石油和天然气。
托福阅读备考做题细节指点
托福阅读备考做题细节指点托福阅读备考做题细节指点刷完题后切记做好这几件事托福阅读备考要做错题分析尽管题目都是读懂了才能做对、读不懂就会做错，但毕竟，每个题目有自己的问法和常见的回答角度，那么在这个过程中，我们应该按不同的题型来进行不同的分析。
托福阅读词汇题1. 背住题目中出现的所有词汇题的题目单词及正确答案2. 搞不懂的词汇题，务必要看看单词的英文释义托福阅读细节题排除题推断题对于这些题目，思考并回答下列问题：1)题目的中文意思是什么?2)根据题目所问，原文中哪句话能够回答题目?找到并翻译这句话。
3)先不看选项，试着根据上一步中理解的句意，自己回答这道题目。
4)阅读选项，翻译中文意思并找到符合自己回答的选项。
5)分析其他选项的错误原因。
托福阅读句子简化题对于这种题目，思考并回答下列问题：1)题目句子的中文意思。
2)每个选项的中文意思。
3)分析选项的正确和错误原因。
托福阅读修辞目的题对于这种题目，思考并回答下列问题：1)题目的中文意思是什么?2)题目问及的原文句子以及其上下文语境的中文意思是什么?3)先不看选项，试着根据上一步中理解的句意，体会作者的意图。
4)阅读选项，找到正确选项并翻译中文意思。
#FormatImgID_0#托福阅读插入句子题对于这种题目，思考并回答下列问题：1)待插入句子的中文意思是什么?2)这个句子有哪些关键词/关键信息，能够帮助我们确定正确位置前后的信息?3)这个句子插入正确位置后，与前后文构成了什么样的联系?托福阅读小结题对于这种题目，思考并回答下列问题：1)选项的中文意思是什么?2)正确选项对应原文的哪段/那几段的主要内容?3)错误选项为何错误?错题分析这个步骤必然需要字典的帮助，依靠自己的努力想出来的题目、句子，才算是自己吸收了。
解析什么的，请到万不得已的时候再使用。
(还要有对解析好坏的判断能力)托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：木卫四金属含量较少托福阅读100个长难句实例分析原句案例：This tells us that Callisto has far less of the rocky metallic materials found in the inner planets and must instead be an icy body through much of its interior.结构分析：复合句，其中包含that 引导的宾语从句。
【精编】托福阅读技巧完整版幻灯片
做题技巧（1）
段落关系 (两个段落之间的联系)
比如第一段给出一个理论，第二段对这一理论进行例证 （illustrate）或者反驳 (refute)。
例证（illustrate; explain; provide examples） 对比（contrast） 驳斥（refute; criticize; challenge; cast doubt on）
题目中常会见大写的“NOT”或“EXCEPT”
典型提问方式
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X ?
The author’s description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT …
问题形式：主要集中于事实、细节、定义或者作者阐述的其 他信息。一般只对应文章某一部分或者某个段落的1至2句话。
主要涉及因果关系、比较级、类比、概念等
针对题目去看选项，与文章矛盾或未提及的删除。
典型提问方式
According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of X?
托福阅读技巧完整版
READING
考试形式
题目类型
评分标准
高分技巧 （问题形式、典型提问、做题技巧、真题演练）
考试形式
文章数量：3-5篇 字数：700 要求：快速阅读+精确理解 题目数量：每篇文章12-14题 单题分值：1-4分 (重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分) 文体：解释说明型；立论型；历史题材型 速度要求：100 words/min
正确数 得分 21 8 20 8 19 7 18 7 17 6 16 6 15 5 14 5 13 4