词汇学 名词解释(张韵斐主编版)
名词解释
1,word:fundamental units of speech and hacing a mininum, free form.it is a unity of sound and meaning,capable of performing a given syntactical function.
2,morpheme:the minimal meaningful unit of the english language,possesses both sound and meaning.the morpheme is not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
An allomorph(词素变体)is any of the various form of a morpheme.
3,freemorpheme:is one that can stand by itself as a complete utterance.
4,bound morpheme:cannot exist on its own,mit must appear with at least one other morpheme.
5,roots and affixes:
a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word,and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.
Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.
6,inflectional affixes and derivational affixes:
An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality,tense,and the comparative or superlative degree.it does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. inflectional affixes have only thier particular grammatical meaning.
derivational affixes are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes,which are used to related to the formation of new words.
7,free root and bound root:
Free root can stand alone as woeds and provide the language with a basis for the formation of new words.
Bound root cannot appear as woeds in modern English, although they were once words,nor can they be used to form new words.
8,hybrid:a hybrid is a word made up of elements from two or more different language.
9,compounding/composition:it is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit,a conpound word.
10,word-formation rule:the rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.
11,initialisms and acronyms:
Initialism is a type of shortening,using the first letters of wors to form a proper name,a technical term , or a phrase.
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scietific term.
12,polysemy:it means a single word having several or many meanings.
13,homonyms:homonyms are words different in meaning,but identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.
14,syonyms:words which nearly the same denotative meaning are syonyms,and the relationship between them is one of synonymy.
15,antonymy:words that are opposite are antonyms.
16,huponymy:it is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical item. 17,blending:it is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words , one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not
in their full forms.
18,back-formation: it is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.
19,reduplication:it is a minor type of word-formation by a compound word which is created by the repetition of one word like go-go.
20,grammatical meaning and lexical meaning:
Grammatical meaning is indispensable in determining the position a word occupies in a sentence.it consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm
lexical meaning is that aspect of sense proper to the word as a lexical item.
21,semantic field theory:it is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrrelated lexical networks.
22,linguistic context:three main types of linguistic context are the lexical,grammatical and vorbal context in its broad sense.
23,extra-linguistic context/context of situation:
(1)the actual speech situation in which a word(or an utterance,or a speech event)occurs.
(2)The entire cultural back ground agaicst ehich a word ,or an utterance or a speech event
has to be set.
24,clipping:deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun),which is also available in its full form.
词语辨析
1 Plains /pleinz/ a large strentch of flat land
Planes /pleinz/ aeroplane
2 row / r?u/ a neat line (of people or things) side by side
Row /rau/ uproar,noisy distuibance
3 sound / saund/ n. Pronounce
Sound / saund/ adj. Healthy
4 waist /weist/ the narrow part of the human body between the ripes and the hips.
Waste /weist/ a useless or profitless spending.
Compound words
(1) 1 someone who writes songs. Songwriter
2 someone who cleans windows. Window-cleaner
3 the race for arms. Arms race
4 the train in the morning. Morning train
5 gold mine
6 sunbathing
7 dirt cheap
8 sun-tanned
(2)1 a drop of rain ; the bed for flowers
2 impermeable to air ; as green as sew
3 a remark that is meant well ; a person that behaves well
4 houses ruined by war
5 one who designs computer ; one who baths in the sun
6 steam powers or operates engine ; an engine prevents fire
7 the worm produces silk ; ;the gas produces light
8 one who writes by hand ; one who finds fault
9 a ship that goes across oceans ; people who love peace
10 one who teaches language ; one who sits with the babaies
11 boys bred in country
1 knee-deep
2 lifelike
3 snow-white
4 nation-wide
5 shoulder-high
6 pitch-dark/black
7 carefree 8 soundproof 9 fireproof 10 lifelong
填空
Reject 拒绝；退回，摈弃n.不合格产品
Refuse 拒绝做某事
Decline 谢绝帮助
Rapid 瞬间的
Fast 快速的
Range/fury 狂怒
Indignation 义愤
近义词反义词
Fair-dark empty-full faint-loud low-high gloomy-bright sad-joyful/cheerful dark-bright rough-soft/gentle decline-accept/rise peculiar-common/average light-dark/heavy fresh-stale/faded thin-fat/thick wild-domestic/garden dull-interesting/clever deep-shallow/surface seldom-often hard-easy/soft over-under scarce-plentiful backward-forward
总分关系
词汇学试题(1)
哈尔滨商业大学2009-2010学年第二学期《词汇学》期末考试试卷 装 题 订 线 内 不 答 要 一、单项选择题（本大题共40小题，每小题1分，共40 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 2.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 3. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 4. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 5. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 6. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language,_______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Roman D. Greek 7. Greek is the modern language derived from _______. A. Latin B. Hellenic C. Indian D . Germanic 8. The five Romance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Celtic D. Anglo-Saxon 9. The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. A. Germanic B. Indo-European C. Albanian D. Hellenic 10. By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin. A. 10th B.11th C.12th D. 13th 11. The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______. A. reversative prefixes B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 12. The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 13. The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 14. The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ . A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes
材料力学名词解释(1)
名词解释 第一章： 1弹性比功：金属材料吸收弹性变形功的能力，一般用金属开始塑性变形前单位体积吸收的最大弹性变形功表示。 2．滞弹性：金属材料在弹性范围内快速加载或卸载后，随时间延长产生附加弹性应变的现象称为滞弹性，也就是应变落后于应力的现象。 3．循环韧性：金属材料在交变载荷下吸收不可逆变形功的能力称为循环韧性。 4．包申格效应：金属材料经过预先加载产生少量塑性变形，卸载后再同向加载，规定残余伸长应力增加；反向加载，规定残余伸长应力降低的现象。 5．解理刻面：这种大致以晶粒大小为单位的解理面称为解理刻面。 6．塑性：金属材料断裂前发生不可逆永久（塑性）变形的能力。 韧性：指金属材料断裂前吸收塑性变形功和断裂功的能力。 7.解理台阶：当解理裂纹与螺型位错相遇时，便形成一个高度为b的台阶。 8.河流花样：解理台阶沿裂纹前端滑动而相互汇合,同号台阶相互汇合长大,当汇合台阶高度足够大时,便成为河流花样。是解理台阶的一种标志。 9.解理面：是金属材料在一定条件下，当外加正应力达到一定数值后，以极快速率沿一定晶体学平面产生的穿晶断裂，因与大理石断裂类似，故称此种晶体学平面为解理面。 10.穿晶断裂：穿晶断裂的裂纹穿过晶内，可以是韧性断裂，也可以是脆性断裂。 沿晶断裂：裂纹沿晶界扩展，多数是脆性断裂。 11.韧脆转变：具有一定韧性的金属材料当低于某一温度点时，冲击吸收功明显下降，断裂方式由原来的韧性断裂变为脆性断裂，这种现象称为韧脆转变 12.弹性不完整性：理想的弹性体是不存在的，多数工程材料弹性变形时，可能出现加载线与卸载线不重合、应变滞后于应力变化等现象,称之为弹性不完整性。弹性不完整性现象包括包申格效应、弹性后效、弹性滞后和循环韧性等 13.弹性极限：式样加载后再卸载，以不出现残留的永久变形为标准，材料能够完全弹性恢复的最高应力。 14.静力韧度：金属材料在静拉伸时单位体积材料断裂前所吸收的功。 15.正断型断裂：断裂面取向垂直于最大正应力的断裂。 16.切断型断裂：断裂面取向与最大切应力方向一致而与最大正应力方向约成45度的断裂 17.解理断裂：沿解理面断裂的断裂方式。 第二章： 1.应力状态软性系数：材料或工件所承受的最大切应力τmax和最大正应力σmax比值 2.缺口效应：由于缺口的存在，在载荷作用下缺口截面上的应力状态将发生变化，产生所谓的缺口效应。（1：应力集中2.使塑性材料强度增高塑性降低） 3.缺口敏感度：缺口试样的抗拉强度σbn的与等截面尺寸光滑试样的抗拉强度σb的比值，称为缺口敏感度 4.缺口强化现象：在存在缺口的条件下出现了三向应力状态，并产生应力集中，试样的屈服应力比单向拉伸时高 5.布氏硬度：用钢球或硬质合金球作为压头，采用单位面积所承受的试验力计算而得的硬度 6.洛氏硬度：采用金刚石圆锥体或小淬火钢球作压头，以测量压痕深度所表示的硬度
免疫学名词解释整理
免疫(immunity)：是指机体识别“自我”与“非我”抗原，对自身抗原形成天然免疫耐受同时排除非己抗原的，维持机体内环境生理平衡的功能。正常情况下，对机体有利；免疫功能失调时，会产生对机体有害的反应。 固有免疫应答(innate immune response)：也称非特异性或获得性免疫应答，是生物体在长期种系发育和进化过程中逐渐形成的一系列防御机制。此免疫在个体出生时就具备，可对外来病原体迅速应答，产生非特异性抗感染免疫作用，同时在特异性免疫应答过程中也起作用。 适应性免疫应答(adaptive immune response)：也称特异性免疫应答，是在非特异性免疫基础上建立的，该种免疫是个体在生命过程中接受抗原性异物刺激后，主动产生或接受免疫球蛋白分子后被动获得的。 免疫防御(immunologic defence)：是机体排斥外来抗原性异物的一种免疫保护功能。该功能正常时，机体可抵御病原微生物及其毒性产物的感染和损害，即抗感染免疫；异常情况下，反应过高会引起超敏反应，反应过低或缺失可发生免疫缺陷。 免疫自稳(immunologic homeostasis)：是机体免疫系统维持内环境稳定的一种生理功能。该功能正常时，机体可及时清除体内损伤、衰老、变性的细胞和免疫复合物等异物，而对自身成分保持免疫耐受；该功能失调时，可发生生理功能紊乱或自身免疫性疾病。 免疫监视(immunologic surveillance)：是机体免疫系统及时识别、清除体内突变、畸变细胞和病毒感染细胞的一种生理功能。该功能失调时，有可能导致肿瘤发生，或因病毒不能清除而出现持续感染。 MALT(mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue)：即黏膜伴随的淋巴组织。是指分布在呼吸道、肠道及泌尿生殖道的粘膜上皮细胞下的无包膜的淋巴组织。除执行固有免疫外，还可执行局部特异性免疫。 抗原（antigen，缩写Ag，不是银！）：能诱导（活化/抑制）免疫系统产生免疫应答，并与相应的反应产物（抗原/致敏淋巴细胞）进行特异性结合（体内/体外）的物质。 半抗原（hapten）：又称不完全抗原，是指仅具有与抗体结合的能力(抗原性)，而单独不能诱导抗体产生（无免疫原性）的物质。当半抗原与蛋白质载体结合后即可成为完全抗原。 抗原决定簇（antigen determinant,AD）：指抗原分子中决定抗原特异性的特殊化学基团。抗原表位（epitope）：是与TCR、BCR或抗体特异性结合的基本单位，也称抗原决定基。又称抗原决定簇。 胸腺依赖性抗原（thymus dependent antigen，TD-Ag）：是一类必须依赖Th细胞辅助才能诱导机体产生抗体的抗原。该抗原由T表位和B表位组成，绝大多数蛋白质类抗原为TD-Ag，可刺激机体产生体液免疫应答和细胞免疫应答。
词汇学相关的一些名词解释 (1)
Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending: Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as lettersEEC: European Economic Community Acronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries According to Leonard Bloomfield’s point of view, a word is a minimum free form, that is to say, the smallest form that may appear in isolation. There are two types of linguistic forms: one is the bound form, the other is the free form. A bound form is one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word, e.g. the various affixes: de-, -tion, -ize, etc. A free form is one which can occur as a separate word. For example, the word lovely contains the free form love and the suffix –ly. The suffix –ly in the word lovely, of course, i s not a free for m, because it cannot stand by itself. So we call it a bound form. A word is a minimum free form The morpheme can be considered as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 1)Morphemes are commonly classified into two forms according to their character: one is free form, and the other is bound form. 2)Free morphemes自由词素are morphemes which can occur as separate words. That is to say, a free morpheme can stand alone as a word. 3)Bound morphemes粘着词素are morphemes which cannot stand alone as words. They are mainly affixes. That is to say, a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free in a word. 4)2) Morphemes may be classified into two categories according to their lexical and grammatical relationships: 5)lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemesLexical morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words Grammatical morphemes are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality or past tense There are three types of words according to morphology:Simple words,Compound words,Complex words Conversion Conversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word
大学英语词汇学期末考试 重点复习资料整理 权威版 后附试题
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek
(完整版)金属材料学(第二版)课后答案主编戴启勋
第一章钢的合金化原理 1．名词解释 1）合金元素: 特别添加到钢中为了保证获得所要求的组织结构从而得到一定的物理、化学或机械性能的化学元素。（常用M 来表示） 2）微合金元素: 有些合金元素如V，Nb，Ti, Zr 和B 等，当其含量只在0.1%左右（如B 0.001%，V 0.2 % ）时，会显著地影响钢的组织与性能，将这种化学元素称为微合金元素。3）奥氏体形成元素:在γ-Fe中有较大的溶解度,且能稳定γ相；如Mn, Ni, Co, C, N, Cu ； 4）铁素体形成元素: 在α-Fe中有较大的溶解度，且能稳定α相。如：V，Nb, Ti 等。5）原位析出: 元素向渗碳体富集，当其浓度超过在合金渗碳体中的溶解度时, 合金渗碳体就在原位转变成特殊碳化物如Cr 钢中的Cr：ε-FexC→ Fe3C→ （ Fe, Cr）3C→ （ Cr, Fe）7C3→ （Cr, Fe）23C6 6）离位析出: 在回火过程中直接从α相中析出特殊碳化物，同时伴随着渗碳体的溶解，可使HRC 和强度提高（二次硬化效应）。如V，Nb, Ti 等都属于此类型。 2．合金元素 V、Cr 、W、Mo 、Mn 、 Co、Ni 、Cu 、 Ti 、Al 中哪些是铁素体形成元素？哪些是奥氏体形成元素？哪些能在 a-Fe 中形成无限固溶体？哪些能在 g-Fe 中形成无限固溶体？答：铁素体形成元素：V、Cr、W、Mo、Ti、Al ； 奥氏体形成元素：Mn、Co、Ni 、Cu 能在a-Fe 中形成无限固溶体：V、Cr；能在g-Fe 中形成无限固溶体：Mn 、Co、Ni 3．简述合金元素对扩大或缩小γ相区的影响，并说明利用此原理在生产中有何意义？ 答：（1）扩大γ相区：使A3 降低，A4 升高一般为奥氏体形成元素分为两类：a.开启 γ相区：Mn, Ni, Co 与γ-Fe 无限互溶. b.扩大γ相区：有C，N，Cu 等。如Fe-C 相图，形成的扩大的γ相区，构成了钢的热处理的基础。 （2）缩小γ相区：使A3 升高，A4 降低。一般为铁素体形成元素 分为两类:a.封闭γ相区：使相图中γ区缩小到一个很小的面积形成γ圈,其结果使δ相区与α 相区连成一片。如V, Cr, Si, A1, Ti, Mo, W, P, Sn, As, Sb 。 b.缩小γ相区：Zr, Nb, Ta, B, S, Ce 等 （3）生产中的意义：可以利用M 扩大和缩小γ相区作用，获得单相组织，具有特殊性能，在耐蚀钢和耐热钢中应用广泛。 4．简述合金元素对铁碳相图（如共析碳量、相变温度等）的影响。 答：答：1）改变了奥氏体区的位置 2）改变了共晶温度：（l）扩大γ相区的元素使A1，A3 下降； （2）缩小γ相区的元素使A1，A3 升高。当Mo>8.2%, W>12%,Ti>1.0%,V>4.5%,Si>8.5% ，γ 相区消失。
免疫学名词解释完整版
免疫学名词解释完整版 免疫学名词解释 第一章：免疫学概论 1.免疫防御：防止外界病原体的入侵及清除已入侵病原体及其他有害物质。 2.免疫监视：是机体免疫系统及时识别并清除体内出现的非己成分的一种生理功能。该功能失调会导致肿瘤发生或持续性病毒感染。 3.免疫自身稳定：通过自身免疫耐受或免疫调节两种主要机制来达到免疫系统内环境的稳定。 4.适应性免疫应答的特点：特异性、耐受性、记忆性第二章：免疫器官和组织 1.免疫系统：是机体执行免疫功能的物质基础，由免疫器官和组织、免疫细胞及免疫分子组成。 2.淋巴细胞归巢：血液中的淋巴细胞选择性趋向迁移并定居于外周免疫器官的特定区域或特定组织的过程。包括淋巴细胞再循环和淋巴细胞向炎症部位迁移。 3.淋巴细胞再循环：是指定居在外周免疫器官的淋巴细胞，由输出淋巴管经淋巴干、胸导管或右淋巴导管进入血液循环；经血液循环到达外周免疫器官后，穿越HEV 重新分布于全身淋巴器官和组织的反复循环过程。 第三章：抗原 1.抗原（Ag）:是指能与T细胞、B淋巴细胞的TCR或BCR识别并结合，激活T、B 细胞，促使其增殖、分化，产生抗体或致敏淋巴细胞，并与免疫应答效应产物特异性结合，进而发挥适应性免疫效应应答的物质。 2.半抗原:又称不完全抗原，是指仅具有免疫反应性而无免疫原性的小分子物质，当半抗原与应答效应产物结合后即可成为完全抗原，刺激机体产生针对半抗原的特异性抗体。 3.抗原表位:存在于抗原分子中决定抗原特异性的特殊化学基团，又称抗原决 定簇，是与TCR BCF或抗体特异性结合的最小结构和功能单位。 4.异嗜性抗原:一类与种属无关，存在于人、动物及微生物之间的共同抗原。 6.独特型抗原：TCR CER或Ig的V区所具有的独特的氨基酸顺序和空间构型，可诱导自体产生相应的特异性抗体。
完全版英语词汇学名词解释_共6页
第一章word 1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章formation 1 1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs. 3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes. 4. Bound Morphemes --- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word. 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12. Stem --- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 第四章formation 2 1. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. 2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. 3. Compounding（Compositon）-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. 4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word. 6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.
《英语词汇学》期末考试试卷附答案
《英语词汇学》期末考试试卷附答案 I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers．Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket．(45％) 1．There are two approaches to the study of polysemy．They are_____. A．primary and secondary B．Central and peripheral C．diachronic and synchronic D．Formal and functional 2．Which of the following is NOT a stylistic feature of idioms? A．Colloquial B．Slang C．Negative D．Literary 3．Synonyms can be classified into two major groups，that is：_____. A．absolute and relative B．Absolute and complete C．relative and near D．Complete and identical 4．In the early period of Middle English，English，____existed side by side， A．Celtic and Danish B．Danish and French C．Latin and Celtic D．French and Latin 5． A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single_______morpheme． A．formal B．Concrete C．free D．bound 6．Which of the following groups of words is NOT onomatopoeically motivated? A，croak，drum B．squeak，bleat C．buzz，neigh D．bang，trumpet 7．LDCE is distinctive for its____. A．Clear grammar codes B．usage notes C．language notes D．all of the above 8．From the historical point of view, English is more closely related to A．German B．French C．Scotttish D．Irish 9．Which of the following is NOT an acronym? A．TOEFL B．ODYSSEY C．BASIC D．CCTV 10. In the course book，the author lists____types of context clues for inferring word meaning． A．eight B．Six C．seven D．five 11．Sources of homonyms include____. A．changes in sound and spelling B．borrowing C．shortening D．all of the above
金属学金相学名词解释
金属：具有正的电阻温度特性的物质。 晶体：物质的质点（原子、分子或离子）在三维空间作有规则的周期性重复排列的物质叫晶体。原子排列规律不同，性能也不同。 点阵或晶格：从理想晶体的原子堆垛模型可看出，是有规律的，为清楚空间排列规律性，人们将实际质点（原子、分子或离子）忽略，抽象成纯粹几何点，称为阵点或节点。为便于观察，用许多平行线将阵点连接起来，构成三维空间格架。这种用以描述晶体中原子（分子或离子）排列规律的空间格架称为空间点阵，简称点阵或晶格。 晶胞：由于排列的周期性，简便起见，可从晶格中取出一个能够完全反映晶格特征的最小几何单元来分析原子排列的规律性。这个用以完全反映晶格特征最小的几何单元称为晶胞。 多晶型转变或同素异构转变：当外部条件（如温度和压强）改变时，金属内部由一种晶体结构向另一种晶体结构的转变称为多晶型转变或同素异构转变。 空位：某一温度下某一瞬间，总有一些原子具有足够能量克服周围原子约束，脱离原平能位置迁移到别处，在原位置上出现空节点，形成空位。到晶体表面，称为肖脱基空位；到点阵间隙中，称弗兰克尔空位； 位错：它是晶体中某处有一列或若干列原子发生了有规律的错排现象，使长达几百至几万个原子间距、宽约几个原子间距范围内原子离开平衡位置，发生有规律的错动，所以叫做位错。基本类型有两种：即刃型位错和螺型位错。 晶界：晶体结构相同但位相不同的晶粒之间的界面称为晶粒间界，简称晶界。小角度晶界位相差小于10°，基本上由位错组成。大角度晶界相邻晶粒位相差大于10°，晶界很薄。 亚晶界和亚结构：分别泛指尺寸比晶粒更小的所有细微组织及分界面。 柯氏气团：刃型位错的应力场会与间隙及置换原子发生弹性交互作用，吸引这些原子向位错区偏聚。小的间隙原子如C、N 等，往往钻入位错管道；而大置换原子，原来处的应力场是受压的，正位错下部受拉，由相互吸引作用，富集在受拉区域；小的置换原子原来受拉，易于聚集在受压区域，即位错的上部。使畸变能降低，同时使位错难以运动，造成金属的强化。这就是利用溶质原子与位错交互作用的柯垂尔气团--柯氏气团。用以解释钢的脆化、强度提高等宏观现象。 元：组成合金的最基本的独立的物质，简称元 相：合金中结构相同、成分和性能均一并以界面互相分开的组成部分，称之为相。 组织：由于形成条件不同，形成具有不同形状、大小数量及分布的相相互结合而成的综合体。 固溶体：组元以不同比例混合后形成的固相晶体结构与组成合金的某一组元相同，这种相称固溶体 化合物：是构成的组元相互作用，生成不同与任何组元晶体结构的新物质 相图：是表示合金系中合金的状态与温度、压力与成分之间关系的一种图解。又称状态图或平衡图。
免疫学名词解释、问答题
第一章抗原 一名词解释 抗原：能够刺激机体产生免疫应答，并且能与免疫应答产物(抗体或免疫效应细胞)特异性结合的物质抗原决定簇（表位）：存在于抗原性物质表面的能够决定抗原特异性的特殊化学基团 (免疫应答的特异性基础) 半抗原：本身只有反应原性而无免疫原性的简单小分子抗原物质，当予蛋白载体结合形成半抗原—载体复合物时，获得免疫原性 胸腺依赖性抗原（TD-Ag）：指需要在T细胞辅助及巨噬细胞参与下才能激活B细胞产生抗体的抗原性物质。可引起体液、细胞免疫应答，产生免疫记忆 胸腺非依赖性抗原（TI-Ag）：指无需T细胞辅助，就能直接刺激B细胞增生、分化产生抗体的抗原性物质。只引起体液免疫应答，无免疫记忆 类毒素：外毒素经0.3%-0.4%甲醛溶液处理后，丧失毒性作用而保留原有抗原性质 嗜异性抗原：指某些不同种属（动物、植物或微生物）之间存在的共同抗原 自身抗原：机体对正常的自身组织和体液成分处于免疫耐受状态，当自身耐受被打破，即可引起自身免疫应答。包括改变的自身抗原和隐蔽的自身抗原 功能性决定簇：存在于抗原分子表面，能被淋巴细胞识别，启动免疫应答，同时能与抗体和/或致敏淋巴细胞特异性结合而发生免疫反应的抗原决定簇 隐蔽的决定簇：存在于抗原内部，不能被淋巴细胞识别，无法触发免疫应答的抗原决定簇 共同抗原：存在于两种不同抗原分子之间的相同或相似的抗原决定簇 隐蔽的自身抗原：正常情况下与血流和免疫系统相对隔绝的自身物质 肿瘤特异性抗原：只存在于某种肿瘤细胞表面而不存在于相应正常细胞或其他肿瘤细胞表面的抗原肿瘤相关抗原（TAA）：不为肿瘤细胞所特有的，在正常细胞上也可微量表达的抗原 超抗原：是一类有细菌外毒素和逆转录病毒蛋白构成的不同于促有丝分裂原的抗原性物质 交叉反应：抗原或抗体除与相应抗体或抗原发生特异性反应外，还能与含某种（些）相同抗体的它种抗血清或含某种（些）相同抗原决定簇的它种抗原结合的反应 白细胞分化抗原（CD）:白细胞、血小板和血管内皮细胞等在分化成熟为不同谱系和分化不同阶段以及活化过程中出现或消失的细胞表面的抗原性标志 甲胎蛋白（AFP）：是一种糖蛋白，在胚胎期由卵黄囊和肝细胞合成，是胎儿血清中的正常成分。当发生原发性肝癌是，血清中AFP含量显著增高 免疫佐剂：与抗原一起活先于抗原注入机体后可增强机体对该抗原的免疫应答能力或改变免疫应答类型的物质 弗氏佐剂：弗氏不完全佐剂是有液体石蜡或植物油和乳化剂羊毛脂或吐温80混合而成，使用时与水溶性抗原充分混合，使抗原分散在佐剂中形成油包水乳剂。在不完全佐剂中加入死的分枝杆菌（结核杆菌或卡介苗）就成为弗氏佐剂 二问答 1.简述TD-Ag和TI-Ag的概念，两者引起免疫应答有何区别 胸腺依赖性抗原（TD-Ag）：指需要在T细胞辅助及巨噬细胞参与下才能激活B细胞产生抗体的抗原性物质。1.引起体液、细胞免疫应答2.产生抗体以IgG为主 3.产生免疫记忆 胸腺非依赖性抗原（TI-Ag）：指无需T细胞辅助，就能直接刺激B细胞增生、分化产生抗体的抗原性物质。1.只引起体液免疫应答2.只刺激B细胞产生IgM 3.无免疫记忆 2.何谓嗜异性抗原？举例说明其意义 嗜异性抗原：指某些不同种属（动物、植物或微生物）之间存在的共同抗原 大肠杆菌O86含人血型B物质，肺炎球菌14型含人血型A物质 3.何谓隐蔽的自身抗原？举例说明隐蔽的自身抗原释放后，可引起哪些相应的临床疾病 自身抗原：机体对正常的自身组织和体液成分处于免疫耐受状态，当自身耐受被打破，即可引起自
词汇学 名词解释(部分)
Types of meaning Types of lexical changes 1.Elevation:词义升格 Definition: words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant. For example: nice: ignorant---foolish---delightful, pleasant Marshal: a keeper of horses---a high ranking army officer So elevation refers that the meaning of word changes from the neutral/negative to positive. 2.Old English:It refers to the English starting from 450 to 1100 AD. The old English is made up of different sources of languages spoken then –that of Anglo-Saxons, that of Celts, and that of Jutes, with a lot of Latin elements used for common peopl e’s life. 3.Bound morpheme: It is the smallest unit of grammar, a unit which cannot occur as separate words. They have no independent semantic meaning; instead, they have: Attached meaning E.g. un-kind, hope-ful Grammatical meaning E.g. cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed For an exact example, in the word “careful”, care is free morpheme, “-ful” is a bound morpheme. 4.Hyponymy: Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, or to say, the relationship between general lexical items and specific lexical items. That is to say, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the“hyponym”, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate”. For example, “fiction”is the superordinate of “novel”, “novelette”and “short story”, which are the hyponyms of “fiction”. Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness in expression.