一带一路倡议外文翻译文献

文献信息：

文献标题：One Belt One Road Initiative: New Route on China’s Change of Course to Growth（一带一路倡议：中国改革发展新路子）

国外作者：Cem Nalbantoglu

文献出处：《Open Journal of Social Sciences》,2017,5,87-99

字数统计：英文2356单词，12170字符；中文3868汉字

外文文献：

One Belt One Road Initiative: New Ro ute on China’s

Change of Course to Growth

Abstract China’s One Belt One Road Initiative (OBOR) is an inclusive project that is pregnant to profound changes for International Political Economy but also for Chinese Political Economy. In 21st Century, when Chinese Political Economy is observed, it is to be seen that engines of the economy that once led China to development become the very problems that are distorting the development and growth today. Those problems make the “challenges of China” and they are deeply connected to each other making local operations ineffective in long term solutions. Hence, China is in need of a restructuring in social and economic architecture of the country that will not only enable a grand solution to those challenges but that will also guarantee the stability in domestic affairs. By employing One Belt One Road Initiative, China aims to achieve peace and harmony in her domestic structures regarding economy and society. Therefore, China’s domestic challenges render One Belt One Road Initiative essential for the survival of a stable China.

Keywords One Belt One Road Initiative, Chinese Political Economy, China’s Development, Domestic Challenge

1.Introduction

Cold War has shaped the International Relations in a way that bipolar world politics has started to be accepted as given. Any rising power in the international arena has been interpreted as either consolidator or a challenge to American dominated status quo (Chuntao, 2014). For that reason, China’s rise in international politi cal economy has given way to a number of interpretations in which “China Threat” theories gathered lots of supporters (Huntington, 1997: p.207). In that regard, with Xi Jinping’s annunciation of “New Silk Road” and“21st Century Maritime Silk Road”projects—which will be hereafter referred as Belt and Road or One Belt One Road Initiative—in 2013, international community has started to discuss the implications of the Belt and Road Initiative not only for the international political economy but also for the world politics. Even rising apprehension in International Relations gave rise to theories that assimilated One Belt One Road Initiative to China’s Marshall Plan. Hence, having learned from Second World War and Cold War, China’s new Initiative was predicted to be a first step towards the establishment of a hegemonic bloc (Banarjee, 2016).

Today, Chinese economy and society are challenged with a number of problems that rooted in the economic factors that were once built on purpose to accelerate the development of the country. In that regard, as de Lisle and Goldstein (de Lisle & Goldstein, 2015: pp. 16-18) claims huge gap among classes, uneven development in different regions, unsustainability of current economic model, environmental problems and increasing energy demand have started to push Beijing to adopt a new strategy not only to keep a sustainable economic environment but also to achieve a harmonious society that is not threatened by the rising tensions of economy (de Lisle & Goldstein, 2015: pp. 1-18) .

In this work, it is seen that those challenges that are threatening the stability of China with regards to economy and society, are interdependent and interconnected. Therefore, a step by step methodology would remain ineffective by failing to create a long term solution. However, with One Belt One Road Initiative, China will be able to transit its economy and society by using it as a grand tool that will affect every sphere of the problems. Hence, this work claims One Belt One Road to be not only a project

that is solely pregnant to implementations on international politics and economy but also containing factors that are essential to survival of a stable and healthy environment in domestic economy and society. One Belt One Road Initiative is seen as an Initiative that looks out for the China’s internal problems, rather than the matters regarding foreign policy. For this reason, even though One Belt One Road Initiative’s possible effects on world politics and international political economy are also elaborated on, main focus will be on the contemporary challenges ahead of China. By comprehending the China’s challenges in the 21st century, it is called that One Belt One Road Initiative’s essential roles will be better understood; One Belt One Road Initiative is a fixer for China’s domestic challenges.

2.Development of China and What Are the Challenges She Is Facing Today

It is to be noted that observation of the fast track development contemporary China can prove the policies taken in the opening up era successful, but it is also for sure that they have created a number of complications. To start with, with the continuing emphasize on industrialization, heavy industrialization has become the motor of the growth. In that regard Yulu argues, even though after China’s membership to World Trade Organization in 2000 the share of net exports in the economy has greatly increased, investment is still highest in the world %48 percent (The Guardian, 2014) . With little share on domestic consumption, Chinese economy is heavily depended on investments and net exports that are conditioned on industrial capacity. Secondly, with the priority of development given to Eastern cities, mostly by special economic zones, Western cities couldn’t develop as fast as the Eastern China. As the northern China Heilong Jiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning as well as Xinjiang were full of fossil energy resources such as coal and natural gas, they couldn’t develop since their main function for the Chinese economy was mainly based on energy production which was hardly more than setting mines and factories (Business Week, 2013). Likewise, similar to Northern provinces, Central China also remained relatively less developed as cities in this region depended on industrial and agricultural production (Huang, 2015: pp. 84). So in whole China, development was

correlated to the attraction of business and cost of the business done in the city. With fewer wages and less attraction to businesses, Western and Center Provinces have either remained undeveloped or become less developed compared to Easter Provinces (Cooper, 2008, p. 4). Finally, in order to ensure the continuation of high growth rates for the following decades since the opening up era, China guaranteed cheap labor and abundant work force available to market by taking different social policies in action such as the “Hukou”household registration. Household registration system partially prevented a big migrant population that migrated to Eastern, more developed cities, by putting serious drawbacks ahead of them in different spheres such as education and health services if they moved to another city without registration (Huang, 2015). As a result, not only Hukou partially prevented a migrant population emerging in a greater numbers, but also it continued to destabilize the population in the less developed regions which in return compelled them to lower life standards (Liang, 2015: pp. 42-45).

As it can be seen from Table 1, China is challenged in various ways today (Row C, representing “Challenges”). Challenges in front of China are categorized under “Imbalance in Industrial Structure”, “Environmental Problems”, “Inequality Among Regions”, Income Inequality”, “Low Domestic Consumption Rates”, “Lack of Jobs for White Collar Workers”, “Unsustainable Economic Development”. Although those problems are categorized differently, it is to note that they are interrelated as they are composed of shared factors (Column F, representing

“Factors”.

3.OBOR and Its Implications on China Domestically

If One Belt One Road Initiative is regarded, a number of uses of the Initiative become apparent for China. To start with, through OBOR transactional costs will be reduced both inside and outside of China. As claimed by Qiren (Qiren, 2013) for China to increase her development without going through an expansion in industrialization—by number of factories and number of production—China can gain simply by reducing transactional costs. Secondly, as it is regarded that China is heavily depended coal, petroleum and natural gas resources are utterly important in responding to growing hunger of industry in the country. Through One Belt One Road Initiative, China will not only be able to reach to the resources in Middle East and Central Asia but by the Belt and Road Initiative she will be able to secure their continuation and availability in the international market (Simpfendorfer, 2009: pp. 28-31). Next, Initiative is to contribute and incite the development of central and western regions. Belt and Road’s main destinations inside the China are Yiwu, Xian, Chongqing and Urumqi. Becoming a center of trade, those cities are likely to be followed by increased development as they will be more attractive to businesses and collect investments. Likewise, these cities will be given priority in development by the central government in order to quicken the progress (BOCOM International, 2015). Similar to development of disadvantaged regions, urbanization will also be boosted. By developing the Western and Central China, rural population will gradually decrease in order to benefit from the increasing wages and life standards that are to come with the development in cities. Similarly, given the socio economic problems such as Hukou registration, migrant population in the East is to be reduced in this way creating farther solutions to overcrowding, wage cuts, and employment (Geis & Holt, 2009). Another effect that OBOR is expected to have is the employment opportunities for white and blue collar workers in China. As Initiative is kick started, there are a number of fields needed to be cleared such as construction of railways and administration of the Initiative on both local and regional level. As OBOR includes a

great number of countries on its route—and as the China is the master builder of OBOR in undeveloped countries—both inside and outside of China job vacancies are to be created for unskilled and skilled workers along with the executive level professionals. Also indirectly, shifting from mindless, petty, cronycapitalist to a more conscious industrialization plan China will need more skilled workers and white collars in the future (Xinhua, 2015). Next but not last, through Belt and Road Initiative Chinese exports will increase. Even though China has already been trade partners with a number of countries and organizations (and Chinese exports are already very high), Chinese exports are likely to increase as a result of the development that neighbors of China and other undeveloped countries will bear with. Chinese exports are predicted to merger with the stimulation of development. Finally, another possible influence of OBOR on and in China is its railroading to transparency. If China is to initiate an international project and create international partnerships, she has to make transparency a principle in domestic policies and politics. In order to execute the different relationships, that are especially with regards to economic relationships, Chinese administration has to implement transparency not only in the fields where globalization are required but also in her own domestic affairs no matter business related or not.

Starting from those two main points, as noted earlier, in this work main effects of the OBOR Initiative are defined as reduction of transactional costs, securitization of energy resources, development of central and western regions, increasing urbanization, employment opportunities for white collar and blue collar workers, promotion of exports and finally transparency. Those fields that OBOR is foreseen to affect in the country’s socioeconomic structures are assumed to result in a balanced economic model, sustainable economic development, increased incomes, domestic consumption and reduction of environmental problems. Correlation between the effects of the One Belt One Road Initiative and the assumed results of those components on country’s socioeconomic structure is shown on Table 2.

4.Conclusion: OBOR and Its Implications on China’s Challenges

Today, China is still a strong economy entity and it is continuing to develop. Chinese administration has more responsibility in world affairs, Chinese economy is one of the strongest windbags of global economy and Chinese population is growing not only in numbers but also in quality of skills. In the big picture what is seen is a developing China dressing herself up with technology and knowledge. Yet, as Chinese development is based on her utilization of the economic capitals, such as work force, vast energy resources and access to different markets; it is not before long China loses the advantages she possesses in contemporary global economy. Because, not only environment of international is changing but also China will be short in the capitals she has now—work force, energy resources and markets in the long run. A sustainable and stable development necessitates China to utilize the resources she has now which in return renders a structural change in the policies economy follows. In that regard, what is left for the Beijing is to respond to the bottle necks of a healthy climate in the country that will guarantee safer development plans and will avoid huge costs in society.

To conclude, it is without a doubt that One Belt One Road Initiative is not a simple project or institution. It will tag along a number of changes in world politics and global economy. Those changes in the international arena are not defined as there are multiple actors and institutions. Furthermore, China’s interests are not defined when it comes to world politics and global political economy. However, the task of

defining OBOR can be concluded by the interests of China in her domestic politics. An attentive research on the obstacles ahead of a healthy and peaceful China necessitates her to go through a detailed change in the structure of policies she used to incite hypergrowth. Yet, as it was discussed in this piece of work, for China to achieve such objects it is crucial for her to implement Belt and Road. It is not known what the Initiative has for the world; nevertheless from the perspective of China, One Belt One Road Initiative creates solutions that are essential for the continuity of stability.

中文译文：

一带一路倡议：中国改革发展新路子

摘要中国的一带一路倡议（OBOR）是一项包容性项目，不仅是国际政治经济的深刻变化，也是中国政治经济的重大变革。在二十一世纪，观察中国政治经济可以看出，过去引领中国发展的经济引擎如今恰恰阻碍了中国的发展与进步。这些问题就是“中国所面临的挑战”，这些问题紧密相连，使得当地的发展问题无法得到长期有效的解决。因此，中国需要重建国家的社会经济体系，这样不仅能够极好地解决这些挑战，而且也能维护国内事务的稳定。中国通过一带一路倡议，力求在国内经济社会结构上实现和平与和谐。因此，中国面临的内部挑战让“一带一路”行动对于稳定中国的生存来说至关重要。

关键词一带一路，中国政治经济，中国的发展，国内的挑战

1.引言

冷战已经形成了某种国际关系，其方式是让人们开始接受既定的两级世界政治关系。国际舞台上的任何崛起的力量要么被认为是巩固美国现有的主导地位，要么被认为是对美国现有的主导地位的挑战 (Chuntao, 2014)。因此，中国的国际政治经济崛起已经大量为人解读，其中“中国威胁”论得到了大量支持(Huntington, 1997: p.207)。在这一点上，习近平曾在2013年宣布“新丝绸之路”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”项目（以下简称“一带一路”或“一带一路”

倡议），于是国际社会就开始讨论“一带一路倡议”对国际政治经济的影响，以及对世界政治的影响。国际社会因该倡议的提出而愈加担忧，甚至认为要把“一带一路”同化为中国的马歇尔计划。因此，中国吸取第二次世界大战和冷战中的教训，这项新倡议预计将成为中国迈出建立霸权集团的第一步(Banarjee, 2016)。

当今中国经济社会面临着大量问题，这些问题的根源在于曾经为了加快国家发展而创设的经济因素。在这方面，正如de Lisle and Goldstein（de Lisle ＆Goldstein，2015：第16-18页）所述，阶级之间存在巨大差距，不同地区发展不平衡，当前经济模式发展不可持续，环境问题和日益增多的能源需求让北京不得不采取新战略，不仅要保护经济环境可持续，还要不惧经济日益紧张的现状，实现社会和谐（de Lisle＆Goldstein，2015：pp.1-18）。

在这项工作中，我们就可以看出，这些威胁中国经济社会稳定的挑战是相互依存、相互关联的。因此，循序渐进的方法可能因无法长期解决问题而无效。但是，通过一带一路，中国将能够把这项倡议作为大型工具来各个击破所有问题，让其经济社会顺利转型。因此，这项工作不仅要求“一带一路”是一个完全能在国际政治经济中实行的项目，而且还要求“一带一路”包含多种必不可少的要素，以便能让国内经济社会得到稳定而健康的发展。一带一路被视为一项倡议，着眼于中国的内部问题，而不是外交政策问题。因此，“一带一路倡议”虽然会详细说明对全球政治和国际政治经济可能产生的影响，但主要还是侧重说明当代中国所面临的挑战。通过了解中国在二十一世纪所面临的挑战，“一带一路倡议”的重要性将得到更好的理解。“一带一路倡议”能够调停中国国内遇到的挑战。

2.中国的发展及当今中国所面临的挑战

值得注意的是，当代中国快车道发展可以证明改革开放时期采用的政策是成功的，但也确实造成了一些并发症。首先，由于不断强调工业化，重工业化成为经济发展的动力。在这方面，Yulu认为，中国即使在2000年加入世界贸易组织，经济净出口份额大大增加，投资份额在世界上仍然是最高的，达48%（The Guardian，2014）。中国经济在国内消费中几乎没有什么份额，十分依赖于工业中的投资和净出口量。其次，优先发展东部城市的经济，尤其是经济特区，造成

西部城市发展速度不如东部。中国北方黑龙江，吉林，内蒙古，辽宁以及新疆的煤，天然气等化石能源丰富，但却不能得到开发，其原因在于中国经济主要是以能源生产为基础，而这不仅仅是开矿和设立工厂（商业周刊，2013）。

同样地，与北方省份相似，由于本区域的城市依赖工业和农业的生产，中国中部地区的发展相对较缓（Huang，2015：第84页）。所以在全中国，发展与城市业务吸引力和业务成本相关。西部和中部省份工资水平较低，吸引力较低，与东部省份相比，要么就是还没有得到发展，要么就是发展不如东部省份（Cooper，2008年，第4页）。最后，为了继续保持自改革开放以来的经济高增长率，中国通过采取“户口”登记等不同的社会政策来保证廉价劳动力和充足的劳动力。户口登记制度稍微减少了移民到东部较发达城市的人数，较发达的城市早前就认为，如果在没有登记的情况下就移民到另一个城市的话，会在诸如教育和医疗服务等方面存在的巨大隐患(Huang, 2015)。所以，户口制度不仅稍微减少了移民人数的增加，而且还减少了欠发达地区的人口，而这又迫使这些地区不得不降低生活水平（Liang，2015：pp.42-45）。

从表1可以看出，如今中国在多个方面都面临着挑战（C行代表“挑战”）。中国面临的挑战分为“产业结构不平衡”，“环境问题”，“区域不平等”，“收入不平等”，“国内消费水平低”，“白领工作短缺”，“不可持续经济发展”。虽然这些问题的分类方式有所不同，但由于这些分类基于某些共同因素，所以它们又是相互关联的，（列F代表“因素”）。