土建专业外文翻译---混凝土结构配筋设计
Concrete structure reinforcement design
SheyanboⅠWangchenjiaⅡ
Ⅰ Foundation Engineering Co., Ltd. Heilongjiang Dongyu Ⅱ Heilongjiang Province, East Building Foundation
Engineering Co., Ltd. Coal
混凝土结构配筋设计
佘艳波Ⅰ王晨佳Ⅱ
Ⅰ基础工程有限公司黑龙江东宇
Ⅱ黑龙江省东建筑地基基础工程有限公司煤
摘要
在长期的自然的环境下使用环境的功能结构，其功能减弱不可避免地渐渐地，我们的结构工程的责任不只是必须完成建设前期项目工作，但必须能够科学评价结构的破坏目标法律和程度，并采用有效的方法保证结构的安全使用，该结构加固将成为一个重要的工作。什么可以预见将是21世纪，人类建筑的混凝土结构，钢结构，砌体式结构等为主另外，现阶段我会觉得在结构加固我们这方面的研究也应借此作为主要的突破方向。
关键词：混凝土结构加固砌体式结构钢筋结构加固
1混凝土结构加固
混凝土结构的加固分为直接加固，并加强间接两种，在设计时可根据实际条件和使用要求选择适宜的方法和必要的技术。
1.1直接加固的一般方法
1.1.1放大段加固法
添加混凝土现浇钢筋发生水平弯曲受压区混凝土构件，可能会增加部分有效高度，扩大截面面积，从而提高了组件的右侧部分反弯，斜截面抗切割能力部分刚度，起到加固补强的作用。
在适当的肌肉范围，改变混凝土弯曲的组件的右侧部分配套能力，随着钢筋面积和强度的提高增加。在原来的组件的右侧部分钢筋的比例不太高的情况，增加了主要加固面积有可能提出的高原组件的右侧部分抗弯曲能力，有效地支持。拉一节中，通过新的加拿大部分和原构件共同工作的领域添加现浇现浇混凝土外套组成部分增加，但提高了有效成分的配套能力，改善正常的经营业绩。
放大段加固法施工工艺简单，兼容，并具有成熟的设计和施工经验，在梁，板，柱，墙和一般结构用混凝土加固;但现场施工的湿作业时间长，对生产与生活有一定的影响，并加强建筑清拆后有一定减少。
1.1.2置换混凝土加固法
该法与放大优点的部分方法被关闭，并经过加强的，不影响建筑物的清拆，但同样存在施工湿作业时间长的缺点;适合偏低或有混凝土承运人等严重缺陷梁，柱受压区混凝土强度的钢筋。
1.1.3粘结外包段加固法
外包头钢铁厂强化是在部分或钢板包裹是钢筋构件的外，境外包头钢铁厂强
化钢筋混凝土梁使用湿外包法律一般，即采用环氧树脂化中的牛奶等上与方法，以加强段施工委员会蛋糕一个整体，加固后的组件，因为是压缩钢横截面面积大幅度提高拉，所以右侧部分配套能力和部分刚性大幅度的提高。
该法还表示，包头钢铁厂外湿加固法，应力可靠，施工简便，现场工作量小，但与钢材数量大，不宜在上面，在非600℃用途，保护的形势高温场所;适合不允许在使用明显增加原构件截面尺寸，但要求以增强其承载能力的大型混凝土结构的加固。
1.1.4 粘钢加固法
外面的钢筋弯曲混凝土构件粘钢加固是（右边部分被拉到在组件配套能力不足，扇形的面积，右侧部分受压区或斜截面）表面胶钢板，这样可以提高是增强组件的配套能力，和施工方便。
该法施工速度快，现场工作或不湿上只有少数湿抹灰工程等，对生产与生活的影响小，经过加强的，是不显着原有结构的外观和原定清拆影响，但加固效果是决定由胶粘工艺和操作水平很大程度上，是在合适的承受静态函数，而在正常的湿度环境是弯曲或拉构件加固。
1.1.5 粘胶纤维增强塑料加固法
外贴纤维加固与胶结材料粘贴在该组件是加强该地区的拉纤维增强复合材料，使其与一节加强联合工作，达到磨练组件承载能力的目的。除了具有类似胶水的钢板的优点，又具有防腐泥泞，耐潮湿，不增加自身结构重量近，耐用，维护费用低等优点，但需要特殊的防火处理，是适合各种应力混凝土结构构件的性质和一般建设。
此法的优点和缺点与扩大部分将接近法是适用于钢筋混凝土结构构件的斜截面承载力不足，或必须施加横向约束力的挤压成员的情况。
1.1.6 缫丝法
此法的优点和缺点与扩大部分将接近法是适用于钢筋混凝土结构构件的斜截面承载力不足，或必须施加横向约束力的挤压成员的情况。
1.1.7 锚杆锚固法方
这项法律是在合适的混凝土强度等级为C20的混凝土?C60的承重成员改造，加固，它已经不适合上述结构，素质结构，光认真适合很体面。
1.2 间接加固的一般方法
1.2.1 预应力加固法
（1）Thepre，强调加强横向拉杆弯曲混凝土的成员，因为前强调，增加外部装入拉杆的共同作用，有轴向张力，通过杆结束这一部分的人数上的偏心传输锚（当拉杆与梁底部表面紧密贴合板，拉杆可以寻找调整与组件一起，这股热潮已分压
传输组件底部表面直接），在组件中的偏心压缩功能，这个功能已经克服弯矩以外的部分负荷生产外荷载效应降低，从而激化组件的抗弯曲能力。同时，由于拉杆传递给组件的压力的作用，组件裂纹的发展可以缓解，控制，斜截面反减的配套能力也增强与它一起。
作为水平提升干的函数的结果，原来的组件的部分由收到弯曲应力的特点变成了偏心受压，因此，在加固，组件的配套能力，主要是在弯曲决定的条件下，原始组件的配套能力。
（2）在钢筋混凝土构件在使用前强调，要支持类型拉杆加固决定，形成一个由组件和加强支持下的复合超静定结构体系的类型拉杆组成，下外荷载和预应力的综合作用，在拉杆具有轴力，并通过与组件的结合的是增强了组件站点发送（未来支持和极端锚固点），已超出部分的负载反平衡，改变了原有构件截面内生力特性，从而激化组件的承载能力。
此法可减少是钢筋构件的应力水平，不仅使加固效果好，而且还能大范围提高结构的整体配套能力，但经过加固，有一定的影响，对原结构外观，适合作为以及在高压力，高紧张状态混凝土构件的加固，在大跨度或重型结构加固，但在非保护的情况下，不能使用在上述环境中的600℃的温度，也没有合适的用途不断变化的混凝土收缩大结构。
1.2.2 增加配套加固法
此外支点加固法的通过在弯曲有效跨度减少成员，达到减少功能，是在组件上进行效果增强，提高了结构承载水平的目的。该法简单可靠，但容易损害建筑物的原貌和使用功能，可能并减少使用空间;是在混凝土结构加固混凝土许可期限合适。
与混凝土结构加固改造配套使用的技术1.3Has一般
1）行业的技术要求
这是托梁（或桁架）打开列（或墙），终端的托梁和托梁和柱行业的技术叫一般左右;属于一种综合技术由相关结构加固，上层建筑违背与上升重新定位以及放弃等部件拆卸组成技术，适合在有建筑物的加固改造;与传统做法相比，具有施工时间短，费用低，影响和对案情非常轻微对生活和生产，但高到规范，必须完成由熟练的工人，可以确保安全。
2）植物的肌肉技术
这是一项很简单和直接的混凝土结构，有效连接和锚固技术;可植入普通钢筋，也可植入螺栓式锚肌肉;已广泛应用在了建筑物的加固改造工程，例如：在施工中泄漏埋钢筋或钢筋偏离设计位置的复苏，组件增加了段加固来弥补肌肉，上层建筑扩大交叉，对上升去梁，柱的通过加入延长，房子叠加终端和层高层建
筑剪力墙除了植物的肌肉等。
3）裂缝修补技术
根据混凝土裂缝的原因，性质和规模，使用印章不同的保护方法进行修补，一种技能，会导致结构，因为打击减少使用功能，和耐久性能恢复;适合于有在建筑物裂缝处理每一种，但对应力裂纹修补之外，还应该使用相应的加固措施。内部修补法与强制泵压混凝土胶凝材料的裂纹，呈现年轻或行动和未来一代缝合功能，使得通过其胶结恢复原来的结构的完整性，这种方法是合适的裂缝开口大，耐用等有影响的结构完整性和安全性，或有防水防渗修补裂缝要求等。
4）碳化混凝土修复技术
它是指通过恢复到混凝土的碱度（灭活）或增加其阻抗，使钢筋产生腐蚀，碳化技术得到遏制。
5）混凝土表面处理技术
它是指采用混凝土表面的污渍清理，油痕，残以及其他附件和化学法，机械法，喷砂法，真空清洗方法，注射的方法技巧等。
6）凝血地幔土壤密封技术
它是指用灵活的方法和密封剂回填等，聚合物灌浆，漆膜进行的混凝土防水，防潮和防止裂缝处理技术。像结构，组件技术的转移，调整结构基频技术等。7）其他技术
像结构，组件技术的转移，调整结构基频技术等。
2 砌体式结构
砌体式结构加固方法：砌体式结构的加固补强到时直接和间接地分为两种强化，设计，可根据实际条件和使用要求选择适宜的方法。
2.1 适合于砌体式结构直接加固方法
2.1.1 外部钢筋混凝土叠合层加固法
该法属于复合段加固方法的一种。其优点是施工工艺简单，兼容，后砌体式加固，配套能力已大大提高，并具有成熟的设计和施工经验，在列，带墙壁加固合适，它的缺点是现场施工湿作业时间长，对生产与生活有一定的影响，并加强建筑清拆后有一定减少。
2.1.2 在境外的钢筋混凝土叠合层砂浆加固法
该法属于复合段加固方法的一种。它的优点和外部的钢筋混凝土叠合层加固法相近，但提高配套能力不如前者;是在砌体式挡土墙加固合适，有时还使用钢筋混凝土外的加层加固时带从事柱壁在墙上的两个马镫把密封面。
2.1.3 除持有从事柱加固法
该法扩大了部分属于一种加固方法。其优点是加层加固法也是密切与钢筋混凝土以外，但配套能力增强局限的，难以满足抗震要求，一般只在peneseismic 国家申请。
2.2 适合于砌体式结构的间接加固方法
2.2.1 非结块外包段加固法
该法属于传统的加固方法，其优点是结构简单，现场的工作负荷和湿工作少，强调的是更可靠;适合在不允许增加原构件截面尺寸，其实要求提高部分配套能力的大型砌体式柱的加固，其缺点是费用高的钢筋，而必须使用类似钢结构的防护措施。
2.2.2 预应力加固法撑杆跳高
此法可大范围锐化砌体式柱的承载能力，加固效果可靠，适用于处理高压力，高紧张状态砌体，在钢筋结构加固，其缺点不能使用的温度600℃以上的环境中。
2.3 砌体式结构构造性加固和修补
2.3.1 除了加强电网
当电网的设立不符合现行设计规范要求，无论是垂直的横墙界面点咬搓有明显的缺陷，诚信的房子时，无论是不好的，应该另外建立电网进行加固
2.3.2 增设梁垫加固
当在大梁砖壁设置提出了在部分壁球或大梁部分垂直分割，应加建梁垫进行加固。
2.3.3 砌体式开启部分基础
当房子部分破损，但经过深入调查时，其断裂的原因尚未影响承重和安全性，可以燎原墙部分拆除，并根据对提高砂浆强度的第一级，以填补与全尺寸砖基础。
2.3.4 砌体行动修补裂缝
前裂缝修补携带，应根据砌体式组件的受力状态和裂缝等因素的特点，确定创建砌体式裂纹与裂纹修补目标导向或使用相应的账面目标的原因，加固措施。
3 钢结构
钢结构加固方法：钢结构加固的主要方法包括：减少负荷，改变结构计算图，放大部分和原结构单元的联合力量，裂隙发育障碍等。当有成熟的经验，也可使用其他加固方法。
3.1 改变了结构计算图
这项改变结构计算图形的加固方法是指使用更改负载传播的情况，电力传输方式，节点性质和边界条件，除附件成员和支持，发挥了预应力的考虑，措施等
空间联合行动进行了加固，结构的方法
3.2 加大构件截面的加固
使用时，加大强化了部分钢材木材，断面形式选择要在加强规范的优势，并认为已经有缺陷和损坏情况。
3.3 连接加固，加强成员连接
钢结构连接方法，即焊缝，铆钉，普通螺栓和高强度螺栓连接方法的选择，应该的原因其中，目标，应力状态，结构和执行条件的需要，以加强根据结构，并考虑了结构的原始连接方法测定。
钢结构加固一般采用焊接接头连接，高强度螺栓连接摩擦适当的，有基础的时候也可以使用摩擦焊接接头和高强度螺栓的混合连接。当采用焊接接头连接，应使用后评价审批焊接工艺及连接材料。
3.4 裂纹修复与加固
由于结构的负载影响和材料的选择，结构，制造，工作一再不当等生产，并有休息时间延长或清脆的倾向性裂纹损伤，应尽量修复。在修复之前，必须分析了裂缝的原因和影响的严重性，采取切实可行的治理结构的工作目标为导向或进行加固措施，对不适合使用的维修加固的组成部分，应给予拆除更换
Abstract：structure in the long-term natural environment and under the use environment's function, its function is weaken inevitably gradually, our structural engineering's duty not just must finish the building earlier period the project work, but must be able the science appraisal structure damage objective law and the degree, and adopts the effective method guarantee structure the security use, that the structure reinforcement will become an important work. What may foresee will be the 21st century, the human building also by the concrete structure, the steel structure, the bricking-up structure and so on primarily, the present stage I will think us in the structure reinforcement this aspect research should also take this as the main breakthrough direction.
Key word：Concrete structure reinforcement bricking-up structure reinforcement steel structure reinforcement
1 Concrete structure reinforcement
Concrete structure's reinforcement divides into the direct reinforcement and reinforces two kinds indirectly, when the design may act according to the actual condition and the operation requirements choice being suitable method and the necessary technology.
1.1the direct reinforcement's general method
1.1.1 Enlarges the section reinforcement law
Adds the concretes cast-in-place level in the reinforced concrete member in bending compression zone, may increase the section effective height, the expansion cross sectional area, thus enhances the component right section anti-curved, the oblique section anti-cuts ability and the section rigidity, plays the reinforcement reinforcement the role.
In the suitable muscle scope, the concretes change curved the component right section supporting capacity increase along with the area of reinforcement and the intensity enhance. In the original component right section ratio of reinforcement not too high situation, increases the main reinforcement area to be possible to propose the plateau component right section anti-curved supporting capacity effectively. Is pulled in the section the area to add the cast-in-place concrete jacket to increase the component section, through new Canada partial and original component joint work, but enhances the component supporting capacity effectively, improvement normal operational performance.
Enlarges the section reinforcement law construction craft simply, compatible, and has the mature design and the construction experience; Is suitable in Liang, the board, the column, the wall and the general structure concretes reinforcement; But scene construction's wet operating time is long, to produces has certain influence with the life, and after reinforcing the building clearance has certain reduction.
1.1.2 Replacement concretes reinforcement law
This law's merit with enlarges the method of sections to be close, and after reinforcing, does not affect building's clearance, but similar existence construction wet operating time long shortcoming; Is suitable somewhat low or has concretes carrier's and so on serious defect Liang, column in the compression zone concretes intensity reinforcement.
1.1.3 the caking outsourcing section reinforcement law
Outside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement is wraps in the section or the steel plate is reinforced component's outside, outside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforces reinforced concrete Liang to use the wet outsourcing law generally, namely uses the epoxy resinification to be in the milk and so on methods with to reinforce the section the construction commission to cake a whole, after the reinforcement component, because is pulled with the compressed steel cross sectional area large scale enhancement, therefore right section supporting capacity and section rigidity large scale enhancement.
This law also said that the wet outside Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement law, the stress is reliable, the construction is simple, the scene work load is small, but is big with the steel quantity, and uses in above not suitably 600C in the non-protection's situation the high temperature place; Is suitable does not allow in the use obviously to increase the original component section size, but requests to sharpen its bearing capacity large scale the concrete structure reinforcement.
1.1.4 Sticks the steel reinforcement law
Outside the reinforced concrete member in bending sticks the steel reinforcement is (right section is pulled in the component supporting capacity insufficient sector area, right section compression zone or oblique section) the superficial glue steel plate, like this may enhance is reinforced component's supporting capacity, and constructs conveniently.
This law construction is fast, the scene not wet work or only has the plastering and so on few wet works, to produces is small with the life influence, and after reinforcing, is not remarkable to the original structure outward appearance and the original clearance affects, but the reinforcement effect is decided to a great extent by the gummy craft and the operational level; Is suitable in the withstanding static function, and is in the normal humidity environment to bend or the tension member reinforcement.
1.1.5 Glue fibre reinforcement plastic reinforcement law
Outside pastes the textile fiber reinforcement is pastes with the cementing material the fibre reinforcement compound materials in is reinforced the component to pull the region, causes it with to reinforce the section joint work, achieves sharpens
the component bearing capacity the goal. Besides has glues the steel plate similar merit, but also has anticorrosive muddy, bears moistly, does not increase the self-weight of structure nearly, durably, the maintenance cost low status merit, but needs special fire protection processing, is suitable in each kind of stress nature concrete structure component and the general construction.
This law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation.
1.1.6Reeling law
This law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation.
1.1.7 Fang bolt anchor law
This law is suitable in the concretes intensity rank is the C20~C60 concretes load-bearing member transformation, the reinforcement; It is not suitable for already the above structure which and the light quality structure makes decent seriously.
1.2The indirect reinforcement's general method
1.2.1Pre-stressed reinforcement law
(1)Thepre-stressed horizontal tension bar reinforces concretes member in bending,because the pre-stressed and increases the exterior load the combined action, in the tension bar has the axial tension, this strength eccentric transmits on the component through the pole end anchor (, when tension bar and Liang board bottom surface close fitting, tension bar can look for tune together with component, this fashion has partial pressures to transmit directly for component bottom surface), has the eccentric compression function in the component, this function has overcome the bending moment which outside the part the load produces, reduced outside the load effect, thus sharpened component's anti-curved ability. At the same time, because the tension bar passes to component's pressure function, the component crack development can alleviate, the control, the oblique section anti-to cut the supporting capacity also along with it enhancement.
As a result of the horizontal lifting stem's function, the original component's section stress characteristic by received bends turned the eccentric compression, therefore, after the reinforcement, component's supporting capacity was mainly decided in bends under the condition the original component's supporting capacity 。
(2) After the reinforced concrete component uses under the pre-stressed to support the type tension bar reinforcement decides, forms one by to reinforce the component and under supports the compound ultra statically determinate structure
system which the type tension bar is composed, under the outside load and the pre-stressed combined action, in the tension bar has the axial force and through (next supports and pole end anchor spot) with component's combining site transmits for is reinforced the component, has counter-balanced outside the part the load, changed the original component section endogenic force characteristic, thus sharpened component's bearing capacity.
This law can reduce is reinforced component's stress level, not only causes the reinforcement effect to be good, moreover can also the great scope enhance the structure overall supporting capacity, but after reinforcing, has certain influence to the original structure outward appearance; Is suitable as well as is under the high stress, the high strained condition concretes component's reinforcement in the great span or the heavy structure reinforcement, but in the non-protection's situation, cannot use in the temperature above 600C in the environment, is also not suitable uses in the concrete shrinkage continuous variation big structure.
1.2.2 Increases the supporting reinforcement law
The addition pivot reinforcement law is through the reduced member in bending effective span, achieves the reduced function, in is reinforced on the component to carry the effect, raises the structure load bearing level the goal. This law simple reliable, but easy to harm building's original condition and the use function, possibly and reduces uses the space; Is suitable in the concrete term permission concrete structure reinforcement.
1.3 Has generally with the concrete structure reinforcement transformation necessary use's technology
1.3.1 The request trades the technology
It is the joist (either truss) opens the column (or wall), the joist terminal and the joist trades technologies and so on column to call generally; Belongs to one kind of comprehensive technology, by the related structure reinforcement, the superstructure goes against rises with to reposition as well as abandons technologies and so on component demolition to be composed; Is suitable in had building's reinforcement transformation; Compares with the traditional practices, has the construction time to be short, the expense low, affects and so on merits slightly to the life and the production, but is high to the specification, must complete by the skilled worker, can ensure the security.
1.3.2 Plants the muscle technology
It is one item is simple and direct to the concrete structure, the effective connection and the anchor technology; May implant the ordinary steel bar, may also implant the bolt type anchor muscle; Has widely applied in had building's
reinforcement improvement project, for example: In the construction leaks buries the steel bar or the steel bar deviation designs the position the recovery, the component increases the section reinforcement to make up the muscle, the superstructure expands cross, goes against rises to Liang, column's lengthening by joining, the house superimposed layer terminal and the high-rise construction addition shearing force wall plants the muscle and so on.
1.3.3Crack patching technology
According to the concretes crack's cause, the character and the size, use seal differently protect the method to carry on patching, one kind of skill which causes the structure because to crack reduces the use function which and the durability can restore; Is suitable in had in the building each kind of crack processing, but to the stress crack, besides patching, still should use the corresponding reinforcement measure. The internal patching law is with the forcing pump the cementing material pressure concretes crack, renders the young or up and coming generation to sew up the function, and makes the original structure through its cementation to restore the integrity, this method is suitable for the crack opening is big, and durable and so on is influential to the structure integrity and the security, or has request and so on waterproof anti-seepage crack patching.
1.3.4 Carbonized concretes repair technology
It is refers to through restores the concretes the alkalinity (inactivation) or increases its impedance to enable the steel bar corrosion which the carbonization creates to obtain the containment technology.
1.3.5 Concretes surface treatment technology
It is refers to uses cleaning up concretes surface stains, the oil mark, the residual as well as the other attachment and so on chemistry method, mechanical method, sand blasting method, vacuum cleaning method, injection method skill.
1.3.6 Coagulation mantle of soil seal technology
It is refers to uses flexible methods and so on aquaseal backfill, polymer grouting, paint film to carry on the waterproofing to the concretes, moisture-proof and against crack processing technology. Like the structure, the component shift the technology, the adjustment structure base frequency technology and so on.
1.3.7 Other technologies
Like the structure, the component shift the technology, the adjustment structure base frequency technology and so on.
2Bricking-up structure
Bricking-up structure reinforcement method: The bricking-up structure's reinforcement divides into when the direct reinforcement and reinforces two kinds
indirectly, the design, may act according to the actual condition and the operation requirements choice being suitable method.
2.1suitable for the bricking-up structure direct reinforcement
method
2.1.1outside reinforced concrete superimposed layer reinforcement
law
This law belongs to the compound section reinforcement method one kind. Its merit is the construction craft simple, compatible, after the bricking-up reinforcement, the supporting capacity has enhances greatly, and has the mature design and the construction experience; Is suitable in the column, the belt wall wall reinforcement; Its shortcoming is the scene construction wet operating time is long, to produces has certain influence with the life, and after reinforcing the building clearance has certain reduction.
2.1.2outside reinforced concrete mortar superimposed layer
reinforcement law
This law belongs to the compound section reinforcement method one kind. Its merit and outside the reinforced concrete the superimposed layer reinforcement law is close, but enhances the supporting capacity to be inferior to the former; Is suitable in the bricking-up wall reinforcement, sometimes also uses in outside the reinforced concrete when the superimposed layer reinforcement belt engaged column wall the both sides put on the wall stirrup the seal.
2.1.3the addition holds the engaged column reinforcement law
This law belongs enlarges the section reinforcement method one kind. Its merit the superimposed layer reinforcement law is also close with the reinforced concrete outside, but the supporting capacity enhances limitedly, and difficult to satisfy the earthquake resistance request, generally only in peneseismic country application. 2.2suitable for the bricking-up structure indirect reinforcement
method
2.2.1 non-caking outsourcing section reinforcement law
This law belongs to the traditional reinforcement method, its merit is the construction is simple, the scene work load and the wet work are few, the stress is more reliable; Is suitable in does not allow to increase the original component section size, actually requests to enhance the section supporting capacity large scale the
bricking-up column's reinforcement; Its shortcoming is high for the reinforcement expense, and must use the similar steel structure the protective measure.
2.2.2 pre-stressed stay rod reinforcement law
This law can the great scope sharpen the bricking-up column's bearing capacity, and the reinforcement effect is reliable; Is suitable processes the high stress, the high strained condition bricking-up structure reinforcement in the reinforcement; Its shortcoming cannot use in the temperature in the 600C above environment.
2.3 bricking-up structure constructivity reinforcement and patching
2.3.1 addition grid reinforcement
When the grid establishment does not meet the present design code requirement, either the vertical cross wall interface point nips rubs has the obvious flaw, when either the house integrity is bad, should additionally build the grid to carry on the reinforcement
2.3.2additionally builds the Liang pad reinforcement
When under the summer beam the brick setting the wall presents by under the partial squash or the summer beam the partial vertical split, should additionally build Liang the pad to carry on the reinforcement.
2.3.3the bricking-up opens partially builds
When house partial breakage but after investigating thoroughly its breakage reason when not yet affects load-bearing and the security, may burst the wall partial demolition, and according to enhances the mortar strength first-level to fill in with the full sized brick builds.
2.3.4bricking-up crack patching
Before carrying on crack patching, should act according to bricking-up component's stressful condition and crack factors and so on characteristic, determined that creates the bricking-up crack the reason, with the aim of carrying on crack patching target-oriented or using the corresponding reinforcement measure.
3 steel structures
Steel structure reinforcement method: The steel structure reinforcement's main method includes: Reduces the load, the change structure computation graph, to enlarge the original structural unit section and the joint strength, the impediment fracture growth and so on. When has the mature experience, may also use other reinforcement method.
3.1 changes the structure computation graph
The change structure computation graph's reinforcement method is refers to uses the change load spread condition, the power transmission way, the node nature and the boundary condition, the addition attachment member and the support, exerts the pre-stressed that measures and so on consideration space joint operation to carry on the reinforcement to the structure the method
3.2 enlarges the component section the reinforcement
Uses enlarges when the section reinforces the steel lumber, chooses the section form to be advantageous in the reinforcement specification and considered already has the flaw and the damage condition.
3.3 connection reinforcement and reinforcing member connection
The steel structure connection method, namely the welded joint, the rivet, the ordinary bolt and the high strength bold fastening method's choice, should the reason which, the goal, the stress condition, the structure and the execution conditions needs to reinforce according to the structure, and considers the structure original connection method determination.
The steel structure reinforcement general uses the welded joint connection, the friction high strength bold fastening suitably, has when the basis may also use the welded joint and the friction high strength bolt's mixed connection. When uses the welded joint connects, should use after the evaluation approval welding process and the connection material.
3.4 crack repair and reinforcement
Because the structure the load affects and the choice of material, the structure, the manufacture, the work repeatedly improper and so on produces has the extension or breaks time crisply the tendentious crack damage, should try to repair. Before the repair, must analyze has the crack reason and the influence gravity, adopts the improvement structure practical work target-oriented or carries on the reinforcement the measure, to is not suitable uses the repair reinforcement the component, should give the demolition replacement.
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
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的夏季和寒冷多雪的冬季——强化了景观的多变对自然空间的应用有着显著影响。关于芬兰建筑前文所述都与芬兰人所认知的好建筑密切相关。在这里成为好建筑的关键因素是同地段或场所的联系 及其空间体验。当代芬兰建筑中的自然和现代主义尤哈那·拉赫蒂孙凌波译: . , . , . ' , , ' , ' , , . , , . Finland' , . , , , . ' , , " ", , , , . , , , . , , . Finland . , . . , , . . . , , , , . Finland. , , . , , . ’ . , , . , . , 首先成为好建筑要尊重地段及其历史无论它是在自然环境里还是在城市之中。以阿尔瓦·阿尔托为代表的年代的芬兰建筑师一贯坚持在项目进程中对地段上的树木加以保护。这是让自然成为建筑院落一部分的方式之一。在这个时代区域划分成为城市规划的一部
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外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have
建筑结构选型案例分析(1)
1 混合结构体系 混合结构体系概述 混合结构是指承重的主要构件是用钢筋混凝土和砖木建造的。如一幢房屋的梁是用钢筋混凝土制成，以砖墙为承重墙，或者梁是用木材建造，柱是用钢筋混凝土建造。由两种或两种以上不同材料的承重结构所共同组成的结构体系均为混合结构。混合结构,又可以说是砖混结构.虽然也用钢筋浇柱\梁,但墙体具是承重功能,不能乱拆. 特点：质量较框架略差,质量较好,寿命较长.造价略低，适合6层以下，横向刚度大，整体性好，但平面灵活性差。 分类：型钢柱+混凝土梁+混凝土筒归入混凝土结构 型钢柱/钢管混凝土+钢梁+混凝土筒归入型钢框架混凝土核心筒结构 实例工程项目概况 金茂大厦（JinMaoTower），又称金茂大楼，位于上海浦东新区黄浦江畔的陆家嘴金融贸易区，楼高米，是上海目前第2高的摩天大楼（截至2008年）、中国大陆第3高楼、世界第8高楼。大厦于1994年开工，1999年建成，有地上88层，若再加上尖塔的楼层共有93层，地下3层，楼面面积27万8,707平方米，有多达130部电梯与555间客房，现已成为上海的一座地标，是集现代化办公楼、五星级酒店、会展中心、娱乐、商场等设施于一体，融汇中国塔型风格与西方建筑技术的多功能型摩天大楼，由著名的美国芝加哥SOM设计事务所的设计师Adrian Smith设计。因为中国人喜欢塔所以中国才把金茂大厦设计成这样。 实例工程项目结构选型与结构布置分析 其结构体系为巨型型钢混凝土翼柱+ 内筒混合结构体系。这种混合结构体系的巨型型钢混凝土柱和钢筋混凝土内筒通过刚性大梁构成一个整体的抗侧力体系, 而且其抗侧力体系的力矩很大, 效率很高。这种体系还可提供较大的使用空间, 其外围洞口可以做得很大。 2框架结构体系 框架结构体系概述 框架结构是利用梁柱组成的纵、横向框架，同时承受竖向荷载及水平荷载的
建筑类外文翻译范例-毕业设计外文翻译范例
土木工程概论 摘要：土木工程是个庞大的学科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑无论是在中国还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程。整个世界每天都在改变，而建筑也随科学的进步而发展。力学的发现，材料的更新，不断有更多的科学技术引入建筑中。以前只求一间有瓦盖顶的房屋，现在追求舒适，不同的思想，不同的科学，推动了土木工程的发展，使其更加完美。 关键词：土木工程；建筑；力学；材料 土木工程是建造各种工程的统称。它的原意是与“军事工程”相对应的。在英语中，历史上土木工程、机械工程、电气工程、化工工程都属于Civil Engineering ，因为它们都具有民用性。后来，随着工程科学技术的发展，机械、电气、化工都已逐渐形成独立的科学，Civil Engineering 就成为土木工程的专门名词。至今，在英语中，Civil Engineering 还包括水利工程、港口工程；而在我国，水利工程和港口工程也成为与土木工程十分密切的相对独立分支。土木工程既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。 土木工程是一种与人们的衣、食、住、行有着密切关系的工程。其中与“住”的关系是直接的。因为，要解决“住”的问题必须建造各种类型的建筑物。而解决“行、食衣”的问题既有直接的一面，也有间接的一面。要“行”，必须建造铁路、道路、桥梁；要“食”，必须打井取水、兴修水利、进行农田灌溉、城市供水排水等，这是直接关系。而间接关系则不论做什么，制造汽车、轮船也好，纺纱、织布、制衣也好，乃至生产钢铁、发射卫星、开展科学研究活动都离不开建造各种建筑物、构筑物和修建各种工程设施。 土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。 土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要
建筑外文文献及翻译
外文原文 , , ,610031 ’s . a . a . , a . —, , ’s ’s . 1. , . , , ’s ’ [1] , . [1] a () , [2] . [3,4] [5] () , ’s , [6]. [7] ’s . , ’s ’s a . 2.’S . , . ’s ’s , ’s . , (1). (…) (1) w ’s ; I ; c , ; s , . 3. 3.1 , . , a , ’s . , a , ’s , . , ’s ’s . 3.2 a : (1)N. 1,2, … N.
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建筑学 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 绿色建筑
原文： DOCTORAL FORUM NA TIONAL JOURNAL FOR PUBLISHING AND MENTORING DOCTORAL STUDENT RESEARCH VOLUME 7, NUMBER 1, 2010 Green buildings Priscilla D. Johnson PhD Student in Educational Leadership Whitlowe R. Green College of Education Prairie View A&M University Prairie View, Texas William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Professor and Faculty Mentor PhD Program in Educational Leadership Whitlowe R. Green College of Education Prairie View A&M University Member of the Texas A&M University System Prairie View, Texas Hall of Honor (2008) William H. Parker Leadership Academy, Graduate School Prairie View A&M University Member of the Texas A&M University System Prairie View, Texas Visiting Lecturer (2005) Oxford Round Table University of Oxford Oxford, England Distinguished Alumnus (2004) College of Education and Professional Studies Central Washington University Ellensberg, Washington Abstract: Green building refers to do its best to maximize conservation of resources (energy, land, water, and wood)，protecting the environment and reduce pollution in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. I described more details of green building design’notion, green building’design, as well as the significance of the concept of green building and improve the effectiveness analysis of
建筑结构选型案例分析
1 混合结构体系 1.1混合结构体系概述 混合结构是指承重的主要构件是用钢筋混凝土和砖木建造的。如一幢房屋的梁是用钢筋混凝土制成，以砖墙为承重墙，或者梁是用木材建造，柱是用钢筋混凝土建造。由两种或两种以上不同材料的承重结构所共同组成的结构体系均为混合结构。混合结构,又可以说是砖混结构.虽然也用钢筋浇柱\梁,但墙体具是承重功能,不能乱拆. 特点：质量较框架略差,质量较好,寿命较长.造价略低，适合6层以下，横向刚度大，整体性好，但平面灵活性差。 分类：型钢柱+混凝土梁+混凝土筒归入混凝土结构 型钢柱/钢管混凝土+钢梁+混凝土筒归入型钢框架混凝土核心筒结构 1.2 实例工程项目概况 金茂大厦（JinMaoTower），又称金茂大楼，位于上海浦东新区黄浦江畔的陆家嘴金融贸易区，楼高420.5米，是上海目前第2高的摩天大楼（截至2008年）、中国大陆第3高楼、世界第8高楼。大厦于1994年开工，1999年建成，有地上88层，若再加上尖塔的楼层共有93层，地下3层，楼面面积27万8,707平方米，有多达130部电梯与555间客房，现已成为上海的一座地标，是集现代化办公楼、五星级酒店、会展中心、娱乐、商场等设施于一体，融汇中国塔型风格与西方建筑技术的多功能型摩天大楼，由著名的美国芝加哥SOM设计事务所的设计师Adrian Smith设计。因为中国人喜欢塔所以中国才把金茂大厦设计成这样。 1.3 实例工程项目结构选型与结构布置分析 其结构体系为巨型型钢混凝土翼柱+ 内筒混合结构体系。这种混合结构体系的巨型型钢混凝土柱和钢筋混凝土内筒通过刚性大梁构成一个整体的抗侧力体系, 而且其抗侧力体系的力矩很大, 效率很高。这种体系还可提供较大的使用空间, 其外围洞口可以做得很大。 2框架结构体系 2.1框架结构体系概述 框架结构是利用梁柱组成的纵、横向框架，同时承受竖向荷载及水平荷载的
(完整版)土木工程结构设计开题报告
南京工程学院 毕业设计开题报告 课题名称：南京公寓住宅楼设计 学生姓名：史精 指导教师：何培玲 所在系部：建筑工程学院 专业名称：土木工程 南京工程学院 2013年3月4日
1．根据南京工程学院《毕业设计（论文）工作管理规定》，学生必须撰写《毕业设计（论文）开题报告》，由指导教师签署意见、教研室审查，系教学主任批准后实施。 2．开题报告是毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。学生应当在毕业设计（论文）工作前期内完成，开题报告不合格者不得参加答辩。 3．毕业设计开题报告各项内容要实事求是，逐条认真填写。其中的文字表达要明确、严谨，语言通顺，外来语要同时用原文和中文表达。第一次出现缩写词，须注出全称。 4．本报告中，由学生本人撰写的对课题和研究工作的分析及描述，应不少于2000 字，没有经过整理归纳，缺乏个人见解仅仅从网上下载材料拼凑而成的开题报告按不合格论。 5.开题报告检查原则上在第2?4周完成，各系完成毕业设计开 题检查后，应写一份开题情况总结报告。
课题名称 南京公寓住宅楼设计 本工程总建筑面积约为3000平方米左右，总占地面积为400平方米 左右。层数约为6层。主要立面临街。采用框架结构。主要用房：客厅, 卫生间，卧室，厨房，阳台，书房等。底层层高大约2.48m ,标准层2.9m ， 底层是储藏间和车库。一栋住宅楼分为两个单元，每个单元每层两户住 房，在单元中间设置楼梯。屋面为上人屋面。顶层以上设置阁楼。 参考密度：30%-50%、参考容积：1-2、绿化率：25%以上 依据： 所学教材：房屋建筑学，建筑制图，混凝土结构，材料力学，结构 力学，施工技术与组织管理，土力学，基础工程，建筑抗震设计等； 图集：建筑制图标准等； 国家现行有关规范和标准：混凝土结构设计规范，建筑结构何在规 范，高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程，建筑抗震设计规范，建筑制图标准 等，建筑防火设计，建筑防火规范，建筑工程标准荷载学； 其他：多高层框架结构，高等学校建筑工程专业毕业设计指导、公 寓住宅楼建筑设计规范等。 设计内容 （1） 建筑方案设计。 1 ?总平面设计：合理布置建筑主、次入口；尽可能考虑室外停车； 满足建 筑物防火间距及消防通道要求。 2. 平面设计：合理确定平面柱网尺寸；布置房间；确定楼梯数量、 位置及 形式；满足室内采光、通风要求。 3. 剖面设计：确定合理层高；给出楼（地）面、屋面、墙身工程做 法。 4. 立面设计：建筑风格、造型应富有创意，有时代感。 （2） 建筑施工图设计。 建筑施工图就是建筑工程上所用的，一种能够十分准确地表达出建筑 物的 外形轮廓、大小尺寸、结构构造和材料做法的图样。它是房屋建筑 施工的依 据。建筑施工图的组成部分：建筑平面、建筑立面和建筑剖面。 （3） 建筑结构设计与计算。 以建筑施工图为依据，确定结构平面、竖向布置方案；初定结构构件尺 寸及材料； 选定结构计算简图；进行竖向荷载统计，地震作用计算；风 荷载计算；完成选定 一榀框架的内力计算及内力组合；进行楼盖和屋盖 结构设计；结构零星构件（阳 台、雨篷、挑檐等）设计；楼梯设计；基 础设计等。 （4）绘制结构施工图。结构施工图是关于承重构件的布置 ，使用的材形 状，大小.及内部构造的工程图样，是承重构件以及其他受力构件施 工的依学生姓名 指导教师姓名 课题来源 史精 何培玲 自拟课题 240095330 专业 教授 所在系部 课题性质 土木工程 建筑工程 工程设计 毕业设计的内 容和意义
建筑设计外文翻译文献
建筑设计外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 外文： Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Sloping Roof Abstract: This paper point out common mistakes and problems in actual engineering design according immediately poured reinforced concrete sloping roof especially common residential structure.It brings out layout and design concept use folded plate and arch shell structure in order to reduction or elimination beam and column Layout to reduce costs and expand use function for user of garret . The paper also discussed the need to open the roof holes, windows, and with other design with complex forms . The corresponding simple approximate calculation method and the structure treatment also described in this paper. Keywords : sloping roof;folded plate; along plane load;vertical plane load