英语基础写作1
如何零基础学习英语写作
如何零基础学习英语写作如何零基础学习英语写作在学习英语写作之前先来看下练习写作对你的英文有什么样的帮助：好处1、辅助提升口语语言组织力好处2、提升语法好处3、帮助背单词和句型。
了解到联系英语写作带来的好处后让我们来看看学习英语写作有哪些方法：零基础英语写作入门方法一：背单词单词是英语写作的基本构成之一，拥有大量的词汇才能写出你想要的文章，背单词有很多方法用mp3在零碎的时间边听边背边写，还有单词前后缀记忆法等众多方法，只要掌握其中一种适合你的方法，就开始大量的充实你的词汇吧。
零基础英语写作入门方法二：语法语法是将单词串联在一起变成文章的那根线，学习好语法是整个英语阅读的重中之重。
推荐熟读语法俱乐部，同时搭配大量的阅读自己感兴趣的文章，在大量的语境中去领受感悟本书的妙处。
零基础英语写作入门方法三：长时间的练习写日记，这是最简单最长久的'写作练习你不需要有任何的准备，这是你会接触到最基础的写作练习，你可以写任何你感兴趣的事情，你要做的就是拿起笔和本子把自已生活上的点点滴滴用英文记录下来。
下面就是我的第一篇英文日记！"today i rest,i stayed at home.sister call me go to the mother.i want not go there,because i must go to the company .去领clothes.刚刚上完课come back.at home i find my 皮shoes.now 要穿皮shoes了,write 日记好搞笑，还可以写点english了,i believe 以后i sure i会更好。
”大家可能会看不懂这篇文章。
你可能会觉得很好，说老实话当我现回过头去看我以前的日记我看了也觉得很好笑。
但这就是我的第一篇英文日记，我的英文写作就是从这里开始的。
你会发现写得非常直白，简直就是中文翻译毫无语法可言。
2024广东统招专升本《英语基础与写作》知识考点汇总
2024年广东省普通高等学校专升本考试《英语基础与写作》黄金考点汇编第一部分语法第一章句子概况考点1：基本句型1、谓语动词是英语句子的必要成分之一，所谓一个句子有且只能有一个谓语动词的黄金原则需着重注意。
由于动词有不同的种类，故构成了5种不同的基本句型(Basic Patterns of Sentences)。
考点2：句子成分句子成分1.必要的成分，即主干、主语、谓语；可能有的成分：宾语、表语、补语、修饰成分(定语、状语、同位语)2.各句子成分简要说明:（1）主语(Subject):句子说明的人或事物；可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句和短语等来担任。
[例]The sun rises in the east.(名词)He likes dancing.(代词)Twenty years is a short tine in history.(数词)Seeing is believing.(动名词)To see is to believe.(不定式)What he needs is a book.(从句)It is very clear that the elephant is tall like a tree.(It 做形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)[补充]形式主语与真实主语(Formal Subject and Real Subject):主语是不定式短语、动名词短语或分句时，常会放在句尾，用it 代替它原来的位置，这个让就称之为形式主语，而被放句型举例主语十不及物动词(主谓结构)She leaves 主语十及物动词十宾语(主谓宾结构)Lucy loves Tom.主语十系动词十表语(主系表结构)Lucy is Tom's wife 主语+及物动词十双宾语(主谓双宾结构)Lucy gives Tom a hug.主语十及物动词十宾语+宾补(主谓宾补结构)Lucy finds the book interesting.在句尾的原主语为真实主语。
大学英语四级写作指导(词汇篇-基础知识) (1)
大学英语四级写作指导（词汇篇—基础知识）一、词语使用的准确性与得体性准确性词是表达思想的基本组成要素，思想和意图的准确传达离不开准确地词语。
英语单词兼具表达词意和体现语法功能的双重身份。
因此，词语选用准确包括语法和词意两个方面。
下面三个“注意”能帮助实现用词的准确。
1. 注意语法规则英语单词在句子中除了表达意思外，还要符合一定的语法要求。
写作时尤其需要注意词语位置和一些特殊语法现象。
（1）名词单复数的特殊现象。
（2）形容词的特殊现象和位置关系。
（3）副词的位置原则。
①程度副词放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词之前，情态动词、助动词或be之后。
若助动词与be连用时，则放在两者之间。
--Continuing development of international business is absolutely dependent on effective and efficient international financial markets.国际贸易的持续发展完全依赖于有效和高效的国际金融市场。
②频率副词通常放在行为动词前，情态动词、助动词或be动词之后。
若助动词与be连用时，则放在两者之间。
--The way everyone watches TV, listens to music, or looks at photos will never be the same again. 人们看电视、听音乐和看照片的方式永远不会再像这样了。
③方式副词一般放在动词后。
--We should learn how to react gracefully when someone despises us.我们应该学习在别人鄙视我们时，如何优雅地回应他们。
④在“动词+宾语”结构中，副词一般放于宾语后。
如果宾语结构太长时也可以将副词放于动词前。
然而，在“动词+介词+宾语”结构中，方式副词既可置于介词前，也可置于宾语后。
英语写作基础1教学日历(美方单学位)荣秀丽
Sentence translation
Writing as Communication: Teacher’s Manual.主编刘海平，上海外语教育出版社，2014年，p2-9
2.https://
第五周
9月24日
2.Grasp the sentence pattern SVO
Write a paragraph about“agriculture”
1.Writing as Communication: Teacher’s Manual.主编刘海平，上海外语教育出版社，2014年，p18-25
2.https:///
2.https:///
第十一周
11月5日
至
11月9日
一
2
Test 1
Paper Test1 (30%)
Preview Unit 6
Writing as Communication: Teacher’s Manual.主编刘海平，上海外语教育出版社，2014年，p46-56
第十二周
第七周
10月8日
至
10月12日
一
2
Unit 3 College English
Part I: Task 1
Part II: Task 1&2
Part III: Task 1
Sentence development: Transitive verbs
1.Master the related expressions;
沈阳师范大学
教学日历
国际经济与贸易、金融专业2018年级2018-2019学年第1学期
课程名称：英语写作基础1课程代码：17201270教学班号：
英语写作基础教程(effective_Sentences_1)
content is rather poor. (?3) Back
Do not make unnecessary or confusing shifts in person, number, tense, mood, and voice.
(Unity does not mean a writer can write only simple sentences.)
A long sentence expresses ideas that are closely connected. They are either
① A central idea supported or modified by various subordinate ideas, or
(The central idea: The explorer is writing reports on his adventures in the Antarctic.)
unity
Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s, he grew up to be a famous musician.
name on this sheet or paper. their names (person and number) He looks up difficult words in his dictionaries, and it
is very helpful. which is (person: wrong modifier/antecedent) She reviewed the lesson taught last week and all the
高考英语基础写作题专题训练(有范文)
语鹅市安置阳光实验学校广东高考英语基础写作专题训练1．写信介绍北京假设你是李华,你的网友Peter 来信,他想北京奥运会期间来北京旅游，你回信给他，介绍北京。
内容要点如下:[写作要求]只能使用5个句子表达全部的内容，开头和结尾已经写好，不计入总句数。
[评分]句子结构的准确性，信息内容的完整性和连贯性。
参考词汇：国家体育馆 National Stadium 国家游泳馆 National Swimming Stadium Dear Peter,Welcome to Beijing.I am looking forward to the day you come to Beijing. See you then. Yours truly, Li Hua2．介绍2008奥运火炬传递假设你是李华，学校广播站的英文编辑。
你请根据一下信息，写一篇英语短文，要向学校师生介绍一下北京奥运的火炬传递情况。
[写作要求]只能使用5个句子表达全部的内容，开头和结尾已经为你写好，不计入总句数。
[评分]句子结构的准确性，信息内容的完整性和连贯性。
参考词汇：希腊古奥林匹亚遗址ancient Olympia, Greece 火炬 torch3. 通知假设有一批澳大利亚学生到广东香城游学，你是项目的负责人，在出发前你简要向学生们介绍这次安排。
请写一个简要的发言稿，主要内容如下：[写作要求]只能使用5个句子表达全部的内容，开头和结尾已经为你写好，不计入总句数。
[评分]句子结构的准确性，信息内容的完整性和连贯性。
Attention please, everyone:Now I would like to tell you the arrangement for the journey.…That’s all. Thank you.4. 郊游日记请根据以下内容提示，写一篇英文日记（题头已写好）。
[写作要求]只能使用5个句子表达全部的内容。
英语专业写作基础教程1-6单元笔记
The place of titlesThe title or the topic of the essay should be placed in the middle of the first line.（标题书写中应该注意的地方1.Every word of the title should be capitalized except articles,preositions,coordinating,conjunctions and to in infinitives.2.But if one of these words is the first or last word of the title, it should be capitalized.3.The title of a book within the topic should be underlined,and the title of an article should be put between quotation marks引号.）Word division即单词划分(当一行写到末尾时候，可能出现一个单词写不完的情况，这是需要用到单词划分。
)1．重读闭音节通常在辅音字母后面断开。
如，fin ish2．以辅音字母加le结尾的通常在辅音字母前断开。
如，peo ple 3．一个字母不能单独放在行中或行末。
4．以两个字母的后缀结尾的，不能在后缀处划分。
如，hand ed，hard en5．一页的最后一个单词不能被划开，且需写到下一页。
6．合成词应在练此符号出断开。
如，broad minded7．有两个连续相同辅音字母的双音节词，在相同的两个辅音字母中间断开。
如，lat ter8．人名应避免被拆开。
如，Dickens9．容易引起误解的应避免。
如，re ally，lay man10．连续几行的行尾单词划分需要避免。
CapitalizationCapitalized words are used mainly in three places: proper names, key words in titles, and the first words of sentences.Punctuation(标点符号)及其用途(一)The Comma （，）逗号1.A comma is used to join coordinate clauses, it is put before theconjunction.2.A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase, including aprepositional and a participial phrase before the subject, or inserted in the middle of the sentence.mas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with thesame function in the sentence:4.Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are set off by commasmas set off parenthetical elements6.In dates, a comma is used to separate the day and the year if the orderis month—day—year; no comma need be used if the order is day—month—year.7.With numbers of 1 000 or over, commas or little blank spaces may beused to separate digits by thousands. Form right to left, a commas is placed after every three numerals.(二)The Period （. ）句号1.The period is used at the end of a declarative sentence, a mildlyimperative sentence, and an indirect question.2.The period is used with most abbreviations.3.Three spaced period make the ellipsis mark, which indicates theomission of one or more words within a quoted passage.(三)The Semicolon （;）分号1.The semicolon is used between two coordinate clauses which are notlinked by a conjunction.2.Conjunctive adverbs like therefore, however, nonetheless, hence,otherwise, besides, moreover, etc., should not be used as conjunctions to link two coordinate clauses, before them there should be a semicolon, not a comma.3.The semicolon is used with conjunctions when the clauses containinternal punctuation.4.The semicolon is used to separate a series of items with internalcommas.5.A semicolon may be used to join clauses with words omitted, and theomission is sometimes indicated by a comma.(四)The Colon （：）冒号1.The colon is used to introduce a quotation or a statement.2.The colon is used to introduce an examination, a summary, or anappositive.3.The colon is used between the hour and the minute to show the time,to record the scores of games, to end the salutation of a business letter and the introductory remark of a spealer to the chairman and audience.(五)The Question Mark （？）问号1.The question mark is used after a direct question.2.The question mark is used after a statement turned into a question.3.A question mark put between parentheses indicates the writer’suncertainty about the correctness of the preceding word, figure or date.(六)The Exclamation Mark （！）叹号1.The exclamation mark is used after an exclamatory sentence, or anemphatic interjection, or a phrase expressing strong emotion..2.Sometimes the exclamation mark is used after a slogan.(七)Quotation Marks（…）引号1.Double quotation marks are used to enclose direct quotations indialogue or from books or articles.2.Single quotation marks are used to enclose a quotation within aquotation.3.Indirect quotations are not enclosed by quotation marks.4.Quotation marks are used for titles of articles, essays, short stories,short poems, songs, etc., and for headings of chapters or subdivisions of books. Titles of books, newspapers and magazines are generally underlined or italicized.5.Words with special meaning are sometimes put between quotationmarks,(八)Parentheses/Brackets （（））圆括号1.Parentheses are used to set off parenthetical, supplementary, orillustrative words.2.Parentheses enclose figures or letters used for enumeration.(九)Square Brackets（【】）方括号1. Square Bracketsare used to indicate corrections or explanations in quoted matter made by the writer who is quoting .2. Square Brackets are used instead of parentheses within parentheses.(十)The Dash （—）破折号1.The dash indicates a break in thought or a change in tone, or aspeaker’s confusion or he sitation.2.The dash indicates an unfinished or interrupted statement.3.A pair of dashes set off a parenthetical element.4.The dash is sometimes used to introduce a summarizing clause after aseries of nouns.5.The dash is sometimes used just like quotation marks in a dialogue.6.The dash may be used to introduce subheadings and authors afterquotations.(十一)The Slash （/ ）间隔号1.The slash indicates alternatives, representing the word or or and\or2.The slash is used to separate lines in short quotations of poetry beingquoted in running text.3.When fractions are written in a sentence, a slash is used to separate thenumerator from the denominator.4.Sometimes the slash means “per.”四种句型及其用途Comma逗号——declarative sentence（陈述句）:makes an assignment or statementQuestion mark问号——direction question sentence（疑问句）:ask a questionExclamation mark叹号——Imperation sentence（祈使句）:express a command or a request Exclamatory sentence（感叹句）:express a strong feeling or emotionUnderlining and italics1.Titles of books, periodicals, newspaper, plays, movies, operas, andlong poems are underlined or italicized.2.Foreign words are often underlined or italicized.3.Words and letters referred to as such are underlined or italicized.s of ships, aircraft and tragic sinking of the titanic.5.Sometimes underlining or italicizing indicates emphasis.【Words】一、Type of wordsCommon wordsFormal and technical words：（political,legal,scientific,technical,bussiness,literary）Nonstandard words：（slang,jargon,dialectal and obsolete）二、Choice of wordse common or informal words for general purposes; use formal ornonstandard when only on special occasions or for special purposes. e specific and concrete words when giving details; use general orabstract words when making summaries.e idiomatic expressions and words in acceptable collocations; avoidcombinations and that are unidiomatic.4.When there are synonyms, choose the word that expresses themeaning most exactly and that suits the content and style.三、SynonymsThe english language is very rich in synonyms. This is partly due to the fact that english has over the centuries borrowed or absorbed tens of thousands of words from other languages, mainly Greek, Latin and French. Word of anglo-saxon origin are generally colloquial or informal, and they form a great part of the vocabulary that people use daily. Many of the words of greek, latin, and french origin are formal, learned or “big”; and are mainly used in formal writing or speech.四、Some good dictionaries1.Longman dictionary of contemporary english2.Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary of current english.3.Webster’s new word dictionary.4.Collins cobuild english language dictionary.【Sentences】一、Composed sentences 构建句子:①complete structure②begin with a capital letter③full stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark④a single complete idea二、Requirement of correct sentences及其对应错误pleteness in structure—fragment in structure2.the right subject—the wrong subject3.agreement between the subject and the predicate verb—disagreement between the subject and the predicate verb 4.agreement between pronoun and antecedent—disagreement between pronoun and antecedent5.clear pronoun reference—unclear pronoun reference6.ending sentences with full stops—ending sentences with no full stops7.joining clauses with conjuctions—joining clauses with no or wrong conjuctions8.a main claus in a complex sentence—no main claus in a complex sentence9.proper use of comparisons—improper use of comparisons10. correct use of the tenses—incorrect use of the tenses四、Quality of effective sentencesEffective sentences have the following quality:Unity（完整性）Coherence（连贯性）Conciseness（简明扼要性）Emphasis（强调）( ways of emphasis:placing, climactic sequence, subordination,the use of verbs in the active voice,balanced sentences平行结构,periodic sentences圆周句,negative/positive sentences,rhetorical question,loose sentences松散句)Variety（表达多样性）五、The difference between subordination and coordinationCoordination is tipically realized by coordinators which join units at the same level while subodination is realized by subordinators which distinguish the superodinate claus and the inferior clause.【Paragraph】一、Ways of developing a paragraphThere are many possible ways to develop a paragraph.（1）development by time（2）development by process（3）development by space（4）development by examples or generalization（5）development by comparison and contrast:(the difference between comparison and contrast :When we compare one thing with another, we show the similarities;when we contrast one thing with another, we show dissimilarities.) （6）development by cause and effect（7）development by classification（8）development by definition（9）development by combination of methods二、The steps of developing a paragraphFirst, think of the topic or theme or main idea,And express it in a complete sentence（topic sentence）.Then think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea.Work out the outline and arrange them in logical order.三、Features of a paragraphA effective paragraph must have a control idea, and this central idea may be expressed either explicitly in a topic sentence.【Summray】一、Definition (定义)A sumary is the gist or main theme of a piece of a piece of writing expressed in as few words as possible .it should be clear ,brief,and complete,with all the essential points included.二、Uses（用途）①summary writing enables people to get more out of their reading.②summary writing is also a very good exercise to teach us to express thoughts clearly,concisely and effectively.③summary writing has great practical value on grasping quikly and accurately what is read or heard.三、Procedure（步骤）⑴ reading⑵ writing⑶ revision四、Requirements(要求)A.we should be sure of the word limit required .B.we should use our own words to write a summary.C.we should convey the message fully and clearly.D. We should write in the logical order of the original passage.E. Compression (压缩)五、Ways（方法）A. Ommit the details 删除细节B. Reduce the examples 削减例子C. Refuse repeatness 避免重复D. Simplify the decription 简化描述E. Comprise wordy 全面用词F. Generable words 多用泛词e the shortest transitions 最简洁的过渡词H.inderect speech 间接引语【Composition 】一、Steps in writing a composition1.planning a composition( ① putting down all the relevant facts② thinking of a proper theme and deciding on our purpose③ re-examing our list of details and outlining )2.writing the fist draft3.revising the first draft4.making the final copy二、Parts in composition1. the beginning ——introduction(Ways of start a composition :start with …① relevant background material② the time and place of the event to be described③ a quotation④ a question⑤ a statement⑥ a figures or statistics⑦ a definition )2. the middle ——body3.the end ——conclusion三、Types of writing1.narration 记叙体2.exposition 说明文四、Criteria of a good composition (一篇好文章的标准)A good composition have something interesting and/or important,and if possible, something new , to say and that this “something”is expressed clearly, accurately, and appropriately. And we must decide on the purpose and audience of our writing and try to adapt the style and language to suit our purpose and audience.【Outline】一、Types of outline1. sentence outline: made up of sentences2.topic outline：consists of nouns and their modifiers, or their equivalents( =gerund phrases or infinitive phrases )二、Rules for writing outlinesIf we examine closely the two outline above, we may see that they follow these rules:（1）if there is a major point marked “Ⅰ”, there must be at least another marked “Ⅱ”;if there is an “a”, there must be a “b”, and so on.（2）a topic outline is written in noun phrase, and a sentence outline, in sentences. Sentences and phrase are not used together in the same outline. （3）parallel structure are used for the headings of the same rank. Subheads of like rank are of equal importance and are related to the heading and arranged in logical order.（4）the thesis is a complete declarative sentence, usually in the affirmative. It is not a question, a phrase, or a dependent clause, but one sentence which expresses our controlling idea.。
英语基础写作ATopicoutline
How to Draft a Thesis Statement:A thesis statement is the central theme of an essay. Because it prepares your reader for what you will discuss, the thesis statement must accurately reflect tile content of the essay. Here is a list of basic requirements for a thesis statement.1. It states the essay's main idea-central point you are making to the readers.2 It reflects the essay's purpose either to give your readers information or to persuade your readers to agree with you.3. It includes a focus-your assertion that conveys your point of view.4. It may briefly state the major subdivisions of the essay's topic. EXAMPLE: Adopted被收养的children should be able to find out about their birth-parents for psychological, medical, and moral reasons.Types of outlineNormally, there are two types of outlines: (1) Topic outline; and (2) Sentence outline.In a topic outline, all entries listed are noun phrases or their equivalents, such as "-ing" phrases. It is clear and brief, and provides an instant overview of the whole essay.Unlike the topic outline, the sentence outline, as the name indicates, consists of entries that are all complete sentences. It presents a more detailed plan of your essay. The following are examples of the two different outlines:e.gA T opic outlineTopic: Air PollutionThesis statement: More should be done to control air pollution. Outline:1. A brief introduction to the problem of air pollution2. Main causes of air pollution2.1 Automobiles2.2 Industry2.3 Rubbish3. The results of air pollution3.1 Harm to health3.2 Bad influence on future development3.3 Serious effect on future development4. Some suggested measures4.1 Government4.2 Factories4.3 Individuals5. ConclusionA sentence outlineTopic: TravelingThesis statement, Traveling can enrich one's experience.Outline:1. Introduction: Traveling can enrich one's experience.2. Traveling involves various activities.(1) One must do scheduling, budgeting, packing, and ticketing.(2) One needs to accommodate oneself.3. Traveling offers one an opportunity to meet different people.(1) On the bus, train or plane, one will communicate with conductors and other passengers.(2) At the destination, one communicates with local people.4. Traveling gives one an opportunity to see different places.(1) One can learn from historic places.(2) One can enjoy natural scenery.(3) One has a chance to learn about local culture.5. Conclusion: By traveling, one will become more knowledgeable and experienced.Writing the First DraftThe beginningThe first paragraph, especially the first few sentences of a composition, is particularly important. It is said that Plato(古希腊哲学家: 柏拉图), while writing his great work Republic, rewrote his first sentence ninety times. The beginning of your composition must catch the reader's attention. In some cases, your thesis statement alone may be striking enough to interest the reader. On other occasions, you may want to use the introductory device called "lead-in" or "hook" to capture the reader's attention and set up the presentation of your thesis. Therefore, your first paragraph should be brief, interesting, and to the point. The following are two examples with good beginnings.(1) "Cliff Segalla" still teaches in a small New England highschool. For this reason, we're not using his real name. Butwe ask you to believe that the story that follows isabsolutely true.-- from Robert R. Potter, The Reading Road to Writing(2) Joseph Quinlan adores his beautiful young daughter KarenAnne -- and that is why he found himself in court last weekpleading for permission to let her die. For Karen and othersbeyond medical help, euthanasia is the most humaneanswer.-- from Jean Wyrick, Steps to Writing W ell In the first example, the writer successfully arouses the curiosity of the reader with the beginning sentence. Also, the last sentence shortens the distance between the writer and the reader. Therefore, the reader would become eager to read on and find out the facts. The second example presents a quite unusual fact that a loving father wants her daughter to die. While the reader is completely captured, the topic "euthanasia" is introduced. If the second sentence were placed at the very beginning, the effect would be less satisfactory.The bodyThe middle or body of your composition consists of paragraphs that support your thesis statement. In these paragraphs, you present details, explain causes, give reasons and examples. In short, you provide specific evidence to convince the reader of your opinion expressed in the thesis. Each paragraph in the body usually elaborates on one main point in the discussion of the thesis.There are many different ways of developing body paragraphs. Among the common patterns are definition, example, comparison, and so on, which will be discussed in subsequent units. Most of thebody paragraphs require a topic sentence. Every paragraph should have unity and coherence, which were discussed in the preceding units.The endLike a good story, a good essay should not stop in the middle. It should have a satisfactory ending, which leaves the reader a sense of completion on the topic. Do not let your composition drop off or fade out at the end. Instead, you ought to use the last paragraph to emphasize the validity of your argument.Here are a few ways in which an essay might be closed:1. Restate your central idea and major points;2. Evaluate the significance of your ideas;3. Discuss the broader implications of your essay;4. Call to action;5. Tell a story, joke, quotation which sums up the major point ofyour essay.Sample:Air PollutionWhat are fundamental to life? W ater, sunshine, and air. What is the substance that can't be deprived of ;Os;'f0r a single minute? It's air. Unfortunately, however, the air we are breathing all the time is seriously polluted. Though some measures have been taken, the results are far from satisfactory. It's necessary and urgent that more be done to control air pollution.Whenever you go out into the street, you may notice that numerous vehicles are releasing waste gases, on the busy road, cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, motorbikes are running all day long. They are consuming gasoline and diesel oil, and releasing harmful substances. Besides, industry contributes to polluting the air. Steel and iron works, chemical plants, paper mills, mines, and various factories burn coal and petroleum, discharging放出a large quantity of poisonous substance through their huge chimneys. V ery often, smoke poles are so enormous that they cover the sky like black clouds. Another source of air pollution is rubbish. Huge piles of rubbish are not treated promptly and properly. Organic things rot and produce unpleasant smells. Some plastic and rubber garbage is unwisely burned and pollutes air as well as the soil. Also, in restaurants, buses, and other public places, it is a commonoccurrence that many people smoke cigarettes and pollute the air with nicotine. As a result, the quality of air is getting worse and worse.The polluted air, inevitably, leads to horrible results. V arious particles and gas will enter our respiratory organs and do harm to our health. It has been proven that different lung troubles and other respiratory diseases are closely related to air pollution. Dust and particles in the air also discolour使褪色flowers, meadows, and buildings. They even drift through windows and make indoor space very dirty. Enough sulphur硫磺dioxide二氧化物can cause acid rain, which exercises an unfavourable influence upon waters, forests and soil. Consequently, tree and crop growth will be stunted. The concentration of carbon dioxid e二氧化碳will produce a greenhouse effect温室效应and increase temperature, which is disastrous to the earth. In this way, air pollution will make sustainable development可持续发展impossible. With the destruction of the environment, the resources will be too much exploited and wasted. The human beings would have a dark future.In view of the alarming situation of air pollution, it's imperative that more effective measures be taken, for the purpose of purifying the fundamental things of life. The related government departments should formulate and implement strict regulations fortransportation vehicles. In order to cut the emission of harmful gases, the number of vehicles should be reduced, and less or harmless fuel should be used. On the part of factories, further scientific research should be conducted to effectively treat waste gas. Individuals need to raise awareness of environment protection, observe rules and regulations as to garbage treatment. The households which burn low-quality coal must turn to better coal in an effort to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide. In all public places smoking ought to be banned. In a word, a concerted effort must be made to control air pollution.W e have polluted air so much that we are threatening our own health and future. But I am convinced that everyone cherishes the hope of breathing fresh air. W e are capable and competent to control the pollution and restore fresh air. I am convinced that we will breathe high-quality air tomorrow. For our earth, for our health, for our future, let's take action!。
第一阶段 基础写作 (英语句子成分)
青岛明天中学高二英语基础写作班级：姓名编写：耿明利审核：黄敬日期：2013.12第一阶段在英语写作中，学生最大的困扰是无法写出正确的句子，而传统“以考代练”的训练模式收效甚微。
要从根本上提高英语写作水平，必须从认识句子的构成要素开始，先写好各种句子成分和基本的简单句，再写好各种高级复杂句，最后写出完美的精彩片段。
为此，我们加大了基础写作的比重，旨在通过循序渐进的训练，一步步地提高学生的写作水平，做到厚积而薄发。
第一阶段基础写作第一讲如何正确理解简单句的各种构成要素简单句是表达思想的最小单位，写好简单句是写出高级句子和精彩文章的基础。
而要写好简单句首先要了解简单句的各种构成要素。
一、句子成分句子成分包括以下九类。
表格如下第一讲如何正确理解简单句的各种构成要素【范例分析】划分句子的各个成分1．Sun Yang, a champion in the London Olympics, is a hit throughout the world.孙杨，伦敦奥运会冠军，轰动了全世界。
[句式分析]：Sun Yang(主语), a champion in the London Olympics（同位语, is（谓语）【really】状语a hit （表语）throughout the world（后置定语）.2．To be honest, I found the film not so good.说实话，我觉得这部电影不是很好。
[句式分析]．To be honest, I found the film not so good.插入语（主语）谓语宾语宾语补足语二、充当句子成分的各种形式不同的词类、非谓语及从句在句中充当不同的成分。
[句式分析]On the first day of new term, we remained seated, excited, waiting for our new teacher turning up. 新学期的第一天，我们兴奋地坐在教室里，等待着新老师的到来。
现代大学英语基础写作课件
Observer
objective
Narration
The third person point of view
the objective/dramatic —只叙述故事, 不描写心理
the limited omniscient(=all knowing)/limited —仅描写其中一 个角色心理
• 2.subordination • (从属)
Subordinating conjunctions
After,although,as,b ecause,before,if,si nce,though,unless, until,when,where,w hile
Relative pronouns
Differences between summarizing
essay The main ideas
story The main action
In logical order (逻辑顺序)
In chronological order (事情发展顺序)
Summary--Use narration to describe a person
• Summary • Paragraph • Narration • Description
Content
Summary Writing
• 1.What a short piece of writing----the main facts or ideas of a story or article
• 2.How • it is complete (beginning-middle-end) • only important details • as little conversation as possible • link words and expressions
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Classification of Idioms
1. Idioms nominal in nature: they have a noun as the key word and function as nouns in a sentence.
white elephant: something useless and unwanted but
E.g. kick the bucket
E.g. crocodile tears
In a broad sense, idioms may include
colloquialisms(俗语)
catchphrases (熟语) slang expressions
Proverbs, etc.
to come back to earth: to stop dreaming to make ends meet: to earn what it costs to live
to keep the pot boiling: to earn enough to maintain an
adequate standard of living or to keep a situation active to let the dog see the rabbit: not to get the way of another who wishes to see to bite the hand that feeds one: to repay kindness with wrong.
3. Idioms verbal in nature: they function as verbs in a sentence.
Phrasal verbs e.g. to get away with Verbal phrases to follow one’s nose: go straight ahead to fall flat: to fail completely to give sb. the bag: to fire sb. to sing a different tune: to change one’s opinion to call it a day: to decide to stop temporarily or for good to swim against the stream: to do the opposite of what most people want to do
Keys
on the carpet: rebuked or closely questioned by a person in authority. take sb/sth by storm: to suddenly be very successful in a particular place or with a particular group of people wade through: to read detailed or complicated information warts and all: including all faults or other unpleasant facts Let’s call it a day:?
big and costly brain trust: a group of people with special knowledge who answer questions or give advice flesh and blood: relatives or family an apple of discord: cause of disagreement or argument Jack of all trades: a person who can do so many different kinds of work but may not good at any of them fly in the ointment(药膏): something that spoils the perfection of something. (c.f. Just a bit of a mouse’s dropping will spoil a whole saucepan of broth. )
English Idioms
General Introduction
The next day, our 20-year-old daughter, Ophelia, who was majoring in wallpaper hanging at State University, floated in on cloud nine. With bated breath, she laid her cards on the table and said, “Mother! Dad! Guess what! I’ve fallen head over heels in love with Cornelius, a man after my own heart. He’s a yo-yo expert, second to none. Gabrielle, her mother, became as mad as a wet hen, while I just stood there, all ears. ‘A career and love don’t mix,’ admonished Gabrielle. ‘If you try to burn the candle at both ends, you’ll fall flat on your face.’
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4. Idioms adverbis adverbials in a sentence
e.g. with flying colors: finish doing sth
successfully e.g. tooth and nail: with great violence and determination e.g. in clover or in the clover(三叶草): in rich comfort or having a pleasant or easy life e.g. through thick and thin: through all difficulties.
changed as poor as a church mouse: having, or earning, barely enough money for one’s needs wide of the mark: not at all suitable beyond the pale: beyond the limit of proper behavior up in the air: uncertain.
e.g. Every dog has his day. e.g. Let the sleeping dog lie.
e.g. Art is long, life is short.
e.g. The on-lookers see most of games. e.g. The fox may grow grey, but never good.
fallen head over heels in love with: or head overheels in love with her
a man after my own heart: someone I can agree with or like very much as mad as a wet hen: raging mad all ears: listen attentively burn the candle at both ends: work or play too hard without sleep or with extreme efforts. fall flat on your face: to fail completely
floated in on cloud nine: happy or 'high’ with bated breath: If you wait for bated breath or something with bated breath, you look forward to it, or you wait in an anxious or interested way to see what happens next. laid her cards on the table: Be open and honest, reveal one's position or intentions, to be completely straightforward and open
2. Idioms adjectival in nature: they function as adjectives in a sentence but the constituents are not necessarily adjectives.
sick as a dog: seriously ill cut and dried: already settles and unlikely to be
Learning Idioms: the Good News
Similar expressions in the Chinese language.
with a heavy heart heart and soul heart to heart spend money like water strike while the iron is hot. more haste, less speed. to pass fish eyes for pearls