透析句型套路 英语阅读考试写出“饼图”精彩

透析句型套路  英语阅读考试写出“饼图”精彩
透析句型套路  英语阅读考试写出“饼图”精彩

透析句型套路英语阅读考试写出“饼图”精彩

朗阁海外考试研究中心

近期,朗阁教育集团携手国际考试联盟、海外考试研究中心等国际权威机构亲手打造雅思模考活动。从考试流程到考试细节,全部沿用正式雅思考试程序。更特邀雅思资深外籍培训官亲临口语模考现场,聚焦全国百万学子,打造雅思状元高分。实战演练,名师点评,权威模拟考场,对于想提高雅思成绩的考生,是不容错过的练兵平台。

今天朗阁专家们将结合多年教学经验,对饼图的分析方法、词汇句型和写作套路进行总结和分类,以帮助考生理清写作思路,更准确地回应题目的要求。

饼图是一种以圆形图示的方式将各个项目所占比例和分布情况进行展现和对比的图表,一个饼图通常显示一个数据系列。回看近两年的雅思写作考试,饼图出现的次数有了较大的提升,因此考生应在今后的备考中对其多加留意。

许多考生觉得饼图十分简单,也就是一些百分比及数字的列举,对该类图表不太重视,准备并不充分。笔者根据学生的日常作业来看,很多学生并没能准确把握这一图表的特征。在实际考试中,真题大多是多个饼图结合出现,如果一味地罗列数据照搬词组,不但文章读起来枯燥无味,句式和词汇也缺少变化,是无法得到理想的分数的。那么考生该如何应对饼状图表写作呢?

1. 分析思路

在实际考试中,一般以三到四个饼图出现为主,最多曾出现过六个饼图的组合,但无论如何变化,多饼图一般可分为以下两种模式,笔者将举出一些实例进行分析:

1)无关型饼图

图一

请注意以上三个饼图(图一),它们分别介绍了世界上的不同花费比例,世界人口分布及资源消耗的去向,三个饼图涉及的内容和划分标准不尽相同,不可能将三者结合起来一起论述。

对于这种图表,我们的文章框架架构如下:

Introduction:分别概述三个饼图所说明的信息

如:The three pie charts respectively illustrate some data regarding the distribution in world spending, global population and consumption of resources.

Body:分别说明各饼图的内容,辅以数据(段落层次按照个数划分即可,本题就可以分成三个段落)分别进行排序,稍后详细分析。

Conclusion(选用):说明三个饼图的相关含义,如无,可提炼一下每个饼图最典型的特征(如果已达到要求字数且充分说明内容,结尾段可以略去)

详细来看,世界花费主要支出在食物方面,交通、房产和穿着次之,其他项目合计占到总数的40%;亚洲是世界人口的主要来源地,欧洲、美洲和非洲均占到10%以上,其他地区人口较少。这两个饼图都可以用“排序”的方式来列举数据,具体的写法我们会在下面详细说明。最后一个图表可以用比较的办法突出美国欧洲等发达地区耗费了世界上五分之二的资源。

由于无关型饼图没有什么分类思路可言,句式和词汇会显得相对单一,考生在写作时特别要注意变化,避免单调。

2)相关型饼图

这类饼图组合之间常常有一定关联,只要细心观察不难发现其中的联系点。我们先来看看下面这两个饼图组合:

图二

这两个饼图比较了不同年份世界人口的数量及分布情况的变化,数量和分布地区就是我们所找到的两图之间的联系。根据这一思路我们可以将文章架构如下:Introduction:说明各饼图的联系,此时可以选取如“compare,reveal”之类的动词来突出其关联。

如:The two pie charts reveal the variation in the global population and distribution between 1900 and 2000.

Body:根据各饼图之间的联系,进行分别比较和说明。以本图为例:

1. 数量联系:The world population quadrupled during the past century, from 1.5 to 6 billion.

2. 地区联系:Despite some changes in region distribution, Asia and Europe were still the two areas where the majority of people came from, altogether accounting for over 60% of the total.

当然,一些细节的内容也要详细说明,如其他地区的比例变化有升有降,新统计地区的出现。本图的主线是时间变化,考生可以将其转化成为线图。Conclusion:相关图表之间一般都有比较明显的联系,可以作为结尾段的总述,如:The majority of people were from Asia and Europe, where a decline in percentage can be found.

再来看看下面这个图表(图三)也是一个相同的例子:

图三

图三主要比较了十年间人们所选用能源的变化,和图二的思路基本相同,也是以时间为主线进行对比,我们可以根据比例的变化方式进行分类:

比例上升:There was a minimal growth in the proportion of coal and nuclear power, with the former from 22% in 1980 to 27% in 1990 and the latter 5% to 10% over the same course.

比例下降:An opposite change can be seen in the percentage of natural gas, oil and hydroelectric power.

值得注意的是,石油一直是人们依赖的主要能源。

我们再来看另外一种相关型图表(图四):

图四

此类图表不是以时间为走向的,而是比较了不同产品在不同地区的市场份额。虽然产品有差异,但地区的分类是一致的。我们的基本思路是观察各图表之间的异同,进行归类。

Introduction:说明各饼图的联系,如:The three pie charts compare the market share of three products in some areas including North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.

Body:根据各饼图之间的联系,进行分别比较和说明。以本图为例:

1. 相同点:A similar pattern can be found in the distribution of sales for Product X and Y. 两者的排序是一致的

2. 不同点:和Product X和Y相比,Product Z的市场分布比较均匀。Conclusion:总结异同点即可。

朗阁海外考试研究中心分析认为,相关型饼图的分析思路关键在于找出图表之间的关系,特别是联系点及分类点,前者常见的有时间变化、类别对比;后者常见的有地区、不同事物项等。把握好了这些要点,再辅以适当数据进行说明就能轻松化解饼图。

2. 相关句式

1)基本句式

由于饼图主要以比例说明和数字列举为主,我们需要在考前准备好以下素材:①动词“占”的表达:

account for, hold, make up, take up, constitute, comprise, represent

②百分比的表达

percentage,proportion, share, 某些情况下可以用rate,如literacy rate

③约数表达

the majority of, most of, a considerable number of, a minority of , just over…, slightly more than…/less than…, nearly half…等

④确切数字表达

分数与百分比的转化:one third, two fifths,one tenth

常见表达:a quarter, a half

⑤句式

要灵活运用以上的词汇结合一定的句子,变换表达方式。

例:亚洲人口占世界比例近50%。

— Asia accounts for almost a half of world population.

— Nearly 50% of people in the world come from Asia.

— The percentage of Asian in the world population is slightly less than a half. — Asia has the largest percentage of population in the world( approximately 50%).

⑥排序段

在列举饼图数据时,为了防止单调枯燥,我们常常运用排序的方式进行说明:— China takes the lead in world population.

类似的表达还有“be leading, the majority, mostly, most等”

—Next comes food, whose percentage is higher than that of clothing.

类似的表达还有“follow”

— People seem to show no interest in reference books, which lies last in the percentage.

类似表达还有“fall behind other items, the lowest proportion”.

我们来看一段排序的完整例子:

Heating rooms and water account for the largest proportion (52.5%) of the electricity used. Next come s the demand of ovens, kettles and washing machines, which makes up 17.5%. The electricity consumed for lighting, TV and radio equals to that for vacuum cleaner, food mixers and electric tools, representing 15%.

如果能用好排序段,在描述饼图数据时,能起到事半功倍的效果。

1)思维套路

在描述不相关饼图时,由于各图之间联系不强,考生只需将各图表的要素做一定排序即可。以图一的第二个饼图为例:As can be seen from the second pie chart, Asia is where 57% of total population lives, followed by Europe and Americas, with 14% for each. There is 10% of population from Africa and the rest proportion goes to other regions.

对于相关型饼图,以图二为例,如果仅仅只是将图表转化成为线图,对于上升下降等趋势进行描述,就忽视了饼图展现百分比的这一特性。我们可以首先对较大的几项或者最值得注意的一项进行说明。

It is apparent that people mainly relied on fossil fuel including oil, natural gas and coal. In particular, oil was still the major energy, despite a slight drop from 42% to 33% in 1980s. Natural gas and coal were the next two items, altogether constituting over half of total energy consumed. The former shows a 1% decline while the amount of latter climbed from 22% to 27%.

对于剩下的一些项目,我们可以按照一定的规律进行说明,如时间趋势或者是对比结果。

The reliance on nuclear power shows a double increase from 5% to 10% while the percentage of hydroelectric power kept steady at 5% during the same period.

因此,相关型饼图的分析思路就是:在多个饼图关注其中一项或是几大项,说明其在图中的比例特征,剩下的比例可以找出一定规律进行分析说明。参考句型如:The rest proportion can be divided among…

我们来看一个完整的段落(高分范文第五版P224):

Accommodation and food were the two biggest items of expenditure. Altogether they constituted around 60% of the total students’ expenditure in all the three countries. The difference is that in country A and B accommodation spending exceeded food spending while the reverse was true for country C. The rest of students’ spending was divided among leisure, books and other items. Leisure spending constituted a larger percentage (around 20%) of student expenditure in both country A and country B, while in country C more money was spent on books (21%) than on leisure (12%).

笔者建议,考生可以结合高分范文和剑桥雅思后面考官的文章进行练习。

总而言之,饼图可以称得上是图表作文里最为简单的一类,数据和特征都较为单纯明了。朗阁海外考试研究中心建议考生要留心观察认真把握图表规律,在日常学习中练习分析思路,以期在考试较短的时间内能够尽快动笔。在实际写作中,

在基本表达的基础上,要加强句式和词汇的变化,不可“得过且过”,切记“精益求精”。

若果你有好的建议好的想法可发邮件至jinan@https://www.360docs.net/doc/ed14405746.html,

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思维导图在英语教学中的运用

思维导图在英语教学中发挥的作用 随着教育的不断发展,人们越来越重视教育的方法、手段及策略。很多学生在学习方面很头疼,由于时间关系,对已学过的知识大都记不清楚。教育部《基础教育课程改革纲要(试行)》中提出,要“大力推进信息技术在教学过程中的普遍应用,促进信息技术与课程的整合,逐步实现教学内容的呈现方式,充分发挥信息技术的优势,为学生的学习和发展提供丰富多彩的教育环境和有力的学习工具”。作为一种教育策略——思维导图,这词的出现率也越来越高了,它被应用到许多领域。在我们的英语教学过程中,思维导图也将起着其他任何教学方法不可替代的独特作用。运用思维导图进行教学,直接应用到英语知识学习的预习、整理(如笔记)、记忆、复习、交流、写作等过程中,能有效提高学生的英语学习能力。 思维导图是放射性思维的表达方式,它是一种非常有用的图形技术,在初中的教学中应用思维导图进行教学,能够激发学生的学习兴趣,调动学生的学习兴趣,提高学习效率。并利用联想和连线相关知识使之结构化,使知识的获取、储存和提取更加高效。 1.利用思维导图记忆英语单词。 英语单词的记忆包括单词的音、形、义等方面的记忆,学生在学习英语单词时采用死记硬背的方法只能让繁多的单词停留在标识和浅显记忆方面,所以,学生记忆单词往往是今天记住了,明天又忘记了,这样一来,学生记忆单词的积极性就会减弱,而在英语教学中运用思维导图可以有效地解决这一问题,思维导图可以让学生在记忆英语单词时进行合理地联想。思维导图以放射思考为基础收放自如的方式,可以提思考技巧,增强记忆力。可以按照不同词性和不同搭配用法,画出思维导图。这样一来,既可以帮助学生以灵活的方式来学习单词,同时,也可以让学生节省学习单词的时间,提高学习效率及学习积极性。可以根据首字母提示记忆,利用词性归类记忆,利用词缀联想记忆,利用相近的词对比记忆等。

高考英语阅读常见690个单词

1.alter v. 改变,改动,变更 2.burst vi./n. 突然发生,爆裂 3.dispose vi. 除掉;处置;解决;处理(of) 4.blast n. 爆炸;气流vi. 炸,炸掉 5.consume v. 消耗,耗尽 6.split v. 劈开;割裂;分裂 a.裂开的 7.spit v. 吐(唾液等);唾弃 8.spill v. 溢出,溅出,倒出 9.slip v. 滑动,滑落;忽略 10.slide v. 滑动,滑落n. 滑动;滑面;幻灯片 11.bacteria n. 细菌 12.breed n. 种,品种v. 繁殖,产仔 13.budget n. 预算v. 编预算,作安排 14.candidate n. 候选人 15.campus n. 校园 16.liberal a. 慷慨的;丰富的;自由的 17.transform v. 转变,变革;变换 18.transmit v. 传播,播送;传递19.transplant v. 移植20.transport vt. 运输,运送n. 运输,运输工具 21.shift v. 转移;转动;转变 22.vary v. 变化,改变;使多样化23.vanish vi. 消灭,不见 24.swallow v. 吞下,咽下n. 燕子 25.suspicion n. 怀疑,疑心 26.suspicious a. 怀疑的,可疑的https://www.360docs.net/doc/ed14405746.html,d a. 温暖的,暖 和的;温柔的,味淡的 28.tender a. 温柔的;脆弱的29.nuisance n. 损害,妨害, 讨厌(的人或事物) 30.insignificant a. 无意义 的,无足轻重的;无价值的 31.accelerate vt. 加速,促 进 32.absolute a. 绝对的,无 条件的;完全的 33.boundary n. 分界线,边 界 34.brake n. 刹车,制动器v. 刹住(车) 35.catalog n. 目录(册)v. 编目 36.vague a. 模糊的,不明 确的 37.vain n. 徒劳,白费 38.extinct a. 绝灭的,熄灭 的 39.extraordinary a. 不平常 的,特别的,非凡的 40.extreme a. 极度的,极 端的n. 极端,过分 41.agent n. 代理人,代理 商;动因,原因 42.alcohol n. 含酒精的饮 料,酒精 43.appeal n./vi. 呼吁,恳求 44.appreciate vt. 重视,赏 识,欣赏 45.approve v. 赞成,同意, 批准 46.stimulate vt. 刺激,激励 47.acquire vt. 取得,获得; 学到 48.accomplish vt .完成,到 达;实行 https://www.360docs.net/doc/ed14405746.html,work n. 网状物;广 播网,电视网;网络 50.tide n. 潮汐;潮流 51.tidy a. 整洁的,整齐的 52.trace vt. 追踪,找到n. 痕迹,踪迹 53.torture n./vt. 拷打,折 磨 54.wander vi. 漫游,闲逛 55.wax n. 蜡 56.weave v. 织,编 57.preserve v. 保护,保存, 保持,维持 61. abuse v. 滥用,虐待;谩 骂 62. academic a. 学术的; 高等院校的;研究院的 63. academy n. (高等)专 科院校;学会 64. battery n. 电池(组) 65. barrier n. 障碍;棚栏 66. cargo n. (船、飞机等 装载的)货物 67. career n. 生涯,职业 68. vessel n. 船舶;容器, 器皿;血管 69. vertical a. 垂直的 70. oblige v. 迫使,责成;使 感激71. obscure a. 阴暗, 模糊 72. extent n. 程度,范围,大 小,限度 73. exterior n. 外部,外表 a. 外部的,外表的 74. external a. 外部的,外 表的,外面的 75. petrol n. 汽油 76. petroleum n. 石油 77. delay vt./n. 推迟,延误, 耽搁 78. decay vi. 腐烂,腐朽 79. decent a. 像样的,体面 的 80. route n. 路;路线;航 线 81. ruin v. 毁坏,破坏n. 毁灭,[pl.]废墟 82. sake n. 缘故,理由 83. satellite n. 卫星 84. scale n. 大小,规模;等 级;刻度

思维导图在初中英语阅读教学中的运用

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Unit 2 The Fine Art of Putting Things Off Michael Demarest 1"Never put off till tomorrow," exhorted Lord Chesterfield in 1749, "what you can do today." That the elegant earl never got around to marrying his son's mother and had a bad habit of keeping worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours in an anteroom attests to the fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever. Quintus Fabius Maximus, one of the great Roman generals, was dubbed "Cunctator " (Delayer) for putting off battle until the last possible vinum break. Moses pleaded a speech defect to rationalize his reluctance to deliver Jehovah's edicts to Pharaoh. Hamlet, of course, raised procrastination to an art form. 2The world is probably about evenly divided between delayers and do-it-nowers. There are those who prepare their income taxes in February, prepay mortgages and serve precisely planned dinners at an ungodly 6:30 . The other half dine happily on leftovers at 9 or 10, misplace bills and file for an extension of the income tax deadline. They seldom pay credit-card bills until the apocalyptic voice of Diners threatens doom from Denver. They postpone, as Faustian encounters, visits to barbershop, dentist or doctor. 3Yet for all the trouble procrastination may incur, delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul. Jean Kerr, author of many successful novels and plays, says that she reads every soup-can and jamjar label in her kitchen before settling down to her typewriter. Many a writer focuses on almost anything but his task—for example, on the Coast and Geodetic Survey of Maine's Frenchman Bay and Bar Harbor, stimulating his imagination with names like Googins Ledge, Blunts Pond, Hio Hill and Burnt Porcupine, Long Porcupine, Sheep Porcupine and Bald Porcupine islands. 4From Cunctator's day until this century, the art of postponement had been virtually a monopoly of the military ("Hurry up and wait"), diplomacy and the law. In former times, a British proconsul faced with a native uprising could comfortably ruminate about the situation with Singapore Sling in hand. Blessedly, he had no nattering Telex to order in machine guns and fresh troops. A U.S. general as late as World War II could agree with his enemy counterpart to take a sporting day off, loot the villagers' chickens and wine and go back to battle a day later. Lawyers are among the world's most addicted postponers. According to Frank Nathan, a nonpost-poning Beverly Hills insurance salesman, "The number of attorneys who die without a will is amazing." 5Even where there is no will, there is a way. There is a difference, of course, between chronic procrastination and purposeful postponement, particularly in the higher echelons of business. Corporate dynamics encourage the caution that breeds delay, says Richard Manderbach, Bank of America group vice president. He notes that speedy action can be embarrassing or extremely costly. The data explosion fortifies those seeking excuses for inaction—another report to be read, another authority to be consulted. "There is always," says Manderbach, "a delicate edge between having enough information and too much." 6His point is well taken. Bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother policymakers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal—and thereby prevent hasty decisions from being made. The centralization of government that led to Watergate has spread to economic institutions and beyond, making procrastination a worldwide way of life. Many languages are studded with phrases that refer to putting things off—from the Spanish ma?ana to the Arabic bukra fil mishmish(literally "tomorrow in apricots," more loosely "leave it for the soft spring weather when the apricots are blooming"). 7Academe also takes high honors in procrastination. Bernard Sklar, a University of Southern California sociologist who churns out three to five pages of writing a day, admits that "many of my friends go through agonies when they face a blank page. There are all sorts of rationalizations: the pressure of teaching, responsibilities at home, checking out the latest book, looking up another footnote." 8Psychologists maintain that the most assiduous procrastinators are women, though many psychologists are (at $50-plus an hour) pretty good delayers themselves. Dr. Ralph Greenson, a professor of clinical psychiatry (and Marilyn Monroe's onetime shrink), takes a fairly gentle view of procrastination. "To many people," he says, "doing something, confronting, is the moment of truth. All frightened people will then avoid the moment of truth entirely, or evade or postpone it until the last possible moment." To Georgia State Psychologist Joen Pagan, however, procrastination may be a kind of subliminal way of sorting the important from the trivial. "When I drag my feet, there's usually some reason," says Fagan. "I feel it, but I don't yet know the real reason." 9In fact, there is a long and honorable history of procrastination to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed. It is something of a truism that to put off making a decision is itself a

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