语言学专业词汇中英文对照版

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语言学重要概念梳理(中英文对照版)

1　完全阻塞辅音complete obstruction/2　爆破音plosives/stops: /p/, /b/ /t/, /d/ /k/, /g/3　鼻音nasals：/m/ /n/ /n长/4　擦音fricatives：/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /师/ /3/ /6/ /咬舌z/ /h/5　破擦音affricates：/ts/ /d3/6　流音liquids : /r/ /l/7　滑音/半元音glides/simivowels：/w/ /j/8　接近辅音approximants9　中央流音central10　边流音lateral：3．特征：∙清浊特征Voicing1)分类：浊辅音voiced consonants 清辅音voiceless consonants2)体现形式：声带是否震动in the vibration of the vocal cordsE.g：/p/ 和/d/∙送气特征Aspiration1)articulated with a strong air stream pushingout2)只有爆破音和破擦音有送气与否的区别3)不造成词义改变，是非区别性特 E.g：/p/ 在please中送气，在speak中不送气∙区别性特征Distinctive Features1)可以用来区分不同音位（phonetic voicing）如清浊特征，但送气特征就不是2)区别性特征一般都是双元Binary的 (+voicing/ -voicing)四、关于元音Vowels1.概念：发音中没有出现任何气流阻塞的音A sound pronounced with noobstruction of the air stream2.分类：舌翘位置the part of the tongue that is raised、舌高theextent to which the tongue rises和嘴唇的形状the shape of thelips1)舌翘：front——/i/ /e/ /a/；back——/o/ /u/2)舌高：high——/i/ /u/；mid——/e/ /o/；low——/a/一、基本概念：研究句子结构以及词、词组和短语构成的句子的规则 the internal structure of sentences and the rules etc.二、几个重要概念1．横组合关系Syntagmatic relations/线形关系Linear relations：即词序word order，指句子中单词的链状顺序关系纵聚合关系Paradigmatic relations：把句子各个位置当成插槽Slot，则同义或相近词都可填入此槽，这就是词间纵聚合关系注：词的横组合及纵聚合关系是其句法理论的重要组成部分Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic relations is important part of 索绪尔Saussure’s syntactic theory.2．直接成分分析法Immediate Constituent Analysis简作IC Analysis：通过多次的二元切割将句子分割为词组、单词的一种句子分析手段3．语法范畴Grammatical Categories：指代名词、动词等此类的标志性特征definding properties●名词：性Gender，数 Number，格Case 【数：单数Singular和双数Dual；性：阴性Feminine和阳性Masculine以及中性Neuter；格：代词——主格Nominative，宾格Accusative，名词——一般格General和所有格Genitive】●动词：时态 Tense，体Aspect，语态Voice三、关于句子：the maximum free form最大的语法分析单位1．句子关系：1　一致关系Agreement：两个或更多单词在某个特定环境下必须保持其某个范畴的一致，主要表现在主谓、修饰语和被修饰语之间。

(完整word版)语言学术语翻译及术语解释

术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1.Design features of language（语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性），Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）2. Functions of languagereferential 指称功能poetic 诗学功能emotive情感功能conative 劝慰功能phatic寒暄功能metalingual function 元语言功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇/文本功能Informative（信息/告知功能），Performative Function（施为功能），Emotive Function（情感功能），Phatic communion（寒暄交谈），Recreational Function（娱乐功能），3. Phonetics(语音学)，Phonology（音系/音位学）; Morphology（形态学），Syntax（句法学）;Semantics（语义学），Pragmatics（语用学）Articulatory phonetics发音语音学Acoustic phonetics声学语音学Auditory phonetics听觉语音学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学Applied linguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时Langue vs. parole语言和言语Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为5. V ocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)，pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔and nasal cavity鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带, larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate硬腭,soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈6.Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音）A. Manners of articulation发音方式B. Places of articulation发音位置7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音Fricative摩擦音Approximant近似音Lateral (approximant)边音Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音and tap 闪音Bilabial双唇音Labiodental唇齿音Dental齿音Alveolar齿龈音Postal veolar后齿龈音Retroflex卷舌音Palatal硬腭音Velar软腭音Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音glottal声门音monophthong vowel: 单元音diphthongs双元音triphthongs三元音Lax vowels短元音Tensed vowels长元音8.Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音. broad transcription宽式标音narrow transcription严式标音9. minimal pairs最小对立体Phoneme音位phonemic transcriptions音位转写phonetic transcriptions语音转写phones音子allophones音位变体complementary distribution互补分布phonetic similarity发音近似性Free variation自由变体assimilation同化regressive assimilation逆同化progressive assimilation顺同化phonological rule 音系规则Epenthesis增音binary 二分的Distinctive features区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions向心结构和离心结构subordinate and coordinate从属和并列Conceptual meaning概念意义Associative meaning:联想意义Connotative meaning内涵意义Social meaning社会意义Affective meaning情感意义Reflected meaning反射意义Collocative meaning搭配意义Thematic meaning主位意义denotation: 外延意义connotation: 内涵The referential theory:指称理论Semantic triangle语义三角Sense and reference：涵义和指称Synonymy同义关系Antonymy反义关系Hyponymy上下义关系Polysemy一词多义关系Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词Stylistic synonyms风格同义词Collocational synonyms搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系cover term覆盖项Marked vs. unmarked terms标记项和非标记项complementary antonymy 互补反义关系converse antonymy 逆向反义关系homophones: 同音异义词homographs : 同形异义词complete homonyms semantic components语义部分术语解释1.Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的）properties ofhuman language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2.Synchronic共时：It refers to the description of a language at some point of timein history.3.Diachronic历时：It studies the development or history of language. In otherwords, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .4.prescriptive规定式：A kind of linguistic s tudy aims to lay down rules for “correctand standard” behavior in using language.5.descriptive描写式: A kind of linguistic study aims to describe and analyze thelanguage people actually use.6.Arbitrariness（任意性）:By saying that “language is arbitrary”, we mean thatthere is no logical connection between meaning and sound.7.Duality（二层性/二重性）:it means that language is a system, which consists oftwo levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8.Displacement（移位性）: it means that language can be used to communicateabout things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.petence语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge of the underlyingsystem of rules in a language.10.Performance语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker ina real communicational context.ngue语言: it refers to the speaker’s understanding and knowledge of thelanguage that he speaks.12.Parole言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker.13.Cultural transmission（文化传播）:It refers to the fact that the details of thelinguistic system must be learned anew（重新，再）by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14.Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）:it refers to ritual exchanges, exchanges that havelittle meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15.Phonetics(语音学): it is the study of the characteristics of speech sounds andprovides methods for their description, classification and transcription.16.V owels元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulators come veryclose together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.17.Consonants辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is an obstructionof the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.18.Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it is concernedwith the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19.Phoneme音位: the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish twowords.20.Allophone音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21.Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or all thecharacteristics of a neighboring sound.22.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlappingarticulations are involved.plementary distribution互补分布:when two sounds never occur in thesame environment, they are in complementary distribution.24.Free variation自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the same environment do notcontrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.25.Distinctive features区别特征：A phonetic feature which distinguishes onephonological unit, especially one phoneme, from another.26.minimal pairs最小对立体----- which can be defined as pairs of words whichdiffer from each other by only one sound.27.vowel glides滑音: The vowels involving movement from one sound to anotherare called vowel glides.28.Epenthesis增音：it means a process of inserting a sound after another sound.29.Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between an individualunit and others that can replace it in a given sequence.30.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, orapproaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31.Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related words where none ofthem is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group32.Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects, actions orproperties that the words stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships between words and expressions and the world they describe.(具体的物质性的东西)33.Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations between words.ponential analysis ：Componential analysis defines the meaning of alexical element in terms of semantic components语义部分.35.Sense: it refers to the complex system of relationships that hold between linguisticelements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）36.Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words andsentences in particular.37.Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the sameform, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38.Antonymy：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations between words.39.Hyponymy上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness. The upperterm in this sense relation is called superordinate上义词,and the lower terms, hyponyms下义词, members of the same class are called co-hyponyms.。

《英语语言学》术语英汉对照表

语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Glossary and Index(备注：因教材改版，部分章节标注等内容有出入。

) Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语3.3.1Abercrombie 10.3.2ablative 夺格，离格4.1.1abstractness 抽象性1.3.2accent 重音（符）2.4.4；2.4.5accuracy 正确性11.6.4accusative 宾格4.1.1achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3acoustic phonetics 声学语音学1.7.1；2.1acquisition 习得6.1.2acronym 缩略语3.3.1action process 动作过程12.2.3actor 动作者4.4.2；12.2.3addition 添加3.3.2address form 称呼形式7.2.3addressee 受话人1.4；9.4.1addresser 发话人1.4；9.4.1adjective 形容词3.1.2；4.1.1；5.5.2adjunct 修饰成分；附加语12.2.3adverb 副词3.1.2affix 词缀3.2.1affix hopping 词缀跳跃4.3.1affixation词缀附加法7.1.4affricate 塞擦音2.4.3；2.4.5；2.9.1agreement 一致关系4.1.3airstream 气流2alliteration 头韵9.3.2；9.3.6allomorph 词/语素变体3.2.4；4.3.1allophone 音位变体2.8allophonic variation 音位变体2.8.3allophony音位变体现象2.8.3alveolar ridge 齿龈2.2alveolar 齿龈音2.4.4；2.4.5ambiguity 歧义4.2.2；4.3.1；6.2.3；8.2.2；8.3.2 ambiguous歧义的5.5.2；6.3American descriptive linguistics 美国描写语言学12.3 American English 美式英语10.3.5American Indian languages 美国印第安族诸语言12.3 American structuralism 美国结构主义10.3.2；12.3 analogical creation 类推造字3.3.1anapest 抑抑扬格9.3.3anaphor 前指替代4.3.3anaphoric reference 前指照应4.3.2Anderson 6.3.1Animal communication system 动物交际系统1.2；1.3 animate 有生命的4.2.1annotation 注解10.3.4；10.3.5antecedent 先行词；前在词4.3.2anthropological 人类学的12.3.1anthropological linguistics 人类语言学1.8.3；7.1.1 anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音2.6.1 antonomasia 换称；代类名7.1.4antonym 反义词5.4antonymy 反义(关系) 5.3.2appellative 称谓性4.4.2applied linguistics 应用语言学11applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学7.2.4 appropriacy 适宜性11.6.4appropriateness 适宜性；得体性11.2.5 approximant 无摩擦延续音2.4.3；2.4.5Apte 7；7.2.1aptitude test 素质测试11.6.2Arabic 阿拉伯语3.3.1；4.4.1arbitrariness 任意性1.3.1；12argument 中项；中词；主目4.3.3；5.5.2article 冠词3.1.2；4.1.1；4.2.1articulation 发音2.6articulator 发音器官2.4.2；2.4.3articulatory phonetics 发音语音学1.7.1；2.1 artificial speech 人工言语10aspect 体4.1.2aspirated 吐气；送气2.6.2；2.8.2 assimilation 同化2.9.1；3.2.4；3.3.2；6.2.4 associative 联想4.2.1associative meaning 联想意义5.3 assonance 准压韵；半谐音9.3.2；9.3.6 Atkinson, A.M. 2.1attributive 属性；修饰语；定语4.2.2；12.2.3 auditory phonetics 听觉语音学1.7.1；2.1 Austin, John Langshaw 8.1；8.1.2authentic input 真实投入11.4.2authorial style 权威风格9.4.3authoring program 编程10.1.3autonomy 自主性1.8auxiliary 助词3.1.2；12.4.3auxiliary verb 助动词3.1.2；12.2.3Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段12.4.1back-formation 逆构词法3.3.1Bally, Charles 9.1Bar-Hillel 10.2.1Barnhart & Barnhart 7.1.4base component 基础部分4.3.2；12.4。

语言学重要概念梳理中英文对照版

第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征（Design Features）1.任意性 Arbitratriness：shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念；同样的声音，各国不同的表达方式2.双层结构Duality：语言由声音结构和意义结构组成（the structure of sounds and meaning）3.多产性productive: 语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number withsentences）4.移位性 Displacemennt：可以表达许多不在场的东西，如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情，或者表达根本不存在的东西等5.文化传播性 Cultural Transmission：语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能（Functions of Language）1.传达信息功能 Informative：最主要功能The main function2.人际功能 Interpersonal：人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity3.行事功能 performative：现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge，naming，and curses4.表情功能 Emotive Function：表达强烈情感的语言，如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5.寒暄功能 Phatic Communion：应酬话phatic language，比如“吃了没？”“天儿真好啊！”等等6.元语言功能 Metalingual Function：用语言来谈论、改变语言本身，如book 可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学 Core linguistic1)语音学 Phonetics ：关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程，着重考察人类语言中的单音。

语言学术语(英-汉对照)表

语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Glossary and IndexAabbreviation 缩写词，略语3.3.1Abercrombie 10.3.2ablative 夺格，离格4.1.1abstractness 抽象性1.3.2accent 重音（符）2.4.4；2.4.5accuracy 正确性11.6.4accusative 宾格4.1.1achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3acoustic phonetics 声学语音学1.7.1；2.1 acquisition 习得6.1.2acronym 缩略语3.3.1action process 动作过程12.2.3actor 动作者4.4.2；12.2.3addition 添加3.3.2address form 称呼形式7.2.3addressee 受话人1.4；9.4.1addresser 发话人1.4；9.4.1adjective 形容词3.1.2；4.1.1；5.5.2adjunct 修饰成分；附加语12.2.3adverb 副词3.1.2affix 词缀3.2.1affix hopping 词缀跳跃4.3.1affixation词缀附加法7.1.4affricate 塞擦音2.4.3；2.4.5；2.9.1agreement 一致关系4.1.3airstream 气流2alliteration 头韵9.3.2；9.3.6allomorph 词/语素变体3.2.4；4.3.1allophone 音位变体2.8allophonic variation 音位变体2.8.3allophony音位变体现象2.8.3alveolar ridge 齿龈2.2alveolar 齿龈音2.4.4；2.4.5ambiguity 歧义4.2.2；4.3.1；6.2.3；8.2.2；8.3.2 ambiguous歧义的5.5.2；6.3American descriptive linguistics 美国描写语言学12.3 American English 美式英语10.3.5American Indian languages 美国印第安族诸语言12.3 American structuralism 美国结构主义10.3.2；12.3 analogical creation 类推造字3.3.1anapest 抑抑扬格9.3.3anaphor 前指替代4.3.3anaphoric reference 前指照应4.3.2Anderson 6.3.1Animal communication system 动物交际系统1.2；1.3 animate 有生命的4.2.1annotation 注解10.3.4；10.3.5antecedent 先行词；前在词4.3.2anthropological 人类学的12.3.1anthropological linguistics 人类语言学1.8.3；7.1.1 anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音2.6.1 antonomasia 换称；代类名7.1.4antonym 反义词5.4antonymy 反义(关系) 5.3.2appellative 称谓性4.4.2applied linguistics 应用语言学11applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学7.2.4 appropriacy 适宜性11.6.4appropriateness 适宜性；得体性11.2.5 approximant 无摩擦延续音2.4.3；2.4.5Apte 7；7.2.1aptitude test 素质测试11.6.2Arabic 阿拉伯语3.3.1；4.4.1arbitrariness 任意性1.3.1；12argument 中项；中词；主目4.3.3；5.5.2article 冠词3.1.2；4.1.1；4.2.1articulation 发音2.6articulator 发音器官2.4.2；2.4.3articulatory phonetics 发音语音学1.7.1；2.1 artificial speech 人工言语10aspect 体4.1.2aspirated 吐气；送气2.6.2；2.8.2 assimilation 同化2.9.1；3.2.4；3.3.2；6.2.4 associative 联想4.2.1associative meaning 联想意义5.3 assonance 准压韵；半谐音9.3.2；9.3.6 Atkinson, A.M. 2.1attributive 属性；修饰语；定语4.2.2；12.2.3 auditory phonetics 听觉语音学1.7.1；2.1 Austin, John Langshaw 8.1；8.1.2authentic input 真实投入11.4.2authorial style 权威风格9.4.3authoring program 编程10.1.3autonomy 自主性1.8auxiliary 助词3.1.2；12.4.3auxiliary verb 助动词3.1.2；12.2.3Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段12.4.1back-formation 逆构词法3.3.1Bally, Charles 9.1Bar-Hillel 10.2.1Barnhart & Barnhart 7.1.4base component 基础部分4.3.2；12.4。

汉语言文学专业英语词汇

汉语言文学专业英语词汇汉语言文学专业词汇（英文版）FELIX2015-01-07 16:31:09文学思潮：Literature current of thought 文学革命：Literature revolution古典文学：Classic literature维新运动：Reformist movement启蒙运动：Enlighten the sport价值领域：worth a realm外国文学：Foreign literature知识分子：Educated person浪漫主义：Romanticism唯美主义：Aestheticism百科全书：Cyclopeadia文艺复兴：Revival of learing发音器官：Speech organs功能名词：Function noun专有名词：Proper noun普通名词：Commen noun集合名词：Collective noun抽象名词：Abstract noun复合谓语：Compound predicate楔形文字：Arrowheaded character语法范畴：Grammatical category汉藏语系：Sino-Tibetan上层建筑：Superstructure意识形态：Ideology现代文学：Contemporary literature大众文学：Popular literature报告文学：Reportage批判主义：Criticism伊索寓言：Aesop`s Fables希腊文化：Hellenism形而上学：Metaphysis孔子学说：Confucian喜怒哀乐：Pleasure Anger Sorrow Joy发源地：Source爱美剧：Amateur修辞学：Rhetoric语音学：Phonetic助动词：Auxiliary verb感叹词：Interjection连接词：Link word逻辑词：Logical word里程碑：Milestone拉丁语：Latin田园诗：Idyl无名氏：Annymous person真善美：Truth Goodness Beauty英语分类词汇：文学相关词汇classical literature 古典文学contemporary literature 现代文学popular literature 大众文学light literature 通俗文学folklore 民间文学saga (river) novel 长篇小说short novel, long short story 中篇小说short story 短篇小说love story 爱情小说deterctive story 侦破小说mystery story 怪诞小说whodunit 推理小说humorous story 幽默小说historical novel 历史小说essay 随笔book of travels 游记reportage 报告文学criticism 评论best seller 畅销书anthology 选集the complete works(of) 全集edition, printing 版masterpiece 杰作copyright 版权, 著作权deluxe binding 精装flat stitching 平装smyth sewed 线装humanities 人文学科writer 作家book 书volume 卷theatre 戏剧(美作:theater)drama 话剧comedy 喜剧tragedy 悲剧farce 滑稽剧play 剧本the three unities 三一律(一个情节,一个地点,一个时间) playwright 编剧act 幕scene 场plot 情节Appendix 1 A Glossary of Linguistic T ermsAabbreviation []n. 缩写.缩写词.略语ablative []n.夺格a.夺格的absolute []a.独立的.独立成分absolute clause 独立从句abstract nouns 抽象名词accent []n.口音.重音.(诗歌中词或音节的)重读accidence []n.1.词形变化.字形变化2. (学科的)初步.入门accommodation []n.调适.接纳accusative []a.直接宾格的n.直接宾格(受格)acoustic []a.听觉的.音响的.声学的（---feature/cue声学特征）acquisition []n.获得.习得acronym []n.首字母缩略字.缩略词active []n.主动语态actor []n.动作者.行动者（actor—action—goal）addition []n. 加.附加.添加address []n. 称呼(forms/terms of address 称呼语)addressee []n. 受话人，收信人，收件人addresser []n. 发话人，发言人，发信人.adjacency pair 相邻语对adjective []n.形容词a.形容词的adjunct []n.附加语.修饰语.修饰成分adnominal []a.（定语）修饰名词的.形容词的.形容名词的adverb []n. 副词；状语adverbial []a. 副词的,作副词用的adversative []a.反意的.相反的n.反义字(转折语) affirmative []n.肯定词.肯定语affix []n1.附加物.添加物2.字缀.词缀(affix hopping 词缀跳跃) affixation[]n. 附加.附加法.词缀附加法affricate []n.塞擦音agent (agentive) 施事agreement []n. (人称.性别.数.格的)一致airstream []n.气流alliteration []n.头韵(法)allomorph []n.同质异形体.词.语素变体allophone []n.同位音.音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体alveolar []n. 齿龈音，齿槽音.alveolar ridge 齿龈ambiguity []n.含混，歧义ambiguous歧义的anacoluthon []n.改变说法.错格.句法结构前后不一anadiplosis []n.反复法.顶真analogical []a.类似的.类推的analogical creation 类推造字anapaest []n.抑抑扬格.弱弱强格.短短长格anaphora []n. 复指.首语(句)重复法annotation []n. 注解.注释antecedent []n. (关系代词的)先行词antithesis []n. 1. 对立面;对立2. (修辞学)对语,对偶,对句antonomasia []n. 代称，称呼替换antonym []n. 反义词,反义现象aphorism []n.格言.警句.箴言aposiopesis []n.话语中断，说话中断法apostrophe []n. 1.呼语2.撇号3.省略符号4.所有格符号appellative []a.1.名称的2.通称的n.通称名词.普通名词apposition []n. 1.同位语2.并置appropriateness []n. 得体.适合.适当.相称arbitrariness []n. 任意性archaism []n.古体，拟古，古语argot []n.行语，暗语，黑话article []n.冠词articulation []n. (清楚的)发音.发出的(辅)音.发音动作articulator []n. 1.发音清楚的人或物2.发音器官articulatory []a.发音清晰的.与发音有关的aside 旁白，私语，离题话aspect []n. (动词的) 体. 时态. 时间aspirated []a.伴有h音的.送气音的.吐气.送气assimilation []n.同化aureate []a.绚丽的（-- diction,绚丽辞令–style绚丽体）assonance []n. 1. 谐音2. (诗的)准押韵.半谐音attributive []a. 1.归属的.属性的2.定语的n.定语auxiliary []a. 辅助的.附属的.从属的n.助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bback-formation 逆构词法base form 基础形式base component 基础部分basic form 基本形式behaver 行为者behavioural process 行为过程behaviourism 行为主义bilabial []a.双唇音的n. 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral []a.双边的.双边音bilateral opposition 双边对立bilingualism [] n.双语现象binary []a. 二元的.由二部分构成的(-- feature 二分特征) binomial []a. 二项式的n.二项式blade []n.舌叶.舌面前部blank verse 无韵诗bleaching []n.词义淡化blending []n.混合.混成法.裁切block language 块语、标题式语言(有限语境中使用缩略结构如No smoking) borrow(ing) 借用.借词bound clause粘附句bound morpheme 粘着语素bounding theory 界限理论bracketing 括号法broad transcription 宽式音标broadening 词义扩大Ccalque []n.语义转借.译借vt.转借(语义).仿造语cardinal[]n基数词cardinal vowel 基本元音category []n范畴(categorical component 范畴成分)causative []a.使役的n.使役动词cavity []n.腔clause 小句.从句click 吸气音.咂音clipping []n.缩略closure []n.关闭.闭塞cluster []辅音丛coarticulation 协同发音coda []n.节尾.韵尾code 语码.信码cognate []n.同源词.同根词.同系语言cognitive psycholinguistics 认知心理语言学cognitive psychology 认知心理学cognitive system 认知系统coherence 连贯.相关.关联cohension 衔接collapse [] 叠合collective []n.集合名词colligation []n. 概括.搭连collocation []n.组合.搭配command []命令（句）commissive 承诺语common普通的.共同的（--- core 共核）（--- noun 普通名词）comparative [] a比较的.比较级的competence []n.语言能力complement(ation) 补语complementary互补.相反component 组成部分，成分componential 组成部分的composition 组构compound(ing) 复合；复合词(句)conative []a. 意动的concord []n. 协调.一致（关系）conditional []n.条件句.条件语congruence []n.重合conjugate []vt.列举(动词)的词形变化conjunct []a. 连接副词conjunction []n.连词.连接词connotation []n.含蓄.言外之意【逻】内涵consonant[]n.辅音.辅音字母a.辅音的constative []a. 陈述的.表述的constituent []n.成分.结构成分construction (construct) 构建content (ive) 内容.实义(词)contrast(ive) 对立.对比convention(al) 常规；规约conversation 会话conversationalconversion 类转.变换coordinate /coordination/coordiative 并列copula []n.系词copulative []a.连系的.作系词的n.系词co-referential(ity) 同指coronal []n.舌冠（音）.舌尖音corpus []n. 1.文集.全2..躯体(尤指尸体) 3.语料语料库.素材corpora[] (corpus的复数)correlative []a.相关的n.关联词count [] 可数的，countable/uncontable 可/不可数名词couplet []n. 对句.双韵covert []隐性的Ddactyl []n. (英诗的)扬抑抑格.长短短格dative []a.与格的n.与格.与格语dative movement 与格移动declarative []a. 1. 宣言的.布告的.申报的.陈述的2.陈述的decode []vt. 译解(密码)deductive []a. 推论的.演绎的defeasibility 消除可行性definite []a.1. 明确的.确切的2. 一定的.肯定的3. 限定的deictic []a. 直证的.直指的（deixis）denotation []n. 1. 意义.本义2. 表示3. 名称.符号dental []a. 齿音的n.齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation []n.诱导.来历.起源调查.语言derivational []a.诱导的. 衍生的;引出的determiner []n.限定词deviant []a. 越轨的n.不正常者.变异物.变体deviation 偏离；变异devoice []vt.使(有声之音)变为无声之音devoicing 清音化diachronic []a.历时的diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diacritic []a.有区别的.能区分的.辨别的n.区别发音符号dialect []n. 方言.土话dialectology 方言学diphthong []n.双元音.复合元音direct object 直接宾语direct speech直接言语discourse []n.语段.语篇；话语discrete []a. 1. 分离的.不连接的2.抽象的disjunction []n. 分离.分裂displacement []n.移位.置换.取代dissimilation []n. 1. 异化2.异化作用3.异化distinguish []vt.区别.识别把...区别分类distinguisher 辩义成分domain []n. 领域.范围dorsal []a.背部的.背侧的舌背音.舌中音dorsum []n.背.背状部分.舌面(舌尖以后之部分)dual []n. 1. 双数2. 双数词dualistic []a. 二元的.二元论的duality 二重性Eejective []a. 喷出的.外射的n.外爆音ellipsis []n.省略.省略部分elliptic(al) []a. 1. 椭圆的2.省略的encode []vt. 1. 把...译成电码(或密码)endocentric []a.向心的.内向的epenthesis []n.增音.插入字母epithet []n. 1. 表示特征的修饰词2. (描述性的)称号equipollent[]a.相等的n. 相等物equivalence 相等equivoque []n. 双关语.模棱两可的词句.语义双关euphemism []n.. 婉转说法.委婉(词)语euphony []n. 声音的和谐.谐音.悦耳语音exocentric []a. 外心的。

语言学教程英汉对照[整理版]

LinguisticsChapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics1. What is languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.nguage is a systemA basic observation is that each language contains two systems, a system of sound and a system of meaning.B. Language is arbitraryThe relation between expression and content is not natural but conventional. And this conventional relation varies from language to language.e.g.It is called a “老鼠”in Chinese,while a “rat”or “mouse”in EnglishC. Language is vocalThe primary medium of language is sound rather than word. written forms came much later than the spoken forms; we speak more everyday; we learn to speak first.D. Language is symbolic 象征性的Language is symbolic in the sense that all the sounds people produce and the ideas, concepts, objects, etc. that these sounds can refer to are bounded up by convention. 惯例Linguistic units are conventional signs.E. Language is human-specificLanguage is possessed only by human beings, other communication systems as possessed by animals or many other life forms are not languages, i.e. they do not manifest such features as the so-called design features as possessed by human language.F. Language is for communicationThe main and primary function of language is to communicate. People say things to each other to express their communicational needs, and language functions to communicate general attitudes toward life and others.2. Design features of language(1) Arbitrariness:任意性there is no logical connection between meaning and sound.(2) Duality：双重性language is a system, which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of words.(3) Creativity：创造性Language is creative in the sense that users can understand and create sentences they have never heard before.(4) Displacement：移位性language can be used to communicate about things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.（5）Cultural transmission:文化传播the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.（6）Interchangeability交换性any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.3. Functions of language（1）Informative信息功能The use of language to record facts, to state what things are like, and to exchange information.（2）Interpersonal 人际功能The most important sociological use of language, which serves to establish and maintain people’s status in a society.（3）Performative施为功能Language can be used to do things, (Austin and Searl)to change the social status or the immediate state of affairs of people.（4）Emotive情感功能Language can be used to express the emotional state of the speaker.（5）Phatic communion寒暄功能Ritual exchanges, exchanges that have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.（6）Recreational 娱乐功能the use of language to have fun.（7）Metalingual元功能Language can be used to explain or describe itself or other languages.4. four principles for studying linguistics:（1）Exhaustiveness穷尽性（2）Consistency一致性（3）Economy经济性（4）Objectiveness客观性5. Main branches of linguisticssound:phonetics语音学phonology音系学form:morphology形态学syntax句法学meaning：semantics语义学pragmatics语用学Macrolinguistics宏观语言学Applied linguistics应用语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics计算机语言学6. Important distinctions（1）Descriptive 描述性If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use（2）prescriptive规定性If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard”behavior in using languageModern linguistics is mostly descriptive（3）Synchronic共时性It refers to the description of a language at some point of time in history（4）Diachronic 共时性It refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .（5）Langue言语It refers to the speaker’s understanding and knowledge of the language that he speaks.（6）Parole语言It refers to the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker.Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by, parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.Langue is abstract, parole is concreteLangue is relatively stable, while parole varies from person to person, from situation to situation.（7）competence 能力It refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge of the underlying 潜在的system of rules in a language.（8）performance 实行It refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker in a real communicational context.Chapter 2 Speech Sounds1. Speech communication involves three steps:speech production 产出speech transmission 传播speech perception 感知(1) Segment语段a linguistic unit in any sequence 顺序which may be isolated from the rest of the sequence no direct correspondence can be established between spelling and pronunciation.(2)Divergence分化the process of two or more languages or language varieties becoming less like each other.2. IPA: the International Phonetic Association3.Consonants辅音28The sounds in the production 生成of which there is an obstruction阻碍of the air-stream气流at some point of the vocal tract 声道Manners of articulation: 发音方式(1)Stop 爆破音：[p, b, k, g, t, d](2)Nasal 鼻音:[m, n, ŋ](3)Fricative摩擦音：[f, v] [θ, ð] [s, z] [ʃ, Ʒ] [ h](4)Approximant 浊音：[r, j, w](5)Lateral 无擦通音：[ l ](6)Affricate 塞擦音：4.Place of articulation:发音部位(1)Bilabial双唇音：[p, b, m, w] (2)Labiodental唇齿音：[f, v](3)Dental齿音：[θ, ð] (4)Alveolar齿龈音：[t, d, n, s, z, l, r] (5)Post alveolar齿槽音：[ʃ, Ʒ] (6)Retroflex卷舌音：[ r ](7)Palatal上颚音: [ j ] (8)V elar:软腭音：[k, g, ŋ](9)Uvular小舌音(10)pharyngeal喉音(11)glottal声门音Consonants can be described by the following three criteria: voicing (whether a consonant is voiceless or voiced), place of articulation, manner of articulation.e.g.[ p ] voiceless bilabial stop[ b ] voiced bilabial stop[ f ] voiceless labiodental fricative5.vowels元音the sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstructionThe vowels are usually described with reference to the following four criteria:height; position raised; tenseness (length); lip-roundinge.g. [ i: ] high front tense unrounded vowel[ u ] high back lax rounded vowel[ ə] mid central lax unrounded vowel6. Coarticulation协同发音overlapping of adjacent articulations(1)anticipatory coarticulation:预期协同发音 e.g. team lamb(2)persevarative coarticulation:持续协同发音e.g. map meatthe sound displaying theinfluence of the preceding sound7. Nasalization鼻音化the vowel acquiring some quality of the of the following nasal sound8. Phoneme:音素the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.9. Allophones音位变体Coarticulation is the phonetic term for the phonological term assimilation.10. The main suprasegmental features 超音特征Syllable音节, tone音调, intonation语调, stress重读.Intonation :It refers to the change of pitch at sentence level.Tone:It refers to the Change of pitch of individual syllables.Chinese is a typical tone language.11. The syllable structure(((C)C)C) V ((((C)C)C)C)A syllable usually consists of three part: onset, the peak or rhyme and the coda. The vowels within the rime is the nucleus.12. Morpheme:词素the smallest meaningful unit in a language.Chapter 4 From word to text1. Syntactic relations句法关系language as “a system of signs”, each of which consists of two indispensable 不可缺少的parts: signifier (sound image) and signified (concept).Syntagmatic relation: 组合关系relation between elements that form part of the same form, sequence, construction, etc.(also called horizontal or chain relation)3. Paradigmatic relation聚合关系specifically between an individual unit and others that can replace it in a given sequence. (also called vertical or choice relation)Grammatical constructions refer to any syntactic constructs that have certain syntactic functions.4. Immediate constituentsa term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.Immediate constituents are constituents immediately, directly below the level of a construction.5. IC Analysis: the way of analyzing a construction into its immediate constituents.6. Other shortened form of different phrases or words are as follows:N = noun A = adjectiveP = preposition AP = adjective phraseV = verb PP = preposition phraseDet = determiner 限定词art. S = clauseadv = adverb conj = conjuction7. Three ways of IC Analysis:(a) bracketing (b) labeled tree diagram(c) Tree diagram8. the substitutability: 替代性whether a sequence of words can be substituted for a single word and the structure still remains the same.9. Endocentric and exocentric constructions（1）Endocentric construction 向心结构It is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence相等, to one of its constituents, which servers as the centre, or head, of the whole.e.g. poor boythe little match girlwill have finishedthe book on the shelfreally very lateTypical endocentric constructions are noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases. The endocentric constructions can be further divided into two subtypes: subordinate construction 主从结构and coordinate construction 并列结构.Subordinate construction:It is one in which only one head is dominant and the other constituents dependent. Coordinate construction:It refers to be all equal in syntactic status, they are independent of each other（2）Exocentric construction:离心结构a group of syntactically related words where none of them is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the groupThe exocentric constructions are usually basic sentences, prepositional phrases, predicate (predicate + object)动宾关系and connective(be + complement) constructions.10. The phrase structure component has phrase structure rules as follows：S: NP + VPVP: V + NPNP: Det + NDet: the, a, etc.N: man, ball, etc.V: hit, take, etcLanguage can be seen as consisting of three parts: syntax句法学, semantics语义学and phonology 音系学.11. Recursiveness:递归性It is a phenomenon in which there is no limit to the number of embedding or conjoining one linguistic unit to another unit.ex:Xiao Lin’s teacherXiao Lin’s teacher’s husbandXiao Lin’s teacher’s husband’s parentsXiao Lin’s teacher’s husband’s parents’friend ...12. Conjoining: 连接It refers to a construction where one clause is conjoined with another. 并列句Ex:a. John bought a hat.b. John’s wife bought a bag.c. John bought a hat and his wife bought a bag.13. Embedding: 嵌入It refers to the process in which a clause is included in the sentence in syntactic subordination. 从句Ex: a. I saw the man.b. The man visited you last year.c. I saw the man who had visited you last year.The sentences can be linked either hypotactically or paratactically.Chapter 5 Meaning1.What is semantics?语义学Specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.2.Meanings of MEANINGone difficulty in the study of MEANING is that the term “meaning”itself has different meanings.--- intention--- inference--- a translation3.Kinds of meaning（1）The traditional approach 通用方法（2）The pragmatic approach 务实方法（3）The functional approach: 功能法4.Seven types of meaning by Leech(1)Conceptual meaning 概念A word or phrase can be used to express or evoke a state of mind which is cognitive, in this case the word or phrase expresses conceptual meaning.Conceptual meaning is central.5.Distinctions between denotation and connotation:(1)denotation: 外延It concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes(2)connotation: 内涵It refers to the properties of the entity a word denotesEx:human statesman politiciandenotation any person person who takes uppoliticsconnotation biped, commendatory derogatoryfeatherless, rationalAssociative meaning 联想(2) Connotative meaning 内涵What is implied apart from what is explicitly named or described. It is the subsidiary meaning of a word, usually associated with the nature or properties the word denotes.e.g.politician and statesman have different connotative meanings.(3) Social meaning 社会What is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.E.g.Good morning, sir, and Y our honor.(4) Affective meaning 情感refers to the emotional connotation attached to utterancesE.g.vagrant vs. homeless.(5) Reflected meaning 反映What is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.e.g.The woods are lovely, dark, and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.(6)Collocative meaning 搭配What is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.e.g.black tea vs. black coffee;a strong horse vs. a strong nation.(7)Thematic meaning 主题What is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.e.g.Authority I respect, but authoritarianism I deplore.Sense refers to the complex system of relationships that hold between linguistic elements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.6. Word sense relations(1)Synonymy同义词It refers to the sameness sense relations between words.Some semanticians maintain that there are no real synonyms, that is, no two words have exactly the same meaning.7. Five types of synonyms:i. Dialectal synonyms 方言同义词---- synonyms used in different regional dialects British English American Englishlift elevatorluggage baggagelorry truckpetrol gasolineflat apartmentwindscreen windshieldtorch flashlightii. Stylistic synonyms 文体同义词--- synonyms differing in styleEx:Old man, daddy, dad, father, male parentStart, begin, commenceKid, child, offspringKick the bucket, pop off, die, pass away, decreaseiii. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning 不同的同义词在感情或评价的意义Ex:collaborator: a person who helps another（劳经）合作者accomplice: a person who helps another （法律）共犯iv. Collocational synonyms 搭配同义词Ex:Accuse of sb. , charge sb. , rebukerotten tomatoesaddled eggsrancid bacon or buttersour milk.v. Semantically different synonyms 语义上不同的同义词程度amaze: to surprise(suggesting confusion and bewilderment )astound: to surprise(suggesting difficulty in believing )8. Antonymy 反义词It refers to the oppositeness sense relations between words, and three types of antonymy can be classified:(1) gradable antonymy 分级Cold, cool, lukewarm, warm, hot(2) complementary antonymy 补充Alive- dead(3) converse antonymy 相反e.g. husband / wife, borrow / lend.9.Hyponymy上下义关系Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness. The upper term in this sense relation is called superordinate, and the lower terms, hyponyms, members of the same class are calledco-hyponyms.Eg:In contrast to Chinese, there is only one word in English for thedifferent kinds of uncles: 伯父、叔叔、舅舅、姑父、姨父。

英汉语言学术语对照表

说明：此术语表的基础是笔者几年前为《廖秋忠文集》作的一个术语索引，后来又补充了另外两本书的术语。

由于局限于这三种书，当然不能涵盖现代语言学所有常用术语。

当时之所以选择这三种书，主要是考虑到这几种著作的著／译者对词语的译法较有权威性。

这几年来，国内新出版的反映新近语言理论的译述又有不少，可惜笔者无力集齐所有的术语。

今借网刊一角，把这份原始材料提供给大家参考，更希望作为引玉之砖，藉网上同好之力，共同建立起一份较为全面的英汉术语语汇表来。

－伯江，一九九八年十二月六日术语表刊出后，很快得到陶红印先生惠赐所编制的《当代社会语言学》一书的词语，现已悉数补入。

在此对红印兄深表谢意。

－伯江，一九九八年十二月十三日文献目录廖：《廖秋忠文集》，北京语言学院出版社1992。

陈：陈平《现代语言学研究》，重庆出版社1991。

吕：吕叔湘、黄国营译，沈家煊校《句法理论基础》，华中工学院出版社1986。

陶：徐大明、陶红印、谢天蔚《当代社会语言学》，中国社会科学出版社1997。

Aabsolute universals 绝对共性[廖328]absolute case 通格[廖204]abstract construct 抽象结构[廖235]accessibility hierachy 辨认度[廖27]acceptability 可接受性[廖373]accommodation 让步，适应[陶]accompaniment adverb 交与副词[吕239]accomplishment 结束[陈147 159]accusative 受事格[廖346]accusative object 受事宾语[吕240]achievement 成就[陈147]act 行为[廖236]act sequence 信息内容与形式[陶] actional predicate 动作谓语[吕240] activated 被激发的[廖396 402] active 主动格[陈108]activity 活动[陈147 157]actual 实际[廖375]adequacy 切应性[陈51] adjacency 邻接关系[吕240] adjacency pairs 语对[陶] adjective 形容词[吕240]adjunct string 附加语符列[陈45] adjuncts 修饰语[廖27] adjusment model 调整模式[陈41] adposition 介词[吕240] advanced 高等[陶]adverb 副词[吕240]adverb-fronting 副词前移[吕240] adverb-lowering 副词下降[吕240] affective 表情(作用)[陈9]affix 词缀[吕240]Afrikanns 阿富堪斯[陶]age grading 年龄级差[陶]agent 施事[吕240]agglutinating 粘着型[廖331]agglutinative 粘着型[陈107]agreement 一致[吕240]agreement maxim 同意的准则[廖369]AI(artificial intelligence) 人工智能[廖235]allocation of function 功能的分配[陶]allocation of use 用途的分配[陶]ambiguity 歧义[吕240]ambiguity maxim 歧义准则[廖370]American Council on Teaching Foreign Languages (ACTFL) 美国外语教学委员会[陶] American Institutes of Research 美国研究所[陶]analogues 模拟词[廖408]analytic 分析型[陈107]analytic causative 分析式使成式[廖345]anaphor 回指对象[陈182]anaphora 指称替代[廖236] 回指形式[陈182]anaphoric reference 回指[陈121 181][吕240]animacy 生命度[廖326 332 347 352]antecedent 先行词[陈182] 被代词[吕240]anterior 先事时[陈173]anterior future 先事将来时[陈174]anterior past 先事过去时[陈174] anterior present 先事现在时[陈174] anthropological 人类学的[廖235] anthropology 人类学[陶]Antigua 西印度群岛上的安梯瓜[陶] antipodals 对跖词[廖413]antonym 两极词[廖412]antonymy 两极关系[廖417]apparent time 显象时间[陶]appositive clause 同位小句[吕240] approbation maxim 表扬的准则[廖369] appropriateness 合适性[廖374]得体性[陶] arbitrary 任意的[陶]archiphoneme 原音位[陈10]argument 论元[陈84 196] 参与者[吕240] argument position 论元位[陈104] argumentation 论辩体[廖124] argumentative 论证[廖236] argumentative structure 论证结构[廖237] Aroucanians 智利的阿劳卡尼人[陶] article 冠词[吕240]aspect 时态[陈143] 态[吕240] 体[陶]assert 肯定[吕240]assertion 肯定[吕240]assertive 断言的[廖425]assign 分配[吕240]associated typology 关联类型学[廖331]atomic structure of sentences 句子的原始结构[吕240] attach to 系附于[吕240]attenuated 较单薄的[廖61]attributes 属性[廖435 449]attributive relative clause 修饰性关系小句[吕240] audience design 听众设计[陶]augmented transition network 扩展的转移网络[廖379] authentic 真实材料[陶]automatic translation 自动翻译[陈96]autonomous syntax 自主的句法[廖236] Autosegmental Phonology 自分音系理论[陶] auxiliary verb 助动词[吕240]BBaby Talk娃娃腔[陶]back-channel 衬托型反馈形式[陶]backgrounding 抑退[吕240]Bahasa Indonesia 巴萨印尼话[陶] ballooning(of rules) (规则)膨胀[吕240] banter principle 逗乐原则[廖369]bare noun 光杆名词[陈129]basic level 基本层次[廖417]basic level terms 典型层次词[廖436] Basque 巴斯克语[陶]Bazaar Malay 集市马来话[陶]begging 乞求[陶]behavioral norm 行为规范[陈106]Berber 柏柏尔语[陶]beyond sentence grammar 超句语法[廖234] bi-cultural 双文化[陶]bidialectalism 双方言[陶]bilingual 说双语的人[陶]bilingualism 双语[陶]biunique 一一对应[陈11]bounded 有界的[陈168]boundedness 封闭性[廖438]bracketing 加括[吕241]brand new 全新的[廖399]bundle of features 特征束[陈10]Ccamaraderie 同志式的[陶]cardinal reference-point 主要元音参考点[廖318] case-marker 格标记[吕241]case marking 格标记[廖340]Catalan 加泰窿语[陶]cataphoric reference 反指[陈206] catastrophic change 剧变，灾变[陶] catastrophism 剧变说，灾变说[陶]categorize 类化[陈103]categorization 范畴化[廖449]category 范畴[廖449][吕241]causal 因果性[陈117]causative construction 使成结构[廖326 344] cause adverb 原因副词[吕241]causee 使成者[廖345]causer 肇事者[廖345]center string 中心语符列[陈45]change in progress 进行中的变化[陶]chunk 信息块[陈89]circumstantial role 附带成分[陈183] circumstantials 随遇成分[廖27]citation 引用[廖359]clarity principle 清楚原则[廖370]class 类[陈128]classical 古语[陶]class-inclusion 类包括[吕241]classes of words 词类[吕241] classification 分类体[廖124]clause 小句[廖236][吕241]clause-internal rules 小句内部规则[吕241] cleft sentence 分裂句[陈240]clefting 分裂[吕241]closed network 封闭网络[陶]cluster 词群[廖408]code 代码[吕241]code norm 代码规范[陈105]code-switching 语码转换[陶] codification 标准的健全[陶]coding 表现[陈163]coding device 编码手段[吕241]cognitive content 认识内容[吕241]cognitive correspondence 认知对应原则[陈104]cognitive function 认识功能[吕241]cognitive information 认知信息[陶]cognitive representation theory 认知表现理论[陈104] cognitive science 认知科学[廖380]cognitive synonymy 认知同义关系[廖406]coherence 意义连贯[廖373]cohesion 形式连贯[廖373]cohesive relationship 连贯关系[廖399]collaborative finish 合作完成式[陶]collocational restrictions 习惯性搭配限制[廖408] command 统御[陈68]comment 论述,陈述[廖333 396][陈187] 说明[吕241] commissives 承诺[廖423]common focus 共喻圈[吕242]common knowledge 共同知识[吕242]communication 传信[廖379]communication accommodation theory, CAT 交际适应理论[陶] communicative competence 交际能力[廖278] communicative force 实际用义[廖357]communicative language teaching 交际语言教学[陶]compactness 简洁[吕242]comparative 比较[吕242]compatibility 并存关系[廖407]competence 语言能力[陈18] 能耐[吕242] complementaries 互补词[廖411] complements 补足成分[廖27] 补语[吕242] complementizer 成形剂[吕242]complex change 复变[陈160]complex-NP-shift 复杂NP移位[吕242] complex sentence 复杂句[吕242] componentialist 要素分析者[廖438] compound interdependent 合成型[陶] compression rules 压缩规则[吕242]conative function 使动功能[廖313] conceptual dependency 概念从属(语法)[陈101] concord 一致[吕242]conditional adverb 条件副词[吕242] conditional coherence 条件连贯[陈83] configuration 构型[廖438] configurationality 组合性[陈108] congruence relations 一致关系[廖406] congruent 一致性[陶]congruent meronym 一致部件[廖407]conjoinability 可连接性[廖27]conjunction 连词/联合[吕242]conjunction-reduction 省并[吕242]connectivers 连接成分[廖451]constituency rules 组成成分规则[廖314]constituent class 成分类别[陈41]constituent ellipsis 成分省略[廖14]constituent insertion 成分插入[陶]constituent order 结构成分顺序[廖334]constitutive principles 构成原则[廖373]constant 常量[吕242]constraints 限制[廖328] 约束[吕242]construction grammar 结构语法[廖281]containment 包含[廖483]contemporary 当代[陶]content form 内容形式[陈9]content mode 内容表达式[廖359]content substance 内容实体[陈9]context 语境,上文[廖236 395]context of situation 言语情景；情景的上下文[陶]context-dependent structure/system 依靠语境的结构/系统[廖236]context-free rule 不受上下文约束的规则[吕242]context of situation 语境[廖319]context-sensitive rule 受上下文约束的规则[吕242] contextual relations 语境关系[廖404]contextual style 场合语体[陶]contextualization cues 语境线索[陶]continuity 连续性[陈187]continuous variable 连续变量[陶]continuum 连续体[陈64 162]contraction 语音省缩[吕242]contrary 指反[陈217]contrastive prominence 对比重音[吕242]control 自控力[廖332]convergence 靠近[陶]conversation 会话[廖236]conversational analysis,CA 对话分析[廖235] 会话分析[陶] conversational implicatures 话语蕴含[陶] conversational postulates 对话原则[廖361]converse 逆反词[廖413]co-occurrence constraint 共现约束[吕242]cooperative principle 合作原则[廖179 357]co-ordinate independent 并存型[陶]coordinate structure 并列结构[吕242]copula verb 系词[吕242]coreference 同一性关系[陈182]corpus planning 语型规划[陶]corrected mean 修正均值[陶] correspondence 对应[廖365]co-taxonyms 同类分类词[廖409] counteractive 反动关系[廖412]counterparts 对应词[廖413]covert prestige 隐威信[陶]creole 克里奥语,混合语[陶]criterial 判别性的[廖404]cross-cultural communication 跨文化的交际[陶] crossover 超越[陶]cultivation 培养[陶]current 邻接的[廖399]cycle 轮转[吕243]cyclic application 循环使用[廖317] contrastive features 区别特征[陶]Ddata 数据[廖236]dative 与格[廖346]Davidian 达罗毗荼[陶]declaratives 宣告句[廖420]declarative sentence 陈述句[吕243]de-creolization 克里奥尔脱化[陶]de-creolization continuum 克里奥尔脱化连续体[陶]deep structure 深层结构[吕243]default 常规选择[廖373]deferent 敬重[陶]Deficit Hypothesis 语言缺陷论[陶]definite 有定[廖40]definiteness 定指度[廖342]definiteness of subject and object 主语和宾语的限定[廖237] degree-terms 程度词[廖411]deictic 指示词[吕243]deixis 指示词[廖195]deletion rules 消除规则[吕243]delicacy 精细度[廖319]demonstrative structure 论证结构[廖451]deontic modality 义务情态[廖419]dependency relation 依赖关系[吕243]derivational morphology 衍生构词[廖316] 构词形态[吕243] derived sentence 派生句[吕243]derived structure 派生结构[吕243]description 描写体[廖124]descriptive structuer 描写结构[廖237]descriptivists 描写学派[廖308 322][陈11 35]design features 图案成分[廖309]destressing 轻音化[吕243]determiner 区别词[吕243]deviation 偏离[陶]diachronic derivability 历时可导性[陈116]diagram 图解[吕243]dialect 方言[陶]dialect geography 方言地理学[廖264]dialectology 方言学[廖262]dialogic 对话性[陶]dialogue 对话[廖234 236]differentiable 可区分的[廖408]diglossia 双言制[陶]dimension 标度[廖211]dimensional model 层面模式[陈109]direct illocutions 直接表达式[廖361]direct object 直接宾语[吕243]directional adverb 趋向副词[吕243]directives 指令[廖423]direct speech 直接句[廖360]discourse 对话[廖379] 言谈[吕243]discourse analysis 篇章分析[廖181 234 310][陈25 55] discourse connectedness 篇章连贯[廖236]discourse connectives 篇章连接[廖236 237]discourse for special occasions 特别场合的篇章[廖236] discourse-functional syntax 篇章-功能句法[廖236] discourse-functionally motivated structure/system有篇章-功能理据的结构/系统[廖237] discourse genres 篇章类型[廖236]discourse intonation 篇章语调[廖236]discourse organization 篇章结构[廖236]discourse particles 篇章词[廖236]discourse perspective on syntax 篇章观点看句法[廖237] discourse predicate 篇章谓词[廖236 237]discourse scope 篇章管界[廖236 237]discourse units 篇章单位[廖236]discovery procedure 发现过程[廖309] 发现程序[陈11 43] discrete 离散的[廖332]displaced 间隔的[廖399]dissonance 不和谐[廖416]distant 距离，保持距离[陶]distinctive features 区别成分[廖317]distinctive feature theory 区别成分理论[廖313] distributionalists 分布学派[陈11]distribution universals 分布共性[廖338] divergence 分离[陶]Document Design Project, DDP 文献设计计划[陶] doing 做事[陶]domain 认知领域[廖438]domain of predication 表述界域[吕243]domain of transformations 转换界域[吕243] domain theory 语域理论[陶]dominances 处理中心[廖373]dominant 显性[陈115]double articulation 双重分节[陈113]doublet 词对[廖408]dummy filler 傀儡成分[吕244]durative 持续[陈152]dynamic process 动态过程[陈64]Eearly modern 现代早期[陶]ease of processing 循索的便利[吕244]eclectic 折中调和[陈70]economy principle 简练原则[廖370]effectiveness 有效性[廖374]efficiency 简易性[廖373]efficient 高效性[陈40]elaborated code 复杂语码[陶]elaboration 标准的扩建[陶]elementary sentence 初级句[陈45]ellipsis 省略[廖14 236]ellipsis of arguments and frams 主目和框架的省略[廖237] embed sentence 嵌入句[吕244]embedded construction 嵌套结构[陶]empirical evidence 立论依据[陈16]empty category 空语类[陈17]encode 表现[陈22]end-focus maxim 焦点在尾准则[廖359 370] endocentric 内中心[吕244]endoglossic 本土的[陶]endonym 被包含词[廖408]ends 目标与效果[陶]end-scope maxim 辖域在尾准则[廖370]end-weight maxim 重心在尾准则[廖359 370]entail 包含[廖194]entailment 包含关系[廖404]entity 实体[廖435][陈120]episodic memory 情节记忆[廖376]epistemic modality 知识情态[廖419]equi-NP-deletion 等名消除[吕244]equipollent antonyms 均等词[廖412]ergative-absolutive system 施-受格系统[廖333]ergative case 作格[廖204][陈108]ergativity 作格格局[廖196]ethnicity 民族[陶]ethno- 民族，民俗[陶]ethnographical 人群学的[廖235]ethnography of communication 交际民族志学[陶] ethnography of speaking 言语民族志学；交际人种志学[陶] ethnomethodological 民族学的[廖235] ethnomethodology 民俗方法论[陶]European Community 欧洲共同体[陶]evaluated participation, EP 参与估价[陶] evaluation 评价体[廖124] 评价[陶] evaluatives 评价[廖423]event 事件[廖236]evidence 验证[吕244]evoked 激发的[廖399 402]exchange 交换[廖236]excluded 排斥的[廖404]exemplar 样本[廖435]existential sentence 存在句,呈现句[吕244] exocentric 外中心[吕244]exoglossic 外来的[陶]exonym 包含词[廖408]expansion rule 扩展规则[吕244] expected 预期的[廖404]experiencer 感受者[廖332]expert category 专业范畴[廖437]explicit 明确[陈37]expository 说明,说明体[124 236] exposition 说明体[廖124]expression form 表达形式[陈9] expression substance 表达实体[陈9]expressive discourse 抒情体[廖124]expressive function 表情功能[廖313]expressity principle 表达力原则[廖370]extended performative hypothesis 扩展表述句式假说[廖361]extraposition 外位[吕244]Ffactive 叙实[吕244]factivity 实事性[吕244]falsification 证伪[陈26]family resemblance 家庭成员相似性[廖434]family resemblance category 家庭成员相似范畴[廖439] family tree theory 家族树理论[陈5]feature 特征[廖449]feature norm 特征规范[陈106]feedback 反馈[陶]field 场域[陈79] 范围[陶]figure 人物[廖161]finished product 成品[陈86]finite-state grammar 有限状态语法[陈49]first pair part 上联[陶]flagged 插旗式，标记性[陶]flectional 融合性[廖331]Flemish 荷兰语的佛来米语[陶]focus 焦点[廖332][陈65]focus of information 信息焦点[陈235]focusing rules 聚焦规则[吕244]folk category 通俗范畴[廖437]folk taxonomy 民俗分类结构[廖409]force 动力,用意[廖332 357 360] foregrounding 突出[吕244]Foreign Service Institute美国外交学院[陶] foreigner talk 外国人腔[陶]formalism 形式主义[廖452]formalist 形式主义学派[陈14]formalist functionalism 形式功能主义[廖357] formal universals 形式共性[廖327]formation rules 成形规则[吕244]formulaic 套语性[陈112]forms of communication 交际形式[陶]forms of speech 言语形式[陶]fossilize 僵化[陶]frame 框架[廖400 438 451][陈82] 交际框架[陶] framing 框架[陶]frequency adverb 频次副词[吕245]fronting 前化[陈6]fronting rules 移前规则[吕245]full turn 正式的话轮[陶]function assignment 功能分配[陈96]function of communication 交际功能[陶]functional coherence 功能连贯[廖236][陈83]functional communicative activities 功能性交流活动[陶] functionalism 功能主义[廖452]functionalist 功能主义学派[陈14]functional sentence perspective 功能的句子透视[廖374][陈56] function yield 功能值[廖313]functor-content hierarchy 虚-实词等级[廖338]future 将来时[陈173]Ggapping 缺略[吕245]gender 性[吕245]general 普遍性[陈40]general linguistics 普通语言学[廖274 320]general linguistic theory 普通/遍语言理论[廖275]general pragmatis 普通语用法[廖365]Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar 普遍短语结构语法[陈14] generate 概括,定义,规范[廖314 322] 生成[吕245] generation difference 代差[陶]generative grammar 生成语法[廖322]generative phonology 生成音系学[廖318]generative sementics 生成语义学[廖345][陈19 59]generative syntax 生成句法学[廖318]genres 言语体裁[陶]generic 通指[陈119 167]generic level 属层[廖409]generosity maxim 宽宏的准则[廖369]genetic 起源性[陈116]genetic linguistics 谱系语言学[陈109]gerund formation 动名词形成[吕245]gerundivization 动名词化[吕245]given information 已知信息[陈78 187 234]global coherence 总体连贯[陈83]globally 总的[廖359]glossematics 语符学[廖316 322]glosseme 语符[陈9]goal 对象[吕245]Government and Binding 支配与约束理论[陈14]grade-terms 渐变词/成分[廖411][陈162] gradualism 均变说[陶]grammar 语法[廖357 371]grammaticality 合乎语法[廖314] grammaticality judgement 语法判别能力[陶] grammaticalization 语法化[陈23] grammaticalness 合语法性[吕245]Great V owel Shift 元音大换位[陶]HHausa 豪萨语[陶]head 中心语[陈45]hearsay 听说[廖421]heavier element principle 大块头原则[吕245] hedge 模棱话[陶]hedges 边界词[廖437]heterogeneity 复杂性或异质性[陶] heterogeneous 异质的[陈152]hierarchical structure 层次构造/结构[陈28 39] hierarchy 等级结构[廖328 408]hierarchy of accessibility to relativization关系子句化的可即度等级[廖343] hierarchy of individuation 个体化等级[廖348] hierarchy of saliency 显著性等级[廖348]high key 高音[廖441]high variety 高变体[陶]higher mental function 高级智力功能[陶]higher-order predicate 高次位词[陈196]Hindi 印地语[陶]historical linguistics 历史语言学[廖349]holistic typology 整体类型[廖331]homogeneous 均质的[陈152] 同质的[陶] hortatory 规劝/诱导体[廖124 236] hypercorrection 矫枉过正[陶]hypoconverse 下逆反词[廖407]hyponymy 下义关系[廖406]IICAO 国际民航组织[陶]idea unit 思想单位[陈102]ideal speaker 理想的说话人[廖308]ideational 表义部分[廖358] 意念成分[陈78]ideational function 表义功能[廖364]identical deletion 承前删除[廖14]identifiable 定指[陈119]identifying function 鉴别功能[吕246]idiolect 个人语言[陈26]idiomaticity 惯用性质[陈111]ill-formed 非完美形式[陈48] 不协调[吕246] illocutions 行事作用[陈96]immediate constituents 直接成分[陈36]imperative sentence 命令句[吕246]imperfective 不完全态[陈177] 未完成态[吕246] Implementation 标准的实施[陶]implicate 蕴含[陶]implicational hierarchy 蕴含层级[廖433]implicational universals 蕴含共性[廖327 328][陈108] implicature 会话蕴含,含义,蕴含义[廖195 365 395][陈65] improbability 不可能[廖416]inappropriateness 不合适[廖408]inceptive 始事态[吕246]inclusive 包容性[陈40]incompatibility 排斥关系[廖407]incongruence 不调合[廖408]incongruent非一致性[陶]incoroporating 聚合型[廖331]incrementation 增长[吕246]indefinite-agent-deletion 无定施事消除[吕246] indefinite article 无定冠词[吕246]indefinite-NP-deletion 无定名词短语消除[吕246] in-depth 深探式[陈27]index 指标[陶]index of fusion 融合度[廖331]index of status characteristics, ISC地位特征指数[陶] index of synthesis 合成度[廖331]indexical information 特征信息[陶]indexical meaning 检索意义[陶]indexicality of sign 符号的引得属性[陶] indicative 直陈语气[吕246]indicator 指示项[陶]indirect converse 间接逆反词[廖413]indirect illocutions 间接表达式[廖361]indirect speech 间接句[廖360]indirect speech act 间接讲话行为[廖361] individual 单指[陈119] 个体[陈128] inference 推论[廖395]inferrable 可推导的[廖399]inflected 曲折型[陈107]inflection 构形变化[吕246]inflectional morphology 构形形态[吕246] information structure 信息结构[陈66] information theory 信息论[陶] information unit 信息单位[陈66 78] informativity 信息度[廖373]inherent 固有的[陶]inner city 内城[陶]innateness 天赋论[廖328]insertion rules 插入规则[吕246] instantiate 例示[廖435]instrumental adverb 工具副词[吕246] instrumentalities 交际工具[陶] instantiation 体现[陈77]intellectual revolution 知识革命[陶] intelligibility 可懂度[陶]intensifier 强度副词[吕246] intensional verb 愿望副词[吕246] intention 意图[吕246]intentionality 有目的性[廖373]interaction 相互影响[廖236] 交流，互动[陶] interactional 相互作用的[廖394] 交流大纲[陶] interactive 互动关系[廖412]interest principle 有趣原则[廖369] interjection 叹词[吕246]interlanguage 中介语[陶]interlinguistics 语际语言学[陈96] intermediate 中等[陶]interpersonal 人际成分[陈78]interpersonal rhetoric 人际修辞[廖358 363] inter-personal variation 个人之间的变异[陶] interpretive semanticists 解释语义学派[陈19] interrogatives 询问句[廖420]intertextuality 章际性[廖373]intonation contour 调形[陈78]intonation unit 语调单位[陈102]intransitive 不及物[吕246]intra-personal variation 个人内部的变异[陶] intra-sentential code-switching 句内语码转换[陶] introspection 内省[陈24]introspective judgement 内省的判断[廖314] inversion 倒转[吕246]in-width 博采式[陈27]irony maxim 讽刺准则[廖357]irony principle 讽刺原则[廖369]irreversible 不可逆的[廖209]isogloss 等言线，等语线[陶]isolating 孤立型[廖331]item and arrangement 单元和排列[廖316][陈41] item and process 单元和过程[廖316][陈41] iterative 多次态[陈171]Jjourney 历程[廖438]jussives 命令句[廖420]Kkernel sentence 核心句[吕247]key 传递信息的方式、风格[陶]knowing 获取知识[陶]knowledge schema 知识框架，知识脚本[陶]Llandmark 参照点[廖440]language 语言[陶]language contact 语言的接触[陶]language death 语言死亡[陶]language faculty 语言官能[廖277]language imposition 语言上加，语言强加[陶]language of wider communication, LWC 交际面广泛的语言[陶] language policy 语言政策[陶]language politics 语言政治[陶]language shift 语言转移[廖389] 语言替换[陶]language socialization 语言社会化过程[陶]language spread 语言扩散[陶]language typology 语言类型[廖330 331]language universal 语言共性成份[廖313 326 329] [陈13] langue 语言[陶]leakage of rules 规则的遗漏[吕247]lexeme 词目[廖405]lexical causative 词汇使成式[廖345]lexical diffusion 词汇扩散[陶]lexical form 词形[廖405]lexical functional grammar 词汇-功能语法[陈14 100] lexical interpretivists 词汇解释学派[陈59]lexical mophemes 实词素[廖353]lexical phonology 词汇音系学[陈101]lexical semantics 词汇语义学[陈101]lexical siblings 兄弟词[廖408]lexical substitution 词语替代[廖236 237]lexical unit 词义单元[廖403]lexicalgrammar 词汇语法[陈77]lexicalist hypothesis 词汇假说[陈100] lexicalization 词汇化[吕247]lexicon 词库[吕247]linear order 线性顺序[陈28]lingua franca 交际语[陶]linguistic context 语言环境[陈23 124]linguistic competence 语言能力[廖308]linguistic description 语言描写[廖274]linguistic insecurity 语言不安全感[陶]linguistic performance 语言表现[廖308]linguistic polarity 语言极化[廖414]linguistic proper 纯语言学[陈55]linguistic relativity 语言相对论[廖322]linguistic typology 语言类型[廖332]linguistic universal(s) 语言共性[廖329] linguistics 语言学[廖274]linguistics theories 语言理论[廖274]linguistic theory 语言理论[廖274]literary discourse 文学体[廖124]live conversation 正在使用的交谈[廖234] loanwords 借词[陶]local coherence 局部连贯[陈83]locative adverb 处所副词[吕247]locutive verbs 表达动词[廖360]logic polarity 逻辑极化[廖414]logic-pragmatic mapping 逻辑-语用映射[廖361] logical sense 字义[廖361]loop 闭合循环[陈50]low variety 低变体[陶]lowering rules 下降规则[吕247]Mmacro continuity 宏观连续性[陈187]macro-sociolinguistics宏观社会语言学[陶]macrostructure 宏观结构[陈83]macrosyntactic conjunctions 超句子的连词[廖85]macrosyntactic use of conjunctions 连词的超句子用法[廖90] maintenance 维持，保持[陶]major language 主要语言[陶]manner adverb 状态副词[吕248]map 地图式,静止定位式[廖161]mapping 映射[廖365]marked 有标记的,不自然的[廖317]markedness 不自然性[317]marker 标志项[陶]market segmentation 市场分割[陶]Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts（美国马萨诸塞州）马萨葡萄园岛，马岛[陶] matched guise technique 配对变语法[陶]maxim 准则[廖357 363]maximization 最广泛的解释[廖417]meaning 语义[廖376]means adverb 手段副词[吕248]means-end analysis 手段-目的分析[廖366]mental model 内心模型[廖400]mental representation 心灵表象[廖436]merger rules 融合规则[吕248]meronymy 部件结构,部件关系[廖410]message 信息[吕248] 内容[陶]metalanguage 高一层次的语言[廖359]metaphor 隐喻[廖432 439]metaphorical extension 比喻引申[吕248]metaphorical switching 喻义性转换[陶]metareference 自指[廖359]mrtareferential constituent 自指成分[廖359]method 方法[廖236]metonymy 转喻[廖432 439]micro continuity 微观连续性[陈187]micro-sociolinguistics 微观社会语言学, 小社会语言学[陶] microanalysis 微观分析[陶]minor language 次要语言[陶]missing link 欠缺的环节[廖401]modality 情态[廖430]mode 方式[陈79]modal-lowering 语气下降[吕248]modality 语气[吕248]model-theoretic 模型论[廖359]mode 方式[陶]mode of action 行为方式[廖319]mode of mention 表达方式[廖359] modesty maxim 谦虚的准则[廖369] modern 现代[陶]modifier 修饰语[吕248]modularity 模块性[陈96] modumonogenesis 单一祖语论[廖328] monologue 独白[廖234 236]mood 语气[廖420 430]morphological case 词形格[廖332] morphological causative 形态使成式[廖345] morphophonemic rule 语素音位规则[陈42] motherese 母亲式语型[陶]motivating 制导[陈75]move 语步[陈76]movement rules 移动规则[吕248]multi-dimensional 多向/多维[吕248] multilingualism 多语[陶]multiple-clause rules 多小句规则[吕248]Nnarrative 记叙体[廖124 236]national language 国语[陶]national official language 本国官方语言[陶]native speaker 讲本族语人[陈24]Natural Communicative Concentration 自然交际聚合体[陶] natural phonology 自然语音系统学[廖318]natural taxonomy 自然分类结构[廖409]near universals 近似共性[廖352]Nederlands 荷兰语的奈德兰兹语[陶]negation operator 否定因子[吕248]negative face 消极面子[陶]negative-fronting 否定移前[吕248]negative-lowering 否定下降[吕249]negligibility 可忽略性[廖27]Neogrammarian principle 规则性原理[陶] neogrammarians 新语法学派[陈6]neo-linguistics 新语言学派[廖305]Network Analysis 网络分析[陶]neutralization 消失[廖315]new 新的[廖399]new information 新的信息[陈78 187 234]node 结[吕249]nominal anaphora 名词性回指[陈181]nominal kind 名义上的类[廖409] nominalization 名词化[吕249]nomination theory 命名理论[陈95]nominative 主格[陈108]nominative-accussative system 主-宾格系统[廖333] nonce borrowing 一次借词[陶]non-assertive 非断言的[廖425]non-existence 述无[陈217]non-factive 非事实[廖425]non-factuality 非事实性[廖419]non-finite 非定[廖424]non-focus 非焦点[廖332]nonidentifiable 不定指[陈119]non-implicational universals 非蕴含共性[廖328] non-linguistic context 非语言环境[陈23 125]non-referential 无所指[廖42][陈119 167] nonspecific 虚指[陈119]norm 规范[陈105]norms 交流中的行为规范[陶]norm selection 标准的选择[陶]notation system 符号系统[廖314]novice 初等[陶]NP accessbility hierarchy 名词的优先顺序[廖197] nucleus 调核[陈235]number agreement 数的一致[廖347]Nynorsk 新挪威语[陶]Oobject-fronting 宾语移前[吕249]oblique clauses 修饰小句[廖426]oblique object 其他间接宾语[廖346]official language 官方，正式语言[陶]officially absent 出入意外[陶]onomasiology 专名学[陈95]onomatopoetic 拟声词[陈96]open-endedness 敞开性[吕249]open network 开放网络[陶]operand 操作数[廖336]operator 操作符[廖336] 因子[吕249] operation 操作[陈45]operational definition 操作定义[陶]ordered heterogeneity 有序异质性[陶] orthography 正字法[吕249]overlap 同时发话[陶]overlapping antonyms 重叠两极词[廖412]Rrace 种族[陶]raising rule 提升规则[吕251]raising-to-object 提升为宾语[吕252]raising-to-subject 提升为主语[吕252]rank 级别[廖319]rank-shifting 调级[吕252]rank-terms 等级词[廖411]reactive expression 起应对作用的惯用表达式[陶] reactive token 反馈形式，反应词语[陶]real 真[廖427]real time 真实时间[陶]Received Pronunciation (RP) （英语的）标准发音[陶] recessive 隐性[陈115]reciprocal construction 相互结构[吕252]recover 找回[廖]recursive 递归[陈196]recycle 话题重提[陶]reduced main clauses 弱化了的主句[廖85]reductionist 简化式[陈112]reference 指称[廖395]reference discourse 事实体[廖124]referent 所指对象[陈22 120 182]referential 有所指[廖40][陈119 168]referential identity 指同[廖451]referential opacity 所指不明确性[廖359] referential tracking 指示追踪[廖237]referring expression 指示表达法[吕252]reflexive 反身[吕252]regional official language 区域性官方语言[陶] register 语域,行话[陶]regulative information 调节信息[陶]regulative principle 管制原则[廖373]regularity 规律/规律性[廖394][陈64 182] relational grammar 关系语法[廖316 322] relational hierarchy 关系等级[廖344]relative clauses 关系子句[廖342] 关系小句[吕252] relativize 关系子句化[廖343]relevant 相关[陶]repertoire 交际语库[陶]repetition 重复式[陶]report 报导[廖421]reporting 报道框架[陶]representation 表达[廖401]representation function 表意功能[廖313] resolution 支配[陈42]restricted code 有限语码[陶]restrictive relative clause 限制性关系小句[吕252] resumptive openner 承上启下式[陶]reversal 倒转[陶]reversive 反向关系[廖412]reversives 反向词[廖413]rheme 未知的,陈述[廖357] 述位[陈56 78] rhetoric 修辞[廖357]rhythm 节律[陈78]rituel 礼仪性[陈106]rule 规则[陈64 182]rule-governed 受规则支配[吕252]rule government 规则支配[吕252]rule of rapport 和睦原则[陶]rule ordering 规则编次[吕252]ruling language 统治语言[陶]Ssaliency 显著度,显著性[廖218 328]sample 样本[陶]Sapir-Whorf Hypothysis 萨丕尔－沃尔夫假说[陶]satisfactive 满足关系[廖412]scalar 层第现象[陶]scenario 架构[廖400] 脚本[陈95]scene 情景[陈82]schema 纲要[廖400 436] 语式[陈84]schematic organization 语式组织[陈74]schematic representation 概括表象[廖435]schools of linguistics 语言学的流派[廖305]scope 管界[廖451]script 计划蓝本,剧本,情节[廖376 400 438] 脚本[陈82] 知识框架，知识脚本[陶] second pair part 下联[陶]secondary tense 次级时制[陈173]selectional restriction 选择性限制[廖408]self-contained 自足[陶]self-embedding 自身嵌入[吕252]semantic categories 语义类[吕252]semantic coherence 语义连贯[廖236]semantic component 语义成分[廖417]semantic constant 语义常量[吕252]semantic constituent 语义成分[廖404]semantic constraints 语义约束[吕252]semantic evidence 语义验证[吕252]semantic feature 语义要素[廖417]semantic function 语义功能[吕252]semantic interpretation 语义解释[吕253]semantic memory 语义记忆[廖376]semantic repressentation 语义表达式[廖365] 语义示意[吕252] semantic roles 语义角色[廖332]semantic structure 语义结构[吕253]semantic trait 语义特征[廖404]semi-linguals 半语讲话人[陶]semi-meronym 半部件词[廖407]sense 字义,用义,义素[廖47 357 365 376 405]sense-spectrum 义素连续体[廖406]sentence 句子[廖236 420][陈63][吕253]sentence pattern 句型[吕253]sentence type 句类[吕253]sentential adverb 全句副词[吕253]sentential code-switching 句间转换[陶]sentential complement 句形补语[吕253] separational function 分离功能[吕253] sequence 话串[廖188 420]sequence of words 词语序列[吕253] serial order 序列[吕253]serialization 序列化[吕253]setting and scene 环境和场合[陶] shallow structure 浅层结构[吕253] shift 移位[吕253]show involvement with others 融洽[陶] signals grammar 信号语法[吕253] silence 冷场[陶]simple 简单时[陈173]simple future 简单将来时[陈174] simple past 简单过去时[陈174]simple present 简单现在时[陈174] simplechange 单变[陈163]simplicity 简明性[廖316]situation 情景[陶]situation type 情状类型[陈145] situational 具体语境的[廖399] situational switching 情景性转换[陶]situationality 场合性[廖373]slot-holder 填空成分[吕253]smooth 顺畅[陶]social fact 社会存在/实体[廖307]social interactional activities 社会交流性活动[陶] social order 社会秩序[陶]social variable 社会变项[陶]sociohistorical 社会历史式的[陶] sociolinguistics 社会语言学的[廖235] socialization 社会化的过程[陶]sociolects 社会方言[陶]sociolinguistics 社会语言学[陶]sociological 社会学的[廖235]sociology of language 语言社会学[陶] sociophysical 社会物质[廖423]socio-pragmatics 社会语用学[廖366]solidarity 共聚量[陶]spatial reference point 空间参考点[廖451] speaking on a topic 讲话合题[廖396]specific 特指[廖40] 实指[陈119] 特定性[陈40] speech accomodation theory, SAT言语适应理论[陶] speech activity 言语事件[陶]。

语言学术语表

语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Glossary and IndexAabbreviation 缩写词，略语 3.3.1Abercrombie 10.3.2ablative 夺格，离格 4.1.1abstractness 抽象性 1.3.2accent 重音（符）2.4.4；正确性 11.6.4accusative 宾格 4.1.1achievement test 成绩测试 11.6.3acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 1.7.1；acquisition 习得 6.1.2acronym 缩略语 3.3.1action process 动作过程 12.2.3actor 动作者 4.4.2；添加 3.3.2address form 称呼形式 7.2.3addressee 受话人；9.4.1addresser 发话人；9.4.1adjective 形容词 3.1.2；；修饰成分；附加语 12.2.3 adverb 副词 3.1.2affix 词缀 3.2.1affix hopping 词缀跳跃 4.3.1affixation词缀附加法 7.1.4affricate 塞擦音 2.4.3；；一致关系 4.1.3airstream 气流 2alliteration 头韵 9.3.2；词/语素变体 3.2.4；音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体 2.8.3allophony音位变体现象 2.8.3alveolar ridge 齿龈alveolar 齿龈音 2.4.4；歧义 4.2.2；；；；歧义的 5.5.2；American descriptive linguistics 美国描写语言学American English 美式英语 10.3.5American Indian languages 美国印第安族诸语言American structuralism 美国结构主义10.3.2；analogical creation 类推造字 3.3.1anapest 抑抑扬格 9.3.3anaphor 前指替代 4.3.3anaphoric reference 前指照应 4.3.2Anderson 6.3.1Animal communication system 动物交际系统；animate 有生命的 4.2.1annotation 注解 10.3.4；先行词；前在词 4.3.2 anthropological 人类学的 12.3.1anthropological linguistics 人类语言学 1.8.3；coarticulation 逆化协同发音 2.6.1antonomasia 换称；代类名 7.1.4antonym 反义词antonymy 反义(关系) 5.3.2appellative 称谓性4.4.2applied linguistics 应用语言学11applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学7.2.4appropriacy 适宜性11.6.4appropriateness 适宜性；得体性11.2.5approximant 无摩擦延续音2.4.3； Apte 7；7.2.1aptitude test 素质测试11.6.2Arabic 阿拉伯语3.3.1； arbitrariness 任意性1.3.1；12argument 中项；中词；主目4.3.3；冠词3.1.2；； articulation 发音articulator 发音器官 2.4.2； articulatory phonetics 发音语音学1.7.1；artificial speech 人工言语10aspect 体4.1.2aspirated 吐气；送气 2.6.2； assimilation 同化 2.9.1；；；associative 联想 4.2.1associative meaning 联想意义assonance 准压韵；半谐音9.3.2； Atkinson, .attributive 属性；修饰语；定语 4.2.2；auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 1.7.1；Austin, John Langshaw ；8.1.2authentic input 真实投入 11.4.2authorial style 权威风格 9.4.3authoring program 编程 10.1.3autonomy 自主性auxiliary 助词 3.1.2； auxiliary verb 助动词 3.1.2；Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段 12.4.1back-formation 逆构词法 3.3.1Bally, CharlesBar-Hillel 10.2.1Barnhart & Barnhart 7.1.4base component 基础部分 4.3.2；。

[教育学]关于语言学_专业词汇的英文翻译

吕、第一讲汉语中介语研究的意义和价值发现系统进行描写 to proceed to describe揭示规律 to promulgate the regular pattern 提出因素 to advance the factors提出办法优化 optimization观察 to observe，observation分析 to analyse策略 a tactic规模 dimension，scale结合 to integrate阶段 stage，phase， period贡献 contribute从事 to deal with出身 one’s previous experience or occupation 以往 in the past采用 to adopt, to use产生偏误 to produce errors所谓 what is called作出解释支撑 support, sustain赖于 depend on成果 achievement现有 available满足需要试金石 a touchstone此外 besides, in addition激活研究 to activate the research拓展研究 to develop, to open up the research推进研究 to advance, to promote the research实际 reality提出问题出现问题 to arise questions迫使研究进一步 to force the research to make a further step 细化语义 the meaning其次 secondly，then促使发展 to urge a development同义 synonymous屡屡 repeatedly重犯错误 to repeat an error悟出 to come to realize突破口 gap无疑挑战 to give a challenge挑战作用促进 to promote对教材编写的价值评估 to estimate，to assess评估教材编排 layout合理 rational， reasonable合理教材策略 strategy依据规律 in accordance with the rules自身 self交际功能 communication ability语用 pragmatics语言形式 the form of the language不一 to vary，to differ繁简不一而已 nothing more语言项目 language items扩展 to expand认知活动 cognitive activities探索规律遵循 to act up to遵循由易到难循序 in proper order or sequence原则 principles渐进 progress step by step循序渐进难度系数 coefficient of difficulty粗疏 careless， inattentive粗疏现象准确现象 accurate phenomenon大纲分级大纲排序缺乏 to be short of统计数据 statistics data制订 to set up制订大纲编写教材 the written teaching material 相应 to correspond正确率偏误率提供参考 to provide reference materials 句型 a sentence pattern分析 to analyse， analysis制约 to govern， to condition频率 frequency使用频率干扰 to interfere， interference干扰睡眠干扰谁干扰性发展性延续to continue延续时间对立 in opposing意识的生成 consciousness-raising规则的内化 internalization of rules均 even替代 to substitute不可替代有效 effective，valid更为 more大致 about分为 divided by路径 a path，a way二语习得路径善于 to be good at点拨 to teach，instruct，investigate普遍 common， widespread带普遍性的错误给以改正 to give a correction以 because of起到 to lead to事半功倍 to yield twice the result with half the effort 讲解 to explain使用条件 the conditions that are suitable for use限制条件简捷浅明 simple and clear感性 perceptual， easy to understand条理 method感性条理图示 to indicate by pictures处理 process教学处理浅显 easy to read and understand，obvious语言浅显术语 terminology，technical expression大战 large-scale类比 analogy客观经验由于 thanks to, because of编码 a code, to encode倾向于 to be inclined to, tendency范畴 a category区别 difference，to differentiate辨认 to recognize， to identify区别经验辨认经验往往 often，everywhere忽略 to neglect，to ignore经历 experience， to go through自主 autonomous证据 evidence， testimony恰当 suitable，appropriate理据 motivation必要 necessary，essential演绎 deduction推论 inference属于 to belong to错误 mistake偏误 error语言体系进行判断 to determine， to judge进行归纳 to arrive to a conclusion试图 to try，to attempt规范 standard充分 adequate，adequately负面 reverse side， negative side作用 action，function，effect， influence 利用作用激活 to activate晴雨表 barometer路标 route mark合理的评价 a reasonable evaluation提高信心掌握目的语肤浅 superficial掌握肤浅纠正 to correct详细解释示意 to give a sign传递 to transmit，to communicate尽量 as far as possible模仿 to imitate巩固 to consolidate形成系统给予纠正及时 timely完整概念较为 a little，comparatively对规则形成体系点到为止 to go through the motions，fare qualcosa in maniera meccanica无须 not necessary作解释石化 fossilization情感 emotion反馈 feedback肯定的情感反馈 positive affective feedback否定的认知反馈 negative cognitive feedbackCognitive feedback is when teachers (or anyb ody) display signs that they understand what a learner is trying to commu nicate. Essentially, the listener is signalling, "I understand." or "I don't understand." Positive cognitive feedback sometimes has a negative consequence: learners make mistakes, but because they are understood, they don't change their language habits. This can result in fossilization of errors. Therefore, some error correction may be necessary, but too much will lower self-esteem and raise learners' affective filters. There are no hard rules, but teachers will eventually develop intuition on when correction is necessary. Cognitive feedback can be contrasted with affective feedback.Affective feedback is when teachers (or anybody) display sig ns abou t how interested they are in trying to understand the student. These signs come in the form of gestures, facial expressions, and intonations. Positive affective feedback will encourage the learner to continue even if it is clear that the listener cannot fully understand. Negative affective feedback will stop a learner from speaking entirely and raise their affective filter.鼓励 to encourage导致 to cause，to bring about焦虑感 anxiety强调 to emphasize，to insist on交谈 peer talk输入 importation框架 a framework及其 and弱项 weak item针对 direct，to be directed against，in connection with调整 to adjust，to regulate重点 main points调整重点特征 characteristics语言变异 language variations互动 interaction， to interact动机 motive，intention语言迁移 language transfer尚未 not yet过度能力 transitional competenceJack C. Richards (1971) refers to the learner’s competence at a particular time, as the transitional competence. He says that the learner’s competence at a particular stage is full of what he calls as intralingua or developmental errors. These errors illustrate some of the characteristics of language acquisition. The learner’s competence is transitional because it keeps changing as long as the learner tries to improve his c ompetence. If he stops learning his competence at a particular stage becomes his final grammatical competence.渐进系统 approximative systemIlliam Nemser (1971) employs the term ‘Approximative system’to identify a learner’s linguistic system which is distinct from his mother tongue and the ta rget language he is attempting to learn. Here b y the term ‘approximative’ he means that the learner is progressing towards th e target language and his system is developmental in nature. The term system implies that he is using a set of rules and hence his language is not a rand om.个体方言的概念 idiosyncratic dialectPit Corder (1967) suggested that linguistics should study the process of second and foreign language acquisition and the various strategies learners may use. Since then he has contributed a nu mber o f articles wherein he discusses the natu re of the learners’ language. He calls the learners’ language as their idiosyncratic dialect. Pit C order (1971) says that this dialect of the learners is (1) regular, (2) systematic and (3) meaningful.认可 to approve，to accept被普遍认可确立 to establish firmly确立地位学术 science主体 principal body， subject客体 object过渡 transition动态 dynamics，development定义 definition静态 a static state横向 transverse， lateral本质 nature，essence多变 changeable中介语知识内部系统 internal system横向构建的语言系统 product of interlanguage中介语知识系统的连续体 interlanguage continuum 纵向 longitudinal，vertical纵向的发展阶段 process of interlanguage验证 experimental verification调整 regulate修订 revise修订规律原有 original重组 recombination创立过程样本 a sample book收集 collect语料 corpus范围 range， ambits大规模 large scale，extensive，on a large scale个案 case叙述 statement鉴别 discriminate，differentiate 区分 distinguish显性偏误隐性偏误表层 a surface layer相关 to be related究竟 after all， the ways频率 frequency广度 range局部偏误 partial errors纠正 rectify自主 autonomous证据 proof，evidence测量 survey推断 infer，extrapolate潜藏 underlie，hide建构 construct过渡概括 overgeneralization内隐 implicit时间的推移 evolution of the time 修正系统推论 inference输入 input兼而有之 simultaneously组合 combination模式 pattern，model变异 variation内省 nei1xing3 introspection处理 handle定量 quantification定性 quality细致 detailed排除 eliminate，get rid of全面 overall寻根 seek one’s roots横切 transverse轨迹 track发展轨迹程序 form，pattern，formula。

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语言学术语（英-汉对照）表appropriateness适宜性得体性broadening词义扩大Aapproximant无摩擦延续音Browncorpus布朗语料库abbreviation缩写词，略语aptitudetest素质测试Cablative夺格，离格Arabic阿拉伯语calculability可计算性accent重音（符）arbitrariness任意性calque仿造仿造词语accusative宾格argument中项中词主目cancellability可删除achievementtest成绩测试article冠词cardinalnumeral基数acousticphonetics声学语音学articulation发音cardinalvowel基本元音acquisition习得articulator发音器官case格acronym缩略语articulatoryphonetics发音语音学casegrammar格语法actionprocess动作过程artificialspeech人工言语casetheory格理论actor动作者aspect体category范畴addressform称呼形式aspirated吐气送气categoricalcomponent范畴成分addressee受话人assimilation同化causative使役的使投动词addresser发话人associative联想center中心词adjective形容词associativemeaning联想意义centraldeterminer中心限定词adjunct修饰成分附加语assonance准压韵半谐音chainrelation链状关系adverb副词attributive属性修饰语定语chainsystem链状系统affix词缀auditoryphonetics听觉语音学choice选择affixation词缀附加法authenticinput真实投入choicesystem选择系统affricate塞擦音authorialstyle权威风格circumstance环境因子agreement一致关系authoringprogram编程class词类airstream气流autonomy自主性classshift词性变换alliteration头韵auxiliary助词clause小句从句allomorph词/语素变体auxiliaryverb助动词click吸气音咂音allophone音位变体Bclipping截断法allophonicvariation音位变体babblingstage婴儿语阶段closedclass封闭类allophony音位变体现象back-formation逆构词法closedsyllable闭音节alveolarridge齿龈basecomponent基础部分cluster音丛alveolar齿龈音behaviouralprocess行为过程coarticulation协同发音ambiguity歧义behaviourism行为主义coda结尾音节符尾analogicalcreation类推造字bilabial双唇音code语码信码anapest抑抑扬格bilabialnasal双唇鼻音cognitivepsychology认知心理学anaphor前指替代bilateralopposition双边对立cognitivesystem认知系统anaphoricreference前指照应bilingualism双语现象coherence相关关联animate有生命的binarydivision二分法cohension衔接annotation注解binaryfeature二分特征co-hyponym同下义词antecedent先行词前在词binarytaxonomy二分分类学colligation类连结anthropologicallinguistics人类语言binding制约collocativemeaning搭配意义学bindingtheory制约论colorword色彩词anticipatorycoarticulation逆化协同blade舌叶舌面前部colorwordsystem色彩词系统发音blankverse无韵诗command指令antonomasia换称代类名blending混成法commoncore共核antonym反义词borrowing借用借词commonnoun普通名词antonymy反义(关系)boundmorpheme粘着语素communication交际appellative称谓性boundingtheory管辖论communicativecompetence交际能appliedlinguistics应用语言学bracketing括号法力appliedsociolinguistics应用社会语brevitymaxim简洁准则communicativedynamism,CD交际言学bridging架接性动力appropriacy适宜性broadtranscription宽式音标communicativelanguageteaching,CLT交际语言教学法consequent跟随成分cross-linguistic跨语言的communicativeSentencePattern,CSPconsonance辅音韵culturally-specific文化特异的交际性句子模式consonant辅音curriculum教学大纲communicativesyllabus交际教学大constantopposition不变对立customizing定制的纲constative表述的Dcommunicativetest交际性测试constituentcommand成分指令dactyl扬抑抑格communicative-grammaticalapproachconstituentproposition成分命题Danilanguage达尼语交际-语法教学法constituentstructureanalysis成分结dataretrieval,DR资料检索compactdisk激光盘database数据库构分析comparativedegree比较级constituent成分dative(case)与格competence能力construct编制dativemovement与格移动complement补语constructvalidity编制效度declarative陈述句complementaryantonym互补反义词construction构建decoding解码complementaryantonymy互补反义constructivism构建主义deductive演绎的关系contentanalysis内容分析deepstructure深层结构complementarydistribution互补分contentvalidity内容效度defeasibility消除可行性布contentword实义词definite有定的complexpredicate复合谓语contextdependent语境依赖的degeneratedata无用的语料component成分contextofsituation情景语境deixis指称componentialanalysis成分分析context语境delicacy精密阶compositeproposition复合命题contextualanalyses语境分析denotation外延指称compositionality复合性contextualmeaning语境意义dental齿音compound复合词复合句contrastiveanalysis对比分析dentalization齿音化comprehension理解controltheory控制理论derivation衍生computation计算controlledlanguage有控制的语言derivationalaffix衍生词汇computationallinguistics计算语言学convention常规规约derivationalmorphology派生形态学computationalsystem计算系统conventionalmeaning常规意义规约descriptiveadequacy描写充分性computer-assistedlearning,CAL计算descriptivelinguistics描写语言学意义机辅助学习conventionality常规性规约性designfeature结构特征computercorpus计算机语料库conversationalimplicature会话含义determiner限定词computerhardware计算机硬件conversationalmaxim会话准则developinggrammar发展语法computerliteracy计算机操作能力converseantonymy相反反义现象deviant变体computernetworks计算机网络conversion变换deviation偏离变异computersystem计算机系统cooperativeprinciple,CP合作原则devoicing清音化computer-assistedinstruction,CAI计coordinateconstruction并列结构diachroniclinguistics历时语言学算机辅助教学coordination并列diachronic历时的computer-assistedlearning,CALL计算coreferential互参的diacritic附加符号变音符机辅助语言学习coronal舌面前音diagnostictest诊断性测试conative意动的corpusdata语料库语料dialect方言concept概念corpus(plcorpora)语料素材dialectology方言学conceptualmeaning概念意义corpuslinguistics语料库语言学digitizedsound数字化语音concord一致（关系）context上下文dimetre二音步诗行concordance共现关系countable可数（名词）diphthong二合元音双元音concretenoun具体名词counterfactualproposition反事实命directobject直接宾语concurrent同时发生的directspeech,DS直接言语题conjugation词形变化couplet对句对联directthought,DT直接思想conjunct连接副词creativity创造性原创性directionality方向性conjunction连接词Creole克里澳尔语混和语discourse语篇话语conjunctionbuttressing连接词支撑cross-culturalcommunication跨文化discourseanalysis语篇分析话语分析connotation内涵discourseinterpretation语篇理解交际discrete分离的离散的finite有定的有限的民族学discrete-pointgrammar离散语法etic非位的素的finitestategrammar有限状态语discretepointtest分立性测试eventprocess事件过程法disjunction分离关系example-basedmachinetranslationfirst-personnarrator第一人称叙述displacement移位基于例句的机器翻译者dissimilation异化（作用）exchangeerror交换错误Firthianphonology弗斯音系学distinctivefeature区别性特征exchangesequence交际序列flap闪音distinguisher辩义成分exchangestructure交际结构flexibility灵活性变通性do-insertionruledo添加规则exhaustive穷尽的彻底的floppydisk软盘domain范围领域existent存在物focus焦点中心dorsal舌背音舌中音existential存在句folketymology俗词源学民间词源dorsum舌背（音）existentialprocess存在过程foregroundedfeatures突出特征doublecomparative双重比较existentialquantifier存在数量词foregrounding突出前景话drill-and-practicesoftware操练软件exocentric外向的foreignlanguageteaching外语教D-structureD结构exocentricconstruction外向结构学dual双数experiential经验的form形式dualisticview二分观点experientialfunction经验功能formaldifference形式差异duality二重性experimentalpsycholinguistics实验formalization形式化Eformation形成心理语言学earlyModernEnglish早期现代英语explanatoryadequacy解释充分性formative构形成分构词成分economy经济性简洁性explicitgrammarinstruction,EGI明freeform自由形式ejective爆发音freeindirectspeech,FIS自由间接言显的语法教学法electronicmail电子邮件expressionminimization表达最底程语ElizabethanEnglish伊利莎白时期英freeindirectthought,FIT自由间接思度语expressive表达的想ellipsis省略（法）extendedstandardtheory,EST扩展freemorpheme自由语素ellipticalsentencestructure省略句子freerootmorpheme自由词根语标准理论结构extensive引申的扩展的素embeddedelement嵌入成分extent-conditionformat程度条件格freevariant自由变体emic位学的freeverse自由韵文式emotive感情的externalevaluation外部评估French法语empirical经验主义的externalqualifier外部修饰语frequencyeffect频率效应empiricaldata经验主义的语料extrinsicsourcesoferror外在的错误fricative（摩）擦音empiricalvalidity经验效度friction摩擦来源empiricism经验主义eyemovement眼部移动front舌面前舌前的emptycategory,EC空范畴Ffullyautomatichighqualitytranslation,enablingskills使成技能化facevalidity卷面效度FAHQT全自动高质量翻译encoding编码facilitation便利促进functionword功能词endrhyme末端韵Fasoldfunction功能endocentricconstruction内向结构feasibility可行性functionalgrammar功能语法entailment蕴涵feature特征functionallinguistics功能语言学entrycondition入列条件feedback反馈functionalsentenceperspective,FSPepenthesis插音增音felicitycondition适宜性条件恰当条功能句子观equipollentopposition均等对立functionsoflanguage语言功能件equivalence相等feminine阴性fusion溶合equivalencereliability相等信度fiction小说fuzzy模糊的erroranalysis错误分析figurativelanguage比喻性语言象征GEST科技英语genderdifference性别差异性语言ethnicityidentity民族认同figuresofspeech修辞手段修辞格generallinguistics普通语言学ethnographyofcommunication交际finiteelement有定成分generalisation概括generativegrammar生成语法historicallinguistics历史语言学indicative陈述式陈述语气generativesemantics生成语言学holophrasticstage单词句阶段indirectobject间接宾语genitive属格所有格homonym同音/形异议词indirctspeech,IS间接言语genre体裁语类HopiHopi语indirectthought,IT间接思想German德语horizontalrelation链状关系Indo-Europeanlanguages印欧语given(information)已给信息Hornscale霍恩阶言globaltask整体任务humancognitivesystem人类认知系inference推论推理glottal喉音inferencedrawing推论统glottalstop喉塞音humanlanguage人类语言inferentialcommunication推论交goal目标humanspeech人类言语际governmenttheory支配理论humantranslation人译infinitive不定式government支配hypercorrection矫枉过正infix中缀grammaticalanalysis语法分析hyponym下义词inflection屈折（变化）grammaticalfunction;;hyponymy下义关系inflectionalaffix屈折词缀grammaticalstructure语法结构hypothesis假设inflectionalmorphology屈折形态gradableantonymy分等级的反义关hypothesis-deduction假设-演绎学系Iinflectiveendings屈折结尾gradualopposition渐次对立iamb抑扬格informationretrieval信息检索grammaticalcategory语法范畴iambicpentameter抑扬格五音步诗informationstructure信息结构grammaticalconcept语法概念informative(function)信息功行grammaticaldescription语法描写ICanalysis直接成分分析法能grammaticalform语法形式ICALL(intelligentCALL)智能计算机innateness先天性grammaticalmarker语法标记innatenesshypothesis（语法）天赋辅助语言学习grammaticalmeaning语法意义ideational(function)概念功假设grammaticalorganization语法组input输入能成identifying认同的inputhypothesis语言输入说grammaticalpattern语法类型idiom成语习语instrumental(function)工具功grammaticalprocess语法过程idiomatically-governed习语支配能grammaticalrule语法规则integrativetest综合性测试的grammaticalsentencepattern,GSPill-formedsentences不合适的句intensifier强调成分语法句形子intensive强调的增强的grammaticalstructure语法结illocutionaryact话中行为施为性行interactional(function)交互功构为能grammaticalsubject语法主语illocutionaryforce言外作用施为作interdental齿间音grammaticalsystem语法系统interface界面用grammaticalword语法词imaginative(function)想象功能interference干扰graphiticform文字形式immediacyassumption即时假定interjection感叹词GriceanmaximGrice准则immediateconstituentanalysis直接interlanguage中介语group词组interlingua国际语成分分析法guttural腭音imperativerule祈使规则interlingualapproach语际法Himperative祈使语气命令的interlocutor会话者half-rhyme半韵implicate意含internalevaluation内部评估hardpalate硬腭implication蕴涵含义internalstructure内部结构head中心词中心成分implicationconnective蕴涵连接internationalphoneticalphabet,IPA headedconstruction中心结构implicature含义言外之意国际音标heptameter七音步诗行impliedmeaning蕴涵意义internet互联网hierarchicalstructure等级结构implosive内破裂音内爆音interpersonal人际的hierarchicalsystem等级系统inanimate无生命的interpersonalfunction人际功hierarchy等级体系inclusivenessrelation内包意义能high高（元音）indefinite不定的，无定的interpretation解释interrogativesentence疑问句langue语言（系统）loantranslation翻译借词intonation语调larynx喉头loanblend混合借词intra-linguisticrelation语言内关系lateral边音旁流音loanshift转移借词intransitive不及物的Latin拉丁语loanword借词intrinsicsourcesoferror错误的内Latingrammar拉丁语法localareanetworks,LAN局域网源laxvowel松元音locutionaryact发话行为，表述性言invariableword不变词length长度音长语行为invention新创词语letter字母logicalcomponent逻辑成分inversion倒置，倒装level层，级，平面logicalconnective逻辑连词IPAchart国际音标图Levinson,Stephenlogicalformcomponent逻辑式成IPSsymbol国际音标符号lexeme词位词素分irony讽刺反话lexicalambiguity词汇歧义logicalformrepresentation逻辑式表isolatedopposition孤立对立lexicalchange词汇变化达Italian意大利语lexicallevel词汇层logicalformula逻辑公式Jlexicalmeaning词汇意义logicalfunction逻辑功能Japanese日语lexicalmorphology词汇形态学logicalsemantics逻辑语义学jargon黑话行语lexicalstudies词汇研究logicalstructure逻辑结构Jesperson,Ottolexicalword词汇词logicalsubject逻辑主语Johnson&Johnsonlexicogrammar词汇语法logophoricity词照应Johnsonlexicon词汇词典LondonSchool伦敦学派Jones,Daniellexis词longvowed长元音Kliaison连音连续lossofsound语音脱落kernelsentence核心句limerick打油诗loudness响度keyword关键词line诗行Mknowledge知识linearphonology线性音系学machinetranslation机器翻knowninformation已知信息linearstructure线形结构译Krashenlinguisticuniversity语言普遍性macrolinguistics宏观语言学Kruszewski,Mikolajlinguisticbehaviour语言行为macroproposition宏观命题Kuno,Susumolinguisticbehaviourpotential语言行macrostructure宏观结构Lmainclause主句为潜势label标示标记linguisticcompetence语言能Malinowski,Bronislawlabial唇音man-machinesymbiosis人机共生力labiodental唇齿音linguisticcontext语言语境上下文mannermaxim方式准则language语言linguisticdata语言素材mannerofarticulation发音方式languageacquisitiondevice,LAD语linguisticdescription语言描写marked标记的言习得机制linguisticdeterminism语言决定masculine阳性languageattitude语言态度matalinguistic元语言学的论languagechoice语言选择linguisticfacts语言事实material(process)物质过程languagecomprehension语言理linguisticrelativity语言相对性mathematicalprinciples数学原解linguisticsexism语言性别歧视理languagedata语言素材linguisticstructure语言结构maxim准则languagelearning语言学习linguistictheory语言理论maximalonsetprinciple最大节首辅languagemaintenance语言维护linguisticunit语言单位音原则languageprocessing语言处理linguisticuniversal语言普遍meaningpotential意义潜languagestructure语言结构性势languagesystem语言系统linguisticvariation语言变异meaningshift转移languageteaching语言教linguistics语言学meaning意学liprounding圆唇化义languageuniversal语言普遍性literallanguage本义语言mental(processs)思维过程心理过languageuse语言使用literarystylistics文学文体学程mentalism心灵主义node节变化message信息mothertongue母语本族nominalgroup名词词组metafunction元功能nominalization名词化语metalinguistic元语言的motivation动因动机nominative主格metaphor隐喻move（移动）non-authenticinput非真实语料的输metathesis换位（作用）MT机器翻译入metonymy换喻转喻MTquality机译质量non-contrastiveanalysis非对比性分metre韵律multilateralopposition多边对立析metricalpatterning韵律格式multi-levelphonology多层次音系non-conventionality非规约性microcomputer微机non-detachability非可分离性学microprocessor微处理器multilingualism多语制多语现象non-linearphonology非线性音系mid中（元音）N学mind思维narratee被叙述者non-linguisticentity非语言实体minimalattachmenttheory最少接触narrator叙述者non-pulmonicsound非肺闭塞音理论narrators’representationofspeechnon-reciprocaldiscourse非交替性语minimalpair最小对立体acts,NRSA言语行为的叙述者表篇minimalistprogramnon-reflexivepronoun非反身代词达minimumfreeform最小自由形narrator’respresentationofspeech,nonsensewordstage无意义词语阶式NRS言语的叙述者表达段mirrormaxim镜像准则narrator’respresentationofthoughtnonverbalcues非言语提示mistake错误acts,NRTA思维行为的叙述者表norm规范modalsubject语气主语notationsystem标写系统达modalverb情态动词narrator’repsresentationofthought,notion意念modality情态NRT思维的叙述者表达notional-functionalsyllabus意念功能modernFrench现代法语narrowtranscription窄式音标教学大纲modification修饰narrowing狭窄化nounphrase名词短语modifier修饰语nasal鼻音noun名词monomorphemic单语素的nasalcavity鼻腔numbersystem数字系统monophonemic单音位的nasalsound鼻音number数字monophthong单元音nasalstop鼻塞音Omonosyllabic单音节的nasaltract鼻道object宾语Motaguegrammar蒙太古语法nasality鼻音性object-deletion宾语省略mood语气nasalization鼻音化objectivecase宾格morph形素词素形式Nash,Walterobjectivity客观性morpheme语素词素形nativespeaker操本族语者obligatory强制性素naturallanguage自然语言observationaladequacy观察充分morpheme-exchangeerror词素交错naturalisticdata自然语料性误near-adultgrammar近成人语法abstruction阻塞morphemicshape词素形状negation否定否定结构OCRscanner光学字符阅读器扫描morphemicstructure词素结构negative否定的仪morphemictranscription词素标negativeinterference负面干扰octametre八音步诗行音negativemarker否定标记OldEnglish古英语morphologicalchange形态变化negativetransfer负转移one-placepredicate一位谓语morphologicalrule形态规则neogrammarian新语法学家on-linetranslation在线翻译morphology形态学network网络onomatopoeia拟声词morpho-phonemiccomponent形态networkcomputer网络计算机onset节首辅音音位成分neutralizableopposition可中立对openclass开放类morphophonemics形态音位学opensyllable开音节立morphophonology形态音系学newinformation新信息operationalsystem操作系统morpho-syntacticalchange形态句法newstylistics新文体学operative可操作性operator操作词person人称polysyllabic多音节（词）oppositenessrelation对立关系personal(function)自指性功能polysystemicanalysis多系统分析opposition对立pharyngeal咽头音喉音Portugese葡萄牙语optimalrelevance最适宜关联pharynx喉头positivetransfer正移转option选择phatic(communion)寒暄交谈交感性possessive所有的属有的optional可选择的possiblegrammar可能语言的语谈话oralcavity口腔phone音素音子法oralstop口阻塞音phonematicunit音声单位postalveolar后齿龈音ordinalnumeral序数词phoneme音位post-Bloomfieldianlinguistics后布龙originoflanguage语言起源phoneticalphabet音标菲尔德语言学orthography正字法phoneticformcomponent语音形式postdeterminer后限定词ostensivecommunication直示交post-structuralistview后结构主义观部分际phoneticsimilarity语音相似性点output产出phoneticsymbol语音符号pragmaticinference语用推论overgeneralization过分法则化phonetictranscription标音pragmaticroles语用角色Ppragmatics语用学（法）palatal腭音舌面中音phonetics语音学PragueSchool布拉格学palatal-alveolar腭齿龈音phonologicalanalysis音位分析派palatalization（硬）腭化phonologicalcomponent音位部predeterminer前限定词paradigm聚合体predicatecalculus谓语演算分paradigmaticrelation聚合关phonologicallevel音系层predicatelogic谓语逻辑系phonologicalprocess音位过程predicate谓语paraphrase释义意译phonologicalrepresentation音位表predicator谓语（动）词parole言语predictivevalidity预测效度达partofspeech词类phonologicalrule音位规则pre-editing预先编辑译前加工participant参与者phonologicalstructure音位结构prefix前缀particle小品词语助词phonologicalsystem音位系统pre-modifiedinput预修正的输particulargrammar特定语的语phonologicalvariant音位变体入法phonology音系学premodifier前修饰语partitive部分的部分格phrasalverb短语动词preposition介词passivetransformation被动转phrase短语prepositionalcalculus介词演算换phrasestructure短语结构prepositionallogic介词逻辑passive(voice)被动语态phrasestructuregrammar短语结构prepositionalopposition介词对patterndrilltechnique句型操练语法立法phrasestructurerule,PSrule短语结prepositionalphrase介词短pattern模式构规则语patterning制定模式pidgin皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外prescriptive规定式pause停顿presupposition前提预设语peak（节）峰Pitch音高声调高低primarycardinalvowel主要基本元perceptualspan感知时距placeofarticulation发音部位音perfectionism完善主义play剧本primarystress主重音第一重音perfective完成体plosion爆破principleofinformativeness信息性performancetest语言运用测试plosive爆破音爆发音原则performance语言运plural复数principleofleasteffort最省力原用pluralism多元主义则performative(verb)行事性动plurality复数形式principleofquantity数量原则词poetic(function)诗学功能privativeopposition表非对立表缺对perlocutionaryact话后行为poetry诗歌立perseverativecoarticulation重复性polymorphemic(word)多语素process过程协同发音词productionerror产生性错误productivity多产性realisation体现R-principle关联原则proficiencytest水平测试recall回忆rulesystem规则系统pro-form代词形式替代形式receivedpronunciation,RP标准发rule-basedapproaches基于规则的programminglanguage编程语言音方法progressive进行体receiver受话者信息接受者rulesoflanguage语言规则progressiveassimilation顺同化recencyeffect近期效应Sprojectionrule投射规则recognition识别samenessrelation相同关系pronominal代词recursion可溯Sanskrit梵文pronoun代词recursive可溯的还原的Sapir-WhorfHypothesis萨丕尔-沃夫pronunciation发音recursiveness递归性假设pronunciationdictionary发音词典reference所指参照Saussure索绪尔pronunciation发音referentialmeaning所指意义scaleofdelicacy精密阶proportionalopposition部分对referentialtheory所指理论schema图式立referential所指的scheme-orientedlanguage面向图式proposition命题reflectedmeaning反映意义的语言prosestyle散文风格reflexive(form)反身形式secondlanguageacquisition第二语prosodicanalysis节律分析超音质分regionaldialect地域方言言习得析register语域secondarycardinalvowel次要基本元psycholinguistics心理语言学regressiveassimilation逆同化音psycholinguistic-sociolinguisticregulatory(function)控制性语言功secondarystress次重音approach心理-社会语言学方法segment音段能psychologicalreality心理现实relationmaxim关系准则selectionrestriction选择限制psychologicalsubject心理主语relationalopposite关系对立selectionalrules选择规则psychologyoflanguage语言心理学relationalprocess关系过程self-reflexive自反身psychometric-structuralistapproachrelativeclause关系分句关系从句semanticassociationnetwork语义关心理测定-结构主义法relativepronoun关系代词联网络pulmonicsound肺闭塞音relativeuninterruptibility相对的非间semanticchange语义变化Putonghua普通话semanticcomponent语义部断性Qrelevancetheory关联理论分Q-basedimplicature基于质量的含reliability信度semanticfeature特征义repetition重复semanticinterpretation语义解释Q-principle质量原则representationalsystem表达系统semanticinterpretativerules语义解quality质representational表达实体释规则量residue剩余成分semanticprocess语义过程restrictedlanguage限制性语言semanticrepresentation语义表达qualitymaxim质量准则retrievalprocess检索过程semanticsentencepattern,SSP语义quantifier数量词retrievalsystem检索系统句型quantitativeanalysis定量分析retroflexsound卷舌音semantictriangle语义三角quantitativeparadigm数量变化表reverserhyme反陨semantics语义学quantitymaxim数量准则revisedextendedstandardtheory,semi-consonant半辅音quatrain四行诗REST修正扩展标准理论semioticsystem符号系统Rrewritingrules重写规则semiotics符号学range范围rheme述位semi-vowel半元音rank级rhetoricalskill修辞技能senserelation意义关系rationalism理性主义rhyme韵韵角压韵sense意义rawdata原始素材rhythm韵律节奏sentence句子R-basedimplicature基于关联的涵Romanalphabetletter罗马字母sentencefragments句子成分义root词根sentencemeaning句义reader读者rootmorpheme词根语素sentencememory句子记忆readingcomprehension阅读理解roundvowel圆元音sentencestress句重音sentencestructure句子结构speechsynthesis言语合成superlativedegree最高级sententialcalculus句子演算spelling拼写,拼法superordinate上坐标词setting场景splitinfinitives分裂的不定式suprasegmentalfeature超语段特征sibilant咝擦音spokencorpus口语语料库surfaceform表层形式sign符号spokenlanguagetranslation口语翻surfacerepresentation表层表达signified所指受指surfacestructure表层结构译signifier能指施指spondee扬扬格syllabicstructure音节结构simile明喻spoonerism首音互换斯本内现象syllabification音节划节simultaneity同时性spread展元音syllable音节singular单数S-structure表层结构syllabusdesign教学大纲设计situationalcontext情景语境stability稳定性syllabus教学大纲situationallevel情景层stabilityreliability稳定性效度syllogism三段论法situationalsyllabus情景教学大纲StandardEnglish标准英语symbol符号situationalvariation情景变异standardtheory标准理论synchronic(linguistics)共时（语言学）slot空缺standardization标准化synonym同义词socialrole社会角色statisticalanalysis统计分析synonymous同义的socialsemiotic社会符号学status地位synonymy同义现象socio-culturalrole社会文化角色stem词干syntacticcomponent句法部分sociolinguisticstudyoflanguage语言stimulus刺激syntacticfeatures句法特征的社会语言学研究stimulus-response刺激反应syntacticfunction句法功能sociolinguisticstudyofsociety社会stop闭塞音syntacticmarker句法标记的社会语言学研究storedknowledge储存知识syntacticprocess句法过程sociolinguistics社会语言学strategicknowledge学习策略知识syntacticrestriction句法限制sociologicalapproach社会学方法stratification层syntacticstructure句法结构softpalate软腭streamofconsciousness意识流syntacticalchange变化solidarity团结stresspattern重音模式syntagmaticrelation组合关系sonnet十四行诗stress重音syntax句法sonorant响音structuralanalysis结构分析systemnetwork系统网络sonorityscale响音阶structural(structuralist)grammar结systemofsigns符号系统sound语音systemofsystems系统的系统构语法soundimage语音图像structuralsyllabus结构教学大纲systemic(grammar)系统语法soundpattern语音模式structuraltest结构测试systemic-functionalGrammar,SFG系soundsegment音段structuralism结构主义统功能语法soundsystem语音系统structuralistlinguistics结构主义语言soundwave音波T学speaker’smeanin说g话者意义structuralistview结构主义观点tacitknowledge默契的知识speech言语style文体风格tagmeme法位speechacttheory言语行为理论stylisticanalysis文体分析tagmemics法位学speechcommunity言语社团stylistics文体学tap一次接触音speechcomprehension言语理解subcategorize次范畴targetlanguage目标语言speechevent言语事件subject主语tautology同义反复冗辞speechfunction言语功能subject-deletion主语省略template模块speechmode言语方式subjectivetest主观性测试tensevowel紧元音speechorgan言语器官subjectivity主观性tense时态speechperception言语感知subjunctivemood虚拟语气testcontent测试内容speechpresentation言语表达subordinateconstruction从属结构testform测试形式speechproduction;言语产生subordination从属testee受试者speechresearch言语研究substitutability替代性testing测试speechrole言语角色substitution替换test-retestreliability一测再测信speechsound语音suffix后缀度tetrameter四音步诗行Uvoicing浊音化，有声化text语篇Unaspirated不松气的vowelglide元音音渡textcomprehension语篇理解underlyingform底层形式vowel元音textencoding语篇编码underlyingrepresentation底层表达Wtextinterpretation语篇解释uninterruptibility非中断性webpage网页textstyle语篇风格universalgrammar,UG普遍语法Wh-interrogative特殊疑问句textualorganization语篇组织universalquantifier普遍限量词womenregister女性语域textual语篇功能universal普遍现象word词theme主位universality普遍性wordclass词类theoreticallinguistics理论语言学universalsoflanguage语言的普遍现wordformation词语形成third-personnarrator第三人称叙述wordgroup词组象者unmarked未标记的wordmeaning词义thoughtpresentation思想表达unroundedvowel非圆元音wordorder词序three-placepredicate三位谓语urbandialectology都市方言学wordrecognition词语识别tone声调音调user用户wordformation词语形成tongueheight舌高user-friendly方便用户的word-for-word逐词翻译tongueposition舌位utterancemeaning语句意义wording措辞tonguetip舌尖utterance语句workingmemorysystem工作记忆系topic主题uvula小舌统tracetheory轨迹论uvular小舌音writing文字traditionalgrammar传统语法writingsystem文字系统transcribed标音Vwrittenlanguage书面语transcription音标标音validity效度writtentext篇章transfer移转variable可变化的Xtransferapproach移转法variableword可变化词X-barTheoryX-bar理论transformation转换variation变异Ytransformationofinterrogation疑问variety变体语体yes/nointerrogative是非问句转换velar软腭音yes/noquestion是非问句transformationalcomponent转换部velarization腭音化Z分、transformationalgrammar转换语velum软口盖zeroform零形式法verb动词transformationalprocess转换过程verbphrase动词短语transformationalrule转换规则verbalcommunication言语交际transformational-generativegrammar,verbalprocess言语过程TGgrammar转换生成语法verbiage言辞transitivity及物性vernacularlanguageeducation本地translation翻译化教育treediagram树形图verticalrelation选择关系trill颤音vocabulary词汇trochee抑扬格长短格vocalcord声带trope转喻隐喻vocalorgan发音器官truthcondition真值条件vocaltract声道truthvalue真值vocative呼格tu/vousdistinction你/您区别voice语态turnlength话语轮次长度voicedconsonant浊辅音turnquantity话语轮次数量voicedobstruent浊塞音turn-taking依次发言voiced(sound)浊音two-placepredicate二位谓语voicelessconsonant清辅音two-wordutterance二词话语voicelessobstruent清塞音typology类型学voiceless(sound)清音。