一战对美国文学影响

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美国文学史

美国文学史

美国文学史梗概一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒,二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处,但他们都信奉加尔文主义:人生在世只是为了受苦受难,而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”,死后进天国,相信“原罪”。

这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想,和欧洲文学一脉相承。

代表作家:考顿·马瑟,乔纳森·爱德华兹,安妮·布拉兹特里特,爱德华·泰勒。

二、18世纪独立战争胜利后,美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期这一时期是启蒙运动时期(the Enlightenment),从字面上讲,启蒙运动就是启迪蒙昧,反对愚昧主义,提倡普及文化教育的运动。

但就其精神实质上看,它是宣扬资产阶级政治思想体系的运动,并非单纯是文学运动。

它是文艺复兴时期资产阶级反封建、反禁欲、反教会斗争的继续和发展,直接为一七八九年的法国大革命奠定了思想基础。

启蒙思想家们从人文主义者手里进一步从理论上证明封建制度的不合理,从而提出一整套哲学理论,政治纲领和社会改革方案,要求建立一个以“理性”为基础的社会。

他们用政治自由对抗专制暴政,用信仰自由对抗宗教压迫,用自然神论和无神论来摧毁天主教权威和宗教偶像,用“天赋人权”的口号来反对“君权神授”的观点,用“人人在法律面前平等”来反对贵族的等级特权,进而建立资产阶级的政权。

是欧洲第二次思想解放运动。

)主要文学指导思想是“自然神论”(Deism),这个思想认为虽然上帝创造了宇宙和它存在的规则,但是在此之后上帝并不再对这个世界的发展产生影响。

自然神论反对蒙昧主义和神秘主义,否定迷信和各种违反自然规律的“奇迹”;认为上帝不过是“世界理性”或“有智慧的意志”;上帝作为世界的“始因”或“造物主”,它在创世之后就不再干预世界事务,而让世界按照它本身的规律存在和发展下去;主张用“理性宗教”代替“天启宗教”。

人生在世,不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生,而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等,建立自己的“人间乐园”。

褪色和幻灭的美国梦

褪色和幻灭的美国梦
文化教育
民 蕾科 技 而 溺 丽
褪色 和幻 灭 的美国梦
杨春睿 ( 空军航 空 大 学 , ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้林 长春 10 0 3 00)
摘 要 : 国文学 中有一个反复 出现的主题: 美 美国梦 。“ 国梦” 美 给美 国文学提供 了最新颖、 最激动人心 的题材 , 个永恒的主题 充斥着美 国文 学 这 各个时期 的作品 。在不 同历史时期 , 美国文学中的 美国梦有 着不 同的表现 , 如殖民时期 的开拓 致富梦、 建国后的 自由民主 梦、 内战后 的扩张发迹梦 , 而到一战后传统美 国梦开始 出现 迷茫与失落, 二战后则走向 了绝望与反叛 。 它从最初的希望乐观 到后 来的怀疑忧 虑再到 最后的幻灭批判。 在讨论美 国梦产 生的基础上 , 分析 了不同时期 的美国文学中的 美国梦 : 国梦的 实现、 美 美国梦的扭 曲以及 美国梦 的幻灭。 关键词 : 国梦; 美 幻灭; 想主义; 理 拜金主义 得生财之道 , 每一个 穷光蛋都有“ 无限 的机会 ” 变成百 万富翁。结果人们 美国文学从诞生到现在虽仅仅 只有 2 0 0 多年 的历史 , 但却有一 大批 沉醉于发财致富的美梦而不务正业 , 侥幸心理 、 堕落 的道德 、 公济私的 假 对世 界文 学 发 展 产 生 巨 大影 响 的作 品 。在 这 些 文 学 当 中 , 一 个 主题 反 勾当把整 个美国搞得 乌烟瘴气 。 有 吐温对 于这些揪心的现象 自然是不能缄 复的出现 , 那就是美国梦。“ 美国梦 ” 是一个被众多美 国人普遍信仰 的信 默的。 于是 他以概括 的手法 , 运用讽刺特长 , 奉献 出了这部“ 照妖镜式” 的 念和精神 。作为对完美和幸福追求 的一种理想 , 它曾给无数美 国人 以激 作品 , 深刻地 给广大读者指 出, 国人 民所处的并不是 什么黄金 时代 , 美 而 励和鼓舞 , 成为人们从事 创造性工作 的动力 。事实上 , 没有人能够为 “ 美 是一个镀金 时代 。 国梦 ” 出一个确切 的解 释 , 做 但人们在潜 意识 中对这个 梦却达成了一种 如果说是 马克 ・ 吐温在此领域发出了第一个强烈的声音 , 拉开 了“ 美 共识 : 在美 国, 人人都 能成 功, 成功 的要素 只取决于 自己的才 能和努力 , 国梦 ” 幻灭 的序幕的话 , 那么另一个伟大的美国作家西奥多 ・ 德莱塞则是 而不是家世和背景 , 人人都拥有平等的权利 , 也都有信仰 的自由。 人人 人 站在前人 的肩膀上更深层次地批判了美国梦的虚妄。 他是 同时代 作家在 们相信“ 勤奋、 节俭 、 自力更生” 就可以成就一切梦想。但是第一次世界 广度上表现各种类型的“ , 美国梦” 的第 一人。 全景式的表现社会所造成的 大战之后 , 美国年轻的一代发现 : 一切神妖统统死光 , 一切仗都 已打完。 破碎 的“ 美国梦” 。二十世纪的美国资本主义 已经发 展到了垄断阶段 , 出 对于以往关 于人的信念完全动摇 ,整个社会沉溺 于纸 醉金 迷的景象中。 于一个作家 的敏感 , 此时的德莱 塞有一重大发 现 , 即美 国社会 已经演变 追求金钱 , 追求享受 , 追求功名的风气在二 十年代蔚然成风 。 当年那个 自 为一个“ 有围墙的世界”垄 断集 团已经 成为同中世纪的贵族一样门禁森 , 由平 等“ 更富有更充实” 的美 国梦 正在褪色 , 通过人们 对美 国梦 的追求 , 严的特权阶级 , 根本不容外人插 足。 的作品分析底层人物破碎的“ 他 美国 在失望中也 可以看出美 国资本 主义社会发展各个 时期 的价值观念 和文 梦” 艺术家破碎的“ 国梦 ”清教徒破碎 的“ 国梦 ” , 美 , 美 。还有那 位登峰造 化心 理 特 征 。 极的作家菲茨杰拉 德的 《 了不起 的盖茨 比》 ,这部小说奏 响了它的主题 “ 国梦” 美 是贯穿美国历史 , 能体现美 国人 的传统 价值观念和 民族 曲— —用盖茨 比梦想的破 裂 , 最 谱写 了一 曲“ 国梦 ” 灭的挽歌 , 美 幻 留下 了 精神 的理想 。主要从三个方 面来探讨美 国梦 的褪色和幻灭。 刻骨的哀 伤 ! 表现了“ 美国梦” 的幻灭。 这部小说谴责以汤姆为代表的美 l 美 国 梦 的 缘 起 和 内涵 国特 权阶级 自私专横 , 为所欲为 , 以同情 的态度描写 了盖茨 比的悲剧 , 并 关于“ 美国梦” 的内涵 , 长期 以来 , 学术界有不同的定 义。 尽管说法不 指 出他 的悲剧来 自他对生活和爱情的幻想 ,对上层社会人物缺乏认识 。 但却有其共同点 : 美国梦可分为广义和狭义两个方面。 从广 义上讲美 在这 部作 品中 ,美 国梦 的幻觉这一主题 是通过完美 的艺 术形式表现 出 国梦指 自由民主平等 的国家理想; 从狭 义上讲 美国梦指任何人只要经过 来 。而是在 于提 出了一个 当时美国人所关心的主题 , 如何把握 自己的力 努 力 不懈 的奋 斗便 能 获 得 更 好 生 活 的 理 想 , 即 人 们 必 须 透 过 自己 的 工 量去想命运挑战 , 亦 如何去打破“ 美国梦” 的幻想去走向现实 。主要在于细 作勤奋 、 勇气 、 创意 、 和决心迈 向繁荣 , 而非依 赖于特定 的社会 阶级 和他 致而生动地揭示了“ 美国梦” 的复杂而深刻的文 化含义 , 从而表现 了它对 人的援助 。 其实美 国梦的本质就是一个要去实现的梦 , 成功的梦。 是 它在 人们的巨大诱惑和它破灭 时产生 的巨大 冲击。 不 同 时 期 会 有 不 同 的 形 式 : 殖 民 时 期 的 开 拓 致 富 梦 、 国 后 的 自由 民 3 导致美国梦衰退的原 因 如 建 主梦、 内战后 的扩张发迹梦 , 而到 一战后传统美 国梦开始出现迷茫 与失 破碎的“ 美国梦” 包括对理想美 的追求 与破灭 , 艺术生 涯的毁灭 以及 落, 二战后则走向了绝望与反叛 。 对物质财富追求 的失败 , 信仰 的破碎 等等 。但 由于现 代工业社会 张扬 的 纵观从殖 民时期到 一战的美 国文学史 , 不难看 出, 这是一段反映 美 是拜 金主义与物质享乐 , 使这些梦想 的社 会支撑消失 了, 追求金钱 , 追求 国人追求梦想 的历史 。以新英格兰 “ 清教主义” 为例 , 国思想家 富兰 克 享受 , 美 追求功名的风气在二 十年代蔚 然成 风 , 以导致极 度的物欲与情 所 林 以自己怀揣一元钱独 闯天下艰苦创业的成功经历 , 有说服力地阐释 了 欲享乐 、 对命运 的逆来顺受慢慢的使美 国梦变质甚至是腐烂 。 同时“ 国 美 美国文学中“ 从破 衣烂衫到腰缠万贯” 美国梦” 的“ 的实现。 美国梦 ” “ 的实 梦” 的局限性 、 资本主义异化等因素也是导致人物“ 美国梦” 破碎 的原因 。 现是富兰克林 《 自传》 中一贯的主题 。第一批 欧洲移民者满怀着对 自由 、 破碎 的“ 国梦” 美 属于社会 悲剧 、 命运悲剧与性格悲剧 三种类型 。 而其 中, 幸福的憧憬漂洋过海来到 了这块新大陆 ; 之后源源不断的移民者怀揣着 社会悲剧起着主导作用。 发财的狂热愿望 向西部挺进 , 开拓着这块新 大陆。 以从一开始 , 所 美利坚 结语 : 作家 笔下一 个个 的文学 形象代表 了各 种各样 的梦 , 构成了美 这块土地就被人们寄予了无数的希望和梦想 。 主的丰富资源和恶劣的 国文化光怪陆离的色彩 , 无 从中可以看 出美国资本 主义社会 发展各个时期 广阔环境使 家庭 背景 、 社会地位 都没有什么实 际的意义 , 因此在这 里靠 的价值观念和文化心理特征 。这 里以破 碎的“ 国梦” 美 为线索 , 并通过不 个人奋斗而取得成功成为了人们遵循 的法则 ; 每一个勤 劳勇敢 的人都 有 同时期的文学作品揭示 了在破碎 的“ 美国梦 ” 背后所深藏 的社会 的 、 时代 希望成就一番事业 、 至创 造一个 时代 。 美国梦” 甚 “ 应运 而生 。 之后我们 又 的 、 的 、 的、 个性 命定 人性 的原 因。 美 国梦 ” “ 不仅仅是文学母题 , 更是文化 看 到 了建 国后 的 自由 民 主 梦 、 内战 后 的 扩 张 发 迹 梦 , 是 第 一 次 世 界 大 母题 , 但 归根 到底是人类 的梦想之一 。 美 国梦 ” “ 大多 以破碎为结局 , 但是他 战之后 , 美国年轻的_代发现 : 一 一切神妖统统死光 , 一切仗都 已打完 。对 们表现 了人类对 于自由、 理想 、 幸福 的不懈追求和抗争精神 , 以及一种惨 于以往关 于人的信 念完全动摇 , 整个社会沉溺于纸醉金迷 的景象 中。追 重 的失 败 和 失 败 后 的 教 训 。 求金钱 , 追求享受 , 追求功名的风气在二十年代蔚然成 风 , 所以一战后传 参考文献 统美国梦开始 出现迷茫与失落 , 二战后则 走向了绝 望与反叛 。 [ 1 】范先明. “ 美国梦” 美国文 学中的三种不 同表现l. 狂英语 ( 在 J疯 J 教师 2 作品中反映 的美国梦 版 )2 o ( ) ,0 7 7 . 美 国文学从诞生列现在虽仅 仅只有 2 0多年的历 史 , 0 却有一大批 对 【 �

清教主义对美国文学影响的研究

清教主义对美国文学影响的研究

清教主义对美国文学影响的研究作者:范悦来源:《大经贸·创业圈》2019年第10期【摘要】发端于英国的清教主义作为一种适应于当时时代发展且具有完整体系的理念,逐渐在北美大陆上生根发芽,不仅对美国的历史和文化产生了重要影响,也潜移默化地影响了一代又一代的美国作家。

本文旨在研究清教主义对各个时期美国文学产生的影响。

【关键词】清教主义美国文学影响一、清教主义思想简介清教主义源于16世纪晚期在英国教会内部进行的一场宗教改革。

由于当时激进派提出的政教分离的思想不被采纳并且受到政府的迫害,因此,组成这一派别的中、小资产阶级只得向外移民,寻求他们的宗教自由。

他们来到了北美这片大陆上,希望通过自己的双手重新建立一个真正的、纯洁的“伊甸园”。

“作为欧洲宗教改革产物的清教主义,在北美这块特殊自由的土地上却孕育出三个层面的价值体系。

其一是神学层面,表现为教规教义等基本的宗教信条;其二为世俗精神层面,表现为个人主义,自由主义与平等精神;其三为道德伦理层面,表现为勤俭、内省、努力以及禁欲主义等”[1]。

这些清教主义思想不仅仅在北美人民的生活方式上有很大影响,同时也给美国文学的文体风格烙上深深的印记。

二、清教主义对美国早期殖民地时期文学的影响清教主义的影响主要体现在早期殖民地时期的文学写作内容与风格特点上。

“殖民初期的美国文学带有一定的目的性和清教徒的宗教热情”[2]。

本杰明·富兰克林是这一时期的代表人物,其著作《自传》是一个清教徒的传记,全面地讲述了如何通过自己的努力从贫穷走向富有并且获得声望的故事。

从这篇传记中,读者可以清晰地看出富兰克林是通过写作的方式和上帝交流的,他也“常常自省自己的行为,并弄清楚为了得到救赎还要付出多少努力”。

这本书还对清教徒的道德观作了说明:“要想在世世上生存,人们必须努力工作,勤俭谨慎”。

此外,《自传》具有典型的清教写作风格:“简单、直接、明朗。

风格平实,比喻通俗,措词句法简洁”。

一代人来,一代人走——浅谈并不迷惘的“迷惘的一代”

一代人来,一代人走——浅谈并不迷惘的“迷惘的一代”


浅谈 并 不迷 惘 的“ 惘 的一 代 ” 迷
O 史 文 华
( 西北农林 科 技大 学 外语系 , 陕西 杨凌 72 0 ) 110
[ 摘 要 ] “ 迷惘的一代” 是美国文学史和历史上一个引人注目 的群体。第一次世界大战使这一代年轻人
亲历过流血和死亡 , 见证到伦理道德 的丧失、 理想的幻灭 , 因此 变得失落迷惘。这群青年 的反 抗叛 逆的思 想观 念给
的美 国知识分子 阶层 的形容 , 还成为战后整 整一代年轻人 的 定义 。从战场幸存 的年轻人 , 眼 目睹伦 理 、 德乃 至政治 亲 道
多少有些理想主义热情 的年 轻人对 战争充满 浪漫 色彩 的憧 憬和幻想。他们 本身也 拥有 一种典 型的祖 辈传承 下来的美 国式 的冒险精神 。此 外 , 尔逊 总统发 动政客 、 威 演说 家大肆
最终放弃 了调停 战事 的设想 , 对德宣 战。那 么, 国和美 国 美
符的, 毛头小伙本应 具有的愣头愣脑 、 简单纯 真的天性 , 战 被 争洗刷 的消失殆尽 。他 们外表 看起来 要成 熟甚至 可以说苍 老 的多 ; 他们 内心执 拗而偏 执 , 与其说 这种秉 性来 自战场归
乡 的荣耀 , 倒不如说是 战争扭 曲了真我。
随着第一次世界大战的爆发 , 国起初 一直保持着 中立 美 的态度 。但当时的威尔 逊政府 并不甘 心只在这 场 战争 中冷
眼旁观 , 而是试 图努力充 当协约 国与 同盟 国交战双方之 间的 斡旋者 。然而结果却事 与愿违 , 尔逊政府 的斡旋 没有使交 威 战双方达成任何实质性 的协议 , 同时原本希望借 此机会声张 美 国在国际政治 舞 台 日渐重要 地 位 的想法 , 也随之 化为 泡 影 。于是 , 屡次受到德 国的拒绝 、 攻击和侵犯后 , 威尔逊政府

浅析“迷惘的一代”及其对美国文学及文化的影响

浅析“迷惘的一代”及其对美国文学及文化的影响

浅析“迷惘的一代”及其对美国文学及文化的影响摘要:在1920- 1930年代,世界第一次世界大战之后,美国出现了这样一种社会现象,那就是:在一战爆发前刚刚步入成年的年轻人充满了厌恶战争、悲观和迷茫的情绪。

他们成长的年代是资本主义渐渐的没落的年代。

因为这个时代的特点,他们的思想是复杂而矛盾的。

他们感到迷茫,因此他们被称为“迷惘的一代”。

这种现象广泛而深入地从美国蔓延到整个西方社会,它的影响在历史上是十分罕见的。

本文将简单研究迷惘的一代的历史背景和产生的原因、其主要特点和它对美国文学及文化的影响。

关键词:迷惘的一代;历史渊源;文化价值;影响The Brief Analysis of the Lost Generation and Its Influence onAmerican Literature and CultureAbstract: In the 1920s—1930s, after the world warⅠ, there appears a social phenomenon, that is: The youths who were just becoming adults when the war broke out were feel disappointed and lost. When the youth were growing up, the capitalism was declining. Because of the characteristic of that age, their ideology was intricate and paradoxical. They felt so lost, and they were called the Lost Generation. This phenomenon spread from the United States to the western society widely and deeply, and its influence on western society is rare in history. This paper will briefly study the historical background of the Lost Generation and its forming factors and main characteristics, and will focus on the Lost Generation’s influence on American literature and culture.Key words:lost generation; historical origins; cultural value; influenceContentsIntroduction (1)PartⅠThe background of the Lost Generation (2)1.1 The introduction of the lost generation (2)1.2 Forming factors of the lost generation (2)1.2.1 The effects of the First World War (2)1.2.2 The change of people’ ideas (3)1.2.3 The influence of western ideas on American youth (4)Part Ⅱ Main Characteristics of the Lost Generation (5)2.1 The confusion about war ――against the war (5)2.2 The confusion about life (6)2.3 The confusion about social reality (7)Part Ⅲ The Influence on American Literature and Culture (9)3.1 The lost generation’s influence on American literature (9)3.1.1 The maturity of American literature (9)3.1.2 Minimalism and Innovation (9)3.2 The lost generation’s influence on American culture (10)3.2.1 Multicultural promotion (10)3.2.2 Effect on American media (11)Conclusion (12)Bibliography (13)IntroductionLost generation is a term that has been widely accepted in the field of literary studies,it refers to youth and young writers with disillusionment after the First World War. Their characteristics are weariness,pessimism and disappointment.There are many studies about the lost generation, many scholars and critics were talk about the lost generation which is represented by Hemingway. Most studies are according literature history to analyze Hemingway and the Lost Generation, but the discussion of deep-seated reasons behind Hemingway and the Lost Generation, which leads to the forming of the Lost Generation, the research about this aspect is not much. Therefore, this article will combine the literature and history to analyze the lost generation. This paper analyzes the Lost Generation through the history of the United States and studies its formation factors, characteristics and influence with the help of writers and works of the Lost Generation.Last century, the United States was in a ‘cultural boiling’period: times change and People's thoughts conflicted with traditional culture, which almost reshaped America youth’s cultural attitudes and behaviors, and led to the Lost Generation.Nowadays, China is building a socialist harmonious society at present, and it has to rely on the young generation. Today there is a problem that is after the reform and opening up, under the background of globalization, Young people’s thoughts are under attack. There are many new ideas, some of them are good, and some are bad, which have very deep influence on Chinese youth. In this environment, teenagers are easy to get lost. So how to educate teenagers in ideology, to enable them to develop in a healthy way and to avoid them becoming the new ‘Lost Generation’ are the issues that every educator is facing.This paper will study from the angle of history and literature, according to the previously published monographs and journals to research historical causes of the main characteristics and impact of the Lost Generation. Besides, according to current situation of the Chinese society, it will put forward a bit to prevent Chinese-style ‘Lost G eneration’.PartⅠThe background of the Lost Generation1.1 The introduction of the lost generationThe Lost Generation was the generation that came of age during World War I, which was coined by Gertrude Stein, a lost generation writer herself. Between the first and second World Wars, writers of the Lost Generation were abroad, many of them went to Europe. Self-exiled to France in the post World War I, a number of intellectuals, poets, artists and writers sought the bohemian lifestyle and rejected the values of American materialism. And its center was in Paris.Poet Gertrude Stein actually pointed the ‘Lost Generation’ out. She said to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway took it as the inscription in his first novel The Sun Also Rises, and the lo st generation gradually became the name of ‘melancholic temperament’ youth after the Word WarⅠ. Then it became a title of an American modernism literature genre---- The Lost Generation Literature. This literary genre has no organization or program, whose theme is lost and helpless; the Lost Generation has since become the title of those writers with the same creative tendency: Francis Scott Fitzgerald, Ernst Hemingway, John Dos Passos and Thomas Wolfe, etc.1.2 Forming factors of the lost generation1.2.1 The effects of the First World WarThe impact of the First World War on the outcome of American is affording much food for thought. The Allied USA supported won the war, and America also got its own economic interests from the war. But encouraging Americans to war’s lofty ideal, such as ‘fight for democracy in the world’, ‘take part in the war to end the war forever’ suffered a serious a serious setback after the war. This setback embodied the failure of the plan that United States want to establish the international union. On the surface this seems to be a failure in foreign policy, but in the eyes of many Americans, it is a symbol that behind the international union imagination, the concept of political democracy under the leadership of the America failed. What is more, this political idea’s disillusionment proclaimed that American traditional Puritanism ideas of which people hold the idea as they perform the sacred duties within the scope of world failed. In fact, it is this concept in 1917 that put tens of thousands of youngAmericans on the away from the United States to fight in Europe. Since this kind of idea is wrong, then the reason of war also is wrong. That is to say, fifty thousand American young men bleed for a lie, their blood is in vain. Young people sacrificed on the battlefield in Europe not only their body, their also suffered spiritual disillusionment. Lost is the mark of European battlefield survivors who suffered a lot. So under such mark they find reasons for their variety of heresy. They thought the values of Puritanism should be abolished. And on behalf of the lost generation were young writers in the forefront.1.2.2 The change of p eople’ ideasIn 20s, youth’s reflection and criticism not only for war, but also for the middle-class v alues. That is to say, the young’s dissatisfaction is largely for culture, which reflects that social cultural contradictions deeply existed in USA. The Norton Anthology of American Literature describes this cultural contradiction: the traditional Americans believed that one should work hard, obey standard, commit themselves and behave decently, they were trying to use Small towns of moral ideal the puritans believed in as a standard to shape American society. The opposite is some gradually clear loud voices, which came from immigrants, minorities, young people and women... who were trying to create a new, more diversified way of life.At the time of the American society, the core of social and economic life has changed from production to consumption after half a century of development. In order to make products can be fully absorbed by market, with media and advertising, a new moral relationship formed. This is ethical consumption. It advocated people to buy, to enjoy and to show their personality. In fact, it is this new fashion in the early 20th century expanded its influence on the United States, and gradually replaced the dominant position that the Puritanism production moral had occupied. The collapse of the old ideas offered space for young people to express their views, and new concepts even pushed the young people to the forefront of cultural wave. That is because the bondage of young generation’s concepts significantly weaker than middle-class’s. They were energetic, and they had strong ability to accept new things. Though their economic ability was limited, but they were more willing to consume, so they get the favor of business. A lot of media such as magazines, newspapers, books and radio advertised to young people's life, which attract young people to spend on one hand, on the other hand, it set up a set of values suitable for young people. In general, the cultural focus to young people because they were adapted to the characteristics of the consumption economy and its values.1.2.3 The influence of western ideas on American youthIn the 20th century, the western mainstream thought profoundly influenced on American youth. These ideas include cynicism, disillusionment, death and nothingness.In 1914 the international order was broken, and this situation played a leading role for a long time in twentieth Century. Because of the war, a new kind of cynicism emerged as the times require. Therefore, the society was full of cynical thoughts, the faith of the human gone. This disillusionment mood soon appeared in the war, the British writer Herbert Read said that as long as spend a week in the trenches, you will eliminate any remnants of romantic idea to war. With the growth number of war casualties, western society appeared the voice of protest. Finally, those who survived mostly were ashamed of their involvement in the war.The war was very popular in the original, but painful in the end. And this sentiment lasted for a long time, affected the people’s world outlook after war. In the 1920s, pessimistic atmosphere had spread throughout the western world, included the United States,people can feel the strong pessimistic thoughts and subversive ideas. Under the influence of these thoughts, the consciousness of death, pessimism is during the First World War and the postwar in America society. The worst casualties in the battlefield were junior officers who, in general speaking, were the youth received a good education. Under the stimulation of the war, they wrote many works with anti-war, pessimistic and lost emotions. Like Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, and John Dos Passos’s Three Soldiers and many other works have reflected these emotions.Part ⅡMain Characteristics of the Lost GenerationThe so-called lost generation refers to the American writers especially the young writers with a lot of confusion and frustration at that time. They are confused because the traditional concepts of this generation could not suit the postwar world, but they could not find a new rule of life. They think only the reality is the truth, but the reality is cruel. Therefore, they could only act according to their instinct and sense, tried to rebel the ideals and values they held before, used rebellious thoughts and actions to express their dissatisfaction with the reality. The main characteristics of the lost generation are shown in the following three aspects: the confusion of war, the confusion of life and the confusion of social reality.2.1 The confusion about war ――against the warIn 1914, the First World War broke out. With a sacred fanatical passion of justice, many American youth went to Europe, attended the President of the United States called ‘the war to eliminate all wars’, to test their courage and determination. They were not afraid of sacrifices, they had almost consumed their youth and lives. But Versailles contract signed after the war let them find all of this just the history playing with them. Their body suffered great damage and their soul also suffered from shadow. Worse influence of war on America is not proportional to it cost.First of all, people’s abhorrence of war is very common in American. Young people saw countries politicians in Paris Peace Conference bickering and bargaining, were deeply feel betrayed. They are not belligerent, and the interests of the war to them are not direct as to Europeans. It can be said that they are more fight for the faith. So when they were cheated, despite their material losses are less than others, their mental injury is very profound.Secondly, the war caused more mental hurt to the intellectuals, which is also one of the reasons for their anti-war. In this war, they saw the decline of European civilization that they had used to be proud of. War exposed the hypocrisy essence of capitalist civilization, and youth were confused about whether European civilization could make for. For example, Hemingway had been to France, Italy and Spain during the world war one, when he was injured, his view on the war was still ideal. He used to write to his parents, “We are ready to dedicate our lives, but only a few were selected, those who gave their lives also do not need honor, because they are lucky.” (Zeng, 1999:79)This high passion contrasts with the pain that he expressed in A Farewell to Arms. Then he realized that ‘the t ruth of war, I was most need to know when it was utterly ignorant’. Confusion and disappointment were among the whole of the 20s.Therefore, led by Ernest Hemingway, a generation of young Americans writers used their pens, to vent their anti-war thought. Almost every role in their works experienced the hardships of war, so their characters are the mirror of the lost generation. For example, in Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, Henry saw the truth about war, he is aware of fighting in the war did not save justice or truth; even it doesn't matter with himself. The soldiers he loved, however, also are the accomplice of war makers. He downhearted and was lost. He as well as other young combatants fell into a deep spiritual crisis. Hoping to get peace by drinking, Henry is drown his sorrows in wine and be in the hope of self anesthesia. The war destroyed his political beliefs and ideals, and all of his values were collapsed. Hemingway said, through Henry's inner monologue, “I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it.”(Hemingway, 1980:165)Another representative writer Dos Passos in Three soldiers also described the development tendency of the lost generation, in which he revealed how the war destroyed individual hobby and ideal and showed the disappointment of the younger generation. Passos was very discontent about the current situation of America, including they were tricked into Europe. In his mind, the only hope is revolution - politicians, capitalists, warmonger and chauvinist, to kill them all.2.2 The confusion about lifeYoung American’s confusion was associated with social conditions, their families, education and social values. Facing an economic crisis, the depressed market society, young people want to fight again, but after struggle the result was either failure or more empty. Thus, their attitude towards life became more pessimistic.After the war soldiers need to work, but the recession caused great difficulties for them. In particular, military life and cruel war profoundly had a bad effect on their moral character. At that time, War and the so-called peace, made them feel the world was meaningless, they had to escape from reality. Therefore, wild ideas popularized among young people, especially the sexual orgies of ‘carpe diem’. Those young people completely disregard any moral rules or old commandment.These decadent behaviors can be verified from the works of many American writers of the day.In the Sun Also Rises, Hemingway depicts a group of American young people's mental state and outlook on life: they discarded their own misfortune, their values and all social moral standards. In order to ‘live every minute effectively ’, they lived a Bohemian life. The hero in novel lost sexual ability in the war, but he still indulge in debauchery life. However, he didn't get any spiritual solace, he felt more depressed and hopeless.Francis Scott Fitzgerald’s works also showed the same theme. His This Side of Paradise reflects the effects of war on the American ethos, including the oscillation of traditional bourgeois morality and their mood - wild but restless.Through this story we can see that disappointment and confusion is not only on soldiers, but on all this generation.2.3 The confusion about social realityAt the beginning of the 20th century, American society showed a scene of chaos, numerous contradictions fully revealed in the post-war: the growing gap between rich and poor, the depressed market and more and more unemployment men, which made a lot of social problems. In such a society, it is generally felt the injustice of the world. Lost their idea and goal, people felt depressed and helpless. Soldiers returning from the battlefield faced such social scene, they felt misunderstand: their ideas were liberated, but they felt uncertain about real life or perplexed about the future.At the same time, many European countries’ way of life and life attitude was beginning to affect the postwar American youth. Many young Americans went to the European and broaden their horizon. They appreciated the Frenchman's natural and romantic emotional appeal. They began to imitate, the United States has formed a new fashion: young men wearing raccoon leather jacket, carrying travel kettle; Young women perm hair, wear miniskirts, people’s action and clothes are no longer bound by tradition. Estrangement between Americans disappeared, people interaction increased, the new media appeared, you can contacted and communicated at any time.European fashion swept America. Parisians are free to drink, while the United States in 1919 passed the 18th prohibition amendment, young people still ignored it, liquor sales increased and cocktail were opened more. The United States entered a pursuit of material, a new era of easy making money.This phenomenon has been fully embodied in the works of Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby. This novel is exquisit e and accurately describes the ‘jazz age’ of the United States. With the arrival of the United States economic prosperity, the pain and loss of the First World War was soon replaced by blindly optimistic mood in society. To some extent, people were by abandoned the ideal to pursue wealth and to forget the pain of disillusionment. ‘From Rags to Ric hes’ is through personal efforts to achieve success, and it soon became the new target that the people pursue implementation. But people abandoned the past cherished society value, instead, they looked on money as the only standard to measure success in life. Gatsby wants to use extravagant party, luxurious villas and big like ‘monster’ car as a status symbol, and attempts to lure Daisy, his behavior is just the embodiment of the social psychology. But under the surface of prosperous, it is deeper than ever disillusionment, mental decline and moral decay. Gatsby’s tragedy shows lacking of spiritual support; the pursuit of pure material for the content of the ‘America dream’ has become a rotten thing, which is that people think that as long as the satisfaction of material can achieve the life satisfaction. And the pursuit of this dream can only pushed his ideal burst once again. The pursuit of Gatsby is a tragedy, not possible. This is a universal phenomenon in postwar American.Part ⅢThe Influence on American Literature and Culture 3.1 The lost generation’s influence on American literature3.1.1 The maturity of American literatureThe First World War, American post-war economical changes and development and the western consciousness of death and nihilism popularized in America and many other factors led to The Lost Generation. Although the existence of The Lost Generation is just a short decades, but the impact of it to the United States is vast and profound. The biggest impact is to form the ‘lost generation’ of the 20th century literature. The famous American poet, literary critic Malcolm Cowley compared twenty’s USA literature with The New England literary in Emerson’s age; he called it ‘the second prospe rity of American literature’, and considered that it has a strong impact on European culture and literature. Under this kind of shock, the lost generation writers contributed. The first is the emergence of writers in this period. According to incomplete st atistics in the Malcolm Cowley’s Exiles Return, born in 1891 to 1905 of The Lost Generation youth, in 1942, 236 people have been included in the American culture celebrity dictionary. In The High Tide of American Literature, Malcolm Cowley expanded the list to 385. Second is the quality of the American literature during this period is also recognized as well. In addition to the familiar thing that Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954, and Eugene O'Neal (1936), Pearl Buck (1938), Faulkner (1949), Steinbeck (1962), Sol Bellow (1976) and Singer (1978) have won the Nobel Prize for Literature. So many writers and works appeared in this period and so high literary achievements fully show that The Lost Generation is not only the second boom of American literature, it also the mark that the American literary have been freed from the British colonial literature and even the shadow of European literature, it entered the real mature period.3.1.2 Minimalism and InnovationTheir creations in the first were the tendency of literature minimalism and colloquial of language. The second is the form for innovation. These works is not only beneficial to us from the inside to understand the thoughts of The Lost Generation, the principle of life and creation, it also facilitate us to study on a full range of The Lost Generation. And good writers, workvividly appearing also deepens The Lost Generation of Literary legend, it spans the 20’s short time, and continuously affected on American literature in the late. Marc Dolan also thought lost generation can be the 20’s cultural symbol in the United States, because it is rare in American history that a group of writers be representative of an era. As it said before, the lost generation from the moment it appears has the cultural rebellion. The writers took off their uniform after the First World War, and went on writing Road. With their special experience of fighting and exiling in Europe to experience the modern European art enlightenment, their works excellently expressed anti-war sentiments and the modern youth’s disillusionment consciousness. Therefore, Middle-aged writer is difficult to go beyond them. Lost generation writer burst the middle-aged moderates in traditional literary rule and its elegant and polite, hey conquered the editors, publishers, and readers, to become the leading voice of the 20 s American national literature.3.2 The lost g eneration’s influence on American culture3.2.1 Multicultural promotionHowever, the social impact of the Lost Generation has been far beyond the category of literature, in the field of social thoughts and culture, it triggered the revolutionary sensation, affects the young generation of thought and behavior. America writer Marc Dolan in A Cultural Re-reading of the Lost Generation also said ‘the lost generation in the becoming an artist, becoming an American and becoming a personality’.(Dolan, 1996:47).For example, in The Sun Also Rises published shortly after, “young man tried to drink as calmly as the hero of the novel, ladies like the heroine of the novel so sad to Jedi to fall in love one by one, they all talk l ike the characters in Hemingway’s works.” (Cowley, 1986:174) Fitzgerald's novel also accurately record the degenerate, and night revelry of celebrities and fashionable woman, at the same time, It put this way of life deeper and wider promotion to the whole society, which thus lead to the emergence of the Beat Generation in the 50's. This kind of culture, literature movement swept across the United States, at the same time, it also carried hundreds of modernist art and popular lifestyle trends on. It can be said that in the influence of the lost generation ideology, coupled with the Harlem Renaissance, Women’s Rights Movement as well as the rise of various immigrant cultures, the multi-pattern began to form.3.2.2 Effect on American mediaAlso at that time in America society, subject to the influence of the lost generation also performed in other aspects of social life, like music, movies which were in great impact. American writer Arnold Shaw in his work The Jazz Age:Popular Music in the 1920’s says, “Jazz reflects the sluggish economy and the glamorous life. It’s the symbol of the times, in fact, it represented the western society to rethink the value of music, broken the idea of music position possessed and enjoyed by specific class. For the life history of the black Americans, for example, jazz reflected the people hard work and the strong desire to survive.”(Arnold Shaw, 1997:98)At a time when the American film began to be popular, even it was silent film, but there is no doubt that it is also affected by the Lost Generation. The famous writer Steven·J·Ross in Movies and American Society described the impact on film: “The working - class nickelodeon was described on The one hand as a community center and conqueror of The saloon, and on The other hand The AD a school for scandal would adolescent boys to steal and The girls to be promiscuous”(Steven, 2002:85).Such many examples, thus it is easy to come to the conclusion that the impact of the Lost Generation on American society is comprehensive, and it is stunning. Lost generation’s formation was related to the western world of that time. But as educators and leaders in the times of the Lost Generation, USA government inaction can not shirk its responsibility.ConclusionLost Generation’s influence on American and even the whole western society is so profound; the impact of time is so long. This phenomenon is worth our consideration. At that time, t he American society in general is a huge ‘paradox’, ideological, moral, intellective and cultural attitude is full of contradictions: people cared for tradition, but yearn for a freer and more open future. Those 20 years of American literature are dominated by young writers, behind their strong cultural critical attitude, are radical and conservative, rebellious and nostalgic opposite factors, and are also a period of cultural upheavals of the confusion and difficult exploration.Exhaustion of body and mind, the postwar youth could not find a little meaning of life, only the emptiness and confusion. Thus, they had no confidence or belief in their traditional values, the society and even themselves. In fact, the United States and even the whole western mainstream ideas are away from the society and escaped from reality.This phenomenon of moral education is worthy learning from them in China. As we all know, China is trying to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, is in a critical period of building a socialist harmonious society. It is necessary for us to participate in the whole society, especially the young generation. We should note that guiding young people’s thought is a long-term process, we can’t slack off, and educators should attach great importance to ideological changes of teenagers and take effective measures. Therefore, emphasizing on today’s Chinese students to cultivate the humanity is important, as well as to prevent them from becoming ‘lost generation’.。

19世纪美国文学

19世纪美国文学
纪美国文学代表作家
二、美国文学发展的几个阶段: 美国文学发展的几个阶段:
美国文学本应包括印地安人的原始文学、殖民地时期的文 美国文学本应包括印地安人的原始文学、 学和建国后的文学三部分。 学和建国后的文学三部分。 新大陆发现之前, 新大陆发现之前,美洲大陆原来的主人印地安人也有自己 的民间口头文学和神话传说, 的民间口头文学和神话传说,但因欧洲殖民者对印地安人 实行种族灭绝政策,所以印地安人的原始文学也随之中断。 原始文学也随之中断 实行种族灭绝政策,所以印地安人的原始文学也随之中断。 殖民地时期的美国文学 以摹仿英国为主,成就不大, 的美国文学, 殖民地时期的美国文学,以摹仿英国为主,成就不大,可 略。 建国以来的二百年美国文学 的二百年美国文学, 建国以来的二百年美国文学,才逐渐登上了全欧和世界水 其发展可以几次战争作分界线,即南北战争前、 平,其发展可以几次战争作分界线,即南北战争前、一战 二战前三个时期。 前、二战前三个时期。二战到现在的半个多世纪的美国文 则为美国当代文学。 学,则为美国当代文学。
三、美国知名作家、作品: 美国知名作家、作品:
惠特曼(1819-1892):美国最伟大的民主诗人, ):美国最伟大的民主诗人 惠特曼(1819-1892):美国最伟大的民主诗人, 美国浪漫主义文学最杰出的代表。代表作是《 美国浪漫主义文学最杰出的代表。代表作是《草 叶集》 叶集》。
斯托夫人(1811-1896): ):是废奴运动的积极参 斯托夫人(1811-1896):是废奴运动的积极参 与者,其长篇小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 与者,其长篇小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》是废奴文 学的最高成就。林肯接见她时戏称她是“ 学的最高成就。林肯接见她时戏称她是“写了一 本书,酿成一场大战的小妇人” 本书,酿成一场大战的小妇人”。

美国文学浪漫时期文学特征:

文学特征:1、environment:①shaped by their New World environment美洲大陆新环境②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe.欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2、美国文学特点:pluralistic多元化,manifestations表现形式: Varied多样, Individualistic个人主义,Conflicting矛盾3、romanticism的特点:frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的,都注重道德,强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受,并且认为自然是美的源头,人类社会是腐败之源。

★4、transcendentalism超验主义:①as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical norsystematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. 不讲逻辑,不讲系统,只强调超越理性的感受,超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。

②they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism ofAmerican society.呼吁文化复兴,反对美国社会的拜金主义。

海明威_现代美国文学的神话

第7卷第5期2009年10月福建工程学院学报Journal of Fujian University of TechnologyVol. 7 No. 5Oct. 2009文章编号: 1672 - 4348 ( 2009) 05 - 0488 - 05海明威———现代美国文学的神话黄招琴(福建广播电视大学宁德分校, 福建宁德352100)摘要: 海明威是美国20世纪20年代最重要的代表作家之一。

他在创作实践中潜心追求的“冰山原则”及其永不言败的“硬汉神话”,充分体现了海明威式行动方式和生存方式的极大魅力,独特的艺术风格开美国文坛一代文风;“生命与死亡”是他作品的永恒主题,寓意深远;海明威富有传奇色彩的人生经历使他成为现代美国文学史上一个不朽的神话。

关键词: 海明威;冰山原则;硬汉神话;死亡情结中图分类号: I712. 06 文献标识码: AA m yth in m odern Am er ican litera ture : Earnest Hem ingwayHuang Zhaoqin(N ingde B ranch, Fujian Radio and TV University, N ingde 352100, China)Abs tract: Earnest H em ingway was one of the most impo rtant rep resentative writers in A merica in the 1920 s. H is p rincip le of“grace under p ressure”and his non2defeated“m yths of sto ical men”p ur2 sued i n his writings em body the charm of Hem ingway mode of action and survival, whose distictive style made him p redecesso r of H em ingway styled writing. “L i fe and death”is the eternal them e of his writings, which is of lasting significance. He i s renowned as a myth in modern A merican literat2 ure fo r his legendary experiences.Keywords: Earnest H em ingway; p rincip le of“grace under p ressure”; myth of sto ical men; death comp lex海明威是美国20世纪20年代最重要的代表作家之一,无论是简洁文体的创造方面,还是在小说悲剧性主题的艺术传达方面,他都堪称一代宗师。

二十世纪美国文学思潮

• The Beat Generation:
– Beat – Beatitude
• 1955年“垮掉派”诗人在旧金山诗歌朗诵 会上一炮走红。
• “垮掉派”提倡的文学创作方法:
1. 自我表现:只要写下的是真切地、强烈地感 到像表现出来的东西即可;
2. 无论有没有诗意,照直写下,直接吼出,都 是好诗;
3. 写作之前不要构思,写后不要修改; 4. 反对任何形式,认为文学技巧只能妨碍表现。
·
艾 伦 金 斯 堡
金斯堡诗选读: 嚎叫
我看见这一带最杰出的头脑被疯狂毁坏,饿着肚子歇斯底 里赤身裸体,
拂晓时拖着脚步穿过黑人街区找一针够劲儿的毒品,
头脑天使一般的嬉皮士们渴望与这夜的机械那繁星般的发 电机发生古老的天堂式的关系,
panther /tiger
四、内战到一战 ——美国现实主义文学
1. 美国经济发展,如工业化,是促使现实主义文 学发展的一个重要因素。
亚伯拉罕·林肯 任期:1861年3月4日1865年4月15日 美国第十六任总统
2. 美国政府鼓励人民向西部开拓的运动 促进了美国现实主义文学的发展。
马克·吐温
美国梦
二十世纪美国文学思潮
翻译学院 石艳玲
20 世纪
20世纪
1. 传统的资本主义国家的文学 & 新兴社会主义国家的文学 & 发展中国家的文学。
2. 不再是现实主义的 “一统天下”。
3.“三足鼎立”之势。
诺贝尔文学奖—美国(9人)
• 辛克莱·刘易斯 (Sinclair Lewis) 1930 • 尤金·奥尼尔 (Eugene O’Neill) 1936 • 赛珍珠 (Pearl Buck) 1938 • 威廉·福克纳 (William Faulkner) 1949 • 欧内斯特·海明威 (Ernest Hemmingway) 1954 • 约翰·斯坦贝克 (John Steinbeck) 1962 • 索尔·贝娄 (Saul Bellow) 1976 • 艾萨克·巴什维斯·辛格 (Isaac Bashevis Singer)

一战期间的文化与艺术

一战期间的文化与艺术在20世纪初的第一次世界大战期间,文化与艺术领域也经历了巨大的变化和挑战。

这一时期,艺术家和文化思想家们在战争的阴影下,不断探索着新的表达方式和理念,为后来的艺术发展打下了基础。

一、战争对文化与艺术的影响战争对文化与艺术产生了巨大的冲击和影响。

当时的社会充斥着死亡、痛苦和恐惧的气息,哀悼和悲伤的情绪弥漫在艺术作品中。

许多艺术家通过他们的作品表达对战争的谴责和对人类苦难的同情。

1.1 反战艺术的兴起在一战期间,反战艺术成为了重要的艺术流派之一。

艺术家通过绘画、雕塑和摄影等形式,揭示了战争的残酷和人类的痛苦。

例如,德国表现主义画家卡尔·霍尔茨曼的作品《战争》展现了战争的毁灭性和人类的不幸命运,引起了人们对和平的思考和反思。

1.2 纪实文学的崛起一战期间,纪实文学开始兴起并成为重要的文学形式。

战地记者们通过他们刻骨铭心的报道,向世界传递了战争的真相和人民的痛苦。

例如,海明威的小说《永别了,武器》以战争为背景,讲述了两个恋人在战争中的悲剧命运,深刻揭示了战争对人性的摧残。

二、文化与艺术的变革尽管一战给人们带来了巨大的创伤,但也催生了许多文化与艺术的变革。

在这个时期,一些前卫的思潮和运动得到了兴起,开启了现代艺术的新纪元。

2.1 达达主义的兴盛达达主义是一种拒绝传统与常规的文化运动,在一战期间兴起并发展壮大。

达达主义者试图打破现有的艺术和社会秩序,反抗战争所带来的痛苦。

他们通过肢体行为艺术、拼贴和噪音音乐等形式,表达他们的不满和愤怒。

2.2 抽象艺术的崛起一战期间,新的艺术形式开始兴起,抽象艺术成为了一个重要的创作方向。

艺术家们试图通过形式和色彩的变化来表达他们内心的情感和思想。

例如,俄国画家康定斯基的作品《让·泰莫龙》摒弃了传统的形象表现方式,通过色彩和几何形状的变化来传递情感。

三、战争对艺术家的影响一战期间,战争对艺术家的生活和创作产生了深远的影响。

许多艺术家参军或成为战地记者,这些经历不仅影响了他们的艺术创作,也改变了他们的人生观和价值观。

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浅论一战对美国文学的影响摘要战争会对每个国家的一代人或者几代人都造成难以愈合的心灵裂痕。

本文试图通过研究第一次世界大战对美国文学造成的影响,来指导读者如何正确地看待战争,看待生活。

关键词:一战美国文学生活中图分类号:i106 文献标识码:a一第一次世界大战促生美国文学“迷惘的一代”战争带给人们的永远是无法抹去的创伤,即使是包着“正义”的外衣也是如此。

在第一次世界大战后期,已经通过贩卖军火而大发横财的美国看到战争结束的可能,并为了作为战胜国赢取更大的利益而宣布参战。

在“爱国主义”的口号下,美国政府打着所谓的“为了正义而战”、“为了和平而战”等标语召集了一批热爱祖国、充满理想的年轻人走上前线。

这些年轻人在走上战场之前坚信自己是为了祖国、为了理想而进行战斗。

然而,走上战场的这群年轻人很快就被眼前的血腥和残酷所震惊,他们意识到这是一场充满利益角逐和邪恶交易的战争。

此后,一种被欺骗、被出卖的感觉在这群年轻美国人之间开始蔓延。

他们为之奋斗的理想顷刻之间化为一种莫名的负罪感。

一战结束后,这批年轻人离开了战场,在反思这场战争的同时,开始寻找能够重新指引他们生活的思想和文化。

他们中的很多人来到了巴黎,企图在欧洲文化中心能够找到他们心中的答案,其中就包括后来大名鼎鼎的海明威等人。

然而,在这样一座价值观和美国并没有本质区别的城市,仅仅从文化中去探求思想的解脱是徒劳的。

空虚、迷惘的他们只能通过手中的笔去讨伐战争,只能通过笔下的人物去宣泄对战争的厌恶和对未来的憧憬。

美国的女作家格特鲁德·斯坦因曾经评论这批作家是“迷惘的一代”,形象地道出了他们内心的空虚、迷惘。

二“迷惘的一代”的代表作品及其思想一战对美国文学的一个主要的影响就是诞生了“迷惘的一代”。

他们的作品大多表达对战争的厌恶和恐惧,却又始终无法找到解决的答案。

下面,我们通过解读几位当时作家的作品来感悟一战对美国文学造成的影响。

1896年,弗·司各特·菲茨杰拉德出生于明尼苏达州圣保罗市。

他是美国20世纪著名小说家,也是美国“迷惘的一代”的代表人物。

《人间天堂》是菲茨杰拉德的成名作,作品主人公阿莫瑞出生于美国一个贵族的家庭,从小就立志成为人上人,被大家尊重和认可。

功利的他渐渐心高气傲,鄙视周围的一切,与社会格格不入。

进入大学的阿莫瑞接触到了新的思想,开始反思过去的生活,进而开始仇恨和反叛中产阶级的生活。

而出身贵族的他,始终无法摆脱对生活富裕的需求,因此变得迷惘。

恰逢此时,一战爆发,阿莫瑞离开学校参军入伍。

然而,生活并没有因为他面对死亡而变得清晰。

一战结束后,阿莫瑞回国做起了生意,但惨淡经营之后无奈破产。

在经历一次次打击后,阿莫瑞仅存的最后一丝幻想也破灭了。

在故事的结尾,阿莫瑞来到昔日就读的普林斯顿大学门口,看着这里的一景一物,回想起曾经在象牙塔里度过的那些时光,不禁心潮澎湃,感慨万千。

他此刻才恍然醒悟自己一直在追寻心中的幻想,几经迷失,当醒来时却发现已经错过和失去了太多太多。

阿莫瑞的遭遇真实地反映了作者所处的那个时代的知识分子曾经经历过的种种挫折后的思想上的转变。

他们接受过良好的教育,而家族的影响又使得他们把对名利的追逐变成一种首要的理想;此外,生活的沉浮又折磨着他们把一切都想得美好、简单的心灵。

最终,那个时代的年轻人在思想的无数次冲突中迷失了方向,他们把心中的矛盾和迷惘化作一种怨恨。

他们怨恨穷人同样也怨恨富人,最终他们仇恨身边的一切。

小说中的主人公同样参加了一战,这是一战对“迷惘的一代”的影响之一。

一战后的美国文学直接讲述战争对人们生活和梦想的摧残。

小说中的阿莫瑞不同于生活在底层的穷苦大众,他出身贵族。

但战争并不会因为他的身份的高贵而收起冷酷和残忍的一面。

虽然这部作品本身有很多瑕疵,但作为菲茨杰拉德的成名作,《人间天堂》还是很好地反映出了一战带给美国中产阶级青年的那种梦想幻灭却无处宣泄的颓废情绪。

菲茨杰拉德的另一部代表作《了不起的盖茨比》是当时一部典型的“迷惘的一代”的作品。

作品形象地再现了一战后美国人的精神面貌和“美国梦”破灭的迷惘思想处境。

小说的主人公名叫盖茨比,他家境贫寒,是一名少尉军官,在与一位名叫黛西的姑娘相爱不久后,第一次世界大战爆发。

盖茨比被派前往欧洲战场,战争结束后,他回到了故乡,却发现黛西已经和一个名叫汤姆的有钱人结了婚。

充满幻想的盖茨比把这段感情的无奈归结于金钱的罪恶,他坚信黛西仍是爱他的,只不过为了金钱而离开了他。

他从此奋发图强,几经沉浮,终于成为了一位富翁,并且终于和爱慕虚荣却又感情失落的黛西重温旧梦。

然而,黛西已经不是昔日的黛西,她只把盖茨比当成一个弥补她心灵空虚的玩物。

最后,黛西开车轧死了丈夫汤姆的情妇,为了保护黛西,盖茨比承担了事故的责任。

但死者的丈夫却在在汤姆的挑拨下开枪打死了盖茨比。

当人们安葬盖茨比时,黛西却和汤姆远走高飞……如果说《人间天堂》表述的是战争夺走了所谓“有钱人”的财富和梦想的话,那么《了不起的盖茨比》则是表现了穷苦人在战中苦苦地追寻生存和爱情的权利,最后所有的梦想却依然毫无悬念地破灭了。

小说中的盖茨比是一位经历了一战的穷苦人,他把所有的希望和梦想都寄托在只有美丽躯壳的富家小姐黛西身上,最终这个美丽的躯壳带走了盖茨比所有的努力、理想以及灵魂。

盖茨比的悲剧正是美国20年代很多年轻人的一个缩影,他们努力奋斗,却始终找不到自己前进的方向;他们编织自己的梦想,最终却让所谓的梦想带走了所有的一切。

作为“迷惘的一代”最出色的小说家之一,菲茨杰拉德通过阿莫瑞和盖茨比写出了“迷惘的一代”的生命轨迹和思想形态,是一战对美国文学影响的典型代表人物。

无论是在“迷惘的一代”中,还是在那个时期的作家中,欧内斯特·海明威都是其中最杰出的一位。

他的作品深受一战的影响,多用于表现战争和人的关系,其中代表作有《太阳照常升起》、《永别了,武器》、《老人与海》等。

《太阳照常升起》讲述的是一战中的一群知识分子在经历战争的洗礼后失去生活的目标而盲目追求刺激和享乐的颓废生活。

美国青年巴恩斯在一战中脊椎严重受伤,从此失去了性能力。

一战结束后,他在巴黎担任记者期间认识了英国人阿什利夫人,两人很快坠入爱河,但两人却面临永远无法结合的尴尬。

夫人每天四处享乐而巴恩斯却借酒浇愁。

两人的感情几经波折,却始终继续着漫无目的的空虚、颓废的生活。

和菲茨杰拉德一样,海明威的很多小说也是把故事背景直接定位在一战。

《太阳照常升起》中的那群年轻人正是20年代美国年轻人的真实写照。

他们经历过战争,所以无所畏惧。

他们仿佛看透一切,只是追求今天的享乐,实际上却迷失了自己的价值观和人生观。

他们是战争的牺牲品,战争后遗症将伴随他们余下的生活。

小说描写的不仅仅是一些虚构的人物而是海明威、菲茨杰拉德等“迷惘的一代”的真实经历和生活。

一战对美国的影响不仅仅是几个作家和几部作品而已,战争毁灭的是一代人或者几代人对生活和梦想的希望。

《永别了,武器》是海明威一部自传色彩很浓的长篇小说。

其中主人公的经历多是作者自身的亲历经验。

弗雷德里克·亨利同样是一名一战时期的美国志愿者,他赴意大利为红十字会开车,并认识了英国护士凯瑟琳·巴克莱。

在一次执行任务时,亨利被炮弹炸成重伤。

养伤时,他又一次遇见了凯瑟琳,两人双双坠入爱河。

然而前线的战事却并不像两人的关系那样美好。

意军节节败退,士兵情绪激动,厌战情绪蔓延。

离开爱人重返战场的亨利也渐渐意识到所谓的“正义”不过是当局者为了自身利益而欺骗他们去送死的假面具,战争永远只能给人们带来痛苦,这种血淋淋的痛苦即使多少年后也是如此。

于是,为了和爱人在一起,亨利逃离了部队,逃离了战争的苦海。

他们逃到了瑞士,开始了本以为平静、幸福的生活。

然而,命运弄人,凯瑟琳最终在难产中离开了亨利。

亨利独自一人在异地流亡……《永别了,武器》是一部反战情绪极强的小说。

小说中的主人公生活的波折无疑就是海明威亲身经历的战争带给他的如梦魇般挥之不去的苦难。

作者用自传式的写法,写出了和他同时代的美国人的悲观、怀疑、绝望。

他们曾经为了理想而奔赴战场,在战争的洗礼中,他们的身体和心灵受到了无法弥补的创伤。

战后的他们迷失在对价值观和人生观的定位中,他们的世界一片黑暗。

历经生死的他们放荡不羁,到处充满着暴力。

他们怀疑一切、厌恶一切,鄙视高谈阔论,厌恶理智,一味追求着感官上的刺激。

小说中的一战毁灭了一个个幸福的家庭、一对对相爱的恋人,而小说之外的一战毁灭的是菲茨杰拉德、海明威等“迷惘的一代”的生活梦想和人生信仰。

如果要评论一战对美国文学的影响,那最主要的就应该是那个时期小说的主题绝大部分是两个字:“毁灭”——生命的毁灭、生活的毁灭、梦想的毁灭……三受一战影响的“迷惘的一代”的文学特点第一次世界大战是人类进程的一个重要转折点。

这种转折不仅仅体现在世界格局的变化和世界秩序的重新建立,更体现在对思想发展的转折。

一战的残酷和血腥粉碎了人们先前对工业革命美好憧憬的想象。

新的科技手段变成有效的杀人工具,并且这种杀人工具随着工业革命的进程每一天都会进步。

这种巨大的反差深深地刺痛着人们的心灵。

正是在这样的背景下,以海明威为代表的一批历经一战摧残的青年文学家开始了通过文字控诉战争、控诉当权者的写作,并以此开创了属于他们自己的“迷惘的一代”。

其文学作品深受一战影响,有如下特点:1 作品中充满幻灭感“迷惘的一代”是第一次世界大战的特有产物。

因为这是人们第一次经历世界范围内的战争的洗礼。

战争的冷酷无情和残忍血腥深深刺激着每一个人的神经,“他们的世界轰然倒塌”。

所以,这个时期的美国文学作品中充满着幻灭感。

无论是在战场上九死一生的“英雄”,还是每天在训练营中天天面对恐惧却无法摆脱的预备队员,他们都对这场战争深恶痛绝,而他们本身也都经历着想挥去战争的阴影却永远也无法摆脱心灵煎熬的矛盾。

正是由于这种没有希望的生活,造就了这个时期美国文学大多以梦想幻灭作为主题。

“美国梦”破碎可以说一战带给美国文学的特殊纪念。

2 表现手法上广泛采用象征主义和表现主义一战后的美国文学多采用象征主义和表现主义来表达幻灭感。

如《永别了,武器》中的雨代表的就是厄运,常与死亡相伴。

当凯瑟琳告诉亨利:“我害怕雨,因为有时我看见自己死在雨中。

”我们可以感受到那种厄运的阴森。

所以,最后小说以雨作为结尾时,读者已经意识到了凯瑟琳的死亡。

再如,《太阳照常升起》中的罗伯特·科恩在失恋后去找人决斗,以求一死。

科恩所代表的就是理想的磨灭和传统道德信念的破碎。

3 多用于直接讲述一战中人们在生活和爱情中的挣扎和其他小说流派关于故事年代有更广泛的时间选择不同,一战后的美国特有的“迷惘的一代”,多在小说的年代上直接定位于一战时期。

这是源于一战对他们心灵深处深深的刺激,饱经战争折磨的他们,更愿意把写作的背景直接放在他们所亲身经历、感受最多的那个年代。

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