FRET or No FRET A Quantitative Comparison

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2019年专业英语八级真题及答案解析

- power nonverbals are also related to【T6】______.【T6】______
Relationship between【T7】______【T7】______
- the powerful are more【T8】______.【T8】______
- hormones differ with【T9】______.【T9】______
第25题
A.To argue for a case.
B.To discuss a dispute.
C.To explain a problem.
D.To present details.
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(26~30/共14题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION
SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.
第23题
A.Recalling specific information.
B.Understanding particular details.
C.Examining sources of information.
D.Retelling a historical event.

孔子英文介绍PPt1

His Philosophy of Education
• 有教无类。 • In teaching people, there is no discrimination (of class,
type, etc.) • 学而不厌，诲人不倦。 • Learning without satiety, instructing others without being
• 知之为知之, 不知为不知,是知也。 • What you know, you know, what you don‘t know,
you don’t know. This is knowledge.
His Philosophy of Education
•。
礼之用，和为贵。 The most valuable use of the rites is to achieve harmony.
四海之内皆兄弟也； All Men Are Brothers.
Confucian quotes
1.By nature, men are nearly alike; by
孔子(名秋字仲尼),鲁国人，
出生于551BC 35岁，逃往齐国
50岁，大政司司长
56岁，离开齐国
67岁，回到鲁国
72岁，逝世
Educator
Thinker
Statesman
Philosopher
Founder of the Confucian school and Confucianism
Symbol of Chinese culture
His Philosophy of Education
• 温故而知新, 可以为师矣。 • Reviewing what you have learned and learning

第二章标题翻译

Assignment 2
1. Cops under fire 2. American booksellers 3. On the road to Parliament 4. Lost survivors 5. Ten Ways to Get More Energy 6. Confronting New Challenges 7. What‟s New in the Computer World 8. Inside the Clinton White House 9. Help is at hand if illness strikes mid flight
1.4 有标点符号‘ ’ “:” “,” “━” 的标题
5. Living in Amsterdam—the best way to see a city 【译】生活在阿姆斯特丹——城市观光的最佳方式 6. Life Show, A story of plain, passion, dream 【译】人生——一个普通平凡的、充满激情和梦想的故事 7. “The system failed her” 【译】她与这种制度格格不入 8. Is “Globalization” helping or hurting? 【译】全球化：幸或不幸？
2 Rhetorical features of English Headlines
2.1 Short and simple e.g. Alcohol and Death 酒精与死亡 e.g. 007 Movies in Retrospect 007 电影回顾 e.g. Nike, From Small Beginnings to World Giant 耐克，从无名小卒到世界巨人
1. Cops under fire 【译】警察遭枪击 2. American booksellers 【译】美国书店一瞥 3. On the road to Parliament 【译】通向议会的道路 4. Lost survivors 【译】失落的幸存者 5. Ten Ways to Get More Energy 【译】精力充沛十法

形式对等与动态对等的统一

形式对等与动态对等的统一郑青根据奈达的形式对等理论，在翻译时要使译文在形式和内容上尽量与原文对等。

根据他的动态对等理论，译文读者对译文的反应尽量接近原文读者的反应。

如果将二者看成是对译者提出的要求，则译者翻译时既要考虑形式和内容，又要考虑译文读者的感受。

从这个意义上说，形式对等和动态对等是一个内在统一的整体，是译者应该追求的更高的目标。

这个目标高于形式对等，也高于动态对等，因为这两者舍去对方都具有片面性。

“Life's but a walking shadow, a poor playerThat struts and frets his hour upon the stageAnd then is heard no more: it is a taleTold by an idiot, full of sound and fury,Signifying nothing.”原文选自莎士比亚的著名悲剧《麦克白》第五幕第五场，麦克白听到妻子死后的一段独白。

这段独白反映了麦克白因为谋杀而使自己的生命失去了意义，感受到了生命的虚无和对未来的绝望。

这段独白也暗示着麦克白的悲剧结局。

人生的虚无和对未来的绝望，不仅仅只是麦克白的感受，也是世间很多人的感受。

这也正是麦克白的悲剧引起广泛共鸣的原因之一。

从修辞角度来看，原文在46个音节中用了“a walking shadow,”“a poor player”和“a tale”来比喻人生，语言凝练，具有很强的张力。

从诗歌的角度来看，原文采用素体诗的形式，用了五音步抑杨格，每行10个音节。

“拙劣的人生不过是一个行走的影子，一个在舞台上指手画脚的伶人，登场片刻，就在无声无息中悄然退下。

它是一个愚人所讲的故事，充满着喧哗和骚动，都没有一点意义。

”参考译文选自朱生豪的译本，基本传达了原文的内容。

但把“struts”和“frets”译成“指手画脚”，没有传达出两个词的意义。

除非的英文有哪些

除非的英文有哪些除非，意思是指表示唯一的条件，不计算在内，是属于使用频率较高的汉语词汇，在一般场合比较常见。

下面是店铺为你整理的除非的英文，希望大家喜欢!除非的英文unlessonly if;only whenunles常见用法conj.除非，如果不;prep.除了，…除外;1. The targets would not be achieved unless other departments showed equal commitment.除非其他部门同样努力，否则这些目标无法达成。

2. Training is worthless unless there is proof that it works.除非能证明训练有效，否则就是白搭。

3. The South African mailboat arrived on Friday mornings unless bad weather intervened.除非受恶劣天气干扰，南非邮船一般在星期五上午抵达。

4. All bitches should be spayed unless being used for breeding.除非是用作种犬，所有的母犬都应摘除卵巢。

5. I tend to forget things unless I mark them down.除非把事情记下来，否则我常常会忘事。

6. No-one could use the computer unless they had a password.除非知道密码，否则谁也用不了那台计算机。

7. The conservatory will get very hot in summer unless shading is used.夏天如果不用遮光罩的话，暖房会变得特别热。

8. Unless these questions are solved, the region will remain a powder keg.除非这些问题得到解决，否则该地区会一直是个火药桶。

音乐术语英文翻译表

音乐术语(英文翻译表)a tempo 回原速abbandono无拘无束的，纵情的acoustic声音学的，音响效果的a cappella无伴奏合唱a capriccio无事先准备的，随意发挥的accel 加快的，accelerado的缩写accentato加重音的，加重的adagio慢板agitato激动地Adagio 柔板Adagio assai 很慢的柔板Andante 行板Andantino 小行板affettato 矫柔造作的affettatamente装模作样的affettuoso感情丰富的affrettando快速的Allegretto non troppo 不过分的小快板Allegretto poco mosso 稍快的小快板album专集，音乐集alla marcia进行曲风格alla如同……一样的alla francese法兰西风格alla polacca波拉卡风格alla spagnuola西班牙风格alla turca土耳其风格all arg逐渐加强，逐渐变慢，声音愈加饱满allegramente欢快的，兴致昂然的allegrissimo极快的allegretto稍快板allegro快板，急速的，快节奏的alt最高调，最高调的altieramente极快的alto clef 中音谱号amabile和蔼可亲的，可爱的amorosamente温柔的，亲爱的amoroso温柔的，亲爱的andante行板，行板乐曲，缓慢的a nimato活泼的，富有生气的，快的aperto开朗的appassionato热情奔放的，热心的attacca紧接下段Bbaldo 勇敢的，豪壮的ballade叙事曲，歌谣barcarolle船歌bar line小节线bass男低音，低音，贝司bassoon低音管，巴松管bass clef低音谱号bass drum低音鼓battuta拍子，特指一小节内第一个重拍ben特别强调的blocks双头木鱼brioso充满活力地breve二全音符breve rest 二全休止符brillante 辉煌的，华丽的bis重复一次bizzaro奇怪的，怪异的bongoes连体鼓bow 提琴的琴弓buffo 可笑的，喜剧的，滑稽地burlesco 戏谑的，诙谐的Ccalando 渐缓且渐弱calmato 恬静的caminando 流畅的，进行的cantabile 似歌的cantando 如歌的capriccioso 自由的，随想的caprice 随想曲，畅想曲，奇想曲capricciesamente 自由的，随想的celesta 钢片琴cello 大提琴clarinet 竖笛，单簧管（黑管）crotchet 四分音符crotchet rest 四分休止符cresc渐强claves 音棒classics 古典音乐chorus 合唱，和声，合唱队col canto 紧随的旋律comodo自在地come sopra 如同那边的一样come 好象，如同con abbandono 纵情奔放地con affetto 感情丰富地，多情地con amore 温柔地，亲爱地con ammabilita 和蔼地，亲切地calando 渐缓且渐弱calmato 恬静的con brio 生气勃勃地，有活力地concert 音乐会con entusiasmo 热情地con espressione 富有表现力地con delicatezza 精细地，娇柔地concerto 协奏曲con grazio 典雅地，优美地con moto 稍快的con forza 有力地con fuoco狂热地，热情地con spirito有精神地cominciata 开头，曲首com modo 舒适的，自在的con 同，带着con malinconia 忧郁消沉地con slancio 强有力地，猛烈地con spirito 富有生气地con strepito 吵闹地，嘈杂地，震耳欲聋地con trasporto 得意忘形地con vigore 富有精力地，强健地conductor 指挥contralto 女底音，女底音手cymbal 铜钹，土耳其镲Ddance 舞曲deciso坚定地delicatamente 精细的，娇柔的delicato 精细的，娇柔的deejay（DJ）播放音乐的人，DJ delicatezza 细致的Doppio movimento 加倍快dolente怨诉地dolce 温柔的，甜美的dolce ondeggiando 温柔的颤动dolcissimo 非常温柔的，甜美的dolente 悲痛的，哀伤的doloroso 悲痛的doppio 成倍，双重doppio lunghezza di tempo 慢一倍doppio movimento 快一倍double bass 低音提琴double bar line 双小节线dim渐弱di 地，用，自，的di soppiano 用低音的，温柔的di sopra 如上边direct 指挥disperato 失望的，绝望的distinto 清晰的divoto 诚恳的，忠诚的drammatico 戏剧性的drum 鼓drumstick 鼓槌Eenergico精力充沛地e 与，而ed 与，而egualmente 同样地，平稳地，均匀地elegante 幽雅的，高尚的en 在……，……地，按照……风格energico 精力充足的entusiastico 热情的，热烈的eroico 英勇的，庄严的espressiove 有表情et 与，而etude 练习曲Ffantasy 幻想曲fastoso 华丽的，浮夸的fantastico幻想地feroco 粗野的，狂暴的festivo 有朝气地f强ff 很强fresco 朝气蓬勃的，清新的french horn 圆号，法国号fret 琴柱，挡子fz突强forza 力量fp强后即弱flebile 悲哀的，沉痛的flat 降调flat sign 降号flute 横笛，长笛，笛子finale 终曲fiero 勇猛的，骄傲的funebre 悲哀的，凄惨的，葬礼的furioso 狂暴地>或<重音记号GGrave 庄板gaio 快乐的，愉悦的generoso 慷慨的，高尚的glissando 滑奏，钢琴上的刮奏glockenspiel 钟琴，铁琴grave沉重地grazioso 幽雅的、优美地giocoso 愉快的，游戏的，幽默的giusto 合适的，恰当的giandioso华丽地、壮丽地guerriero 勇敢的，威武的guiros 瓜（一种利用刮削摩擦发声的拉丁美洲乐器）guitar 吉他Hharp 竖琴harpsichord 羽管钢琴（拨管古钢琴）Hi Fi set 高保真音响honky-tonk piano 酒吧钢琴horn 号，号角Iin tempo 按原速Impetuoso急速地、如暴风兩般Innocente纯洁地LLargo 广板Larghetto 小广板Lagrimoso哭泣地largamente宽广地Lamentabile悲伤地legayo连音legato assai很连贯legatissimo最连音Lento 慢板Leggiero轻快地llargando渐慢并渐强Lugubre阴郁地MMaestoso隆重地、庄严地Marcato着重地、清晰地、强调Martiale象进行曲Mesto悲哀地、忧伤地mf中强memo mosso 稍慢molto mosso 很快的molto rit 渐慢很多mp中弱molto allegro 很快的molto adagio 很缓慢的Moderado 中板Misterioso神秘地Morendo逐渐消失Nnon legato非连音nobilmente高雅地Ppathetic悲怆地passionate热情洋溢地Parlando说话似地Pastorale田园风味地Pesante沉重地Prestissimo 最急板Presto 急板poco a poco rit 一点一点地渐慢poco lento 稍慢portato次断音poco meno mosso 稍放慢的pp很弱p弱piu Allegro 更快piu Andante 更慢piu moto 更快的piu mosso 更快的Pomposo壮丽地、光辉地QQuieto宁静地Rrall 渐慢，rallendando的缩写rapido 迅速的rit,ritard 渐慢的，ritardando的缩写Rubato节奏自由risoluto果断地ritenuto 突慢的Religilso崇拜地Rigoroso严格地、准确地Risoluto决断地Rustico乡村风味地Sscherzando幽默地、诙谐地sempre stacc一直用断音senza accel 不要渐快staccatostaccatissimo▲断音sf突强spirito精神饱满地sotto voce很弱的声音sostenuto持续地sempre p始终保持弱semplice朴素地、单纯地sempre继续地sentimento多愁善感地stringendo 加紧（加快）Smorzando逐渐消失Soavemente和蔼地Sonore嘹亮地Spianato纯朴地Strepitoso喧哗地、风暴似地Ttenuto保持Tranquillo安静地VVigoroso强大地、豪爽地vivace活泼地vivo活跃地vibration 振动sound 音tone 音（乐音）musical tone 乐音noise 噪音acoustics 声学psychoacoustics 心理声学frequency 频率intensity 强度time 时间wave form 波形pitch 音高loudness 响度duration 时值timbre 音色(tone color or quality)tuning fork 音叉pure tone 纯音complex tone 复音(composite tone)overtone(s) 泛音(aliquot tone, harmonics, flageolet tone 即upper partials) overtone series 泛音列partial(s) 分音(partial tone)fundamental(tone) 基音(first partial)step 音级(scale step, degree)accidental(s) 变音记号sharp 升号flat 降号double-sharp 重升号double-flat 重降号nature 还原号intonation 音准octave 八度range 音域(compass)(voice) register 音区small c 小字组cgreat C 大字组Ccontra C 大字二组 Cunaccented octave 小字组one-lined octave 小字一组(one-line)two-lined octave 小字二组(two-line)three –lined octave 小字三组(three-line) four-line octave 小字四组(four-line) temperament 乐律tempered scale 平均律(equal temperament) just intonation 纯律pitch name 音名enharmonic notes 等音(whole) tone全音half-tone 半音natural half-tone 自然半音natural tone 自然全音chromatic tone 变化全音chromatic half-tone 变化半音notation 记谱法staff 乐谱treble clef 高音谱号bass clef 低音谱号clef 谱号(G clef, F clef, C clef)note(s) 音符rest(s) 休止符breve 二全音符semibreve 全音符(whole note，美)minim 二分音符(half note，美)crotchet 四分音符(quarter note，美)quaver 八分音符(eighth note，美)semiquaver 十六分音符(sixteenth note，美) demisemiquaver 三十二分音符(thirty-second note，美)hemidemisemi quaver 六十四分音符(sixty-fourth note，美) dot 附点double dot 复附点dotted note 附点音符dotted rest 附点休止符score 总谱leger line(s) 加线(ledger line(s)) head 符头stem 符干hook 符尾(tail)space 间line 线tie 延音线pause 延长号(hold, fermata)bar 小节(bar line小节线,measure) legato 连音，连奏staccato 断音，断奏sostenuto 持音trembolo 震音glissando 滑音relative pitch 相对音高（听觉）absolute pitch 绝对音高（听觉）sight-singing 视唱fixed-do 固定唱名法movable-do 音调唱名法lyra 乐徽rhythm 节奏rhythmic pattern 节奏型accent 重音syncopation 切分音meter 拍子(time)duple meter(s) 二拍子(2/2,2/4,2/8)triple meter(s) 三拍子(3/2,3/4,3/8)quadruple meter(s) 四拍子(4/2,4/4,4/8)common meter 普通拍子(4/4)simple meter(s) 单拍子compound meter(s) 复拍子compound duple meter(s) 复二拍子(6/2,6/4,6/8) compound triple meter(s) 复三拍子(9/4,9/8)compound quadruple meter(s) 复四拍子(12/4,12/8,12/16) quintuple meter 五拍子time signature 拍号multi-meter 变化拍子irregular meter （不规则）混合拍子(7/4,11/7) Metronome 节拍机(M.M.=Malzel’s ~)duplet 二连音triplet 三连音quadruplet 四连音quintuplet 五连音sextuplet 六连音septuplet 七连音tempo 速度dynamics 力度tempo mark(s) 速度标记dynamic mark(s) 力度标记mode 调式（狭指教会调式；广指调式）scale 音阶key 调tonality 调性atonality 无调性bitonality 双重调性polytonality 多调性major 大调minor 小调key signature 调号pentatonic 五声的natural 自然的melodic 旋律的harmonic 和声的whole-tone 全音的chromatic 半音的ascending 上行descending 下行scale degree （调式）音级tonic(I) 主音，主和弦supertonic(II) 上主音，上主和弦mediant (III) 中音，中音和弦subdominant(IV) 下属音，下属和弦dominant(V) 属音，属和弦submediant(VI) 下中音，下中音和弦(super-dominant) leading tone(VII) 导音，导和弦(subtonic)broken chord 分解和弦altered chord变和弦false chord 假和弦resolution 解决relative keys 关系大小调parallel keys 同主音调interval 音程melodic interval 旋律音程harmonic interval 和声音程root 根音（fundamental）scale step 音级（音级数：number of scale step）simple interval 单音程compound interval 复音程enharmonic intervals 等音程inversion 转位（complement）minor 小（音程）major 大（音程）perfect 完全，纯（音程）augmented 增（音程）diminished 减（音程）double-augmented 倍增（音程）double-diminished 倍减（音程）unison 同度，一度（prime）second 二度third 三度fourth 四度fifth 五度sixth 六度seventh 七度octave 八度ninth 九度tenth 十度eleventh 十一度twelfth 十二度tri-tone 三全音diatonic interval 自然（音程）chromatic interval 变化（音程）consonant 协和（音程、和弦）dissonant 不协和（音程、和弦）chord 和弦triad 三和弦major triad 大三和弦minor triad 小三和弦diminished triad 减三和弦augmented triad 增三和弦root position 原位first inversion 第一转位second inversion 第二转位third inversion 第三转位sixth chord 六和弦sixth-four chord 四六和弦seventh chord 七和弦dominant seventh chord 属七和弦diminished seventh chord 减七和弦ninth chord 九和弦augmented sixth chord 增六和弦Added-sixth chord 加六度和弦fourth chord 四度和弦tone-cluster 音簇harmony 和声学harmonic analysis 和声分析functional harmony 功能和声modulation 转调transposition 移调chromatic scale 半音阶diatonic scale 自然音阶passing tone 经过音neighboring tone 辅助音（auxiliary tone，upper or lower）anticipation 先现音suspension 延留音ornament（s）装饰音trill 颤音mordent 波音（upper mordent）inverted mordent 逆波音（lower mordent；早期称Schneller）double mordent 复波音inverted turn 回音arpeggio 琶音melody 旋律repetition 重复unity 统一variety 变化variation 变奏theme with variation 主题与变奏comparison 对比augmentation 展开climax 高潮sequence 模进melodic sequence 旋律模进harmonic sequence 和声模进melodic progression 旋律进行melodic contour 旋律轮廓motive 动机development 发展thematic material 主题材料phrase 乐句phrasing 分句period 乐段cadence 终止perfect cadence 完全终止imperfect cadence 不完全终止half cadence 半终止authentic cadence 正格终止plagal cadence 变格终止interrupted cadence 阻碍终止deceptive cadence 伪终止musical form 曲式one-part form 一段式，一部曲式binary form 二段式，二部曲式（AB）rounded binary form （有再现的）二段式ternary form 三段式，三部曲式（ABA）four-part form 四段式five-part form 五段式variation form 变奏曲式（A，A1，A2，A3…）strophic form 分节歌（a，a，a，a …）rondo form 回旋曲式（ABACA）sonata form 奏鸣曲式exposition 呈示部development 展开部recapitulation 再现部rondo sonata form 回旋奏鸣曲式movement 乐章prelude 前奏（曲）interlude 间奏（曲）coda 尾声trio 三声中部cadanza 华彩乐段musical form 体裁reduction 改编（缩编）trio 三重奏quartet 四重奏quintet 五重奏opera 歌剧ballet 芭蕾chorus 合唱choir 合唱团choral music 合唱音乐cantata 康塔塔mass 弥撒oratorio 清唱剧passion 受难曲symphony 交响曲concerto 协奏曲sonata 奏鸣曲sonatina 小奏鸣曲band 军乐队band music 军乐etude 练习曲march 进行曲jazz 爵士乐overture 序曲ballata 叙事曲inter mezzo 间奏曲waltz 圆舞曲，华尔兹allemande 阿勒曼德courante 库朗特sarabande 萨拉班德gigue 吉格bourree 布列polonaise 波洛涅兹tarantella 塔兰台拉govotte 加沃特chaconne 恰空passacaglia 帕萨卡利亚capriccio 随想曲fantasia 幻想曲lullaby 摇篮曲tango 探戈habanera 哈巴涅拉madrigal 牧歌choral 众赞歌reguiem 安魂曲symphonic poem 交响诗toccata 托卡塔serenade 小夜曲nocturn 夜曲rhapsody 狂想曲minuet 小步舞曲recitative 宣叙调aria 咏叹调songs without word 无词歌invention 创意曲scherzo 谐谑曲mazurka 玛祖卡polka 波尔卡fox trot 狐步舞blues 布鲁斯rumba 伦巴disco 迪斯科suite 组曲fugue 赋格instrumental music 器乐musical instrument 乐器instrumentation 乐器法orchestra 管弦乐队orchestration 配器法conductor 指挥concert master 首席podium 指挥台wood wind instruments 木管乐器piccolo 短笛flute 长笛oboe 双簧管clarinet 单簧管（黑管）bass clarinet 低音单簧管bassoon 大管（巴松）contrabassoon 低音大管English horn 英国管brass wind instruments 铜管乐器French horn 圆号，法国号trumpet 小号cornet 短号trombone 长号tuba 大号bass tuba 低音大号double bass tuba 倍低音大号tenor tuba 次中音大号bass 低音号saxophone 萨克斯管euphonium 尤风宁号percussion（s）打击乐kettle drum 定音鼓bass drum 大鼓tenor drum 中鼓side drum 小鼓triangle 三角铁chimes 排钟marimba 玛林巴tubular bells 管钟glockenspiel 钟琴vibraphone 颤音琴castanets 响板whip 鞭响器rattle 摇响器anvil 乐砧tambourine 铃鼓tabor 塔波鼓bongo邦戈鼓gong 锣temple block 木鱼wood block 南梆子，盒梆cymbal 钹harp 竖琴xylophone 木琴piano 钢琴pedal 踏板stringed instruments 弦乐器violin 小提琴viola 中提琴cello 大提琴double bass 低音提琴guitar 吉他lute 疏特琴harpsichord 拨弦古钢琴clavier （18世纪）键盘乐器organ 风琴pipe organ 管风琴accordion 手风琴keyboard 键盘（乐）vocal music 声乐bel canto 美声a cappella 无伴奏合唱voice 人声，声部soprano 女高音coloratura soprano 花腔女高音lyric soprano 抒情女高音dramatic soprano 戏剧女高音mezzo soprano 次女高音，女中音tenor 男高音dramatic tenor 戏剧男高音bariton 男中音bass 男低音unison 齐奏（唱）solo 独奏（唱）duet 二重奏ensemble 合奏（团体）stage 舞台theater 剧场，戏剧Renaissance 文艺复兴Rococo 洛可可Baroque 巴洛克Classicism 古典主义Romanticism 浪漫主义Impressionism 印象主义Nationalism in music 民族乐派Anti- impressionism 反印象主义Realism 现实主义Serialism 序列主义Primitivism 原始主义Expressionism 表现主义Microtonalism 微分音主义Neoclassicism 新古典主义Structuralism 结构主义Concrete Music 具体音乐Accidentalism 偶然主义Minimalism 省略（简约）主义Pointillism 点描派monophonic music 单声部音乐homophony 主调homophonic music 主调音乐polyphony 复调polyphonic music 复调音乐counterpoint 对位program music 标题音乐absolute music 纯音乐，非标题音乐abstract music 抽象音乐套曲Cycle一种由多乐章组合而成的大型器乐曲或声乐器组曲Suite由几个具有相对独立性的器乐曲组成的乐曲奏鸣曲Sonata指类似组曲的器乐合奏套曲。

有两个双引号的句子

有两个双引号的句子1."Life is like a mirror, we get the best results when we smile twice."2."In the end, we only regret the chances we didn't take."3."Don't cry because it's over, smile because it happened."4."There are two ways of spreading light: to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it."5."Be yourself; everyone else is already taken."6."The only way to do great work is to love what you do."7."The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall."8."Your time is limited, don't waste it living someone else's life."9."The best way to predict the future is to create it."10."Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe."11."In the end, it's not the years in your life that count. It's the life in your years."12."The only thing we have to fear is fear itself."13."It's not the years in your life that count. It's the life in your years."14."Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe."15."The only way to do great work is to love what you do."16."Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving."17."The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall."18."Be yourself; everyone else is already taken."19."The best way to predict the future is to create it."20."Your time is limited, don't waste it living someone else's life."21.他对我说:"你还在干什么？"22.她回答:"我正在忙着准备晚饭"23.父亲对我说:"别忘了关灯"24.妈妈说:"晚上要好好休息"25.老师关心地问:"你没事吧？"26.同事问:"你今天为什么不高兴？"27.邻居说:"请你不要再这么吵了"28.他大声喊道:"这不可能！"29.她抱怨道:"这个问题真的很难"30.我反问:"难道你不想赢吗？"31.警察警告:"不要再犯同样的错误"32.医生吩咐:"记得每天按时吃药"33.店员笑着说:"这个商品是我们的最畅销产品"34.主持人提醒:"请你务必遵守规则"35.运动员说:"这是我今年的最后一场比赛"36.领导强调:"我们需要团结一致"37.导演宣布:"明天的排练时间提前一个小时"38.客户抱怨:"这个产品的质量太差了"39.学生询问:"老师，这个问题该怎么解答？"40.政府宣布:"明年将实施新的政策"41.她说："我真的很喜欢这件衣服"。

Unit 14 Sounds 词汇

Unit 14SoundsLanguage WorkParagraph 1“But while we are confined to books, …, which alone is copious and standard.”Paraphrase:Instead of being limited to books, we should open our eyes wide to observe the natural things around us. For books, no matter how wonderful they seem, are written in certain particular languages, which are themselves limited, unlike the rich universal language of nature. So we should go beyond the confinement of reading to appreciate the many beautiful things in our lives.confine vt. to force someone to stay in a place and prevent them from leaving; to keep someone or something within the limits of a particular activity or subjecte.g. You are asked to confine your use of the telephone to business calls alone.It is an attitude which seems to be confined to the upper classes.He has been confined for so long that he couldn’t cope with the outside world.copious adj. large, or in large amountse.g. The book had copious illustrations.The region has had copious snow in the last few days.We ate and drank copiously at the party.“The rays which stream through the shutter will be no longer remembered when the shutter is wholly removed.”Paraphrase: If we take away the shutter, we shall soon forget our filtered view in favour of the richer one revealed.stream v. to move in large numbers in a continuous flowe.g. “How could you do this to my children?” cried the woman with tears streamingdown her face.A boy was carried from the scene of the accident with blood streaming from hishead.The students were all very excited as they streamed out of their final exam.“No method nor discipline can supersede the necessity of being forever on the alert.”Paraphrase:No method or discipline can take the place of the necessity of being forever fully aware. We can’t be too careful.supersede vt. if one thing supersedes another, it replaces the other thing, especially because it is more modern or more usefule.g. Most of the old road — which stretched from Chicago to Los Angeles — has beensuperseded by the great interstate highways.Odell is within one match of superseding White as the youngest English amateurchampion.alert n. a warning that something dangerous has happened or is going to happene.g. When their piglets are born, mother pigs are constantly on the alert for dangersand attacks.Security forces are in a high state of alert because of the President’s visit.The army was put on full alert as the peace talks began to fail.“What is a course of history or philosophy, … co mpared with the discipline of looking always at what is to be seen?”Paraphrase:No academic courses, such as history, philosophy or poetry, no matter how profound or well-chosen, or the best people we socialize with, or the best established way of life, is as good as the immediate contact with nature and direct observation of things around us.compare vt. to consider how things or people are similar and how they are different;to say that one thing or person is similar to anothere.g. Compare some recent w ork with your older stuff and you’ll see how much you’veimproved.This road is quite busy compared to/with ours.Children seem to learn more interesting things compared to/with when we wereat school.Paragraph 2“There were times when I could not aff ord to sacrifice the bloom of the present moment to any work, whether of the head or hands.”Paraphrase: Sometimes I felt I didn’t want to be involved in any work, either mental or physical, because I was enjoying every minute of the present moment.bloom n. the time or the condition of being young, healthy, and attractivee.g. The apple trees are in full bloom at the moment.Her face had lost its usual bloom.A young girl, still in the bloom of youth, is standing in the wind.“Sometimes, in a summer morning, having taken my accustomed bath, (I)was reminded of the lapse of time.”Paraphrase: Sometimes, in a summer morning, after taking an early bath as usual, I would spend the whole morning sitting in my doorway, enjoying the sunshine and daydreaming. Surrounded by trees and singing birds, I totally indulged in a peaceful, pleasant and tranquil state. If it were not for the sunshine on my west window or the sound of some traveller’s wagon in the distance, I would not realize that it was already noontime. The whole morning just elapsed without my noticing it.rapt adj. completely interested and involved in somethinge.g. She sat with a rapt expression reading her book.He gazed rapt at the stars.The children watched with rapt attention.revery n. (a state of having) pleasant dreamlike thoughtse.g. He was lost in revery until he suddenly heard someone behind him.She was enjoying pleasant reveries about her schooldays.flit vi. to pass quickly or abruptly from one place or condition to anothere.g. As it began to grow dark, we could see bats flitting around/about in the garden.Sara finds it very difficult to settle —she’s always flitting from one thing to another.Laura flits about New York hailing taxis at every opportunity.The idea flitted across/into/through his mind that the man standing there couldbe his lost brother.remind vt. to tell someone again about an event from the past or about a fact that they used to knowe.g. Could you remind Paul about dinner on Saturday?This hot summer reminds me of my years in Kenya.I am always reminding my children to say “please” and “thank you.”“They were not time subtracted from my life, but so much over and above my usual allowance.”Paraphrase:I was not wasting my life even though the summers seemed not very productive. On the contrary, I was adding time to my life, making it richer and more meaningful.subtract vi. to take a number or an amount from a larger number or amounte.g. Four subtracted from ten equals six.You have to subtract 25% tax from the sum you receive.“My days were not days of the week, bearing the stamp of any heathen deity, nor were they minced into hours and fretted by the ticking of aclock ...”Paraphrase: My days could not be counted from Sunday to Saturday. They were not divided into hours either. They went on smoothly, undisturbed by the ticking of the clock...mince vi./vt. to cut meat into very small pieces using a machine; to walk with very short steps in a way that is not natural, or, if you are a man, seems more typical of a womane.g. He minced the chicken into very small pieces.He minced his plan into two.fret v. to cause to suffer emotional straine.g. She spent the day fretting about/over whether James had missed his plane or not.He’s fretted by the idea that he’s going to fail his exams.“This was sheer idleness to my fellow-townsmen, no doubt; but if the birds and flowers had tried me by their standard, I should not have been found wanting.”Paraphrase:In my fellow-townsmen’s eyes I was undoubtedly a lazy pers on, but if judged by the standard of birds and flowers, I should be considered a full man lacking nothing desirable or essential.standard n. a level of quality or achievement, especially one that people generally consider normal or acceptablee.g. Not everyone judges success by the same standards —some people thinkhappiness is more important than money.That is a bad book by any standards.Judging by the ordinary standards, he was reliable.“A man must find his occasions in himself, it is true.”Paraphrase: A man should have every reason to live a life that is suitable for him.occasion n. an opportunity or reason for doing something or for something to happene.g. There’s no occasion to be so rude.It’s the first time that I’ve had occasion to compla in.“... will hardly reprove his indolence.”Paraphrase: ... will hardly blame him for being idle.indolence n. inclination to lazinesse.g. My failure is probably due to my own indolence.The morning indolence continued for another day, and then another.Paragraph 3“I had this advantage, … that my life itself was become my amusement and never ceased to be novel.”Paraphrase: Compared with those who had to go out socializing with other people or going to theatres for amusement, my way of life was much better, for it was so amusing and was constantly renewing itself.oblige vt./vi. to force someone to do something because it is the law, a rule, or a dutye.g. The law obliges companies to pay decent wages to their employees.The storm got worse and worse. Finally, I was obliged to abandon the car andcontinue on foot.You are obliged to assign to me your firm by the contract.cease vi. to stop happening or continuinge.g. He never ceased to chase after his dream in his vigorous youth.Always learn from others and never cease trying to be the best you could be.“If we were always ... regulating our lives according to the last and best mode we had learned, we should never be troubled with ennui.”Paraphrase: If we were able to ... upgrade our lives all the time with the newest style we had learned, we should never get bored.ennui n. a feeling of being bored and having no interest in anythinge.g. The whole country seems to be affected by the ennui of winter.To overcome ennui both parties should focus on adding spice to the relationship, which can be as simple as a new restaurant or vacation spot.“It looked as if this was the way these forms came to be transferred to our furniture, to tables, chairs, and bedsteads —because they once stood in their midst.”Paraphrase:Seeing all the furniture stand amid various kinds of plants, the author began to realize how all the plants could finally be made into different pieces of furniture. That was because they are all from the same source — nature.transfer vt. to move someone or something from one place to another; to move from one job, office, or department to another in the same company or organizatione.g. I went to sleep on the couch before transferring to my bedroom later in the night.She transferred to the Physics Department.It requires great efforts to transfer wasteland into fertile fields.。

Jackson 吉他和贝斯手册说明书

Congratulations! You’ve just joined countless others in what may be one of the best decisions you’ve ever made.For over 30 years , Jackson has been creating some of the finest guitars and basses in the music world. You are now the owner of one of them, so be proud. Long before the late, great Randy Rhoads walked into our shop, we made it our business to make the tools that musicians want. Take a few minutes to read this manual to become better acquainted with your new Jackson instrument. Understanding the correct setup procedure will keep your Jackson playing great in all conditions. Keep in mind that some procedures in this manual should only be performed by qualified technicians or persons who have experience in neck adjustments and intonation.JACKSON OWNER’S MANUAL ALL MODELS - GUITAR AND BASSCONTROLS1. VOLUME CONTROL: This knob acts as the master output of the guitar. Rotating the knob clockwise will increase the volume, counterclockwise will decrease the volume.2. TONE CONTROL: This knob acts as a high frequency roll off. With the knob turned fully clockwise, all frequencies are present. When the knob is turned counterclockwise, the higher frequencies are rolled off, giving a darker tone.3. PICKUP SELECTOR SWITCH: The pickup switch is used to switch between different combinations of the pickups. We use three main types of switches in most of our models. The 3-way slotted and toggle; the 5 way slotted ; and the Jackson JE-0005. The 3-way is used in most of our 2 pickup guitars and works as follows: 1=neck pickup; 2=neck and bridge pickup: 3=bridge pickup . The 5-way switch is used on many Jackson guitars in both 3-pickup and some 2-pickup models. In a 3-pickup model, the switch is as follows: 1=neck; 2=neck and middle; 3=middle; 4=middle and bridge; 5=bridge . The JE-0005 5-way switch operates as follows: 1=neck; 2=neck and bridge in parallel; 3=neck and bridge in series; 4=neck and bridge in parallel with filter; 5=bridge .BRIDGEJackson guitars use an assortment of bridge styles for various models. Here is a brief explanation of each type we use.1. Tune-o-matic: It has a simple height adjustment via two mounting posts. Intonation is adjusted by screws at each bridge saddle. The strings can either run through the body or attach to a stop bar tailpiece.2. Vintage Style Hardtail: String height is adjusted by small allen screws on each side of the saddles. Intonation is adjusted by the screws mounting the saddles to the rear of the bridgeplate.3. Vintage Style Tremolo: It is a very basic, 2 point fulcrum style tremolo with self centering saddles. This bridge is designed to rest flat on the body (non-floating).4. Vintage Style Floating Tremolo: This is an upgraded type of the Vintage Style tremolo. It can be adjusted to sit flat, or float above the body.5. Jackson Bass Bridge: We use a variety of low mass, high density, flat mounted bridges. On most of our Concert Basses, the bridges are convertible. This means the strings can be top loaded, or strung through the body. All have self centering saddles with individual intonation and string height adjustments.6. Double Locking Tremolos: This is the most common type of bridge, and can be found on most of our guitars. It is very simple to setup with a little guidance and patience. Note: For more information and technical tips and help,be sure to check out RESTRINGING THE DOUBLE LOCKING TREM1. Before loosening the strings, slip a small stack of business cards or a pencil under the bridge plate to maintain spring tension and keep the bridge parallel to the body.NOTE: There are many products on the market today that will assist in Floyd Rose® setups. Ask your localretailer for more info or check out our website .2. Loosen the 3 screws on the locking nut.3. Loosen all strings via the tuners on the headstock until there is no tension.4. Loosen the string clamping screws at bridge.5. Remove the strings from the guitar.6. Cut the ball end off the new strings.7. Insert the new strings between the clamping block and the saddle.8. Tighten the screws to lock the strings in place. Do not overtighten!9. Wind strings onto the tuners.10. Tune all stings to pitch, and stretch the strings by lightly pulling on them. Retune and repeat several times until thestrings will not detune.11. Repeat this process for all strings before tightening the locking nut and retuning using the fine tuners on the bridge.This is the one step that will determine the feel or “action” of your guitar. A few things should be taken into consideration before setting the intonation. What type, brand and gauge strings are you going to use? How high do you want the strings from the fretboard? How much spring tension do you want (how high do you want the bridge to float)? These will need to be determined before you get started. These steps should be completed in the order listed below.1. Neck Relief: The ideal neck setup will have a moderate amount of relief (curvature) to accommodate the vibrating strings. With the guitar tuned to pitch, fix a capo to the first fret, and depress the sixth string (low E) at the last fret. Measure the gap from the bottom of the string to the top of the 7th fret (using a feeler gauge, ruler with .010” increments, or similar tool) – the gap should be around .010” (see factory specs for more detail). If there is excessive relief, tighten the truss rod by turning it clockwise. If there is not enough relief, loosen the truss rod. Truss rod adjustments should be made in ¼ turn increments. The truss rod is located behind a plastic cover on the headstock of most Jackson instruments.2. Tremolo Spring Tension: This adjustment determines the neutral position of the tremolo. It is recommended to balance the spring tension with string tension – causing the bridge plate to sit parallel with the body. Heavier strings will require more spring tension, lighter strings (and drop tunings) will need less. To increase spring tension,tighten the 2 screws that hold the spring claw to the body (behind tremolo cavity cover on rear of body); loosen the screws to decrease tension.3. String Height: String height, or action, is measured as the distance between the bottom of the string and the top of the 17th fret (with strings tuned to pitch, no capo). If your tremolo or tune-o-matic bridge restson two mounting posts that go into the guitar body, the string height is adjusted by raising or lowering these posts. If your bridge is a vintage style or a bass, there are two allen wrench adjustments on each saddle that will raise and lower each string independently. Optimal string height depends on playing style and preference. See the factory specs section below for recommended string heights to get started. Low stringheight takes less effort to fret the strings, but may induce fret buzzing and less sustain if it’s too low.4. Pickup height: To set the pickup height, fret all strings at the last fret and use a 6” ruler (with 1/64” increments, or similar tool) to measure the distance from the bottom of the strings to the top of the pole pieces. The optimal distance depends on the type of pickup, and the player’s preference. See factory specs for pickup height guidelines.5. Intonation: All of the adjustments listed above must be completed prior to setting the intonation. Ensure that all strings are tuned to pitch. With intonation set properly, the 12th fret harmonic should be in tune with the 12th fret fretted note on every string. First play the 12th fret harmonic (lightly rest your finger on the string over the12th fret), and tune to pitch (use an electronic tuner for best results). Then, play the 12th fret fretted note (by evenly pressing the string on the 12th fret). If the fretted note is sharp, lengthen the string by moving the bridge saddle rearward. If flat, shorten the string by moving the bridge saddle forward. After adjusting the stringlength, retune the guitar (this will require unlocking the nut on guitars equipped with a double locking tremolo), andrepeat this procedure until the harmonic and fretted note are both in tune.FACTORY SPECSThe following are Jackson’s recommended neck relief, string height, pickup height, and string gauge specs. Please note that any problems that may arise from lowering the string height below our factory specifications, will not be covered by the Jackson warranty.NECK RELIEFGUITAR .007” - .008” (.18mm - .20mm)BASS.012” - .014” (.30mm - .36mm)STRING HEIGHTBASS SIDETREBLE SIDE GUITAR 4/64” (1.6mm)3/64” (1.2mm)BASS6/64” (2.4mm)5/64” (2.0mm)PICKUP HEIGHTBASS SIDETREBLE SIDE HUMBUCKER 4/64” (1.6mm)4/64” (1.6mm)STANDARD SINGLE COIL 5/64” (2mm)4/64” (1.6mm)NOISELESS SINGLE COIL8/64” (3.6mm)6/64” (2.4mm)FACTORY STRING GAUGES1st2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 6 STRING GUITAR .009.011.016.024.032.042-7 STRING GUITAR w/ TREM.009.011.016.024.032.042.0527 STRING GUITAR w/o TREM.009.011.016.024.032.042.0544 STRING BASS .045,065.085.100---5 STRING BASS.045.065.085.100.125--GENERAL CAREThese are a few guidelines to keep your new Jackson in top form. The body, neck and headstock should be wiped clean with a clean soft cloth and a guitar polish after every use. The fingerboard should be cleaned every time you change strings. There are many cleaners on the market and most will dry the fingerboard (most window cleaning products have ammonia in them and will certainly dry the fingerboard dramatically) so be sure to oil the fingerboard after you clean it. There are many great oils today made just for fingerboards, so ask your local dealer for more information. Don’t let the board dry out, it will shrink and/or crack, causing the frets to raise up and become unlevel and unplayable. The hardware can be cleaned with a dry rag. If you have acidic perspiration or perspire excessively, please keep the hardware well oiled or it will rust and corrode. There are several tips on cleaning and maintaining your guitar on our website at .The Jackson you’ve chosen is a fine musical instrument and like any high quality product, care and regular maintenance should be a priority to help your guitar or bass last a lifetime. Thank you for choosing Jackson , we appreciate the opportunity to serve you. Please take a moment to fill out the enclosed owner’s registration and return it to us so that we may learn to better serve your needs. Also, be sure to read the care suggestions listedbelow. For more help be sure to visit our website at , thank you. For your own records, in case of loss, theft, etc., please fill in the following information and store it in a safe place.MODEL:__________________________________________________________________________COLOR:__________________________________________________________________________SERIAL NUMBER:_________________________________________________________________DEALER:________________________________________________________________________PURCHASE DATE:________________________________________________________________BATTERY REPLACEMENTOn all of our active circuits, 9 volt batteries are used to power-up. The systems feature the latest in IC circuitry, with very low power requirement. The battery is switched on when a cord is inserted into the input jack, so be sure to unplug the guitar/bass when not in use to avoid unnecessary power drain.NOTE: All PC1 guitars use an 18volt system (two 9 volt batteries) and both must be replaced as a pair in order for the sustainer system to function correctly. NOTE: Unless the instrument is equipped with a separate battery box, the battery is contained within the electric control cavity.CARE SUGGESTIONS~ NEVER store your guitar/bass in a hot car trunk! The HEAT WILL CAUSE SEVERE DAMAGE to your instrument.~ Always clean your strings after every use.~ Change strings at least every 20 playing hours.~ Wipe down the guitar with a clean, soft cloth after every use to remove sweat, etc from building up.~ Clean and oil fingerboard everytime you change strings.~ Do not overtighten any of the screws on the instrument. In most cases snug is best.~ When traveling by air be sure to detune strings by 1 step. Have an agent check your guitar before locking the case and tape the case closed to prevent tampering.~ Adjustments may need to be performed when you move your instrument into or out of different climates of altitude or humiditySTRING LOCK SCREWSINTONATION SCREWSSUSTAIN BLOCKGUITAR BODYBASE PLATEFINE TUNING SCREWS SADDLE。

学术写作中常用高级用词替换(20211126121607)

常用词的学术替换动词替换：提高：Promote: 促进A C之间的贸易promote the trade between A and C;He was promoted to senior manager in this company.Advance: our understanding of human genetics has considerably(非常的，可换做v astly) advanced.Enhance: the publicity has enhanced his reputation.这次宣传提高了他的名望改变：Transform:多指改头换面，完全改变，不能用于形容slight change。

说到人口变化：the increasing population has transformed the landscape and structure of local industry structure. 人口剧增改变了小镇的景色以及当地的工业结构强调：Highlight: the report highlight the decline in the numbers of native(可以换作l ocal)plants and insects.Stress: He stresses the need for parents to listen to their children.Accentuate: the crisis accentuates the gap between rich and poor.(highlight and emphasize的区别：highlight是告诉人们重点，因而能够让别人注意，类似于老师勾重点；而emphasize则是使重点清晰，不管别人是否能注意得到。

而s tress则和emphasize差不多)培养：Cultivate:cultivate the ab ilit y of;培养情操；…cultivate a more relaxed and positi ve waytowards life.Nurture: 养育，同样可以指培养人才( talents)the sea nutures ample marine animals.破坏：Impair:impair abiity;主要是破坏能力，莫乱用。

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3992BiophysicalJournalVolume84June20033992–4010FRETorNoFRET:AQuantitativeComparison

ClaudeBerneyandGaudenzDanuserBioMicroMetricsGroup,LaboratoryforBiomechanics,SwissFederalInstituteofTechnology,CH-8952Schlieren,Switzerland

ABSTRACTFluorescenceresonanceenergytransfer(FRET)isatechniqueusedtomeasuretheinteractionbetweentwomoleculeslabeledwithtwodifferentﬂuorophores(thedonorandtheacceptor)bythetransferofenergyfromtheexciteddonortotheacceptor.Inbiologicalapplications,thistechniquehasbecomepopulartoqualitativelymapprotein-proteininteractions,andinbiophysicalprojectsitisusedasaquantitativemeasurefordistancesbetweenasingledonorandacceptormolecule.NumerousapproachescanbefoundintheliteraturetoquantifyandmapFRET,butthemeasurestheyprovideareoftendifﬁculttointerpret.WeproposehereaquantitativecomparisonofthesemethodsbyusingasurfaceFRETsystemwithcontrolledamountsofdonorandacceptorﬂuorophoresandcontrolleddistancesbetweenthem.WesupportthesystemwithaMonteCarlosimulationofFRET,whichprovidesreferencevaluesfortheFRETefﬁciencyundervariousexperimentalconditions.WevalidatearepresentativesetofFRETefﬁcienciesandindicescalculatedfromthedifferentmethodswithdifferentexperimentalsettings.Finally,wetesttheirsensitivityanddrawconclusionsforthepreparationofFRETexperimentsinmorecomplexandless-controlledsystems.

INTRODUCTIONFo¨rsterresonanceenergytransfer(FRET)isaprocessbywhichaﬂuorophore(thedonor)inanexcitedstatetransfersitsenergytoaneighboringmolecule(theacceptor)bynon-radiativedipole-dipoleinteraction(Fo¨rster,1948;Lakowicz,1999).Althoughnotnecessary,inmostcasestheacceptorisalsoaﬂuorescentdye.Inthiscase,FRETalsostandsforﬂuorescenceresonanceenergytransfer.Insteady-stateFRETmicroscopy,twodifferentap-proachesaregenerallyusedtomeasureFRET:1),Emissionmeasurement.Excitationofthedonoranddetectionofthelightemittedbyeitherthedonorand/ortheacceptorinthepresenceoftheotherﬂuorophore.WhenFREToccurs,thedonoremissionisdecreasedandtheacceptoremissionisincreased.2),Acceptorphotobleaching.Excitationofthedonoranddetectionofthelightitemitsbeforeandafteracceptorphotobleaching.Inbothapproaches,valuescanbeobtainedthatrepresenteitheraFRETindexorthetransferefﬁciency.AFRETindexisarelativevaluethatvarieswithchangesinenergytransferassociatedwithchangesinthedonor-acceptorconﬁguration.ItshouldincreasewhenFRETin-creases,andshoulddecreasewhenFRETdecreases.FRETindicesareusefultoperformqualitativestudiesortotakerelativemeasureswithinthesameexperiment.However,eachFRETindexistunedforspeciﬁcrelatedexperimentalneeds.Adirectcomparisonbetweenresultsobtainedwithdifferentindicescanbedifﬁcult.Onthecontrary,thetransferefﬁciency(E)isadirectmea-sureofthefractionofphotonenergyabsorbedbythedonorthatistransferredtoanacceptor.ItcanbecalculatedastheratioofthetransferratekTtothetotaldecayrateofthedonor

E¼kT=ðtÿ1D1kT

Þ,wheret

Disthelifetimeofthedonor

intheabsenceofacceptorsoranyotherquenchingeffects.Itcanalsobemeasuredastherelativeﬂuorescenceofthedonorinpresence(FDA)andabsence(FD)oftheacceptor

E¼1ÿFDA/FDorfromthelifetimesundertheserespec-

tiveconditionsE¼1ÿtDA/tD(Lakowicz,1999).SinceEdependsontheinverseofthesixthpowerofthedistancerbetweenthetwoﬂuorophores,E¼R60=ðR601r6Þ,FREThas

becomethetechniqueofchoicetoobserveprotein-proteininteractionandtomeasuredistancesbetweenﬂuorophores(Stryer,1978;Clegg,1996).R0isknownastheFo¨rsterdis-

tanceandrepresentsacharacteristicparameterofeverydyepairdeﬁningthedistanceatwhichtheefﬁciencyis50%.Aswithanyproperﬂuorescencemeasurementtobequantitative,FRETmethodshavetoaccountforbiasesdueto1),bleed-throughinexcitation,i.e.,whenadonorisexcitedbytheacceptor’sexcitationwavelengthandviceversa;and2),crosstalkinemissiondetection,i.e.,whentheemissionofadonoralsocontributestothesignalmeasuredinasetupforacceptordetection,andviceversa.Itisoftendifﬁculttoseparatethecontributionofdirectcrosstalkfromthecontributionofbleed-throughsignals.Wethereforeusetheterm‘‘crosstalk’’torefertobothkindsofartifactsfortherestofthisarticle.Variousmethodsintroducingdifferentobservationstrat-egiesforFRETefﬁciencyandindicescanbefoundintheliterature.Thepurposeofthepresentedworkistovalidatetheirperformanceundervariousexperimentalconditions.WehaveimplementedanexperimentalFRETsystem,whichpermitsafreeselectionofthepairandwherethedonorandacceptorconcentrationsaswellastheaveragedistancebe-tweendonorandacceptorcanbecontrolled.Thesystemreliesonasurfacemonolayerofbiotinylatedpoly-(L)-lysine-

graft-poly-ethylene-glycol(PLL-g-PEG-biotin).Thisde-ﬁnesa2Ddistributionofﬂuorophores,whichcanbestochasticallymodeled.ReferenceFRETvaluesforthecomparisonoftheanalyzedmethodsaregeneratedbyMonte