名词性+状语+非谓语
非谓语动词三大形式
非谓语动词三大形式非谓语动词是英语中一种特殊的动词形式，在句子中作不同的语法功能。
非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式、动名词和分词。
在本文中，我们将介绍这三种形式的用法以及它们在句子中的不同作用。
一、动词不定式动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，由“to + 动词原形”构成。
在句子中，动词不定式可以作多种语法功能，如主语、宾语、表语、宾补等。
1. 作主语动词不定式可以作为句子的主语，常常用于表达一种观点、信念或建议。
例如：•To learn a new language takes time and effort.（学习一门新语言需要时间和努力。
）•To travel is to live.（旅行就是生活。
）2. 作宾语动词不定式可以作为及物动词的宾语，常常用于表示目的、意图或动作的结果。
例如：•I want to visit Paris.（我想去巴黎。
）•She loves to read books.（她喜欢阅读书籍。
）3. 作表语动词不定式可以作为系动词的表语，常常用于描述主语的特征、性质或状态。
例如：•Her dream is to become a doctor.（她的梦想是成为一名医生。
）•The key to happiness is to live in the present.（快乐的钥匙是活在当下。
）4. 作宾补动词不定式可以作为及物动词的宾补，常常用于补充说明及物动词的意义。
例如：•She made me laugh.（她让我笑了。
）•They consider him to be the best candidate.（他们认为他是最佳候选人。
）二、动名词动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式，以-ing结尾。
在句子中，动名词可以作多种语法功能，如主语、宾语、表语、宾补等。
1. 作主语动名词可以作为句子的主语，常常用于表示一种习惯、经验或普遍情况。
例如：•Running helps to keep me fit.（跑步有助于保持健康。
非谓语作定语 状语 补语
3.There is a gentleman asking to see you.
4.I dropped the vase, breaking it into pieces.
5.Do you realize that there are a lot of borrowed words in English? (borrow)
6.Is the doctor still doing his best to save the dying old man? (die)
7.In the depths of autumn, you can see many fallen leaves on the ground if you visit the wild forest. (fall)
11.Having written the letter, the girl went out to post it.
1.I found my hometown greatly ____ (change).
2.I found those students ____ (study) very hard.
三、非谓语结构之V.ing / V.ed 作补语。 1.使役动词have/make/let/keep/leave和 get/catch感官动词see/feel/hear/watch/find /notice + sb/sth+done(…被…)
I found my hometown greatly changed.
8.There is a lighting (light) candle on the table and a drunk (drink) man is lying on the floor.
非谓语的用法总结
非谓语动词的用法总结李靖非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）不是真正意义上的谓语动词,在句中都不能单独作谓语.但都具有动词的某些特点,可以有自己的宾语或状语,构成非谓语动词短语.不定式表目的,表将来；动名词表主动,表进行；过去分词表被动,表完成. 一．作主语( 动名词、不定式、过去分词前面加being, 动名词做主语谓语动词用单数)1）不定式、动名词都可做主语,但是动名词做主语多指抽象的概念性的动作,可以是多次的经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作.如：Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险.（泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火会发生危险.2）用动名词做主语的句型:It’s no use/no good/pleasure doing sth 做.......没有用处/好处/乐趣It’s a waste of time doing sth 做.... 浪费时间It is worth doing sth 值得做某事It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收It is worth making an appointment before you go. 去之前预约一下是值得的.3）不定式做主语的句型.It is + adj +for sb to do sth.比较：表示人的品质时只能用of sb 如considerate/kind/nice/foolish/stupid/rude/cruel/wise/clever/brave/selfish/crazy/good/careful/careless/impolite/right/wrong等单词出现时.It is silly of you to say so.It is important for us to learn English well.It is a must/ a necessity for us to have a good command of the English language.4) “Wh- + to 不定式”可做主语.如：When to leave hasn’t been decided yet.什么时候动身还没定呢.Whether to drive or take the train is still a problem.是自驾车还是乘火车仍是一个问题.5）一般情况下,不定式和动名词作主语,谓语动词一般用单数形式.如： Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe 眼见为实.. Planting flowers needs constant watering.但and连接的多个动名词作主语,谓语动词大多用复数（如果前后动名词的语义一致,谓语一般用单数）.如：Lying and stealing are immoral. 说谎与盗窃是不道德的.6) 动名词前面可以加上形容词性物主代词构成动名词的复合结构.如：----- What made him angry------ Mary’s /My/His/Her /Their/ The boy’s/ The president’s being late（made him angry.7）过去分词不能单独做主语,前面必须加上being,构成动名词,做主语.如：.Being examined twice a year , whether it is a car, a bus or a truck,.经典练习：1.It’s important for the figures_________ (update) regularly.2.No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it’s better ______(remain) silent.3.It’s really stupid of you _______ （tell）him the news yesterdayso it has been disturbing him all the time.4.___________(understand)your own needs and styles of communicationis as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.5.__________(worry) about your grades doesn’t help.6.The engine just won’t start. Something seems _____ (go) wrong withit.参考答案：1. to update 2. to remain 3. to have told 4.understanding 5. worrying go改错题：一个句子最多有一处错误1. It’s standard practice for a company like this one employ a security officer.2. Hear how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.3. Know basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.4. Do well in an interview will be an important part of getting a place at university.told us whether have a picnic was still under discussion.prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.参考答案：1. 在employ前加to 2. Hear 改为Hearing 3. Know 改为Knowing4. Do 改为Doing5. have 前加to6. prevent 前加to.二.作定语1）作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面需要有相应的介词,如：The Browns have a comfortable house to live in2) 用不定式作定语的几种情况：a. 不定式表将来如：The car to be bought is for his sister.b. 用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any,the only 等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系, 如：He was the best man to do the job.She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.c. 有些名词的同根词常跟不定式,因而它们也常跟不定式做定语,常见的有：promise, plan, attempt, offer, decision, refusal, failure, ability, chance, warning, anxiety, eagerness, willingness, readiness等I don’t trust his promise to come for a visit.He said he had no plan to go there.He made an attempt to stand up.Birds’singing is sometimes a warning to other birds to stay away.3) 前置定语：V+ing 可以表示正在进行,也可以表示特征；过去分词表示已经完成或状态请区别下面短语：the boiling/ boiled water. 正沸腾的水(表正在进行)/白开水（表完成）a good-looking flower. 一朵好看的花儿（表特征）the developing countries/ the developed countries 发展中国家/发达国家the falling leaves / the fallen leaves正在下落的叶子/落叶the remaining money/ the money left 剩下的钱注意：英语中有些表示感觉的动词,其现在分词形式表示“令人感到…..的”,过去分词形式表示“感到….的”如：an exciting voice 一个令人兴奋的声音 an excited voice 一个兴奋的声音a puzzling expression 一个令人困惑的表情 a puzzled expression 一个困惑的表情4）区别下列后置定语的用法：to be done 表示被动、将来；done 表示被动、完成；being done 表示被动、正在进行；v+ing 表示主动；动词的系表结构直接去掉动词be;如果是不及物动词或者是感官系动词sound/taste/ feel/ smell/ look 和变化系动词就只有用V+ing形式.Have you read the novel written by DickensListen The song being sung is very popular with students.The question to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.The food tasting delicious sells well.注意：不定式在后置定语中只表示将来,不表目的；having dong 或者having been done 一般用在状语中,不可以做后置定语,过去分词本身就表被动和完成.请完成下面的练习are many people ______ (wait) outside the hall.are many problems ______ ( remain) to be solved.flowers _______ (smell) sweet attract a lot of people.are many people _______ (invite) to the party.film, ______ (set) in the 19th century, won the medal.meeting_________(hold) now is of great importance.meeting_________(hold) yesterday was of great importance.meeting ________ (hold) tomorrow is of great importance.is always the first_______ (come) and the last _______ (leave).is the only person ________(know) the truth.was the best ______ (do) the job.13. A great number of students _________(question) said they were forcedto practice the piano.14. John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter_____(offer) it to him.15. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in theenvelope ______ (provide)16. Birds’singing is sometimes a warning to other birds ______(stay)away.17. The room is empty except for a bookshelf_____（stand）in one corner.18. Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, therewas a pile of mail______(wait) for her.19. They might just have a place _____ (leave) on the writing course—whydon’t you give it a try20. In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words ____(use) indaily conversations.21. Volunteering gives you a chance _______ (change) lives, includingyour own.参考答案： . smelling 5. set held 8. to be held 9. to come 10.to leave know do 13. questioned 14. offering 15. provided16. to stay 17. standing 18. waiting 19. left 20. used 21.to leave 22. to change三.作表语(不定式/动名词/过去分词都可以做表语)1.动名词作表语表示抽象的概念性的动作,可以是多次的经常性的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作例如：比较下列区别His favorite sport is swimming. (泛指游泳)Your task today is to wash the curtains.(指一次具体的工作)2 .excited/disappointed/frightened/pleased/satisfied/interested/puz zled/tired 感到…exciting/disappointing/frightening/pleasing/satisfying/interestin g/puzzling/tiring令人….He is moved by the moving movie.The film is moving.It is a pleasant trip.（pleasant 做前置定语）The trip is pleasing.（pleasing 做表语）3. 注意下列表达方式：My bag is missing/ lost/ gone. I find my bag missing/lost/gone.4. remain 的表语1) remain to be done 仍需去做/有待于…One problem remians to be solved.It remians to be seen whether the operation was successful.2) remain做“仍然是”讲时,可用名词,adj,介词,现在分词或者过去分词作表语He remained stuck (滞留)abroadPeter became a manager, but Jack remained a worker.Whatever achievements you’ve made, you should remain modest.无论你取得多么大的成就,你都该保持谦虚.He had to remain in hospital until he was better. 他不得不一直住院直到身体好些.This solid stone,square tower had remained standing for one thousand years.The guests came in, but she remained sitting/seated at the desk reading.客人们都来了,但她还坐在写字台旁读书.As before, he remained unmoved. 他和以往一样无动于衷.注意：1）用作不及物动词,意思是“剩下；剩余；遗留”,此时不能用进行时态,也没有被动语态.After the fire, very little remained of his house. 火灾过后,他的家所剩无几.2)remaining是形容词,意为“剩余的”,常作前置定语；而left则只能作后置定语.例如：There are still some apples left. 还剩余一些苹果. I bought a giftfor her with the remaining money. 我用剩余的钱给她买了一件礼物.3) remain作名词时表示“剩余物”,一般用其复数形式.例如：The archeologists found some remains of the Song Dynasty.考古学家发现了一些宋代遗迹.5. 1)主语+seem +(to be )+表语,表语多为名词或形容词Tom seems (to be ) a very clever boy. 汤姆看上去是一个非常聪明的男孩.The man over there seems to be a new teacher. 那边的那个人看上去像一个新老2) 主语+ seem to do sthbe doing sthhave done sthMrs. Green doesn’t seem (或seems not ) to like the idea. 格林夫人似乎不太喜欢这个主意.The children seemed to be eating something in the room. 孩子们好像正在房间里吃东西呢.The young man seemed to have changed much. 这个年轻人看起来变化很大.6. 当不定式用作表语时,其中的 to 原则上是不能省略的.如：His aim is t o do two years’ work in one. 他的目标是一年干两年的工作.但有一种例外,那就是当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时,用作表语的不定式可以省略to.如：What you first do is (to) mix the egg with flour. 你先得把鸡蛋和面粉和好.All I did was (to) touch the window, and it broke. 我只不过碰了一下窗户,玻璃就碎了经典练习1. My worry is your _______ (rely) too much on your parents.2. Please remain ______ (seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon.3. For those with family members far away, the personal computer and thephone are important in staying________( connect)答案：四.作宾语(不定式和动名词都可以作宾语)1.只能用动名词作宾语的动词和短语考虑、建议和原谅,承认、推迟没得想像避免、继续练,否认完成停感谢不禁止介意准逃亡consider（考虑）;advise/suggest/propose/recommend(建议);excuse/pardon(原谅)；admit/acknowledge(承认)；delay/postpone/put off(推迟); imagine/fancy(想像)；avoid（避免）；practise（练习）;deny(否认);finish(完成); appreciate/acknowledge(感谢); forbid (禁止); mind(介意); escape(逃脱)；此外,这些动词也跟动名词：miss（错过）；enjoy（享受）；risk (冒险)；tolerate/bear/stand/put up with(容忍)；quit（停止）advocate（提倡）；resist （抵制）understand（理解）；allow/permit(允许)feel like doing sth（喜欢做某事; give up doing (放弃做某事); keep doing(不停的做某事); be busy doing sth; can’t help doing sth（情不自禁）; be worth doing sth (值得做某事)；have difficulty/trouble doing sth(做...有困难/麻烦); have a hard/good time doing sth做.... 很开心/不开心; have fun doing sth 做.... 很开心 succeed in doing sth 成功做某事It is no use/good /pleasure doing sth做.......没有用处/好处/乐趣There is no point in doing sth= There is no need to do sth 没必要做某事It’s a waste of time doing sth 做.... 浪费时间It is worthwhile doing/ to do sth = be worthy to be done= be worthy of being done= be worth doing sth值得做某事2.只能用不定式作宾语的动词决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help,(afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten口诀之外的单词)She pretended not to see me when I passed by.We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.3. forget,go on,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别.forget to do sth _________________ forget doing sth ______________________ go on to do sth __________________go on doing sth ______________________ mean to do sth____________________ mean doing sth___________________ regret to say/tell/inform/announce__________________________________ regret doing sth/having done________________________________________ remember to do sth_________________ remember doing sth________________ stop to do sth______________________ stop doing sth____________________ try to do sth______________________ try doingsth_________________________can’t help (to) do sth __________________ can’t help doing sth__________________can’t help but do sth =can’t but do sth ___________________sb used to do sth ___________________ sb be used to doing sth____________________sth be used to do sth ________________________be afraid to do sth不敢做某事 be afraid of doing sth担心发生某事be sure to do sth一定会.....be sure of doing sth确信会.....Let’s go on studying Lesson 6. （让我们继续学第六课.说明前面已学了一部分.）Let’s go on to study Lesson 6. （让我们接着学第六课.说明前面已学了第五课.）I remember doing the exercise. （我记得做过练习.）I must remember to do it. （我必须记着做这事.）I tried not to go there. （我设法不去那里.）I tried doing it again. （我试着又干了一次.）Stop speaking. （不要讲话.）He stopped to talk. （他停下来讲话.）I mean to come early today. （我打算今天早些来.）Missing the train means waiting for another hour.（误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时）4.在allow,advise,forbid,permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语,如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语：allow /advise/forbid/permit sb to do sthallow/advise/forbid/permit doing sthWe don’t allow smoking here.We don’t allow students to smoke.动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语表示事情需要做,这时,动名词的主动式表示被动意义.be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义.…需要….…值得….deserve to be done/ doing …..值得….The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned.Her method is worth trying.These proposals deserve considering/ to be considered. 这些建议应该被考虑.devote oneself/ one’s time to (把...贡献给...)；look forward to (期望)；pay attention to (注意)； attach importance to (重视)； be used/accustomed to (习惯于做某事)；when it comes to (当谈到做某事) ; get down to(着手)；prefer doing sth to doing sth（喜欢...而不喜欢; turn to doing sth(转向)；thanks to (多亏); lead to (导致)；the key to doing sth (做某事的关键)；object to/be opposed to (反对)；contribute to (有助于)；be addicted to doing sth (沉湎于；对...上瘾)；make contributions to (对...做出贡献) ；due to （由于）；apply oneself to (致力于) ；stick to（坚持）；come close to （接近于）等后的动词也必须用动名词形式,例如：I look forward to hearing from you soon.6.不定式做动词（词组）tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等的宾语时,前面常常带引导词how, what, whether, where, when, who等,但是why后加不带to的不定式.He showed us how to do the work= He showed us how we should do the work.I don’t know what to do= I don’t know what I should do.We must decide whether to stay or go= We must decide whether we’ll stay or go.Can you tell me why do it7.在love,hate,prefer,like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别.有时用动名词作宾语时,指一般情况,而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为.I love swimming. I love to swim today.,begin,continue在书面语中多后接动名词,在口语中多后接不定式.It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant.典型例题1. David threatened _____(report) his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.2. He chose _______(keep) silent when asked why.3. He volunteered _________(help) the victims in the earthquake.4. Whenever you are in trouble, don’t hesitate _______(ask) me for help.5. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need ______(repair).6. —Can I smoke here—Sorry. We don’t allow ______(smoke) here.7. I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention ______(promote) when we talked on the phone.8. Bill suggested _______(hold) a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.9. I really appreciate _______(have) time to holiday with you on this nice island.10. I can hardly imagine her _______(marry) such a men as Lee.11. It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like ________(go) for a swim12. The film star wears sunglass. Therefore, he can go shopping without ______(recognize).13. —They are quiet, aren’t they—Yes, they are accustomed to not talk at meals.14. How can I afford to fly to America when I can only earn 800 Yuan a month.15. Would you mind turn down your radio a little, please16. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed caught.17. He practiced playing the piano every morning.18. He risked losing his life in order to save the drowning girl.19. He was considering changed his mind.20. He was considered to be very rich.21. D on’t worry. We can manage to help you out.22. I was advised to quit the job and try a new one.23. We’ve had a good start, but next, more work needs to be done to achieve the final success.24. One learns a language by making mistakes and correct them.25. China recently tightened its waters controls near the HuangYan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from attacked in the South China Sea.26. Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and having reduced to ruins, the city took on a new look.27. When it comes to speak in public, no one can match him.28. Lydia doesn’t feel like study abroad. Her parents are old.29. I really regret _____ (inform) you that you have failed to pass the exam.30. He tried ______(persuade) her to accept their incitation, but in vain.31. She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.32. I still remember taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.33. No one answered the front door, so I tried knocking at the back door.34. I’m afraid I can’t help painting the house this afternoon.35. I couldn’t choose but to accept his invitation.36. I’m sorry. I didn’t mean hurt you.37. Now that we have finished Exercise I, let’s go on to do Exercise Ⅱ.38. I couldn’t help but admiring him for his courage.39. Oh, my goodness I forgot to lock the door last night. Is there anything missing40. I forgot paid already, so I went to my boss again.41. The competitor never dreamed of there __________ (be) a chance for him to win the first prize in the 100 meter race.42. Have you heard of my sister _______ (win) the contest43. The doctor does not mind I eating a little meat occasionally.44. She didn’t mind her books taken away and used by other students.45. I insist on Mary go there.46. I knew nothing about the window was open.47. He left the city without our know it.答案：report 2. to keep 3. to help ask been promoted 10. marrying recognized 改为taking 14.正确改为turning 前加being 17.正确 18.正确改为changing 20.正确 21.正确 22.正确 23.正确改为correcting 前加being 改为being 改为speaking 改为studying inform persuade 31.正确前加being 33.正确改为paint 35.去掉to 36.正确 37.正确 39.正确前加being 改为my或me 前加being 改为going,或去掉on 改为being 改为knowing五．作状语不定式分词作状语时,不定式、分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,不定式表示目的,动名词表示主动,过去分词表示被动.(一)不定式作状语1.不定式作目的状语In order to可以放在句首,也可以放在句中；so as to 只能放于句中,in order to 和so as to 放于句中时,不能用逗号隔开.To catch the early bus/In order to catch the early bus, he gets up early.= He gets up early to catch the early bus.Bob took down my telephone number so as / in order not to forget it. = In order not to forget it, Bob took down my telephone number.2.不定式作结果状语不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中：so+adj +as to do sth; such+n +as to do sth; …enough to do sth; too….to; Only to do sth表示不定式出乎意料的结果.I’m not so stupid as to write it down.=I’m not such a fool as to write it down.He is clever enough to be fit for the job.Jane arrived at the station only to be told the train had gone.比较：He died, leaving only debts.(动名词表示自然而然的结果)I’m too tired to stay up longer.注意：only too…to结构中,并非是“太….而不能….”之意,而表示“非常….”这样搭配的形容词有：pleased, ready, willing, glad, happy等.I’m only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格了,我非常高兴.I’m too willing to help you.3.不定式作原因状语当这些形容词light, heavy, hard/difficult, easy, comfortable, pleasant, dangerous impossible, interesting nice等出现时要用主动表被动.This question is easy to answer.This book is difficult to understand.（二）分词做状语分词作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状语等,为了强调,可以与while, when, once, if , unless等连词连用.(not)V+ing 表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系V+ed 表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的被动关系(not) having done 表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系；动作发生在谓语动作之前(not)having been done表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的被动关系; 动作发生在谓语动作之前1. When ________ (offer) help, one often says “Thank you”or “It’s kind of you.(Separate) from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.3. Generally speaking, if _______(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.4. He glanced at her, ________( note) that though she was tiny, she seemed very well.5. The teacher came into the lab, _________(follow) by some students.6. _________________(tell) many times, he still repeated the same mistake.7. Not _______________(receive) her letter, he wrote again.参考答案： 2. Separated 3. taken 4. noting 5. followed 6. Having been told7. having received(三) 独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分.常见的有：generally speaking 一般来说 strictly/ honestly/frankly speaking 严格地、诚实地、坦率地讲considering/ given/taking… into consideration 考虑到judging from/by 根据....判断compared with/to 与....相比provided/ providing/ suppose/ supposing/ assuming 假设to be frank/ to tell you the truth/ to be honest 坦率地说、跟你说实话、老实说To make things/ the matter worse 更为糟糕的是seeing that 鉴于Considering his age, he is quite tall.Judging from his look, he didn’t agree with you at all.I lost my way in complete darkness and, to make things worse, it began to rain.To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.练习：1).______ (sleep) late in the morning, he turned off the alarm o’clock.2)._______(see) from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.3) ._______(see) the sunset from the hill, he felt relaxed.4). _______(clean) the desks, we began reading.5).__________(surround) for a month, the enemy had to give in.6). ___________(lose) in the woods, he finally saved by the police.7) .All the afternoon he worked with the door_______(lock).8).With winter_______(come) on,it's time to buy warm clothes.9).I can't go out with all these dishes________(wash).10).Anderson was lying on the bed with the window________(open).11).He stood there with his eyes ______(fix) on the wall.12).He felt relaxed, with his work _______(do).13). He felt anxious, with a lot of work________(do)参考答案：1) to sleep; 2) seen; 3) seeing; 4) Having cleaned; 5) having been surrounded; 6) lost7) locked 8) coming 9) to wash 10) open 11).fixed 12) done 13) to do总结状语从句的做题方法：(四)独立主格非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该和句子主语保持一致.但是有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中做状语,我们称之为独立主格.它的结构特点是：①独立主格中的状语有自己独立的主语,与主句的主语不同,前后主语不一致；②在独立主格中的状语中,不定式表示还未作,过去分词表示被动；现在分词表示主动③独立主格结构一般都有逗号与主句分开. 独立主格的结构为：(with)主语+V+ing/v+ed/ to do sth/ adj/ 介词结构/ 副词1).名词/主格代词+现在分词.名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系.如：The girl staring at him (= as the girl stared at him), he didn’t know what to say.= With the girl staring at him, he didn’t know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好.Time permitting (= if time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.= _______________________________________________________如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游.2).名词/主格代词+过去分词.名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系.如：The problems solved (= as the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.= With the problem solved, the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了. Her glasses broken (= because her g lasses were broken), she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard. =__________________________________________________________________.由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字.3).名词/主格代词+不定式.名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作.如：He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.= He is going to make a model plane, with some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型.4).名词/主格代词+形容词.如：An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还.= An air accident happened to the plane, with nobody alive.So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. =_____________________________这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消.5).名词/主格代词+副词.如：He put on his sweater ,wrong side out.= He put on his sweater , with wrong side out.他把毛衣穿反了.The meeting over, they all went home.=____________________________________________.会议一结束,他们就都回家了.6).名词/主格代词+介词短语.如：The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand.= The boy goes to the classroom, with a book in his hand.那男孩手里拿着书去教室.Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门. 7). There being +名词（代词）,being不可省.如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了.There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会.8). It being +名词（代词）,being不可省.如：It being Christmas, t he government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息.当不定式用作介词except或but的宾语时,该不定式有时带 to,有时不带 to,情形比较复杂,大致原则是：其前有do,不定式不带 to；其前没有 do,不定式通常带 to.如：He likes nothing except to watch TV. 除了看电视外,他什么都不喜欢.It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外,没产生任何效果.There’s little we can do except wait. 除了等待我们没有什么办法.I could do nothing except agree. 我除了同意,没有别的办法重点句型：have no choice/alternative but to do sth 别无选择只能做某事 have nothing to do but do sth / can do nothing but do sth别无选择只能做某事经典例题：1.I looked up and noticed a snake ______(wind) its way up the tree to catchits breakfast.2.Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car_______(wash).3.Having finished her project, she was invited _______(speak) by the schoolto the new students.4.When we saw the road _______(block) with snow, we decided to spend theholiday at home.5.Let those in need ______(understand) that we will go all out to help them.6.He is thought ______(act) foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blamefor losing the job.7.Alexander tried to get his work in the medical circles ______(recognize).8.I was advised _______(take) more exercise and eat less sugar.9.That eight-year-old boy was made _________(work) day and night by thecruel boss.10.When he went back to his home village ten years later, he found itcompletely _____(change).11.Passengers are permitted ______(carry) only one piece of hand luggageonto the plane.12.Simon made a big bamboo box _____(keep) the little sick bird till it couldfly.13.Listen Do you hear someone call for help14.I felt something hitting me on the back.15.Let the children quiet, please.16.He was heard leave the house.17.I’ll have him to pay attention to his handwriting.18.Don’t have the students study all day.19.All that set me thinking.20.He got his tooth pull out yesterday.21.He was caught steal in the shop and was sent to prison.22.I found my desk mate, Li Yang, play basketball on the playground.23.Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himselfreminding of his own dreams.24.Even the best writers find themselves losing for words.25.Claire had luggage _______ (check) an hour before her plane left.26.I have a lot of readings ________ (complete) before the end of this term.27.Every year, Tom remembers to have some flowers ________ (send) to hermother on her birthday.28.The director had her assistant _______ (pick) up some hot dogs for themeeting.29.The two men had their lights ________ (burn) all night long.30.He had his house _______ (break) into last night.31.With the world changing fast, we have something new deal with all byourselves every day.32.Emperor Qin Shi Huang had all the walls join up.33.If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but meet an even greatchallenge.34.He had all his students to stand up and sing the song together.35.They had the machine run all day and all night.36.We won’t have such a thing happening again.37.Something has gone wrong with my computer. I’ll get it _________ (repair)tomorrow.38.It’s too noisy outside. I’ll have to get the children ___________ (stop)shouting.39.The first thing he did every morning was to get his car____________(start).40.He was very humorous and often got us ________ (laugh).41.Considering his illness, the doctor tried to get the patient stop smoking.42.His sudden appearance got them surprising.43.He got his ankle hurt in the game yesterday.44.The boss got them worked as soon as they entered the workshop.答案：1.winding 3. to speak 4. blocked 5. understand 6. to have acted 8. to take 9. to work 10. changed 11. to carry 12. to keep13. call改为calling 14. hitting改为hit 15. quiet前加be 16. leave 前加to 17.去掉pay前的to18.study改为studying 19. 正确 20. pull改为pulled 21. steal改为stealing改为playing 23. reminding改为reminded 24. losing改为lost 25. checkedcomplete 27. sent 28. pick 29. burning 30. broken 31. deal前加to 32. join改为joined33.meet前加to 34. 去掉to 35. run改为running 36. 正确 37. repaired38. to stop39.started 40. laughing 41. stop 前加to 42. surprising改为surprised43. 正确改为working。
非谓语动词的分类与形式
非谓语动词的分类与形式非谓语动词是指在句子中不充当谓语的动词形式。
它具有自己的词性和句法作用，可以作主语、宾语、定语、状语等。
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词三种形式，它们在语法上有一定的分类与形式。
本文将对非谓语动词的分类与形式进行探讨。
一、不定式形式不定式是非谓语动词的一种形式，通常由"to + 动词原形"构成。
不定式的形式简单明了，具有诸多的用法。
根据其功能不同，不定式可分为以下几类：1.1 主动形式不定式的主动形式表示动作或状态的主动和一般性，常用于主动句中作为动词的宾语或宾补，例如：- She likes to swim in the sea.（她喜欢在海里游泳。
）- They want to visit the museum.（他们想参观博物馆。
）1.2 被动形式不定式的被动形式表示动作或状态的被动和一般性，常用于被动句中作为动词的宾语或宾补，例如：- The box needs to be carried upstairs.（这个盒子需要被搬到楼上。
）- He wants to be invited to the party.（他想被邀请参加派对。
）1.3 完成形式不定式的完成形式表示动作或状态在谓语动词之前发生，常用于表示完成的动作或状态，例如：- They seem to have finished the project.（他们似乎已经完成了这个项目。
）- I happen to have seen that movie before.（我碰巧之前看过那部电影。
）二、动名词形式动名词是以动词的-ing形式作为名词使用，具有名词和动词的特点。
动名词可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
根据其功能不同，动名词可分为以下几类：2.1 主动形式动名词的主动形式表示动作的主动和持续性，常用于主动句中作为主语或动词的宾语，例如：- Swimming is good for health.（游泳对健康有益。
非谓语动词作状语的用法
非谓语动词作状语的用法XXX。
we must work hard。
Therefore。
we need to put in extra XXX.Mike had to shout to make himself heard above the sound of the music。
In order to be heard over the loud music。
Mike had to raise his voice.The bus ped so as to pick up passengers。
The bus driver XXX.He got up early in order to catch the first bus。
He woke up early to make sure he could catch the first bus of the day.I went to see him last night only to find him out。
I went to see him last night。
but was surprised to find out that he was not at home.Mary is too tired to do the job。
Mary is XXX.He is old enough to go to school。
He has reached the age where he is XXX.Tom was very happy to see his mother。
When Tom saw his mother。
he was filled with joy.I was surprised to find him here。
I was taken aback when I discovered that he was present.English is an easy language to learn。
2023届高三英语应用文句式写作指导讲义(倒装句定语从句名词性从句非谓语结构虚拟语气)
高考英语应用文句式写作指导一、倒装句（1）结构never will I give up my dream.only after I finished a whole day’s picking work did I realize the hardship of farmers.总体结构：标志词（+标志词修饰的成分）+一般疑问句（+其他）（2）部分倒装的使用场景和写法第一步：标志词+修饰成分放句首第二步：主句改一般疑问句语序第三步：整合【使用场景1】因果关系[标志词]so/such...that如此...以至于我的老师给了我很多帮助，我永远都不会忘记她。
音乐节在我们学校很受欢迎，很多同学都会参加我非常了解中国画，可以给访客们介绍相关知识和绘画技巧。
在高中的第一年，英语对我来说太有挑战性了，我几乎要放弃。
【使用场景2】前提[标志词]onlyonly+副词：only then,only nowonly+介词短语：only in this way,only by working together,only with your help only+状语从句:only when,only if,only after只有做好充分的准备，我们才能赢得这次比赛通过这种方式，你才能彻底了解父母对你的爱完成一天的采摘工作后，我才理解了农民的辛苦【使用场景3】表达否定[标志词]never/seldom/little/in no way/by no means/on no account/under no circumstance/at no time等去中国朋友家里做客绝不应该迟到我们永远不会忘记你给我们的慷慨帮助你的妈妈永远不会伤害你【使用场景4】并列关系[标志词]not only...but also她不仅教给我们有用的知识，还给予我们及时的精神鼓励这些活动中，我们不仅能收获友谊，还能缓解身心压力在体育运动中，我们不仅可以提升身体素质，还可以培养团队精神在常规训练中，我们不仅要锻炼个人能力，还要增强团队合作我不仅可以帮忙组织活动，还可以现场展示中国画绘画技巧【使用场景5】前提[标志词]not...until...直到...才...直到我跑完全程，我才理解了坚持的重要性直到你离开学校，你才能真正感觉到学校生活的价值直到完成了所有的工作，我才理解了父母的辛苦【使用场景6】表达感谢/道歉/建议/感悟等[标志词]were/had（if虚拟条件句）如果我是你，我会和她面对面坦诚沟通一次如果不是因为你耐心的指导，我无法克服困难，树立信心。
英语语法思维导图_从句(名词性从句+定语从句+状语从句)
从句何为从句 从句解题技巧 定义：从复合连词开始，向右方找到第一个谓语，再继续向右找到第二个谓语，或标点或其他连词（有时会有轻微变化），这个结构中包含一 个复合连词和含有一个谓语的简单句，这就是“从句”复合连词分类连接代词连接副词连接词从句分类名词性从句定语从句 状语从句主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 在句首，且该从句来担任一个谓语部分（可能是实义动词，也可能是系动词）的主语成分 有时候一个that ，whether 引出的从句做主语，而后面的“谓语+宾语”，或后面的“系动词+表语”内容很少，此时主语显得很大，所以就把主语从句放到整个句子的尾部，主语位置就空出来来，放一个假主语“it”，称为形式主语 例如：What makes one succeed in achievingd reams is to devote all to working. It is under doubt whether he will attend thew edding.主语+谓语（vt.）+宾语从句介词+宾语从句非谓语(vt.)+ 宾语从句 在一个及物动词的谓语形式后有一个从句，称为宾语从句。
例如：he wondered when hism other would come to see him. 在一个及物动词的非谓语形式后有一个从句，称为宾语从句。
例如：knowing what he shouldd o with the problem, the boy worked ons olving it without hesitation. 介词后有一个从句，称为宾语从句。
例如：heh as made no decision on what he should dow ith the problem at present.主语+系动词+表语从句 在系动词后有一个从句，称为表语从句。
例如:T he key is whether you has devoted all tos tudying.抽象名词+同位语从句 一个抽象名词后（fact, news, information, fact,d ecision 等）有一个从句，该从句解释的从句前名词的内容；这些名词可以称之为“先行词”，在讲义中查找。
非谓语动词在句中成分
非谓语动词在句中成分什么是非谓语动词在语法中，谓语动词是句子中的核心动词，用来表示主语的动作或状态。
而非谓语动词则是指在句子中承担其他成分功能，不起谓语动词的作用。
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和现在分词。
非谓语动词的作用非谓语动词在句子中可以担任动词、名词或形容词的角色。
具体来说，非谓语动词可以作为句子的主语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。
1. 非谓语动词作主语非谓语动词作主语时，常使用动词不定式或动名词的形式。
例如：•To travel is my dream. （动词不定式作主语）•Swimming is good for your health. （动名词作主语）2. 非谓语动词作宾语非谓语动词可作动词的宾语，表示动作的完成或延续。
例如：•I enjoy reading books. （动名词作宾语）•She wants to go shopping. （动词不定式作宾语）3. 非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词可用来修饰名词或代词，充当定语的角色。
例如：•The running water sounded soothing. （现在分词作定语）•He showed me a good place to eat. （动词不定式作定语）4. 非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词可以作状语，用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，表达时间、原因、方式、条件等。
例如：•She left, crying. （现在分词作状语，表示方式）•He spoke so fast that I could hardly keep up with him. （动词不定式作状语，表示原因）5. 非谓语动词作补语非谓语动词可以用来补充宾语或主语的意义。
例如：•My father asked me to clean the room. （动词不定式作宾补）•I considered the decision taken by the committee. （动名词作宾补）非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式、动名词和现在分词。
_非谓语动词之分词作状语
分词作状语
状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句 子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。
分词 作状语
让步
原因
条件
结果
时间
伴随 方式
分词作状语功能表
表示的范围
相当的状语从句
1.时间
时间状语从句
2.原因
原因 状 语从句
3.条件
条件 状 语从句
4.让步
让步状 语从句
5.方式பைடு நூலகம்伴随
没有合适的状语从句
一、分词做状语
Heated, water turns into steam
*When heated, water turns into steam. =When water is heated, water turns into steam.
5.The teacher stood there and he was surrounded by many students.
A.现在分词作状语学与练
把划线部分改写成分词短语
并说明其功能 1.When they saw their teacher, the students stood up.
Seeing their teacher, the students stood up. *现在分词短语作( 时间状语 )
*现在分词动作的发出者是( 句子主语)
完成式
2.Because he was ill, he couldn’t go to school.
Being ill, he couldn’t go to school. *现在分词短语 作原因状语
3.If you work harder at English, you will make greater progress.
英语非谓语动词：不定式,动名词和分词
英语非谓语动词：不定式，动名词和分词非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）（一）动词不定式动词不定式可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语。
动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，否定形式“not to +动词原形”。
1.用法（1）作主语。
往往用it作为形式主语。
如：It is time to get up.（2）作宾语。
如果带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it作形式宾语。
如：I find it interesting to study English.有些动词只能用动词不定式作宾语。
如：decide,plan,desire,hope,wish,promise,ask,agree, manage等。
（3）作宾语补足语A：带to的动词不定式有：ask，tell，want，teach，advise，allow，beg，invite等。
如：He asked me to do the work.B :接不带to的动词不定式有：see，watch，hear,make ,let等。
如：I often see him play football.使役动词不带to,动词有：一感二听三让四观看。
一感：feel 二听：hear, listen to 三让：let，have，make 四观看：observe,see,watch,look at注意：feel, hear,notice, see,watch,have,make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to,但变成被动结构时，要带to.如：I often hear him cry. He is often heard to cry.注意：带but介词的不定式。
如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么but后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。
另外，在can’t choose but...和can’t help but...等后面的不定式也省略to。
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第一单元-名词性从句 Chapter One-The Noun Clause (v2.5) 概念：在一个英语句子当中，特定的成份必须用名词性结构来表示。名词性结构分为两种：名词和名词从句。名词从句就是语法功能相当于名词或名词短语的从句。简而言之,它是一种用从句来代替名词的句型。
考生常见问题: 缺乏“名词意识”. 1._____________________________________________________________________________ (1). Save money is beneficial for one’s life after retirement. (X)
(2). There are more and more young criminals in the society has drawn the attention of media. (X)
2. ____________________________________________________________________________ Some people believe that mobile phones have taken the place of write letters.
名词性从句重点句型 1. What从句 (Proverb) Do what you say, say what you do.
Say what you mean, mean what you say. (写作) 通过打工，我们获得的不仅仅是工作经验。它同样能帮助我们把在学校里学到的东西运用到实践当中。(Apply A into B) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What从句的加强版-Whatever/Whoever/all引导的从句 (写作) 我们无论做什么事都要把它做好。 _______________________________________________________________________________
(写作) 任何一个有责任感(a sense of responsibility)的人都应该为自己的所作所为负责。 _______________________________________________________________________________
(口语) Do you have any plans for your future? 目前除了通过雅思考试我其他什么都不想。 中式英语：Now I don’t think anything except passing the IELTS test. _______________________________________________________________________________
(写作) 政府要做的就仅仅只是进一步落实(implement)该政策。 _______________________________________________________________________________
3. 主语从句的变形 1
由连词that引导的主语从句，在实际使用中that从句一般由it做形式主语。 That practice makes perfect (熟能生巧) is known to us. (Rare) It is known to us/widely accepted that practice makes perfect. (Common)
Tip: 在英语当中表示“据……”的句型一般都用It is + 过去分词 + that引导的主语从句(一般表示某种情况。) 据估计: It is estimated that …… 据报道: It is reported that ……. 从图表当中我们可以看到: It could be noted from the graph that……
主语从句高分句型： 的确/确实…… It is true that (It is a fact that) + 主语从句 (写作) 环境问题确实很严重，但我认为还是可以解决的。 Failed Example: The environment problem is really serious, but I think we can still solve it. Decent Example: ______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________
表示 “做……是重要/必要的”的时候, 主语从句必须用虚拟语气(should+动词原型). It is important/essential/vital/necessary that sb/sth (should) do sth 在我看来,政府向老年人提供经济援助至关重要. As far as I am concerned, it is essential that the government provides financial aid to the aged. (X)
4. 由疑问词(how, when, where, whether, why, who)等引导的名词性从句 考生常见问题： (写作) 很多人根本不明白存钱的目的何在. Many people don’t know what is the purpose of save money. (X) _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________
5. 宾语从句： 注意事项1：当主句的谓语是think, believe等时，如果后面跟的宾语从句要表示否定意思， 则把谓语动词think, believe变成否定形式，宾语从句为肯定句形式。 例句： 我认为我们不应该允许大学生结婚。 I think we should not allow college students to get married. (X) _______________________________________________________________________________
注意事项2：It作形式宾语的情况。 有时可以用it来代替宾语从句作形式宾语，而将宾语从句放到句子后半部分。 例句： (Before) Police departments in the United States and Canada see that they respond to calls for help as quickly as possible as central to their role.
(After) Police departments in the United States and Canada see it as central to 2
their role that they respond to calls for help as quickly as possible. (写作) 有些人认为我们花那么多钱在环保上面根本就是浪费时间。 Some people think that we spend so much money on environmental protection is simply waste of time. (X) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. 表语从句： 什么是表语－跟在be动词后面的成份。如I am a student当中I是主语，am a student加在一起是谓语，而be动词am后面的a student就是表语。
考生常见问题: (写作) The major reason why animals are facing the extinction is because people have paid little attention to the problem. (X)
7. 同位语从句： 特点：同位语从句一般跟在一些比较容易识别的“标志性”名词后，如：idea, fact, rumor, news, hope, belief, argument, thought, doubt等后面，在含义上对前面的这个名词的 内容起进一步详细解释说明的作用，而在语法上则同这个名词处于相同语法地位，因此称为同位语从句。 例句： （口语）Why would you like to go abroad? 错误实例：The financial condition in my family is quite poor motivates me to study hard. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
同位语从句在雅思写作中的运用－举例 (写作) Before: The heavy work in the government will inevitably affect women’s family lives. For example, most female employees in the U.S government are either single or divorced. After: _________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________