2008年各学校考题
2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(海南卷) 化学
2008年海南高考化学试题注意事项：1．本试卷分第I卷(选择题)和第II卷(非选择题)两部分。
答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2．回答第I卷时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。
写在本试卷上无效。
3．回答第II卷时，将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷上无效。
4．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
可能用到的相对原子质量：H 1 C 12 N 14 O 16 Na 23 S 32 C1 35.5第I卷一、选择题：本题共12小题，每小题3分，在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
1．HBr分子的电子式为：2．用pH试纸测定溶液pH的正确操作是：A．将一小块试纸放在表面皿上，用玻璃棒蘸取少量待测液点在试纸上，再与标准比色卡对照B．将一小块试纸用蒸馏水润湿后放在表面皿上，用玻璃棒蘸取少量待测液点在试纸上，再与标准比色卡对照C．将一小条试纸在待测液中蘸一下，取出后放在表面皿上，与标准比色卡对照D．将一小条试纸先用蒸馏水润湿后，在待测液中蘸一下，取出后与标准比色卡对照3．在两个密闭容器中，分别充有质量相同的甲、乙两种气体，若两容器的温度和压强均相同，且甲的密度大于乙的密度，则下列说法正确的是：A．甲的分子数比乙的分子数多B．甲的物质的量比乙的物质的量少C．甲的摩尔体积比乙的摩尔体积小D．甲的相对分子质量比乙的相对分子质量小4．锌与很稀的硝酸反应生成硝酸锌、硝酸铵和水。
当生成1 mol硝酸锌时，被还原的硝酸的物质的量为：A．2mol B．1 mol C．0.5mol D．0.25mol5．设N A为阿伏加德罗常数，下列说法正确的是：A．标准状况下，5.6L四氯化碳含有的分子数为0.25N AB．标准状况下，14g氮气含有的核外电子数为5N AC．标准状况下，22.4L任意比的氢气和氯气的混合气体中含有的分子总数均为N AD．标准状况下，铝跟氢氧化钠溶液反应生成1mol氢气时，转移的电子数为N A6．下列离子方程式正确的是：7．关于铅蓄电池的说法正确的是：A．在放电时，正极发生的反应是 Pb(s) +SO42—（aq）= PbSO4(s) +2e—B．在放电时，该电池的负极材料是铅板C．在充电时，电池中硫酸的浓度不断变小D．在充电时，阳极发生的反应是 PbSO4(s)+2e—= Pb(s)+ SO42—（aq）8．白磷与氧可发生如下反应：P4+5O2=P4O10。
年高考历史试题及参考答案海南卷(2)
2008年全国普通高考海南历史第Ⅰ卷本卷共25个小题，每小题2分，在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题要求的。
1．中国古代以干支纪年，天干是“甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸”，地支是“子、丑、寅、卯、辰、已、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥”。
甲午战争发生于1894年，八国联军侵华的1900年应是（）A.己亥年B.庚子年C.辛丑年D.壬寅年2．“奉法者强，是国强；奉法者弱，则国弱。
”持这一观点的人应是（）A.墨翟B.孟轲C.荀况D.韩非3．刘邦在位末年与众臣歃血为盟，特别诏令：“非刘氏而王者，若无功，上所不置而侯者，天下共诛之。
”其目的在于（）A.加强进行对地方的控制B.禁止分封异姓王侯C.鼓励臣民建立军功D.安抚汉初以来的功臣4．京剧是我国国粹，它主要是由（）A.元杂剧发展而来的B.北京地方剧种演化而成的C.流行于北方的剧种融合而成的D.南方一些剧种传入北京后融合而成的5．下列各项中，最早记载蕃薯（甘薯）传入我国的文献是（）A.《齐民要术》B.《农书》C.《农政全书》D.《四洲志》6．下列各项中，分割宰相军权的官职是（）A.秦朝的御史大夫B.汉朝的刺史C.唐朝的节度使D.宋朝的枢密使7．古希腊民主制的特征可以概括为人民主权、轮番而治。
体现这两项内容的制度包括公民大会制和（）A.举手表决制、连选连任制B.比例代表制、与会津贴制C.抽签选举制、有限任期制D.政教分离制、公民兵制8．罗马法规定，货款月息不得超过货款额的百分之一，超过此限额者应处以四倍于所得利息的罚款。
这表明（）A.私有财产不可侵犯B.债务人与债权人关系紧张C.高利贷已成为严重的社会问题D.运用法律调节借贷关系9．文艺复兴时期，有的人文主义者提出：精通古典即可成为上帝造物中的最优秀者。
这表明他们强调对古典的学习和研究（）不确定答案A.只是与人的世俗生活相关B.只是与人的宗教生活相关C.可以显著提升个人的素质D.须符合对古典的传统阐释10．亚里士多德曾将城邦的政治机构划分为三部分：“其一为有关城邦一般公务的议事机能；其二为行政机能部分……其三为审判机能。
2008年黑龙江省成人三级英语考试真题
2008年黑龙江省成人本科毕业生申请学士学位英语考试试卷 （120 minutes ）Paper One (80 minutes)Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20 points; 25 minutes)Directions: Each of the following sentences is provided with four choices. Choosethe one that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer by blackening the letter of your choice on the Answer Sheet.1. The criminal dared not go out because he was afraid of _______. A. recognizing B. having recognized C. having been recognized D. being recognized2. The job required that _______ at 7 o'clock every morning. A. he will be at the factory B. he be at the factory C. he was at the factory D. he has been at the factory3. _____ such heavy pollution already , it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To sufferD. Suffered4. Business letters must always be _____, but we should write in a natural way tofriends.A. formalB. normalC. formerD. casual5. Y ou should _______ your dreams even if you meet with setbacks. A. hold on to B. keep up with C. suffer from D. put up with6. Only when we live in _______ with nature can we make the most out of it.A. cooperationB. interactionC. integrationD. harmony 7. It is easy to _______ one state of matter from another. A. differ B. vary C. distinguishD. discriminate8. Have you noticed that recently there is a _______ among the students to socializein the evenings? A. fact B. tendency C. notionD. style9. ___ is announced in the papers, China has launched another man-made satellite.A. ItB. ThatC. WhichD. As10. Professor Taylor's talk has indicated that science has a very strong on theeveryday life of people.A. motivationB. perspectiveC. impressionD. impact11. Which sport has the most expensive training equipment, _______ player'spersonal equipment and uniforms?A. in place ofB. in terms ofC. by means ofD. by way of12. It was not until recently many people began to realize they were wrong.A. whenB. whileC. asD. that13. Mary said she _______ in this flat for five years.A. was livingB. has been livingC. livesD. had been living14. A prize will be _______ to the best team.A. rewardedB. achievedC. receivedD. awarded15. Since the matter was extremely , we dealt with it immediately.A. toughB. tenseC. urgentD. instant16. I was so angry that I something at him.A. felt to throwB. felt like to throwC. felt like throwingD. felt throwing17. The twin brothers are _______ in appearance and no one but their parents cantell them apart.A. identicalB. peculiarC. outstandingD. realistic18. Her grandmother _______ for 25 years.A. diedB. was deadC. has been deadD. has died19. Will you do me _______ to translate the Sentence into English.A. a helpB. a favorC. the favorD. a hand20. He _______ his brother in appearance but not at all in character.A. likesB. seemsC. resemblesD. is the same as21. The pen ________ he wrote so many great novels is now carefully preserved.A. with thatB. in whichC. by whichD. with which22. _______ is a great pleasure to his parents.A. Philip to come homeB. Philip come homeC. Philip's coming homeD. Coming home23. Scarcely _______ the village when it began to rain.A. did we reachB. had we reachedC. we reachedD. we had reached24. This hotel _______ the one we stayed in last year.A. reminds me ofB. remembers me ofC. reminds me toD. remembers me to25. George could not _______ his foolish mistake.A. account inB. count onC. count forD. account for26. _______ there is enough snow, we can't go skiing.A. BecauseB. AsC. UnlessD. However27. The factory is quite different from _______ before.A.what it wasB. that it wasC. whichD. what was it28. One ought for what one hasn't done.A. not to be punishedB. to not be punishedC. to not punishedD. not be punished29. The mayor of the town is a _______ old man.A. respectiveB. respectfulC. respectableD. respect30. We came into this field late, so we must work hard to _______ lost time.A. make up forB. make outC. keep up withD. put up with31．The building mostly undamaged after the earthquake and only minor repairs were necessary.A. recoveredB. prolongedC. lastedD. remained32. Historians sometimes refer _______ him as the most influential political leader inthe 19th century.A. againstB. aboutC. toD. after33. The examination I took yesterday wasn't difficult, but it was long.A. much tooB. very muchC. so muchD. too much34. He is not _______ to recover from the injury in a week or two.A. possibleB. probableC. likelyD. capable35. He was suspected of murder because the police had found a shirt _______ withblood in his apartment.A. stainedB. filledC. litteredD. scattered36. Postmen are responsible for the ____ of letters and parcels to every household.A. deliveryB. settlementC. divisionD. recovery37. The man in the corner confessed to ____ a lie to the manager of the company.A. tellB. have toldC. having toldD. being told38. She _______ her mother's good looks and her father's bad temper.A. earnedB. associatedC. inheritedD. recalled39. Mr. Johnson, together with his assistants, to arrive on the evening flight.A. will beB. areC. are goingD. is going40. Such books poison the minds of _______ young.A. aB. theC. thisD. that成人英语三级资料汇总下载成人英语三级真题（更新中）新！！！2011年北京成人英语三级考试真题及答案WORD版下载(2008-2010）黑龙江省成人三级英语真题WORD版下载2010年5月及10月北京地区成人英语三级真题及解析成人英语三级备考资料备战2011！成人英语三级单项填空考点归纳汇总WORD版下载成人英语三级改错题型透析与应试技巧汇总WORD版下载2011年成人英语三级考试语法复习九大重点成人英语三级考试常见错误类型分析成人三级英语词汇必备－介词短语Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points; 40 minutes)Section 1Directions: Each of the following passages is followed with five questions. For each question there are four choices. Choose the best answer to eachquestion. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:If we observe carefully, we can find that most of the flowers in nature are red, orange and yellow. If we have seen a black flower, it's a chance in a million. People have made a census (普查) to colors of more than four thousand kinds of flowers and discovered that only eight of them are black. Why?As we know, sunlight is formed by seven different kinds of colored light. The wave length of each light changes, so the quantity of heat in each light changes, too. Flowers, especially their petals (花瓣), are very delicate (纤弱) and prone (易于) to the harm caused by high temperature. Black flowers can take in all the light waves, which cause the flowers to dry up in a high temperature. So black flowers can rarely survive sunlight. But red flowers, orange flowers and yellow flowers can protect themselves from sunlight by reflecting (反射) the red light, orange light and yellow light, each of which has a large quantity of heat.That is why red, orange and yellow flowers are very common in nature while black flowers are so rare.41. We can hardly find black flowers because .A. they are so weak that it's difficult for them to grow upB. there are no black flowers in the worldC. the petals of black flowers are very delicateD. they can take in the light of all wave lengths, which make the flowers dry up42. Sunlight is formed by .A. many different kinds of colored lightB. three different kinds of colored light: red, orange and yellowC. seven different kinds of colored lightD. four thousand kinds of colored light43. Which of the following statement is wrong?A. People have found that only a few kinds of flowers are black.B. Flowers are easy to be harmed by very high temperature.C. Red, orange and yellow flowers can also absorb the light of all wave lengths.D. The black flowers can not protect themselves from sunlight.44. The red, orange or yellow light contains .A. less heat than the other lightsB. more heat than the other lightsC. a great deal of heatD. a little heat45. "It is a chance in a million" means .A. it is commonB. it's extremely rareC. it's luckyD. it's impossibleQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:There are stock markets in large cities in many countries. Stock markets in Paris, London, Tokyo, Shanghai and New Y ork are among the largest and most well-known. The stock market, also called stock exchange, is a place where people can buy or sell the shares of a factory or company. And each share means part ownership of a factory or company.Different people go to the stock markets. Some are rich, who want to get more money than they have. Others are not very rich, who buy stocks to try to become rich. Still others buy stocks as part of their plan to save money.Of course, investing (投资) money in the stock market is not the safest way to make money. No one can tell exactly whether the shares will be doing well. The factory or company may do badly. Then the stocks will go down, and the investors will lose money. The stock may go up or down for a number of untold reasons. Everyone wants the stock to go up, but sometimes even if a factory or company does a good job, the stock may still go down.No wonder going to the stock market is often compared to gambling（赌博）. All are eager to make mo ney by “gambling” in the stock market. Factories and companiesthat need money are pleased that so many people are willing to “gamble.” Indeed, the stock market is an attractive and complex part of the business world.46. The following people go to the stock market EXCEPT those who ______.A. want to become richerB. want to get rid of povertyC. want to save moneyD. want to find jobs47. Which of the following statements is true?A. A good investor can affect the change in stock prices.B. A good investor can tell exactly when the stock goes up or down.C. A good investor will sometimes lose money.D. A good investor knows how to choose a company which does a good job.48. In the passage the writer ______.A. encourages people to go to the stock marketB. assures people that buying stocks is a good investmentC. warns people to be careful in buying stocksD. explains how stock goes up when factories or companies run well49. The word “complex” in t he last sentence probably means ______.A. completeB. strangeC. difficultD. modern50. The passage mainly tells us about ______.A. the ABCs of stock marketsB. gambling in stock marketsC. how to make money in stock marketsD. how to buy or sell shares in stock marketsQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:A great difference between American social customs and those of other countries is the way in which names are used. Americans have little concern for "rank", especially socially. Most Americans do not want to be treated in any especially respectful way because of their age or social rank; it makes them feel uncomfortable. Many Americans even find the terms "Mr", "Mrs" or "Miss" too formal. People of all ages may prefer to be called by their first names. "Don't call me Mrs Smith, just call me Sally. " Using only first names usually indicates friendliness and acceptance. However, if you do not feel comfortable using only first names, it is quite acceptable to be more formal. Just smile and say that after a while you will use first names but you are accustomed to being more formal when you first meet someone.V ery often, introductions are made using both first and last names: "Mary Smith, this is John Jones." In this situation you are free to decide whether to call the lady"Mary" or "Miss Smith". Sometimes both of you will begin a conversation using last names, and after a while one or both of you may begin using first names instead. Y ou have a choice: if you don't want to use first names so quickly, no one will think it impolite if you continue according to your own custom.51. In the first paragraph the author tells us that ___________.A. Americans do not talk about rank, especially sociallyB. Americans feel uncomfortable when talking about rankC. Americans take interests in social customsD. Americans don't care much about social rank52. According to the passage, most Americans feel _________ when they are treatedespecially respectfully owing to their age or social rank.A. sickB. sorryC. uneasyD. embarrassed53. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. The way names are used in America is different from those of other countries.B. Many Americans are used to being called by their first names.C. It shows friendliness and kindness to use only first names.D. When you talk to people in the United States, you have to use their first names.54. When you hear an American lady say "Don't call me Mrs Smith, just call me Sally.",she means _________.A. she is not a married womanB. she prefers to be called "Sally"C. she is not Mrs SmithD. she likes to be more formal55. The passage you've just read would most likely be found in a ____________.A. guide-book for touristsB. book about American historyC. noticeD. short storySection 2Directions: Read the following passage, and then decide whether the statements are true(A) or false (B)(判断对错，对的在答题卡上画A，错的在答题卡上画B。
2008年6月份大学英语四级考试真题(含答案)
2008年6月21日大学英语四级考试(新题型)试题Part ⅠWriting (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on Recreational Activities according to the outline given below. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.Recreational Activities1. 娱乐活动多种多样2. 娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性3. 作为大学生，我的看法Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1 - 7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) . For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Media Selection for AdvertisementsAfter determining the target audience for a product or service, advertising agencies must select the appropriate media for the advertisement. We discuss here the major types of media used in advertising. We focus our attention on seven types of advertising: television, newspapers, radio, magazines, out-of-home, Internet, and direct mail.T elevisionTelevision is an attractive medium for advertising because it delivers mass audiences to advertisers. When you consider that nearly three out of four Americans have seen the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? you can understand the power of television to communicate with a large audience. When advertisers create a brand, for example, they want to impress consumers with the brand and its image. Television provides an ideal vehicle for this type of communication. But television is an expensive medium, and not all advertisers can afford to use it.Television's influence on advertising is fourfold. First, narrowcasting means that television channels are seen by an increasingly narrow segment of the audience. The Golf Channel, for instance, is watched by people who play golf. Home and Garden Television is seen' by those interested in household improvement projects. Thus, audiences are smaller and more homogeneous (具有共同特点的) than they have been in the past. Second, there is an increase in the number of television channels available to viewers, and thus, advertisers. This has also resulted in an increase in the sheer number of advertisements to which audiences are exposed. Third, digital recording devices allow audience members more control over which commercials they watch. Fourth, control over programming is being passed from the networks to local cable operators and satellite programmers.NewspapersAfter television, the medium attracting the next largest annual ad revenue is newspapers. The New Y ork Times, which reaches a national audience, accounts for $1 billion in ad revenue annually. It has increased its national circulation (发行量) by 40% and is now available for home delivery in 168 dries. Locally, newspapers are the largest advertising medium.Newspapers are a less expensive advertising medium than television and provide a way for advertisers to communicate a longer, more detailed message to their audience than they can through television. Given new production techniques, advertisements can be printed in newspapers in about 48 hours, meaning newspapers are also a quick way of getting the massage out. Newspapers are often the most important form of news for a local community, and they develop a high degree of loyalty from local readers.RadioAdvertising on radio continues to grow. Radio is often used in conjunction with outdoor billboards (广告牌)and the Internet to reach even more customers than television. Advertisers are likely to use radio because it is a less expensive medium than television, which means advertisers can afford to repeat their ads often~ Internetcompanies are also turning to radio advertising. Radio provides a way for advertisers to communicate with audience members at all times of the day. Consumers listen to radio on their way to school or work, at work, on the way home, and in the evening hours.Two major changes — satellite and Internet radio — will force radio advertisers to adapt their methods. Both of these radio forms allow listeners to tune in stations that are more distant than the local stations they could receive in the past. As a result, radio will increasingly attract target audiences who live many miles apart.MagazinesNewsweeklies, women's rifles, and business magazines have all seen increases in advertising because they attract the high-end market. Magazines are popular with advertisers because of the narrow market that they deliver.A broadcast medium such as network television attracts all types of audience members, but magazine audiences are more homogeneous. If you read Sports Illustrated, for example, you have much in common with the magazine's other readers. Advertisers see magazines as an efficient way of reaching target audience members.Advertisers using the print media —magazines and newspapers —will need to adapt to two main changes. First, the Internet will bring larger audiences to local newspapers. These audiences will be more diverse and geographically dispersed(分散) than in the past. Second, advertisers will have to understand how to use an increasing number of magazines for their target audiences. Although some magazines will maintain national audiences, a large number of magazines will entertain narrower audiences.Out-of-home advertisingOut-of-home advertising, also called place-based advertising, has become an increasingly effective way of reaching consumers, who are more active than ever before. Many consumers today do not sit at home and watch television. Using billboards, newsstands, and bus shelters for advertising is an effective way of reaching these on-the-go consumers. More consumers travel longer distances to and from work, which also makes out-of-home advertising effective. Technology has changed the nature of the billboard business, making it a more effective medium than in the past. Using digital printing, billboard companies can print a billboard in 2 hours, compared with 6 days previously. This allows advertisers more variety in the types of messages they create because they can change their messages more quickly.InternetAs consumers become more comfortable with online shopping, advertisers will seek to reach this market. As consumers get more of their news and information from the Internet, the ability of television and radio to get the word out to consumers will decrease. The challenge to Internet advertisers is to create ads that audience members remember.Internet advertising will play a more prominent role in organizations' advertising in the near future. Internet audiences tend to be quite homogeneous, but small. Advertisers will have to adjust their methods to reach these audiences and will have to adapt their persuasive strategies to the online medium as well.Direct mailA final advertising medium is direct mail, which uses mailings to consumers to communicate a client's message. Direct mail includes newsletters, postcards, and special promotions. Direct mail is an effective way to build relationships with consumers. For many businesses, direct mail is the most effective form of advertising.1. Television is an attractive advertising medium in that______.A) it has large audiencesB) it appeals to housewivesC) it helps build up a company's reputationD) it is affordable to most advertisers2. With the increase in the number of TV channels,______.A) the cost of TV advertising has decreasedB) the number of TV viewers has increasedC) advertisers' interest in other media has decreasedD) the number of TV ads people can see has increased3. Compared with television, newspapers as an advertising medium______.A) earn a larger annual ad revenue B) convey more detailed messagesC) use more production techniques D) get messages out more effectively4. Advertising on radio continues to grow because______.A) more local radio stations have been set upB) modem technology makes it more entertainingC) it provides easy access to consumersD) it has been revolutionized by Internet radio5. Magazines are seen by advertisers as an efficient way to______.A) reach target audiences B) appeal to educated peopleC) attract diverse audiences D) convey all kinds of messages6. Out-of-home advertising has become more effective because______.A) billboards can be replaced within two hoursB) consumers travel more now than ever beforeC) such ads have been made much more attractiveD) the pace of urban life is much faster nowadays7. The challenge to Internet advertisers is to create ads that are______.A) quick to update B) pleasant to look atC) easy to remember D) convenient to access8. Internet advertisers will have to adjust their methods to reach audiences that tend to be______.9. Direct mail is an effective form of advertising for businesses to develop______.10. This passage discusses how advertisers select______for advertisements.Part ⅢListening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Question 11 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A) Give his ankle a good rest. B) Treat his injury immediately.C) Continue his regular activities. D) Be careful when climbing steps.12. A) On a train. B) On a plane. C) In a theater. D) In a restaurant.13. A) A tragic accident. B) A sad occasion.C) Smith's unusual life story. D) Smith's sleeping problem.14. A) Review the details of all her lessons.B) Compare notes with his classmates.C) Talk with her about his learning problems.D) Focus on the main points of her lectures.15. A) The man blamed the woman for being careless.B) The man misunderstood the woman's apology.C) The woman offered to pay for the man's coffee.D) The woman spilt coffee on the man's jacket.16. A) Extremely tedious. B) Hard to understand.C) Lacking a good plot. D) Not worth seeing twice.17. A) Attending every lecture. B) Doing lots of homework.C) Reading very extensively. D) Using test-taking strategies.18. A) The digital TV system will offer different programs.B) He is eager to see what the new system is like.C) He thinks it unrealistic to have 500 channels.D) The new TV system may not provide anything better.Question 19 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) A notice by the electricity board. B) Ads promoting electric appliances.C) The description of a thief in disguise. D) A new policy on pensioners' welfare.20. A) Speaking with a proper accent. B) Wearing an official uniform.C) Making friends with them. D) Showing them his ID.21. A) To be on the alert when being followed.B) Not to leave senior Citizens alone at home.C) Not to let anyone in without an appointment.D) To watch out for those from the electricity board.22. A) She was robbed near the parking lot.B) All her money in the bank disappeared.C) The pension she had just drawn was stolen.D) She was knocked down in the post office.Question 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23. A) Marketing consultancy. B) Professional accountancy.C) Luxury hotel management. D) Business conference organization.24. A) Having a good knowledge of its customs.B) Knowing some key people in tourism.C) Having been to the country before.D) Being able to speak Japanese.25. A) It will bring her potential into full play.B) It will involve lots of train travel.C) It will enable her to improve her Chinese.D) It will give her more chances to visit Japan.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D) . Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestion 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. A) The lack of time. B) The quality of life.C) The frustrations at work. D) The pressure on working families.27. A) They were just as busy as people of today.B) They saw the importance of collective efforts.C) They didn't complain as much as modem man.D) They lived a hard life by hunting and gathering.28. A) To look for creative ideas Of awarding employees.B) To explore strategies for lowering production costs.C) To seek new approaches to dealing with complaints.D) To find effective ways to give employees flexibility.Passage T woQuestion 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. A) Family violence. B) The Great Depression.C) Her father's disloyalty. D) Her mother's bad temper.30. A) His advanced age. B) His children's efforts.C) His improved financial condition. D) His second wife's positive influence.31. A) Love is blind.B) Love breeds love.C) Divorce often has disastrous consequences.D) Happiness is hard to find in blended families.Passage ThreeQuestion 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. A) It was located in a park. B) Its owner died of a heart attack.C) It went bankrupt all of a sudden. D) Its potted plants were for lease only.33. A) Planting some trees in the greenhouse.B) Writing a want ad to a local newspaper.C) Putting up a Going Out of Business sign.D) Helping a customer select some purchases.34. A) Opening an office in the new office park.B) Keeping better relations with her company.C) Developing fresh business opportunities.D) Building a big greenhouse of his own.35. A) Owning the greenhouse one day.B) Securing a job at the office park.C) Cultivating more potted plants.D) Finding customers out of town.Section CDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.We're now witnessing the emergence of an advanced economy based on information and knowledge. Physical (36) , raw materials, and capital are no longer the key (37) in the creation of wealth. Now, the (38) raw material in our economy is knowledge. Tomorrow's wealth depends on the development and exchange of knowledge. And (39) entering the workforce offer their knowledge, not their muscles. Knowledge workers get paid for their education and their ability to learn. Knowledge workers (40) in mind work. They deal with symbols: words, (41) and data.What does all this mean for you? As a future knowledge worker, you can expect to be (42) , processing, as well as exchanging information. (43) , three out of four jobs involve some form of mind work, and that number will increase sharply in the future. Management and employees alike (44) .In the new world of work, you can look forward to being in constant training (45) .Y ou can also expect to be taking greater control of your career. Gone axe the nine-to-five jobs, lifetime security, predictablepromotions, and even the conventional workplace, as you are familiar with. (46) And don't wait for someone to "empower" you. Y ou have to empower yourself.Part ⅣReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Some years ago I was offered a writing assignment that would require three months 'of travel through Europe.I had been abroad a couple of times, but I could hardly (47) to know my way around the continent.' Moreover, my knowledge of foreign languages was (48) to a little college French.I hesitated. How would I, unable to speak the language, (49) unfamiliar with local geography or transportation systems, set up (50) and do research? It seemed impossible, and with considerable (51) I sat down to write a letter begging off. Halfway through, a thought ran through my mind: you can't learn if you don't try. So I accepted the assignment.There were some bad (52) . But by the time I had finished the trip I was an experienced traveler. And ever since, I have never hesitated to head for even the most remote of places, without guides or even (53) bookings, confident that somehow I will manage.The point is that the new, the different, is almost by definition (54) . But each time you try something, you learn, and as the learning piles up, the world opens to you.I've learned to ski at 40, and flown up the Rhine river in a (55) . And I know I'll go on doing such things. It's not because I'm braver or more daring than others. I'm not. But I'll accept anxiety as another name for challenge and I believe I can (56) wonders.A) accomplish I) manufactureB) advanced J) momentsC) balloon K) newsD) claim L) reducedE) constantly M) regretF) declare N) scaryG) interviews O) totallyH) limitedSection BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A) , B), C) and D ). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneGlobal warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but — regardless of whether it is or isn't — we won't do much about it. We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed.Al Gore calls global warming an "inconvenient truth," as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution. But the real truth is that we don't know enough to relieve global warming, and —without major technological breakthroughs — we can't do much about it.From 2003 to 2050, the world's population is projected to grow from 6.4 billon to 9.1 billion, a 42% increase. If energy use per person and technology remain the same, total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly,CO2 )will be 420/0 higher in 2050. But that's too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy. We need economic growth unless we condemn the world's poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else's living standards. With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom (limits on electricity usage, driving and travel) that might cut back global warming. Still, politicians want to show they're "doing something." Consider the Kyoto Protocol(京都议定书). It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn't. But it hasn't reduced GO2 emissions (up about 25% since 1990), and many signatories(签字国) didn't adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008 - 2012 targets.The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology. Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking our dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it.The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it's really an engineering one. The inconvenient truth is that if we don't solve the engineering problem, we're helpless.57. What is said about global warming in the first paragraph?A) It may not prove an environmental crisis at all.B) It is an issue requiring worldwide commitments.C) Serious steps have been taken to avoid or stop it.D) V ery little will be done to bring it under control.58. According to the author's understanding, what is A1 Gore's view on global warming?A) It is a reality both people and politicians are unaware of.B) It is a phenomenon that causes us many inconveniences.C) It is a problem that can be solved once it is recognized.D) It is an area we actually have little knowledge about.59. Greenhouse emissions will more than double by 2050 because of______.A) economic growthB) wasteful use of energyC) the widening gap between the rich and poorD) the rapid advances of science and technology60. The author believes that, since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol,A) politicians have started to do something to better the situationB) few nations have adopted real tough measures to limit energy useC) reductions in energy consumption have greatly cut back global warmingD) international cooperation has contributed to solving environmental problems61. What is the message the author intends to convey?A) Global warming is more of a moral issue than a practical one.B) The ultimate solution to global warming lies in new technology.C) The debate over global warming will lead to technological breakthroughs.D) People have to give up certain material comforts to stop global warming.Passage T woSomeday a stranger will read your e-mail without your permission or scan the Websites you've visited. Or perhaps someone will casually glance through your credit card purchases or cell phone bills to find out your shopping preferences or calling habits.In fact, it's likely some of these things have already happened to you. Who would watch you without your permission? It might be a spouse, a girlfriend, a marketing company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, they will see you in a way you never intended to be seen — the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked.Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it's important to reveal yourself to friends, family and loversin stages, at appropriate times. But few boundaries remain. The digital bread crumbs( 碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. In some cases, a simple Google search can reveal what you think. Like it or not, increasingly we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret.The key question is: Does that matter?For many Americans, the answer apparently is "no."When opinion polls ask Americans about privacy, most say they are concerned about losing it. A survey found an overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent of respondents saying they feel their privacy is "slipping away, and that bothers me."But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an effort to preserve their privacy. Few people turn down a discount at tollbooths(收费站) to avoid using the EZ-Pass system that can track automobile movements. And few turn down supermarket loyalty cards. Privacy economist Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50- cents- off coupon (优惠卷).But privacy does matter — at least sometimes. It's like health: When you have it, you don't notice it. Only when it's gone do you wish you'd done more to protect it.62. What does the author mean by saying "the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked"( Lines 3 - 4, Para. 2 ) ?A) People's personal information is easily accessed without their knowledge.B) In the 21st century people try every means to look into others' secrets.C) People tend to be more frank with each other in the information age.D) Criminals are easily caught on the spot with advanced technology.63. What would psychologists advise on the relationships between friends?A) Friends should open their hearts to each other.B) Friends should always be faithful to each other.C) There should be a distance even between friends.D) There should be fewer disputes between friends.64. Why does the author say "we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret" ( Line 5,Para.3)A) Modem society has finally evolved into an open society.B) People leave traces around when using modem technology.C) There are always people who are curious about others' affairs.D) Many search engines profit by revealing people's identities.65. What do most Americans do with regard to privacy protection?A) They change behaviors that might disclose their identity.B) They use various loyalty cards for business transactions.C) They rely most and more on electronic devices.D) They talk a lot but hardly do anything about it.66. According to the passage, privacy is like health in that______.A) people will make every effort to keep it.B) its importance is rarely understoodC) it is something that can easily be lostD) people don't cherish it until they lose itPart ⅤCloze (15 minutes)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Universities are institutions that teach a wide variety of subjects at advanced levels. They also carry out research work aimed (67) extending man's knowledge of these subjects. The emphasis given to each of these functions (68) from university to university, according to the views of the people in (69) and according to the resources available. The smaller and newer universities do not (70) the staff or equipment to carry out the (71) research projects possible in larger institutions. (72) most experts agree that some research activity is (73) to keep the staff and their students in (74) with the latest developments in their subjects.Most students attend a university mainly to (75) the knowledge needed for their chosen (76) . Educationists believe that this aim should not be the (77) one. Universities have always aimed to produce men and women (78) judgment and wisdom as well as knowledge. For this reason, they (79) students to meet others with differing (80) and to read widely to (81) their understanding in many fields of study. (82) a secondary school course, a student should be interested enough in a subject to enjoy gaining knowledge for its own (83) . He should be prepared to (84) sacrifices to study his chosen (85) in depth. He should have an ambition to make some (86) contribution to man's knowledge.67. A) at B) byC) to D) in68. A) turns B) rangesC) moves D) varies69. A) prospect B) placeC) control D) favor70. A) occupy B) possessC) involve D) spare71. A) maximum B) mediumC) virtual D) vast72. A) But B) AsC) While D) For73. A) natural B) essentialC) functional D) optional74. A) coordination B) accordanceC) touch D) grasp75. A) acquire B) acceptC) endure D) ensure76. A) procession B) professionC) possession D) preference77. A) typical B) trueC) mere D) only78. A) with B) underC) on D) through79. A) prompt B) provokeC) encourage D) anticipate80. A) histories B) expressionsC) interests D) curiosities81. A) broaden B) lengthenC) enforce D) specify82. A) Amid B) AfterC) Over D) Upon83. A) object B) course。
“读懂言外之意”专项训练一、高考题例（2008年高考安徽卷第19题b...b
“读懂言外之意”专项训练一、高考题例（2008 年高考安徽卷第19 题）“言外之意”指话里暗含着的、没有直接说出的意思。
请阅读下列语段，将言外之意写在横线上。
（1）一位不知名的画家向著名画家门采尔诉苦说：“为什么我画一幅画只需要一天工夫，而卖掉它却要等上整整一年呢？”门采尔很严肃地说：倒过来试试吧，亲爱的！”门采尔的言外之意是：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
（2）钢琴之王李斯特到克里姆林宫去演奏。
演奏开始了，沙皇还在和别人说话。
于是，李斯特停止了演奏。
沙皇问他为什么不演奏了，李斯特欠了欠身子说：“陛下说话，我理应倾听。
”李斯特的言外之意是：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
二、专项解说“读懂别人的言外之意”是高中生必备的一项语文素养，无论是准备高考还是社会交往都需要练就这项能力。
能力层级为鉴赏评价、表达应用，属D、E 级。
如安徽卷第19 题提示所指，“言外之意”又称之为“潜台词”，言外之意即话中有话，说话人往往言在此而意在彼。
言外之意是口语交际的一个重点，也是我们在日常生活领域和在特定场合下经常用到的一种说话方式，更是衡量一个人说话的应变能力、个人的修养（或涵养）以及人格魅力的一个重要方面。
人们经常用“潜台词”表达自己内心不便明说的想法（多含讽刺、劝谏意味），而别人虽然听懂了这个意思，却有苦难言；采用潜台词这种说话方式，有时会起到委婉、含蓄的作用，别人更容易接受。
生活中也要求我们能听懂别人的言外之意。
商家要读懂消费者的话外之意，身在职场也要听懂老板、同事的弦外之音，大学生应聘也需要听懂招聘方的潜台词，谈恋爱的小伙子更要心有灵犀、读懂女孩的话中话。
这种能力在许多题目中均有涉及：在语言应用题中考查；在文本阅读中也考查到，“体会重要句子的丰富含意，品味精彩语句的表现力”，其中就涉及到句子的言外之意的考查；在古代诗歌鉴赏中考查（鉴赏语言）；在作文审题中也涉及！那么，如何读懂别人的言外之意呢？（一）要读（听）懂材料，准确地把握语言的表层信息，这是分析言外之意的基础。
2008年6月研究生英语学位考试真题及答案
General English Qualifying Test (2008-6)PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (25 minutes, 20 points) Section A (1 point each)1. A. Composition is her favorite course.B. She prefers other courses to composition.C. She enjoys most of the courses.D. She doesn't like any course.2. A. She hasn't read the passage.B. She doesn't understand it either.C. She cannot read it in darkness.D. She suggests that the man read it.3. A. To guard her money.B. Not to go shopping downtownC. To look for a new wallet.D. Not to take the train.4. A. The working hours were too long.B. The job was not well-paid.C. He didn't like working in a companyD. The job was quite difficult.5. A. Steven is satisfied with his experiment.B. Steven couldn't enjoy the parties any moreC. Steven is a pleasure-seeker,D. Steven is worried about his experiments.6. A. To go to a concert with the man.B. To give the mall a lift to the countrysideC. To enjoy the sunshine.D. To have a short trip for pleasure.7. A. Fred keeps annoying other people.B. Fred looks very funny.C. Fred always makes other people laugh.D. Fred is a man of his word.8. A. To obey the established rules.B. To buy a new book for guidance.C. To try a new but safer experiment.D. To learn the methods from practice.9. A. Bob doesn't swim.B. Bob cannot be relied on.C. Bob cannot persist in doing anything.D. Bob won't be free.Section B (1 point each)Mini-talk one10. A. To find effects on the teaching of reading.B. To raise test scores in reading comprehension.C. To increase the teaching time for reading.D. To help all children read at or above grade level.11. A. Teachers.B. Critics.C. Congressmen.D. Federal officials12. A. Green Eggs and Ham.B. To Kill A Mockingbird.C. Of Mice and Men.D. A Child Called ‘It’.Mini-talk Two13. A. A scientistB. A forester.C. A school master.D. A farmer.14. A. He taught students to watch grass grow.B. He taught students how to manage forest.C. He got parents involved in their children's workD. He developed games about science.15. A. He wrote his own textbooks.B. He made students interested in their studies.C. He helped the students increase their scores.D. He made school activities creative.PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each)21. Some scientists are trying to eliminate malaria by developing a GM mosquito that can't transmit thedisease.A. removeB. fabricateC. enhanceD. utilize22. A tall building is usually equipped with several elevators, so it doesn't matter if one of them is out oforder.A. in a messB. in bad conditionC. in short supplyD. in a hurry23. As the train service had been suspended, thousands of people had to wait for days at the station.A. elevated slightlyB. cancelled completelyC. delayed frequentlyD. stopped temporarily24. We can learn about the hazards of hunting big game in stories about their ancestors.A. adventuresB. pleasuresC. dangersD. consequences25. Novel drugs developed through biotechnologies can be expected to deliver a better effect.A. distributeB. produceC. liberateD. express26. The price of housing varies with demand, and the same rule seems to hold for automobiles.A. containB. fastenC. graspD. apply27. Some people are skeptical about the validity of Aristotle's argument that man is by nature a politicalanimal.A. efficiencyB. soundnessC. availabilityD. contribution28. Heart-broken and desperate, she was determined to leave this family for good.A. permanentlyB. alternativelyC. temporarilyD. desirably29. It is generally believed that money can always bring happiness, but studies and surveys have provedthat this is a myth.A. fairy taleB. absolute mythC. mistaken ideaD. big controversy30. The sight of these soldiers toiling along the expressway was extremely touching to a tender heart.A. sympatheticB. mildC. concernedD. feebleSection B (0.5 point each)31. Students of English are advised to try to ___________the meaning of a new word from the context.A. turn outB. figure outC. look outD. put out32. The drastic changes that have taken place in China have won worldwide __________.A. identificationB. realizationC. admissionD. recognition33. Bill Clinton rose to prominence after he was elected ________ of Arkansas at age 32 in 1978.A. presidentB. secretaryC. governorD. premier34. The finding of this experiment is __________ with what was previously reported.A. consistentB. constantC. coherentD. competent35. However, the nature of online ________ is such that we tend to be more honest, more intimate.A. interruptionsB. interpretationsC. imaginationsD. interactions36. Reading extensively can broaden our vision and extend our life into a new _________.A. perspectiveB. hierarchyC. layerD. dimension37. I was quite _______ to find my test score well below that of my tablemate.A. fascinatedB. dismayedC. amusedD. convinced38. An earthquake of 8- _________ struck some parts of this province, causing a death toll of over 30,000.A. altitudeB. aptitudeC. magnitudeD. gratitude39. Both linguists and psychologists are eager to learn more about the process of language ________.A. acquisitionB. attainmentC. possessionD. fulfillment40. An overseas market with a great growth potential is not easy to _________.A. break downB. break upC. break throughD. break intoPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)According to the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), car crashes are the leading cause of death among children 41 5 and 14 years of age. Says NHTSA: "Over 50% of children who die in crashes are 42 by safety devices. 43 , 4 out of 5 children are improperly restrained."The NHTSA offers a number of safety tips and 44 for those who are accompanied by children while driving. Although laws 45 from country to country and even from state to state, these guidelines may 46 food for thought to many parents and guardians of children. Please check your local laws and do 47 you can to keep your precious baby safe.The safest place for all children is in the back seat. Infants should be 48 in a rear-facing safety seat in the backseat of the car. A child at least a year old and 49 at least 20 pounds may be placed in a forward-facing seat. At 40 pounds, the child can use a "booster seat", which is secured by one of the car'slap and shoulder 50 . At approximately 80 pounds and a height of about four feet nine inches, the child may begin using an adult safety belt.41. A. at B. between C. for D. about42. A. bound B. undefined C. unrestrained D. inhibited43. A. Of course B. On contrary C. Nevertheless D. In addition44. A. cautions B. forms C. notes D. concepts45. A. work B. vary C. enforce D. affect46. A. give way B. differ from C. serve as D. deal with47. A. whatever B. whichever C. that D. which48. A. tied B. stuck C. surrounded D. placed49. A. weight B. weighted C. weigh D. weighing50. A. stripes B. belts C. ribbons D. bowsPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneAmericans are more socially isolated than they were 20 years ago, separated by work, commuting and the single life, researchers reported on Friday.Nearly a quarter of people surveyed said they had "zero" close friends with whom to discuss personal matters. More than 50 percent named two or fewer confidants, the researchers said.“This is a big social change, and it indicates something that's not good for our society,”said Duke University Professor Lynn Smith-Lovin. Smith-Lovin's group used data from a national survey of 1,500 American adults that has been ongoing since 1972.She said it indicated people had a surprising drop in the number of close friends since 1985. At that time, Americans most commonly said they had three close friends whom they had known for a long time, saw often, and with whom they shared a number of interests. They were almost as likely to name four or five friends, and the relationships often sprang from their neighborhoods or communities.Ties to a close network of friends create a social safely net that is good for society. Research has also linked social support and civic participation to a longer life, Smith-Lovin said.The data also show the social isolation trend mirrors other class divides: Non-whites Americans and the highly educated. That means that in daily life, personal emergencies and national disasters such as Hurricane Katrina, those with the lowest resources also have the lowest personal friends to call for advice and assistance."It's one thing to know someone and exchange e-mails with them. It's another thing to say, …Will you give me a ride out of town with all of my possessions and pets? And can I stay with you for a couple or three months?‟” Smith-Lovin said."Worrying about social isolation is not a matter of remembering a warm past. Real things are strongly connected with that," added Harvard University Public Policy Professor Robert Putnam. He suggested flexible work schedules would allow Americans to tend both personal and professional lives.51. One reason for the social isolation of Americans is ________.A. frequent relocationB. frequent travelingC. living aloneD. working flexible hours52. The percentage of people with more than two close friends is about________.A. 25%B. 50%C. 60%D. 75%53. According to the passage, close social ties among people are_______.A. a must for social progressB. beneficial for the familyC. a source of happinessD. good for people's health54. It is implied that ________ tend to live a more socially isolated life.A. people in the higher social ladderB. people in the lower social ladderC. people with a longer life spanD. people with a shorter life span55. According to Robert Putnam, ________.A. it is useless to worrying about social isolationB. social isolation is not necessarily bad for usC. it is time to do something about social isolationD. social isolation does not mean the end of society56. The passage is focused on _________.A. the new trend in American social lifeB. the urban problems in modem societyC. the ways to build a strong social networkD. the reasons for close interpersonal relationshipsPassage TwoFor years, France proudly resisted establishing domestic smoking bans. It held out longer than Britain, Spain and Italy, but on January 2, 2008, it finally forbid cigarettes in bars, cafes, restaurants and clubs.This was not a decision taken lightly. Magazines ran photo-spreads reminding us that French people look seriously cool with a cigar in their mouth. There were illustrations of Charles de Gaulle, the French president during World War II, Brigitte Bardot the 1950s famous fashionist, and the famous French philosopher and writer, Jean-Paul Sartre. Even the present President Nicolas Sarkozy, extremely image-conscious, posed for Paris Match magazine with a fat cigar.But now, France's traditional “cafe-clope” (morning coffee and cigarette) is only possible if people can bear the freezing temperatures outside.In the latter part of the 20th century, the health risks of second-bend tobacco smoke were made public. Then, in 1975, a modern wave of smoking bans started in Minnesota, the US. Since then, many countries and regions have joined in the movement. Among them, the US has been a pioneer, with California being the first in the world to ban indoor smoking at all public places, including bars and restaurants. Thus some French people call the non-smoking law issued on January 2 "a touch too American".However, studies before the ban showed that 70 percent of French people supported the enforcement. The public's positive response means that the smoking ban will be just one more US trend accepted by French society. Even among strong smokers, no one wants to risk a fine.French barman Jean-Michel, dressed in a leather waistcoat and a cowboy-style shoelace tie, complained harshly about the ban. Was be anticipating a smokers' revolt? "No," he said calmly. "People will respect it. I'll do what I did at school. I'll smoke in the toilets.”According to the non-smoking law, individuals who smoke in bars, cafes, restaurants or clubs can be fined up to 450 euros. The owners of these places can be fined up to 750 euros if they fail to stop customers from smoking.57. The law of banning smoking in public places was not made easily because _______.A. France proudly resists establishing new lawsB. French people like their images with a cigar in their mouthC. French people have had such a strong habit since World War IID. smoking has become fashionable for Frenchmen lately58. According to the passage, French President Nicolas Sarkozy _________.A. pays a great deal of attention to his own public imageB. has been a heavy smoker in public eyesC. strongly opposes the law of banning smokingD. is a model in the hearts of French people59. Which of the following is the first place in the world to ban indoor smoking at all public places?A. Minnesota.B. California.C. France.D. Britain.60. It is implied in the passage that _________.A. French people usually resist American trendsB. French people oppose the non-smoking law because it is too AmericanC. French people often follow American suitsD. French people respect the non-smoking law because it is from the US61. By saying "I'11 do what I did at school", Jean-Michel means that _______.A. he did not smoke when he was a school studentB. he had to smoke in the toilets when he was at schoolC. he olden anticipated revolts when he was at schoolD. smoking was not allowed in the toilets when he was at school62. What is the main idea of tiffs passage?A. It is difficult to establish new laws in France.B. How the non-smoking law was established?C. Non-smoking law is another American trend.D. France finally accepts smoking ban.Passage ThreeIt is the world's fourth-most-important food crop, after maize, wheat and rice. It provides more calories, more quickly, using less land and in a wider range of climates than any other plant. It is, of course, the potato.The United Nations has declared 2008 the International Year of the Potato. It hopes that greater awareness of the merits of potatoes will contribute to the achievement of its Millennium Development Goals, by helping to reduce poverty and promote economic development. It is always the international year of this or month of that. But the potato's unusual history means it is well worth celebrating.Unlikely though it seems, the potato promoted economic development by supporting the Industrial Revolution in England in the 19th century. It provided a cheap source of calories and was easy to cultivate, so it liberated workers from the land. Potatoes became popular in the north of England, as people there specialized in livestock farming and domestic industry, while farmers in the south concentrated on wheat production. By a happy accident, the concentrated industrial activity in the regions where coal was readily available, and a potato-driven population boom provided ample workers for the new factories. Friedrich Engels even declared that the potato was the equal of iron for its "historically revolutionary role".In the form of French fries, served alongside burgers and Coca-Cola, potatoes are now a symbol of globalization. This is quite a change given the skepticism which first greeted them on their arrival in the Old World in the 16th century. They were variously thought to be fit only for animals, to be associated with the devil or to be poisonous. They took hold in 18th-century Europe only when war and famine meant there was nothing else to eat; people then realized just how useful and reliable they were. As Adam Smith, one of the potato's many admirers, observed at the time, "The very general use which is made of potatoes in these kingdoms as food for man is a convincing proof that the prejudices of a nation, with regard to diet, however deeply rooted, are by no means unconquerable." Mashed, fried, boiled and roast, a humble potato changed the world, and people everywhere should celebrate it.63. By making 2008 the Year of the Potato, the United Nations hopes that the potato could ________.A. enrich people's daily food supplyB. be used to replace other food cropsC. help deal with environmental issuesD. he a solution to some economic problems64. Paragraph 3 mainly describes _________.A. why the potato became popular in the north of EnglandB. why the potato was important in England's population growthC. how the potato contributed to England's industrial developmentD. how the potato helped improve England's working conditions65. Friedrich Engels's words show that he ________.A. thought highly of the potatoB. took the potato too seriouslyC. underestimated the role of the potatoD. lacked the basic knowledge of the potato66. Europeans began to eat potatoes in the 18th century because _________.A. there was a serious food shortageB. they realized that potatoes tasted goodC. food safety had been greatly improvedD. eating potatoes had become fashionable67. What Adam Smith said could be used to demonstrate the potato's _________.A. general useB. main featuresC. success storyD. bright future68. The best title for the passage is __________.A. 2008-- the Potato's New MissionB. In Praise of the PotatoC. The History of the PotatoD. The Potato and GlobalizationPassage FourYou need a new vacuum cleaner. Several are on display—different features—but there are no clerks to be found. Finally a guy in a store vest slips past. You begin to ask questions, but he knows even less about vacuum cleaners than you do.Robert Odom, shopping at the Southcenter Mall near Seattle, finds “it‟s harder to get waited on now. many stores have one person covering a tremendous area. You‟ve got to go looking to find a clerk.”Retailing is big business in the United States. Every day, billions of transactions take place in the nation‟s 1.4 million stores. Inventive technology speeds a staggering $2.5-trillion-a-year flow of purchases. But why do those bad encounters with salespeople continue to bother us so?When Yankelovich Partners asked 2500 shoppers what was "most important to you regarding customer service," people ranked courtesy, knowledgeability and friendliness at the top. Almost two out of three said that salespeople "don't care much about me or my needs.”The American Customer Satisfaction Index, developed in 1994 at the University of Michigan's National Quality Research Center, shows customer satisfaction declining about a point a year. Retailers now average a less-than-satisfactory 71 out of 100. Even top performers have slipped.What happened? John Goodman, president of Technical Assistance Research Programs, a customer-service consulting firm, told us, "To cut costs, many retailers made the mistake of trimming staff to the bone with obvious consequences."How good is the help once you find it? Carol Cherry, founder of Shop'n Chek, which monitors customer service for retailers and other clients, says, "One of the biggest problems we encounter is unknowledgeable and untrained salespeople." Bruce Van Kleeck, a vice president of the National Retail Federation, says, "We're not training as much as we used to," and urges more ongoing training for veteran salespeople.The sad fact is, stores can get away with poor customer service because customers let them. Customer-service expert John Goodman estimates that about half of customers continue to do business with firms they feel have mistreated them. This is "behavioral loyalty," explains Jeff Ellis of Maritz Marketing Research Inc. "We may bad-mouth a store after a bad experience, but we go back because it's close to our house or carries items we like."69. The example in paragraph 1 shows that the salesman needs improvement on___________.A. knowledgeB. politenessC. friendlinessD. communication70. According to the American Customer Satisfaction Index,_______________.A. customer satisfaction with retailers remains constantly lowB. customer satisfaction with even the best retailers is droppingC. customers complain most about the quality of the salespeopleD. customers put too high a demand on service these days71. What may be the "obvious consequences" mentioned in paragraph 6?A. The customers are not willing to buy from the retailers.B. The customers cannot get the help they need.C. The salespeople are not satisfied with their working condition.D. The salespeople do not receive enough training.72. Carol Cherry points out that the most serious problem is that ______________.A. the quality of the salespeople cannot be guaranteedB. the retailers do not care as much about training as they used toC. the salespeople do not fully understand the benefits of trainingD. the retailers cannot afford basic training for its employees73. Which of the following examples can demonstrate the "behavioral loyalty"?A. Customers frequent the store providing satisfactory service.B. Customers refuse to buy in the store after a bad experience there.C. Customers go to the store with good items no matter where it is.D. Customers keep visiting the store that has treated them badly.74. The passage mainly discusses_______________.A. how we can get good customer serviceB. why retailers should improve customer serviceC. why there is poor customer serviceD. what kind of customer service we needPassage FiveIn terms of lives lost and property destroyed, the Civil War was the most terrible armed conflict Americans have ever known, but that has not prevented them from remembering it with enduring fondness. The Civil War remains the most written-about period in American history, and it provides boundless entertainment in the United States and around the world. Instead of an object lesson in the dangers of political polarization, racial inequality, and human cruelty, fans consider their favorite war an exercise in nobility--a bloodbath that somehow forged the unbreakable bonds of American national identity.Most Civil War historians were reared in this romantic tradition, and they have yet to fully free themselves from it. They still view the struggle through rose-colored glasses, making excuses for flawed heroes who have the reputations they never deserved. With the publication of While in the Hands of the Enemy: Military prisons of the Civil War, Charles W. Sanders has distinguished himself as one of the few scholars capable of addressing the Civil War with utter frankness. His brilliantly researched book is a ringing accusation of the prisoner-of-war (POW) systems maintained by both sides of that war, as well as the politicians and soldiers who deliberately sent thousands of men to needless suffering and death. There are no heroes in this study, just too many unnecessary victims.Sanders sets his study in context by first tracing the evolution of POW policy during the American Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican War. Americans knew that POWs were vulnerable to mistreatment, and the quickest way to improve their lot was to negotiate exchanges with the enemy. At the outset of the Civil War, neither side was prepared to cope with the many prisoners-of-war their armies captured, and prisoners inevitably suffered from inadequate housing, food, medical care, and other necessities. Abraham Lincoln delayed the implementation of general exchanges until July 1862 for fear it would allow rebellious southerners to claim actual recognition of the Southern sovereignty. Once implemented, the exchange system quickly emptied prisons in the North and South, but it began breaking down by the end of the year.75. Americans generally remember the Civil War with _______.A. sadnessB. suspicionC. horrorD. affection76. Most Civil War historians would agree that the Civil War may have _________.A. raised the awareness of the race issueB. weakened American national identityC. strengthened American national identityD. taught a useful lesson about human nature77. Civil War historians usually believe that "flawed heroes" ___________.A. ought to be criticizedB. could be forgivenC. should be studied furtherD. should be evaluated objectively78. According to Charles W. Sanders, the Civil War _______________.A. brought pointless miseryB. created various heroesC. started the first POW systemD. was brutal but inevitable79. At the beginning of the Civil War, ____________ .A. the POW exchanges were frequentB. the number of the POWs was smallC. the POWs were in difficult situationsD. both sides used the POWs for political purposes80. What does the passage say about the POW exchange during the Civil War?A. It should have started earlier.B. It lasted for many years.C. It became a successful model for later time.D. It raised the public awareness of the POW problem.PAPER TWOPART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes. 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)Unlike the real world, where personalities are complex, motives unclear, and outcomes ambiguous, television presents a world of clarity and simplicity. In show after show, rewards and punishments follow quickly and logically. Crises are resolved, problems are solved, and justice always triumphs. The central characters in these dramas are clearly defined: dedicated or corrupt; selfless or ambitious; efficient or sentimental. To insure the widest acceptability and tell a story entertainingly, the plot lines follow the most commonly accepted notions of morality and justice, whether or not those notions bear much resemblance to reality. The long list of commercials between parts of the play sometimes drives you crazy. Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)中国一直有重视教育的传统，尤其是儿童的教育。
比例应用题.学生版
1、比例的基本性质2、熟练掌握比例式的恒等变形及连比问题3、能够进行各种条件下比例的转化，有目的的转化；4、单位“1”变化的比例问题5、方程解比例应用题比例与百分数作为一种数学工具在人们日常生活中处理多组数量关系非常有用，这一部分内容也是小升初考试的重要内容.通过本讲需要学生掌握的内容有：一、比和比例的性质性质：若a: b=c ：d ，则a×d = b×c ；(即外项积等于内项积) 正比例：如果a÷b=k(k 为常数)，则称a 、b 成正比； 反比例：如果a×b=k(k 为常数)，则称a 、b 成反比．二、主要比例转化实例 ①x a y b = ⇒y b x a =； x ya b =； a b x y =； ②x a y b = ⇒ mx a my b =； x may mb=(其中0m ≠)； ③ x a y b = ⇒ x a x y a b =++； x y a bx a --=； x y a b x y a b ++=-- ；④x a y b=，y c z d = ⇒ x a cz b d =；::::x y z ac bc bd =；⑤ x 的c a 等于y 的d b ，则x 是y 的ad bc ，y 是x 的bc ad．三、按比例分配与和差关系⑴按比例分配例如：将x 个物体按照:a b 的比例分配给甲、乙两个人，那么实际上甲、乙两个人各自分配到的物体数量与x 的比分别为():a a b +和():b a b +，所以甲分配到ax a b +个，乙分配到bxa b+知识点拨教学目标6-2-4比例应用题个.⑵已知两组物体的数量比和数量差，求各个类别数量的问题例如：两个类别A 、B ，元素的数量比为:a b (这里a b >)，数量差为x ，那么A 的元素数量为ax a b -，B 的元素数量为bx a b -，所以解题的关键是求出()a b -与a 或b 的比值．四、比例题目常用解题方式和思路解答分数应用题关键是正确理解、运用单位“l ”。
2008各省美术联考考题汇总
2008各省美术联考考题汇总河南2008年美术联考考题速写：①在场考生动态速写、②默写提水桶的人素描：默写3/4男性老年人色彩：实物只有一棵大白菜和一块白色的布，剩下的5个番茄、三个青椒、一个白瓷盘、两棵葱，默写。
河北2008年美术联考考题色彩：一块白衬布、一块紫红色衬布、一个红葡萄酒瓶、一个高脚杯、白盘、面包、梨、橘子、苹果各一个。
默画。
150分钟头像：男青年写生。
180分钟速写：写生坐姿。
20分钟江苏省2008年美术联考考题素描：默写短发中青年男子半侧面站姿，一手*腰，一手垂放于腿上。
（提供正面半身及手的黑白照和半侧面线描稿）山西2008年美术联考考题色彩1：默写浅色罐、葡萄酒瓶、白磁盘内盛哈密瓜和葡萄、玻璃杯内盛清水、罐装可乐，苹果、犁、橘子若干。
色彩衬布为：一深灰红，一白色，一灰色（提供黑白照）。
色彩2：一个啤酒瓶、一个盛水的玻璃杯、一把刀子、一个白瓷盘、2个苹果、一个橘子、三根香蕉、红白衬布各一块素描：二分之一侧面女青年。
头像有外轮廓剪影图(没有五官)速写：一个坐小马扎的画速写的学生广东:2008年广东美术高考(统考)素描:写生一双胶拖鞋,一顶草帽（3小时）色彩:写生一个书夹,一份报纸;默写一个有盖的白瓷杯,一个白碟和一块面包（3小时)速写:默写一对母女,一个站一个坐,加场景(30分钟)纸张都是八开2008年江西省美术联考题目速写:一个穿者夏季背心,单手插腰,喝着水的男青年素描:一本书一个深色花瓶一个百瓷杯色彩:一浅黄布一浅红布三个黄梨一个白盘三快方形面包一把西餐刀08年湖南省美术联考考题【素描】静物，半默写（两个苹果，一颗白菜，一瓶饮料，一个玻璃杯，里面装有半杯桔汁，灰色衬布一块）【速写】男青年坐姿，45分钟【色彩】写生部分：白纸一张、陈醋一瓶、纸杯一只、鸡蛋一个摆成一条直线默写部分：西红柿两只、菜刀一把湖北2008年美术联考考题素描提供啤酒瓶、快餐盒各一个写生，再默写一个橘子、一个梨子、两个苹果、一个高脚杯、灰色衬布一块时间：3小时色彩提供啤酒瓶、快餐盒各一个写生，再默写一个橘子、一个梨子、两个苹果、一个盘子、一个面包一个刀子、浅蓝色衬布和白色衬布各一块时间：3小时速写默写一个正在画画的青年人时间：15分钟2007年陕西省美术联考考题素描考题：（写生）可乐一瓶，橘子3个，苹果一个，白色瓷盘一个，勺子一把，米黄色台布一块。
2008年成人高考专升本大学语文考试真题及答案
2008年成人高考专升本大学语文考试真题及答案一、选择题:1～20小题，每小题2分，共40分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
第1题主张文章应该"有补于世"、"以适用为本"的作家是【】A. 柳宗元B. 韩愈C. 欧阳修D. 王安石【正确答案】D第2题鲁迅在《灯下漫笔》中提到的罗素是【】A. 英国哲学家B. 英国文学家C. 美国哲学家D. 法国哲学家【正确答案】A第3题李清照《声声慢》(寻寻觅觅)一词最突出的语言技巧是【】A. 夸张B. 拟人C. 比喻D. 叠字【正确答案】D【答案解析】《声声慢》中的9组叠字，不仅表现出作者出色的语言技巧，而且还很好地表达了作者心中的国破家亡之痛。
第4题在《宝玉挨打》中，对宝玉说："早听人一句话，也不至有今日!别说老太太、太太心疼，就是我们看着，心里也--"的人是【】A. 黛玉B. 王熙凤C. 宝钗D. 袭人【正确答案】C第5题 "小桥流水人家"一句出自【】A. 《八声甘州》(对潇潇暮雨洒江天)B. 《天净沙》(秋思)C. 《虞美人》(春花秋月何时了)D. 《声声慢》(寻寻觅觅)【正确答案】B第6题由个别到一般的论证方法是【】A. 演绎论证B. 类比论证C. 归纳论证D. 对比论证【正确答案】C【答案解析】演绎论证是一种由一般到个别的论证方法，比较论证是一种由个别到个别的论证方法，比较论证分为类比论证和对比论证。
第7题下列作品中同属叙事诗的一组是【】A. 曹操《短歌行》、《诗经·氓》B. 陶渊明《饮酒》、《汉乐府·陌上桑》C. 《汉乐府·陌上桑》、《诗经·氓》D. 白居易《杜陵叟》、《楚辞·国殇》【正确答案】C【答案解析】《短歌行》是乐府诗，《饮酒》是田园诗，《杜陵叟》也是乐府诗，《国殇》是一首挽歌。
历年与西方经济学有关考题(财大2004-2008)
江西财经大学2004年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（B卷）专业：产业经济学、财政学、国民经济学、劳动经济学、国际贸易学、区域经济学考试科目：经济学重要提示：考生必须将所有答案写在答题纸上，本试题上的任何标记均不作判题依据一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1、需求的价格弹性2、消费者剩余3、货币创造乘数4、税收乘数5、功能性财政6、边际效用二、简答、作图和计算题（每题10分，共70分）1、为什么完全竞争企业长期均衡时的经济利润为零？2、社会成本与私人成本有何不同？在什么情况下两者一致，在什么情况下两者不一致？4、请用四方图推导IS曲线。
5、请推导货币的投机需求方程。
6、用IS-LM模型作图分析，LM曲线为水平线时的财政政策和货币政策的效应。
7、在经济萧条时，中央银行如何使用三大货币政策？三、微观论述题（25 分）1、请利用一个2╳ 2 ╳2 模型来阐述总体均衡（也即一般均衡）状态所应该符合的条件？四、宏观论述题（25分，以下两题任选一题，多答无效）1、请用IS-LM模型如何混合使用财政和货币政策。
2、试评述“乘数---加速模型”。
第二部分微观经济学二、(10分)消费品的边际替代率(MRS)的涵义是什么？为什么它是递减的(其理论基础是什么)？2004年金融学硕士研究生招生联考“金融学基础”试题二、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）⒈科斯定理⒉自动稳定器三、简述题（每题8分，共24分）⒈简述挤出效应及影响其大小的因素。
五、论述题（前2题选答1题，18分，后3题选答2题，每题17分，共52分）⒈试比较在完全竞争市场和垄断市场条件下的经济效率，并谈谈我国该如何制定反垄断政策。
⒉试述失业的类型及失业对社会的影响，并联系中国实际阐述相应的反失业政策。
⒋在固定汇率和浮动汇率制下，国际收支顺差如何影响国内经济？应怎样进行政策调节？并联系实际谈谈你对人民币是否升值的看法。
江西财经大学2005年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（B卷）专业：西方经济学，政治经济学，国民经济学，劳动经济学，区域经济学，产业经济学考试科目：经济学重要提示：考生必须将所有答案写在答题纸上，本试题上的任何标记均不作判题依据一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1．扩展径 2. 生产者剩余 3. 公共物品4. 理性预期5. 结构性失业6. 通货紧缩二、简答题、作图题、计算题（每题10分，共80分）1．请作图说明正常品的收入效应和替代效应。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
山东大学2008年考博免疫题(记忆版) 一名词解释(原题全英语) FCM,Microassay,IgSF,PAMP,HLA,KLR,超抗原,免疫忽视,调节性T细胞,还有一个忘了. 二简答:1什么是疫苗?其种类及特点 2,IL-2在T细胞活化中的作用 3T细胞信号传导过程 4B细胞在免疫应答中的作用 5抗体亲和力成熟的过程及机制 6链球菌感染后得肾小球肾炎的免疫损伤机制 7同种异型抗原的识别机制 8CR1,CR2在免疫中的作用 三论述:结合你硕士阶段的课题,请谈谈博士阶段的初步研究方向
2008年最新协和医科大学博士生入学专业分子生物学考试试题 第一部分：填空 疯牛病的致病原因 什么是原病毒 SD序列 信号肽识别序列的组成-----部分和-----部分 乳糖操纵子的调控序列—————— ———————— ———————— 第二部分：大题，2道 1.给了一段序列要求涉及合适的引物，扩增出改序列，（考点为引物设计原则） 2.给了一个质粒序列，和一段待插入的基因组DNA片段，然后酶切后电泳，酶切后电泳，三个泳道有三种不同的条带，分析其产生情况（考点为克隆部分） 第三部分： 1.紫外线过度照射后容易引发皮肤癌，正常机体通过何种机制修复 2.介绍酵母双杂交的原理和应用 3.举例说明小RNA在发育中的作用和意义 3. 什么是转录后加工？目前认为这一提法欠妥，为什么？ 4. 人类基因组当中存在许多非编码序列，如转座子和内含子，（1）请问这些非编码序列是没有价值的垃圾吗？为什么？（2） 近年来，小分子RNA的研究与表观遗传学进展迅速，是否表明中心法则已经过时，已经被新的理论取代？
交大细胞生物学2008年考博试卷 10个名字解释 SiRNA transcription factor checkpionts iPS cells 膜受体 heterochromatin P型运输ATP酶 蛋白质分选 微管相关蛋白质 integrin
问答题： 后基因组时代蛋白质研究的技术，策略。 生长因子与维A衍生物的信号转导 2006关于茹贝尔奖写一个评论
2008中山大学生物化学博士试题 一 名词解释 1 模体（motif） 2 ribozyme 3底物水平磷酸化 4 fu bai 作用（拼音，汉字上传就变成星号了,晕） 5 real-time PCR 6 Klnow片段 7 gene clip 8 RNAi 9 核酸从头合成途径 10 lac operon 二，简答 1 什么是增色效应，变性后为什么会产生增色效应？ 2 vitB6在氨基酸代谢中的作用 3 基因载体在基因工程技术中的意义 4 超速离心把脂蛋白分成哪几种，作用？ 5 ddNTP在Sanger测序法中的作用 6 原核翻译起始复合物形成过程 三论述 1 在溶液中有Lys Arg Asp Glu Tyr Ala混合物 在高ph下，阴离子交换树脂冲刷，不断降低溶液ph，洗脱的顺序是什么，为什么？ 2 计算题算Vmax，Km的 3 DNA双螺旋结构理论为什么是分子生物学的里程碑，从结构和功能论述。 4 G蛋白和G蛋白偶联受体结构特征，距离说明其在信息传到中的作用
2008年浙江大学分子生物学考博试题 问答题：双向电泳的原理及应用 三种分子标记方法 描述两种大规模研究ＤＮＡ的方法 ２００７年诺贝尔生理与医学奖授予什么技术，该技术的应用 人类基因组中有一基因为２Ｋｂ，提到的基因组为１０微克，计算该基因的含量 名词解释：免疫沉淀，ＲＮＡ剪切，核糖开关，分子伴侣 2008年华中科技大学生化与分子考试试题 生化与分子共七道题： 1. 蛋白质的结构原则 2. 进化中为什么选择蛋白和RNA作为酶 3.关于盐浓度对蛋白与DNA结合能力的影响（具体的题太长，叙述难免出错，所有把考点给出来大家斟酌） 4.基因功能的研究方法，简述3类及原理 5.真核与原核细胞的启动子的结构和功能及翻译起始的差异与共同点 6.关于基因CDNA克隆和蛋白表达的方法的实验设计题！有一植物中共有的基因与某重要功能有关。请设计试验并叙述相关试验技术和方法， 在烟叶中克隆该基因的CDNA全长，并获得用于获取抗体的蛋白！ 7.基因靶向技术的原理和意义！
浙江大学2008年博士细胞生物学（甲）考题 名词解释（每个5分） 1.分子伴侣； 2.泛素化途径； 3.干细胞； 4.受体酪氨酸激酶； 5.转分化； 6.端粒酶； 7.蛋白质组学； 8;蛋白质分选； 9.膜骨架； 10.联会复合体。 二、问答题（每个10分） 1.检测细胞凋亡的常用方法有哪些？细胞凋亡有哪些基本途径？ 2.细胞周期有哪些检验点及其作用？ 3.全面设计对细胞骨架进行实验研究的路线？ 4.概述染色质的结构与基因转录的关系？ 5.概述G蛋白偶联介导的信号转导的特点？
免疫题目 一 名词解释（3×10=30分） 1 cryptic epitope 2 fragment crystallizable 3 TLRs 4 Fas/FasL counterattack 5 regulatory T cells 6 membrane attack complex 7 MyD88 dependent passway 8 receptor revision 9 clonal ignorance 10 allergen 二 是非题（1×10=10分） 忘了。 三 填空题10分 都忘了，对不起，虽然都在书上可以找到，但是回答起来感觉不是很爽， 四 问答题（5×4=20分） 1 旁路途径的生物学意义 2 抗体清除抗原的机制 3 外周免疫耐受的产生机制 4 内源性抗原提呈途径 五 论述题（3×10=30分，1，2题为必答题，3-5题任选一道。 1 TCR多样性的机制 2 Th17在自身免疫病的发病机制中的作用 3 固有免疫在抗肿瘤免疫中的作用机制 4 调节性T细胞在炎症反应中的机制 5 同种异型抗原的直接识别及防治措施 2008年南开大学博士考试试题－生物化学 判断对错 位于糖酵解、糖异生、磷酸戊糖途径、糖原合成、糖原分解各个代谢途径中交汇点的化合物是6-磷酸葡萄糖。
三羧酸循环最主要的关键酶是琥珀酸脱氢酶。 1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇（IP3）的直接作用是直接激活蛋白激酶C。 在反竞争性抑制物存在的条件下，酶反应动力学的特点是Vmax↓，Km不变。 酶辅基一般不能用透析或超滤的方法与酶蛋白分离。 一种给定细胞的全部小分子的集合叫做该细胞的代谢组。 同一物种不同组织的DNA碱基组成不同。 DNA回文结构导致DNA三螺旋的形成。 淬火”是一种使DNA复性的操作。 G与U的配对在RNA二级结构中时有出现。 DNA酶法甲基化是一种生物遗传标志。 微卫星DNA缺失导致人类神经系统缺陷。 DNA指纹法见证个人身份使用卫星DNA为探针。 真核生物DNA聚合酶Ⅱ的转录起始复合物包含两种不同的蛋白复合物。 直向同源基因是指同一物种中功能不同的同源基因。 填空 蛋白质二级结构稳定的原因是蛋白质多肽链的主链骨架含有（ ）和( )，主链骨架盘绕折叠形成（ ）。 胰岛素由（ ）分泌。 胆固醇合成的限速酶是（ ）。 大肠杆菌遗传图谱的图单位以（ ）为单位，而DNA限制图两限制位点之间的距离以（ ）为单位，前者是（ ）距离，后者为（ ）距离。
原核生物以（ ）为转录调控单位，它通常有多个（ ），所以原核生物的mRNA又称为（ ）mRNA。 原核生物DNA聚合酶Ⅰ和Ⅲ的结构和生物学活性的三个重要不同是（ ），（ ），（ ）。 名解 泛素化 激素应答组分 结构域 蛋白质组学 共价调节酶 错配修复 同源重组 TATA盒 RNA编辑 氨基酸激活 问答 简述G蛋白的结构特征及其介导的腺苷酸环化酶的激活和抑制机制。 举两例证明酶活性中心存在的方法，并说明原理 试述某一基因或蛋白参与细胞信号转导途径的基本研究策略和方法 什么是基因表达的正调节？各举一例说明原核生物和真核生物的正调节作用。 遗传密码的发现是使用各种生物化学手段在试管中完成的，试举例说明 2008协和免疫博士专业试题 部分问答题（记忆版） 1. Th17与自身免疫病的关系 2. 天然免疫的抗肿瘤作用 3. TCR多样性的原因
军事医学科学院08生化题记忆版 有六道问答题，任选5个作，每题20分！ 一 分子进化水平上讨论原核生物和真核生物转录和复制调控的异同。 二 G蛋白概念及其信号转导。 三 RNA剪接概念和主要过程及其意义 四 关于端粒酶的概念（具体问题内容记不清了） 五 关于miRNA的。 六 将糖代谢和脂肪代谢相关联的化学反应
08协和免疫考博题（记忆版）（不全，知道的可继续添加） 一，名词解释（3分，10个，共30分） 1 allergen 2 receptor revision 3 cryptic epitope 4 MyD88-dependent pathway 5 MAC 6 regulatory T cell 7 colony ignorance 8 TLRs 9 Fas/FasL counterattack 10 cry~~~? 二，判断（1分，10个，共10分） 三，填空（1分，10个，共10分） 四，简答（5分，4个，共20分） 1 旁路补体激活途径的生物学意义 2 抗体清除抗原的作用 3 内源性抗原的提呈过程 4 ？ 五，问答（10分，2个必答，1个选答，共30分） 必答1 TCR多样性的产生机制 2 Th17细胞在自身免疫性疾病中的发病机制 选答 同种异型抗原的直接识别及防治措施
南京医科大学2008年考博生物化学与分子生物学真题（非生化专业） 名词解释： 1、hnRNA 2、限制性内切酶 3、端粒酶 4、P/O 5、cDNA 6、Tm 7、分子病