维多利亚盛世【英文】
基础英语学习 The Victorian Age
Reforms
1847 Ten Hours' Act This law limits the working day of women and children.
1862 Mines Act It forbade (=vietava) the employment of women and children in mines.
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1880-1881 1st Boer War 1899-1902 2nd Boer War
England fights in these wars because she wants to obtain the regions of Orange and Transvaal in South Africa (rich in diamonds and gold). These areas belonged to (= appartenevano a) Holland. England won.
1871-1875 Health Acts These laws improve sanitary conditions in towns.
From 1833 to 1878 Factory Acts They improve working conditions in factories
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Writers of this period
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1854-56 Crimean War:
Britain, Turkey (= the Ottoman Empire) and France fight against Russia.
England was afraid: what could happen if Russia got some outlets (=sbocchi) into the Mediterranean Sea?
English Literature of the Victorian Age 维多利亚时期的英国文学
English Literature of the Victorian Age1. The Victorian Period:Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides withthe reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from1836to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. II. Historical Background1. economy: Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840)2. politics: Chartist movement (1838 – 1848) 宪章运动3. science: Darwin’s theory of evolution(1859)4. society: the women question Queen Victoria ( 1837 – 1901)The early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems.III. Critical Realism1. definition----English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.2. Features:Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people’s life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded.a. introduction of characters from the working classb. strong hatred for vices in the societyc. an illusion of bringing about social justice and harmony by reformsd. an interest in woman emancipation (Charlotte Bronte)3. Representatives:Charles Dickens; William Thackeray etc.4. Features of Victorian novelsIn this period，the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people’s life & bitter & strong criticism of the so ciety had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.The Chartist Movement （1836-1848）The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People’s charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of tho usands of people’s signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.UtilitarianismAlmost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.Critical RealismThe Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrument of human progress.Dramatic MonologueBy dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In “listening” to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker’s personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his “My Last Duchess” is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.Further Reading:After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political powerfrom the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soongeared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reachedits highest point of development as a world power. Andyet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existedwidespread poverty & wretchedness among the workingclass. The worsening living & working conditions, themass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with itsworkhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848).During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science & technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people’s religious convictions. Darwin’s The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.Charles Dickens (1812-1870)I. Life:1. a middle class family2. once was a child labor in a shoe-blacking factory3. a clerk, a reporter, a writer4. the poets’ cornerII. Major Works1. Oliver Twist;雾都孤儿2. David Copperfield;大卫·科波菲尔(autobiographical)3. Hard Times; 艰难时世4. A Tale of Two Cities双城记III. three periodsa. optimismb. frustrationc. pessimism1. Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz 《博兹札记》(1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 《匹克威克外传》(1836-1837); Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》or 《苦海孤雏》(1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》(1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》( 1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge《巴纳比·拉奇》(1841)2. Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Notes 《美国纪行》(1842); Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁·翟述伟》(1843-1845)；A Christmas Carol 《圣诞颂歌》(1843); Dombey & Son 《董贝父子》(1846-1848); David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》(1849-1850)3. Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House 《荒凉山庄》( 1852-1853); Hard Times 《艰难时世》(1854); Little Dorrit 《小杜丽》(1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》(1859); Great Expectations 《远大前程》or 《孤星血泪》(1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend 《我们共同的朋友》(1864-1865); Edwin Drood 《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》(unfinished) (1870)Distinct Features of His Novels1. Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such “typical characters under typical circumstances”, that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.2. Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.3. Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one，or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.4. The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.5.unnatural happy endingHis Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield & so on.His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare’s. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employsexaggeration in his works. Dickens’ works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos. William Makepeace ThackerayI. Lifea. born in India;b. studied in Cambridge;c. gambling and bad investmentsd. has to make a living by writing articles for newspapers and magazines.II. featuresa. Just like Dickens, Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century Europe. He paints life as he has seen it. With his precise and thorough observation, rich knowledge of social life and of the human heart, the pictures in his novels are accurate and true to life.b. Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic and his humour subtle.c. Besides being a realist and satirist, Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novelsIII. Vanity Fair ----masterpiece1. title: from John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.2. Subtitle: “A novel without a hero”the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a wholeno positive characters (c) female3. plot( p193 -196)Read the story from P137 to P138 by yourself. Make clear about the development of the plot and relations between main characters. (Rebecca Sharp, Amelia Sedley, Joseph Sedley, Sir Pitt Crawley, Rawdon Crawley, Lord Steyne, George Osborne, William Dobbin)Amelia: good-natured, sentimental, and simple-mindedGeorge Osborne: snobbish, caustic, selfish and simple-mindedJoseph Sedley: vain, selfish, effeminateWilliam Dobbin: good-natured, honestIII. Comparison between Thackeray and Dickenssimilarities:① both representatives of critical realism;② both novelists, humorists;③ both criticized the Victorian society satirically.2. differences:① D described the common people, T mainly described the lives of aristocrats and rich people.②D was a sentimentalist. T was a cynic who doubted the goodness of human nature as a spectator.③ D advocated social reforms, T was not a crusader for good causes.④ D was a romanticist, T was against all romantic conventions.George eliotI. life1. George Eliot (1819-1880), pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans, was born on Nov. 22, 1819 into anestate agent’s family in Warwickshire, England.2. Though brought up under strict religious influences, she early abandoned religious beliefs, adopted agnostic opinions about Christian doctrine, & showed a great interest in social & philosophical problems.3. At the age of 39, she started he literary career. Being a woman of intelligence & versatility, she quickly found herself ranking high among the great writers.4. In 1857, she wrote her first three stories which were later published in book form under the title of Scenes of Clerical Life.II. Literary Career1. her three most popular novels came successively, Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860) & Silas Marner (1861), all drawn from her lifelong knowledge of English country life & notable for their realistic details, pungent characterization & high moral tone.2. 1863, Romola, a full elaborately documented story of Florence in the time of Savornarola.3. Felix Holt, the Radical, her only novel on English politics.4. 1872, Middlemarch, a panoramic book, George Eliot’s greatest achievement5. 1876, last novel, Daniel Deronda.These novels, together with a number of poems & a collection of satirical essays, The Impressions of Theophrastus Such, constitute a formidable body of work from a woman frail in health & working constantly under the apprehension of failure or worthlessness.III. Achievements1. Writing at the latter half of the 19th century & closely following the critical realist writers, George Eliot was working at something new.2. By joining the worlds of inward propensity & outward circumstances & showing them in the lives of her characters, she starts a new type of realism & sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic & psychological novel.3. In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a person & to reveal the motives, impulses & hereditary influences which govern human action.4. She is interested in the development of a soul, the slow growth or decline of moral power of the character.5. Eliot holds the belief that a certain act in daily life will produce a definite moral effect on the individual.6. Most of her novels are characterized by two features: moral teaching & psychological realism. IV.The theme of her worksAs a woman of exceptional intelligence & life experience, George Eliot shows a particular concern for the destiny of women, especially those with great intelligence, potential & social aspirations. In her mind, the pathetic tragedy of women lies in their very birth. Their inferior education & limited social life determine that they must depend on men for sustenance & realization of their goals, & they have only to fulfill the domestic duties expected of them by the society. Their opportunities of success are not even increased by wealth.Charlotte Bronte & Emily BronteI. Life of the Bronte sistersCharlotte(39), Emily(30) ,Anne(29)1. born in Yorkshire moors, daughters of a poor country clergyman.2. 2 elder daughters died in the charity school3. Charlotte and Emily once worked as governessesII. Jane Eyre 简·爱III. Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄1. Plot (P264-268)a story about two families and an intruding stranger2. Point of view: first person point of view;3. narration: two dramatic narrators (Mr. Lockwood, and Nelly Dean)IV. detail-reading (268-278)1. content: Final meeting of Heathcliff and Catherine before Catherine’s death2. narrator: Nelly Dean3. their love: passion, love, agony, horror4. Catherine:a common girl who met an uncommon love. In her heart, the struggle between true love and tradition never ceased, and finally caused her early death.5. theme :a. criticism upon the materialism and social discrimination.b. hatred and revenge are meaningless; only love lasts forever.6. features: Romantic color (private passion and personal emotions; description of nature; Gothic elements)Gothic NovelThe word “Gothic”originally implied medieval, but in the later 18th century, when the Gothic novel became influential, the word added the implication of mystery, horror and supernatural. Gothic novel is a type of prose fiction which flourished in 1790s and early years in the 19th century. It once refers to the novel which produces stories set in lonely frightening Gothic places. It is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the readers.On Gothic NovelThere is a strong Gothic strain in many mainstream 19th century works, including the works of the Brontes, Dickens, Edgar Allan Poe, and Hawthorne.In the 20th century, the genre flourished notably in popular horror fiction and films.Jane eyreSignificance:1. one of the most popular & important novels of the Victorian age.2. its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.II. Point of viewfirst person point of viewIII. Character (Jane Eyre)1. a naïve, kind-hearted, noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love.2. a middle-class workingwomen (governesses) struggling for recognition of her rights & equality as a human being.3. possessed of strong feelings, fiery passions & extraordinary personalities.IV. Themethe struggle of an individual towards self-realization.V. Style1. realism (criticism of the existing society) combined with romanticism (horror, mystery & prophesy)2. intensity of vision and passion3. The vividness of her subjective narration, the intensely achieved characterization4. vivid description of her intense feelingsVI. Detail-reading (Chapter XXIII)Jane finds herself hopelessly in love with Mr. Rochester but she is aware that her love is out of the question. So, when forced to confront Mr. Rochester, she desperately & openly declared her equality with him & her love for him. The passion described here is intense & genuine.Alfred Tennyson (1809－1892)I. life1809: Born at Somersby rectory, 4th son of the rector.1827: Poems by Two Brothers. Enters Trinity College, Cambridge.1829: Friendship with Arthur Hallam. love with Emily Tennyson.1831: Father dies.1832: brother Edward goes insane.1833: Hallam dies.1834: love with Rosa Baring1838: Engaged to Emily Sellwood.1840: Engagement broken off.1844: Has an emotional breakdown.1850: In Memoriam published anonymously. Marries Emily Sellwood. Appointed Poet Laureate. 1852: Son Hallam born.1862: Has first audience with Queen Victoria.II. Works:1. Poems by Two Brothers2. Poems, Chiefly Lyrical3. Poems (two volumes)4. The Princess5. Maud6. The Idylls of the King7. In MemoriamIII. Break, break, break(p294)IV. Features:1. T’s thoughts on the problems of life, death and immortality2. the conflict between the spirit and the flesh3. classical materialsRobert Browning & Elizabeth BarrettI. LifeLegendary love, happy marriageII. E’s WorksFrom Sonnets from the Portuguese(p305)III. Features:1. theme: love2. Feature: reason & emotion3. significance: set up new belief for Victorians who were thrown into a crisis in faithRobert BrowningRobert Browning (1812-1889) was born in a well-off family & received his education mainly from his private tutor, & from his father, who gave him the freedom to follow his own interest. In 1833, he published his first poetic work Pauline, which brought great embarrassment upon him. But in his second attempt Sordello (1840), he went too far in self-correction that the poem became so obscure as to be hardly readable. He even tried play writing but failed. All these frustrating experiences forced the poet to develop a literary form that suited him best & actually give full swing to this genius, i.e. the dramatic monologue.In 1846, Browning married Elizabeth Barrett, a famous poetess whose famous book of love poetry was Sonnets from the Portuguese. In 1869 Browing’s masterpiece, The Ring & the Book, came out. In 1889, Browning died & was buried in the Poet’s Corner, Westminster Abbey, beside Tennyson.My Last Duchess"My Last Duchess" is Browning’s best-known dramatic monologue. The poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of the 16th-century Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the duke’s speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his "last duchess," the duke reveals himself as a self-conceited, cruel & tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse.V. the Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白The dramatic monologue is a soliloquy in drama in which the voice speaking is not the poet himself, but a character invented by the poet, so that it reflects life objectively.Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)I. Life (novelist and poet)a. Born in Dorchester —“Wessex”b. close to peasantryc. belief in evolutionII. Works:1. Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》2. Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》3. The Return of the Native《还乡》4. Far from the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》5. The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》III. Tess of the D’Urbervilles1. subtitle “a pure woman”2. Plot (p315-319)3. Pessimistic philosophy; critical realism; symbolism; naturalism;IV. H’s Ideas of FateMost of Hardy’s novels are tragic. The cause is not man’s own behavior or his own fault but the supernatural forces that rule his fate. According to Hardy, man is not the master of his destiny; he is at the mercy of indifferent forces which manipulate his behavior and his relations with others.John Galsworthy(1867-1933)I. lifeBorn in a rich bourgeois familyA representative of bourgeois realism in English novel of 20th centuryII. work1. The Island Pharisees岛国的法利赛人2. The Man of Property有产业的人3. Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家4. The End of the Chapter尾声III. Forsyte Saga(p352-356)1. powerful sweep2. brilliant illustrations3. deep psychological analysis4. satire & criticismIV. point of viewG’s works give a complete picture of English bourgeois society. Yet his criticism was limited to the spheres of ethics and aesthetics. Facing the crisis of British imperialism and the growing forces of socialism, Galsworthy began to idealize the decadent bourgeoisie.1. Modernism in English Literature prevailed during the 20s and 30s of the 20th century2. OriginThe concept of modernism emerged in the eighteenth century when the classicists mocked those who opposed them and called them modernists. Now it is a comprehensive term applied to international tendencies and movements in all creative arts in the 20th century. In a broad sense, it is applied to writing marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression.3. Major philosophical Influences on modernism1) Darwinism 2) Marxism 3) Freudianism4. Major ideas of modernism1) It employs a distinctive kind of imagination. Thus it practicessolipsism( 唯我论). It believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it.2) It implies a historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, loss and despair. It rejects traditional values and assumptions. And it looks forfresh ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe.Many modernists are philosophical existentialists.3) It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man andprefers the unconscious to the self-conscious. It celebrates passion andwill over reason and systematic morality.4) It rejects the traditional rhetoric by which tradition values and assumptions were communicated. It is bent on stylistic innovations and experiments with language, form, symbol and myth.4. Modernist movements1)Symbolism 2)imagism 3)aestheticism 4)expressionism5) the stream of consciousness 6)surrealism 7) existentialism8) theatre of the absurdLawranceI. TitleThe representative of psychological fiction.II. Life(p415-417)III. works(1) Sons and Lovers儿子与情人(2) The Rainbow虹(3) Women in Love恋爱中的女人(4) Lady Chatterlay’s Lover 查泰莱夫人的情人IV. Sons and Lovers1. autobiographical2. the Oedipus complex3. themea) the damage caused in family relationship by industrial forceb) the split of human beingsc) natural love as the only cureWoolfI. title:The representative of “stream of consciousness”school of novelII. LifeA novelist, critic and feminist; nervous breakdown since childhood; self-suicide III. Works1. Mrs. Dalloway达洛维夫人2. To the Lighthouse到灯塔去3. The Waves海浪4. A Room of One’s Own一间自己的房间5. Modern Fiction现代小说IV. Mrs. Dalloway (p441-445)V. point of view1. She challenged the traditional way of writing.2. She thought the depiction of details darkened the characters.3. She called the writers for writing about events of daily life that gave one deep impression.V. Influence(1) The stream of consciousness presented by Joyce and Woolf marks a total break from the tradition of fiction and has promoted the development of modernism.(2) However, because of the newness in form but hard to understand, this kind of fiction cannot attract readers.(3) The writers showed interest in the psychological depiction of the bourgeoisie but neglected the conflict that most people cared about at that time.James joyceI. Title: the representative of the “stream of consciousness”school of novelII. “stream of consciousness”1. definition:a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”2. time: in the 20th century3. foundations:a. the literary device of “interior monologue”内心独白b. Freud’s theory of psychological analysisIII. J’s worksa. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的画像b. Dubliners都柏林人c. Ulysses尤利西斯d. Finnegans Wake芬尼根觉醒IV. significance of his worksa. He changed the old style of fictions and created a strange mode of art to show the chaos and crisis of consciousness of that period.b. From him, stream of consciousness came to the highest point as a genre of modern literature.c. In Finnegans Wake, this pursue of newness overrode the normalness and showed atendency of vanity.William Butler Yeats(1865-1939)I. title“the greatest poet of our age –certainly the greatest in this (English) language”-----T. S. Eliot II. LifePoet and dramatistIrishLifelong love for Maud GonneIII. Works1. The Responsibilities责任2. The Land of Heart’s Desire理想的国土3. When You Are Old4. The Winding Stair盘旋的楼梯5. The Hour Glass时漏6. The Tower塔IV. FeatureHe is a celebrated and accomplished symbolist poet, using an elaborate system of symbols in his poems. But read as a whole, his poetry is elucidated by itself and gives the reader many memorable stanzas and lines of great poetry. (moon, water, rose)V. Themes1. Patriotism;2. love;3. civilization;4. age;5. the relation between imagination, history and the occultVI. When you are oldWhen you are old and gray and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read , and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty with love false or true,But one man love d the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars,Murmur, a little sadly, how love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd hid his face amid a crowd of stars.George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)I. TitleA representative of critical realism in modern English literatureII. lifeIreland;socialist Movement;criticize the evil of capitalism;support the forces of revolution and democracyIII. works (plays unpleasant)Widower’s Houses 鳏夫的房产Major Barbara巴巴拉少校Heartbreak House伤心之家Mrs. Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Apple Cart苹果车。
维多利亚简介_英文
profiles
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Queen Victoria was the monarch(君主) of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she used the additional title of Empress of India.Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and the King died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision(监督) by her mother Princess Victoria . She inherited the throne(宝座) at the age of 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving legitimate(合法的) issue. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy(君主立宪 制), in which the Sovereign(君主) held relatively few direct political powers. Privately, she attempted to influence govents(任命). Publicly she became a national icon and was identified with strict standards of personal morality(道德).
维多利亚时期PPT资料优秀版
Nicholas Nikleby 尼古拉斯.尼克勒比 Dombey and Son董贝父子 The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店 American Notes 札记 A Christmas Carol圣诞颂歌
The Pickwick Paper
匹克威克外传
It presents a panorama全景画 of life in London during the early years of the 19th century.
It is the work that first made him as a popular writer of novels.
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英美文学选读翻译 维多利亚时期
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第四章维多利亚时期从时间上讲,维多利亚文学时期恰好与维多利亚女王1836年至1901年执政期相吻合,这一时段是英国历史上最光辉灿烂的时段。
维多利亚执行初期,英国面临着飞速的经济发展及严重的社会问题。
1832年改革法案通过后,国家政权从腐朽没落的贵族手中移向新兴的中产阶级工业资本家,不久,大工业革命高潮迭起,各种科技发明与技术创新为国家经济带来新生力量,如火车、蒸汽船、纺织机器、印刷机器等。
英国一度成为"世界工厂",通过向海外发展市场与剥削殖民地的各种资源积累了大量财富。
19世纪中期英国成为全世界的经济第一强国。
但在这繁荣与财富下掩盖的是工人阶级的贫困与不幸,为了谋生连妇女和儿童都要受雇到艰险肮脏的工厂矿山去卖苦力。
日趋尖锐的阶级矛盾终于引发了1836至1848年著名的英国宪章运动。
工人阶级团结一致推出《人民宪章》,要求政府保障人权,改善生活与工作环境。
运动席卷了几乎所有城市。
这次运动尽管在1848年衰落下去,但却取得了一定成就,同时也标志着工人阶级的觉醒。
接下来的20年,英国相对繁荣稳定。
中产阶级的生活显示出有前途、受尊敬、很富有的特点。
人民整体也追求一种热情、自尊、谦逊、爱国的民族精神,而维多利亚女王也正是这些品格的榜样。
这时道德与常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题,又回到了文学主流中来。
但19世纪最后三十年中,大英帝国与维多利亚价值观都逐渐走向衰落。
在海外英国虽然还是最大的殖民者,有着不可敌胜的经济、军事实力,但它的领袖地位已经开始面临正在崛起的德国的挑战,与美国的竞争也伤害了英国的经贸垄断地位。
国内的爱尔兰民族问题悬而未决,日益壮大的无产阶级打破了辉格党与托利党之间的政治制衡。
维多利亚价值观在世纪末失去了光彩,原先谦和、体面的生活方式也被放纵与挥霍所取代。
这种世纪末伤感在唯美主义者奥斯卡·王尔德(1854-1900)与沃尔特·培特(1839-1894)的作品中有很好的体现。
《多佛海滩》与维多利亚时代
‘ 和田师范专科学校学报＞（ 汉文综合版 ）
Ｊ１ ０９第 ２ 卷第 四期 ｕ．来自０ ２ ８总第 ６ 期 ｏ
《 多佛海滩》与维多利亚时代
王晓燕
德这些丰富的阅历，以及他 自身与生俱来的敏锐的洞察力和诗人的 气质，他才能够在维多利亚时代的中期就对这个时代做出了这么深 刻而又令人信服的总结与展望。
一 一 一
多世纪以后，布莱克的一位同胞马修 ・ 阿诺德 （ ｔｅ ｒｏ ， Ｍａｈｗ Ａｎｌ ｔ ｄ 维多利亚时代就是马修 ・ 阿诺德笔下的多佛海滩，远远看去宁 １２．８８ ８２１８）在维多利亚时期用自己的诗歌 ‘ 多佛海滩》为这个道理 静迷人，绚丽多姿，走进了才发现既有潮来时海浪声的刺耳，又有 做了个精辟的注解。长期以来，对这首诗的解读一直停留在指出诗 人对 “ 这个信仰危机时代的担忧和无奈”。 ¨ 这种说法虽然肯 潮去时海滩的荒凉。不难看出，这个时代就像是沉睡的火山口形成 定了这首诗的主题的永恒性和普遍性，但是忽视了这首诗歌的现实 的湖泊：平静，美丽，但是危机四伏。 三、‘ 多佛海滩 与维多利亚时代 性与时代性。诗中描写的表面上虽是多佛海滩的夜景，实际上了解 《 多佛海滩》创作于 １６ 年，当时正值维多利亚时代的中期， ８７ 维多利亚时代的人都能够领悟到：就像中国唐代大诗人杜甫一样， 切看上去那么美好，所以诗的开篇说道： 阿诺德在这首诗中用现实主义的手法向读者展现一个诗人眼中真实 今夜大海一片宁静， 的维多利亚时代。这一首小诗让读者深深体会到了整个英国维多利 水盛潮平，月明如镜， 亚时代的静谧迷人和喧嚣躁动，尽管杜甫是直接描写社会，阿诺德 朗照海滩；——在法国海岸 是间接暗示。读此诗的过程中，读者似乎就在维多利亚时代进行了 银辉闪亮，又渐渐隐灭；而英国的海岸悬崖， 次超越时空的旅行，一步步见证着这个伟大的时代的兴衰沉浮， 闪烁而无垠，耸立于幽静的海湾。 潮起潮落。这首诗以其短小的篇幅为读者缓缓的展开了一幅维多利 这月下的海滩景象和维多利亚时期的社会一样美丽得让人向 亚时期的全景图，既有对维多利亚社会现实的描写又有对其未来景 往。观赏着如此美景， 生活在如此盛世， 每个人都难免会沉浸其中， 象的预言，应该是英国文学史上最简练的 “ 诗史”。 宠辱偕忘。可是马修 ・ 阿诺德又怎么能够忘却一切呢．资本主义的 诗人马修 ・ 阿诺德 马修 ・ 阿诺德作为维多利亚时期的一名重要诗人，长期淹没在 发展给英国带来了非常大的冲击，物质主义和功利主义开始在社会 贫富悬殊加大导致了深刻的社会矛盾， 甚至于在 １３ 年爆 ８６ 丁尼生 （ Ｉｅ ｎｙ ｎ ８９１９ ） 和布朗宁 （ ｏｅ ｒ ｎ ｇ 上盛行， Ａｆ ｄ ｅｎｓ ，１０． ２ ｒ Ｔ ｏ ８ Ｒ ｂｒ ｏ ｉ ， ｔ ｗ ｎ Ｂ 发了著名的工人阶级运动——宪章运动，而这种矛盾在维多利亚时 １１．８９ ８２１８）的伟大的诗名之下，几乎成了一名被遗忘的诗人。他虽 进一步的 发展， 社会底层暗流涌动。 这一 切都 在说明 繁 曾受聘为牛津大学英诗教授整整十载 （８７ １６ ） １５－８７ ，但还是多以文 代更是有了 荣和美丽只是表面上的，当你真正走进了，看仔细了必将发现，在 学批评家和社会批评家的名声为后人所铭记， 刘炳善先生编写的＜ 英 国文学简史》就把马修 ・ 阿诺德列为了散文作家。０ ¨ ”他曾作为 这宁静的社会图景下潜藏着不和谐的声音： 浪花沿着孤寂的海岸四处飞溅， 英国的教育督学游历欧洲大陆考察各国教育制度，遍访英伦三岛调 月光染白的大地和大海连成一线， 研社会教育状况，且身居此职 ３ 年之久 （８ １１８ ） 所以他对其 ５ １５—８６ ，
维多利亚时代英国文学
Gothic Elements in Jane Eyre
As a girl, Jane’s punishment is
to be locked in a red room where a relative had previously died. She later sees the ghost. Some characters hold frightening and dark secrets, contributing to the atmosphere of mystery. Two terrible and destructive fires occur. We eventually discover the fact that a menacing and insane woman has been in the home of Jane’s employer (and love interest) for most of the plot. One character, Rochester, receives disfiguring injuries.
Frankenstein
Story opens on the ship
of an English explorer, Robert Walton, in the Arctic Ocean Walton serves as a framing device for the real action of the story: the creation of a monster by Dr. Victor Frankenstein
Victorian novel
Victorian novels tend to focus on the difficult
如何读书翻译&原文
如何讀書維吉尼亞•吳爾夫書有類型之分，譬如小說、傳記、詩歌等，我們應該將其分門別類,從中汲取不同的營養。
這話說來簡單，然而，卻很少有人能做到——從書中收穫它所能給予的養分。
我們往往懷揣著模糊不清、雜亂不堪的念頭來讀書，要求小說應該真實，詩歌務必虛構，傳記理應討人歡喜，歷史非得強化我們固有的觀念不可。
讀書時我們若能擯棄這些成見，那將是一個令人讚賞的開始。
不要對作者指手畫腳，而應將心比心，儘量與之融為一體，和他共事、幫他謀劃。
倘若你在開卷之初便畏縮不前，評頭論足，無異於將閱讀過程中所能發現的最大寶藏拒之門外。
可是，你若敞開心扉，由字裏行間不易察覺的草灰蛇線般的精妙之處，從峰迴路轉、柳暗花明的起頭文句中，你便進入了一個他人難以登臨的境界，映入眼簾，別有洞天。
沉浸其中，喃喃自語，不久，你便發現，作者給予給你的，或想要給予你的一些東西，更加明晰。
一部小說的三十二章——如果我們先來思索如何閱讀小說的話——作者苦心孤詣，試圖將它構建成佈局嚴謹、運於掌中的高樓廣廈。
然而詞語比磚塊更難以觸摸，閱讀相較於觀看更是一段錯綜複雜的漫漫長路。
或許瞭解小說家創作原理的最佳捷徑不是閱讀，而是寫作；通過親身經歷，體驗遣詞造句中的艱難險阻。
不妨回想一下令你記憶猶新的某些事情罷——在某個街角，你從兩個正在攀談的人身旁走過。
樹影婆娑，燈光舞落，談話的氛圍既幽默又落寞。
那一瞬間似乎包含了一幀完好的圖景，一種完整的構思。
然而當你打算以文字重現此情此景之際，卻發現它早已支離成千頭萬緒，零落一地相互矛盾的印象碎片。
有些得掠過，有些須突出。
或許訴諸文字之時，千絲萬縷的思緒飄忽不定，你根本無從把握。
那麼把視線從你那模糊淩亂的一頁頁文稿那兒挪開吧，翻開某位小說巨匠——笛福、珍•奧斯汀、或是湯瑪斯•哈代的名著吧——我們便置身於另一世界。
瞧，在《魯賓遜漂流記》中，我們在漫漫征途上艱難跋涉，事情接二連三地發生，情節加上情節的鋪排次序便已足夠。
如果說野外和冒險對笛福而言就是一切，那麼在珍•奧斯汀那兒卻無關緊要了。
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The double standard
• Idealization of women: angelic figures (mother and young girl) not only physically but also morally • This difference justified different codes of behaviour and education for men and for women
Slums & back to back houses
It was a town of red brick…
Victorian Laws
• • • • • • • • 1842 – 46 Mines Act 1847 Ten Hour Bill 1848 Public Health Act 1867 2nd Reform Act (almost all men could vote) 1870 Education Act 1871 Trade Unions became legal 1884 3rd Reform Act(suffrage for all men) 1901 Labour Party
Women
• Essentialism: the idea that differences between men & women were determined by nature and women were ‘naturally ‘unsuited for male roles (as men were ‘naturally‘superior)
The Angel in the House
Women's clothing symbolised their constricted lives. Tight lacing into corsets and cumbersome multiple layers of skirts which dragged on the ground impeded women's freedom of movement. Between 1856 and 1878, among the wealthy, the cage crinoline was popular as it replaced the many layers of petticoats, but it was cumbersome and humiliating. Sitting down, the cage rode up embarrassingly at the front. The skirts were so wide that many women died engulfed in flames after the material caught fire from an open grate or candle.
Foreign an War • 1858 : India Act • 1875 – 1900 colonial development in Africa and the Far East • 1887 The First Imperial Conference in London • 1899- 1902 Anglo Boer War
1857 Tha Matrimonial Causes Act
• A husband could divorce his wife if she committed adultery But • The woman who wanted a divorce had to prove her husband guilty not only of adultery but also of incest, bigamy, bestiality cruelty or desertion
Were unmarried women less unhappy?
• Rich women became spinsters , easily made fun of with reference to their own condition • Poor women could only find humiliating employment e.g. in factories • For many women the only chance to survive lay in prostitution
The Victorian Age 1837-1901
Main Features
• • • • • • • The Industrial Revolution and Free Trade Social Conflicts Social Reforms Victorian values: Family, Respectability, Morality Religion and C.Darwin’s Theories The Condition of Women : the DoubleStandard Colonial expansion
Social conflicts
• Middle Class vs Aristocracy Repeal of Corn Laws 1846 • Working class vs Middle class: Low wages Urbanization Slums Back to back houses
Victorian Colonial Policy
• 1876 Queen Victoria was proclaimend Empress of India by Parliament
Colonial Expansion
To strive, to seek , to find and not to yield