高低语境 跨文化交际
跨文化交际场景下英语口语会话的高低语境有机分析
跨文化交际场景下英语口语会话的高低语境有机分析跨文化交际场景下的英语口语会话涉及到不同文化背景的人们之间的交流和沟通。
在这样的场景中，人们可能会使用不同的语言和口音，表达不同的文化习惯和价值观。
英语口语会话的高低语境有机分析成为至关重要的话题，需要深入研究和探讨。
高低语境在跨文化交际中具有重要的意义。
高语境的交流方式更加隐晦，言外之意比较多，需要对方有一定的背景知识和文化内涵才能理解。
而低语境的交流方式则更加直接，言辞清晰，更加容易被理解。
在英语口语会话中，高低语境的合理运用能够更好地促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。
我们来分析一下高语境的英语口语会话。
在高语境的情境下，人们往往倾向于使用更加含蓄、拐弯抹角的表达方式，以及更多的隐晦暗示。
比如在正式的商务谈判中，一些高级企业谈判人员可能会使用一些隐含的语言和暗示，来促进谈判的进行。
他们可能不会直接说出要求或者意见，而是通过间接的方式来传达。
比如说，“我们可能需要再深入讨论这个问题”，意思其实是要求对方重新考虑。
在这样的情境中，需要对方具备一定的文化内涵和背景知识，才能够正确理解对方的意思。
高语境的英语口语会话需要更多的文化背景知识和沟通技巧，来正确理解和应对。
相对的，在低语境的情境下，人们更倾向于直接、清晰地表达自己的意见和想法。
在跨文化交际的场景中，低语境的英语口语会话可能会更加直截了当，更容易被对方理解。
比如在国际学术会议上，英语为外语的学者们可能会选择更加直接的表达方式来进行学术交流，以便被来自不同文化背景的学者们更好地理解。
在这样的情境下，语言的直接表达和清晰理解起到了至关重要的作用。
跨文化交际场景下的英语口语会话的高低语境有机分析是一个复杂而重要的课题。
人们需要了解并灵活运用高低语境的表达方式，以便更好地进行跨文化交际。
这不仅需要具备良好的英语口语能力，更需要对不同文化背景和交际场景有深入的了解和体会。
通过不断的学习和实践，相信我们能够更好地应对跨文化交际挑战，实现更加顺畅、高效的交流。
中美跨文化交际中的高低语境文化对比研究_英语论文
---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------ 中美跨文化交际中的高低语境文化对比研究_英语论文论文以中国和美国作为高低语境文化的代表，以霍尔高低语境文化理论为基础，尝试分析高低语境文化的特征和差异形成的原因，即修辞方式及文化心理、价值观、文学文本中的跨文化交际原则。
并通过三个具体案例分析两国文化之间的差异和可能出现的冲突和误解现象来对以上原因进行解释说明。
以此试图给英语学习者顺利进行跨文化交流提供一些建议，减少跨文化交流中的文化休克和误解现象。
6639关键词跨文化交流高语境文化低语境文化误解外文摘要Title Contrastive Studies on High-Context and Low-Context Cultures between Chinese and Americans’ Intercultural Communication1 / 15AbstractBased on the concept of high-context and low-context cultures put forward by Edward Hall, this paper takes Chinese culture and American culture as representatives of high-context cultures and low-context cultures, aiming to analyze the differences of communication styles of these two cultures. It proclaims the probable culture conflicts that appear in the communication between these two cultures via case studies and tries to find out the reasons why these differences come into being, i.e. rhetoric styles, culture psychology, view of value, and principles of literary allusions. It is expected to provide suggestions for English learners on intercultural communication, reduce culture shock phenomenon, and promote smooth and friendly intercultural communication.Keywordsintercultural communicationhigh-context cultureslow-context culturesmisunderstandingTable of Contents---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------ 1Introduction... ..….11.1The Purpose of the Thesis….….11.2Structure of the ThesisChapter one begins with the introduction which talks about the research objective and method, and then introduces the structure of the paper.Chapter two is a brief review of studies on intercultural communication, and introduction of concepts of context. Different linguists have different idea about context, Halliday (1975) pided context into elements while Hall3 / 15(1976) regarded context as the whole environment of communication. This paper adopts Hall’s perspective.Chapter three is the introduction of the pision of cultures and intercultural communication: high-context culture and low-context culture, then introduces the differences between high-context and low-context cultures and some reasons that might cause those differences.Chapter four exemplifies the differences between high-context and low-context cultures via case study, and then tries to analyze the reasons for the differences.Last chapter serves as a conclusion. It points out the results of the paper, its significance and limitation.---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------2Literature Review2.1 A Brief History of Intercultural CommunicationThe publishing of The Silent Language written by Edward Hall in 1959 is regarded as a start of intercultural communication researches. Intercultural communication can be defined as communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event (Porter, Samovar & Stefani, 2011). Intercultural communication can take place either between people from different countries, for example communication between Chinese and Americans, or between people from the same country, for example communication between American white men and native Indians (Hu Wenzhong, 2002). In academics, intercultural communication involves both communication between people from different nations that speak different5 / 15languages and have different cultural traditions, and communication between people from different nations that speak the same language but have different cultural traditions. Wang Zongyan said in Self-Conscious and Intercultural Communication published in 1993 that successful communication happens when you talk to others and others understand what you said, and communication failure happens when others cannot understand what you said.3High-context and Low-context Communication3.1 Definition of High-context and Low-context CommunicationHall (1976) pided cultures into two categories: high-context cultures and low-context cultures. A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------message. A low-context communication is just the opposite;i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. He maintains that although all cultures contain some characteristics of both high and low variables, most can be placed along a scale showing their ranking on this particular dimension (see Table 1). Table 1 shows clearly that Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Native Americans are representatives of high-context cultures; German, Swiss, and American are representatives of low-context cultures.In high-context cultures, people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences, information networks, and the like. High-context cultures, because of tradition and history, change very little over time. These are cultures in which consistent responses to the environment. “As a result,” Hall (1990) says, “for most normal transactions in daily life they do not require, nor do they expect, much in-depth, background information.” Meaning, therefore, is not necessarily contained in words.7 / 15In high-context cultures, information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliations) and through an inpidual’s informal friends and associates. In high-context cultures, so much information is available in the environment that it is unnecessary to verbalize everything. For instance, statements of affection, such as “I love you,” are rare because the message is conveyed by the context (Porter, Samovar & Stefani, 2011).In addition to differences in nonverbal communication, there are other manifestations of high-context and low-context cultures that influence communication, including:1.Whether the way of expression speakers use is vague---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------ and causes difficulties for listeners.2.Whether the message form can explain reference of one communication specifically.3.Whether the message form can explain communicative intention accurately.4.Whether the message form can provide nonliteral meaning.5.Whether the message form can provide meaning beyond words, i.e., deep meaning. (Gu Jiazu, 2000)3.2Reasons that Cause Differences Between High-context and Low-context CommunicationAlthough ways people communicate are complicated, the most important way is verbal language. There’re9 / 15plenty elements that can influence communication between people, including rhetoric styles, culture psychology, view of value, and principles of literary allusions (Zheng Lixin & Gu Jiazu, 1993).3.2.1Rhetoric Styles and Cultural PsychologyThere used to be a lot of similarities between Chinese and western rhetoric styles, especially in times before Qin dynasty, which mainly appeared in the similar origin of Chinese and western rhetoric. The contention of a hundred schools of thought in Warring States period and the eloquence in Old Greek times are similar in essence. Any people who enjoyed fame used to lead their students and express their own opinions in public (Zhu Shaohou, 1982). As time goes by, westerners inherited and developed western rhetoric standard established by Aristotle, which attached importance to eloquence and promoted debates; While Chinese regarded Confucianism as the only noble theory according to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty’s---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------decision for thousands of years of feudalism society. It changed not only Chinese rhetoric styles, but also Chinese characteristics, and even the deep structure of the whole nation’s culture. Chinese people become introverted and restrained under the influence of Confucianism, which is just the opposite to the extroverted and open characteristics that westerners share. The difference in characteristics between two nations causes difficulties in intercultural communication (Gu Jiazu, 2000).Considering from the aspect of intercultural communication, although there’re a lot of differences between Chinese and western culture, they are equal after all. There is no chance for one culture to replace another, or one culture is superior to another and forces others to draw close. Therefore, intercultural communication must be based on the principle of equality,11 / 15i.e. speakers must try to understand others in others’ shoes (Gu Jiazu, 2000).4Contrastive Studies on High-Context and Low-Context Cultures between Chinese and Americans4.1 Case OnePeople from American always complain about not knowing how to communicate with Chinese people and difficult to understand the deep meanings beyond Chinese people’s words. The case below is about a business talk between an American trade agent, George, and a Chinese trade manager, Mr. Li who makes George confused.Finding an Interested Buyer---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------George Hall was in Beijing attending a trade fair and looking for an opportunity to do business in China. He had been very successful in his business dealings in the US and prided himself on his ability “to get things moving.” His first day was going well. He looked around at the displays of sporting equipment to get some idea of whom he might approach. He was sure that his products, tennis rackets with an unusual new design, would arouse some interest. On the second day he approached the company which he felt would be most responsive to his products. He introduced himself to the general manager, a Mr. Li. Since he had read that Chinese find getting down to business immediately too abrupt and rude, he began a casual conversation, eventually leading up to the topic of his products and suggesting how Mr. Li’s company might benefit from using them. George then suggested that he could arrange to get together with Mr. Li and provide more specifics and documentation on his products. Mr. Li responded in fairly good English, “That would be interesting.”13 / 15The reason that Chinese people talk vaguely and not refuse clearly is a matter of saving face. Chinese people, as people of high-context culture, take it for granted that everyone shares high intelligence and good logicality, so that others can understand their aims through their unfinished sentences or get some deep meanings of sentences that seems not related to the topic.The concept of saving face is a matter of cultural psychology. It comes out of the concept of a Confucian doctrine: moderation, which instructs people not to make things extreme and try to keep a neutral attitude towards things happen around. Confucian doctrines teach people to think more and speak less so as to avoid making mistakes. Therefore, Chinese people are restricted with their every word and action, and use vague words when talking.---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------However, American people, as people of low-context culture, have been respecting inpiduals who can use plain words that everyone can understand to convince others for centuries. They think that the clearer messages are delivered, the easier messages can be understood and accepted.In conclusion, the first reason that causes difference between high-context cultures and low-context cultures is rhetoric styles and cultural psychology, which is the product of different education and worships in history. Different education and worships make different national characteristics, which lead to different ways of talking and acting. 中美跨文化交际中的高低语境文化对比研究(6):15 / 15。
跨文化交际场景下英语口语会话的高低语境有机分析
跨文化交际场景下英语口语会话的高低语境有机分析在跨文化交际场景下，英语口语会话可以分为高低语境。
高低语境在交流中的使用，取决于所处的文化背景、沟通的目的和对方的理解能力。
以下是对高低语境的有机分析：1. 低语境：低语境交流注重清晰明了的表达，信息直接传递给对方，不依赖于非语言和上下文的暗示。
低语境交流通常发生在个人主义文化中，如北欧和北美国家等。
以下是低语境下英语口语会话的特点之一：场景：购物A: Excuse me, do you have this shirt in a size small?B: Yes, it's right over there on the rack.以上对话简明扼要，直接表达需求，不涉及非言辞和上下文的解读。
这种交流方式在低语境下的文化中被认为是有效的和高效的。
在以上对话中，实际上是B通过间接的方式表达了邀请A去散步的意思。
这种方式在高语境的文化中很常见，其中的含义需要通过非语言暗示和上下文推理来理解。
3. 有机分析：实际的跨文化交际场景中，高低语境并不是完全相互排斥的，而是相互渗透、存在叠加的关系。
在真实的口语会话中，可能会同时存在高低语境的元素。
以下是一个例子：在这个对话中，B使用了低语境的直接指示，同时也使用了高语境中的非语言和上下文暗示，如“big red building”和“just a few blocks away”。
这样可以在提供明确指示的让A更好地理解和接受这些信息。
高低语境的应用在跨文化交际中是灵活并具有机动性的。
根据具体情况，交流双方可以选择不同的语境来达到更好的交流效果。
在实际使用中，了解和尊重对方的文化背景和交流偏好是非常重要的。
《高低语境文化理论下的口译员能力研究》
《高低语境文化理论下的口译员能力研究》篇一一、引言在全球化进程不断推进的今天，跨文化交流成为不可或缺的环节。
高低语境文化理论作为跨文化交际研究的重要理论之一，对于理解不同文化背景下的交流方式具有重要意义。
口译员作为跨文化交流的桥梁，其能力在高低语境文化间显得尤为重要。
本文旨在探讨高低语境文化理论下口译员所需具备的能力，以期为口译员的培养和提升提供理论支持。
二、高低语境文化理论概述高低语境文化理论是由美国文化学家爱德华·霍尔提出，根据交流中信息传递的方式和程度，将文化分为高低语境文化两种类型。
高语境文化指信息大多隐含在交流过程中，语言只是传达信息的一部分，而非核心；低语境文化则相反，语言是信息传递的主要方式，非语言信息相对较少。
了解这一理论对于口译员在跨文化交际中准确传递信息具有重要意义。
三、高低语境文化下口译员所需能力1. 语言能力：口译员应具备扎实的语言基础，能够熟练掌握多种语言，包括但不限于母语和外语。
在高低语境文化中，口译员需准确理解并传达不同语言间的微妙差异。
2. 文化敏感性：口译员应具备对不同文化的敏感性和洞察力，了解高低语境文化的特点。
在跨文化交际中，口译员应能够捕捉到非语言信息，如肢体语言、面部表情等，以便更好地理解交流内容。
3. 心理适应能力：面对不同的文化和交际环境，口译员应具备良好的心理适应能力，能够在压力下保持冷静和专注。
此外，口译员还应具备灵活的思维方式和良好的应变能力，以应对各种突发情况。
4. 专业知识：口译员应具备丰富的专业知识，包括政治、经济、法律、科技等领域的知识。
在特定领域的高低语境文化交流中，口译员需具备相应的专业知识，以便更好地进行信息传递。
5. 沟通技巧：口译员应具备良好的沟通技巧，包括倾听、表达、反馈等。
在高低语境文化中，口译员需掌握不同的沟通方式，以便在交流中准确传达信息。
四、培养和提高口译员能力的方法1. 教育和培训：通过专业教育和培训提高口译员的综合素质。
《2024年高低语境文化理论下的口译员能力研究》范文
《高低语境文化理论下的口译员能力研究》篇一一、引言随着全球化进程的加速，跨文化交流日益频繁，口译作为沟通的桥梁，其重要性愈发凸显。
高低语境文化理论为口译研究提供了新的视角。
本文旨在探讨高低语境文化理论下，口译员应具备的能力及其重要性。
二、高低语境文化理论概述高低语境文化理论是一种跨文化交际理论，用来描述不同文化在信息传递和解读方面的差异。
高语境文化强调非语言信息的传递和内隐含义的理解，而低语境文化则更注重明确、直接的言语交流。
了解这一理论有助于口译员更好地应对不同文化背景下的翻译任务。
三、高低语境文化下口译员的能力要求1. 语言能力：口译员应具备流利的源语和目标语口语表达能力，能准确理解和传达信息。
2. 文化敏感度：口译员应具备较高的文化敏感度，了解不同文化间的差异，特别是高低语境文化的特点。
3. 快速学习能力：面对复杂的跨文化交流环境，口译员应具备快速学习的能力，以适应不同的翻译任务。
4. 记忆与注意力分配：在口译过程中，口译员需有效分配注意力和记忆力，确保信息的准确传递。
5. 情绪管理与应变能力：在紧急或压力情境下，口译员应保持冷静，妥善处理突发状况。
四、高低语境文化下的口译挑战与策略1. 高语境文化下的挑战与策略：高语境文化强调非语言信息的传递和内隐含义的理解，这要求口译员具备更强的文化敏感度和解读非语言信息的能力。
策略上，口译员应注重倾听和观察，准确把握说话者的真实意图。
2. 低语境文化下的挑战与策略：低语境文化注重明确、直接的言语交流。
口译员需在准确理解的基础上，用清晰、直接的语言进行翻译，避免信息模糊或误解。
同时，要注重语言表达的准确性，避免使用含糊不清的词汇或表达方式。
五、培养和提高口译员能力的方法1. 加强语言基本功训练：通过大量的语言实践，提高口译员的听说读写能力。
2. 提升文化素养：了解不同文化的背景、价值观和习俗，增强口译员的文化敏感度和跨文化交际能力。
3. 实践锻炼：通过参加各类实际翻译项目和模拟演练，提高口译员的应变能力和实际操作水平。
基于霍尔高低文化语境的中西交际差异比较
基于霍尔高低文化语境的中西交际差异比较摘要：语境是语言环境的简称。
语言环境即指说话时，人所处的状况和状态。
语言环境有多种：一般地说，有自然语言环境、局部语言环境和自我营造的人工语言环境。
人类学家霍尔是研究跨文化交际的先驱之一。
他将文化分为高语境或低语境。
不同的语境文化所包含的编码、信息传输也不同，在高语境文化中信息已存在于人们心中，消息的编码、显性传输方式部分很少；而低语境文化则敲好相反。
关键词：高语境；低语境；交际；差异一．引言语言是文化的载体，生活在不同文化背景下的人其文化不一样，交流方式也不一样。
跨文化交际是文化流通的重要组成部分。
语言的发展变化与文化的发展变化时相互依存的[1]。
随着各国之间贸易往来日益频繁，交际需求大幅上升，这就要求双方关注彼此的交流内容、交流空间、交流活动，促使人们不得不对跨文化交际做全面系统的研究。
在这一过程中人们必须要认识到它是一个融合与排斥、求同与存异辩证统一的过程，而且文化上的差异必定会给生活在不同国度的人带来理解上的困难[2]。
因此人类学家霍尔就认为文化差异的存在会产生跨文化交际的障碍，双方在对比、分析文化交际差异后就能使文化交际顺利进行，所以提高交际者的跨文化交际能力显得尤为重要。
二．高、低语境文化的形成原因霍尔经研究得出多数亚洲国家是高语境文化，而欧洲国家更倾向于低语境文化。
首先高语境文化的定义是人们彼此进行交流时，不必把交流信息完全用言语表达出来，有时可以利用表情、动作、眼神、甚至沉默的形式来传递信息，双方通过交流环境可以获得大量的信息内容。
而低语境文化由于在生活经历上的差异性，所以他们彼此问的交际是比较独立的，较少会受到交际环境的影响，也就是说交际环境本身和交流双方自身所涵有的信息量比较少。
交际信息必须通过清晰明确的语言信息编码来传递才能让交流顺利进行。
而造成以上种种不同的原因在于中德的社会历史因素不同。
通过学习历史可以发现中国的社会历史发展悠久，人们长期生活在一个较为稳定的环境中，语言相同，生活节奏尽然有序，彼此熟悉，生活经验较为单一，所以人们对言语的依赖程度低而更多的借助非语言手段。
高低语境文化下跨文化交际策略探析
高低语境文化下跨文化交际策略探析摘要：本文围绕跨文化交际中高语境和低语境文化的渊源及差异进行分析，并通过剖析高低语境差异时人们的交际应对策略，总结归纳，以此帮助交际者在不同文化的交际中能够顺利进行。
关键词：跨文化交际、高低语境文化、应对策略一、引言高语境文化和低语境文化由美国人类学家爱德华·霍尔 (E.T.H all)首次提出。
其观点如下：在高语境文化中传递信息时，所使用的信息量要远低于低语境文化。
受不同背景文化影响，人们在沟通和交流的过程中势必会产生语言、思维及价值观的碰撞点，而这也客观的导致了跨文化交际中时而出现的局部冲突和交流障碍。
故而，只有渗透文化肌理，结构化剖析内部逻辑，掌握交流过程中产生冲突和障碍的客观因素，才能总结出与之相对的应对方案，从而切实提高交际者的跨文化交际能力。
二、高语境文化与低语境文化产生的渊源高语境文化可追溯到孔子的儒家学说。
众所周知，中国人的民族性格强调内敛，谨慎且拥护和谐。
同理，在一脉相承的儒家文化中，少言、寡言、慎言也备受世代推崇。
而相反，在国人的既定文化范畴中，巧言，多言则成了负面的表现，是不值得称道的[1]。
中国作为一个典型的高语境文化国家，思维方式的特定性决定了人们在传达信息时所依赖的因素更为复杂。
而西方人崇尚个人主义，这就使得他们的思想意识受约束和规范影响较小。
再者。
西方文化追求效率与公平，其最终关注的是利益而并非人与人之间的情感，上述原因都导致他们在长期的发展过程中倾斜于低语境文化的塑造。
三、高低语境下思维方式及交际方式的差异“没有语言的人类文化不可思议”[2]，高低语境文化的差异导致人们在交流中存在思维方式的差异,同时因为两者所处的环境、历史不同，致使所具备的特点也大相径庭。
（一）解决问题及自我调节的方式不同在处理个人问题时，高语境文化和低语境文化表现差异极为明显。
在高语境文化的国家，人们通过委婉、间接的方式，尽可能的避免直面冲突。
但在低语境文化的国家，但凡遇到持有不同观点的交流碰撞，人们更愿意以直接的方式论述的自己观点。
跨文化交际场景下英语口语会话的高低语境有机分析
跨文化交际场景下英语口语会话的高低语境有机分析跨文化交际是在不同文化背景下进行交流和沟通的过程。
在这样的交际场景下，英语口语会话的高低语境有机分析显得尤为重要。
高低语境是指交际双方在交流中所使用的语言风格和语言习惯。
在跨文化交际场景下，英语口语的高低语境会直接影响到沟通的效果和质量。
了解和分析高低语境在英语口语会话中的作用对于有效的跨文化交际至关重要。
高低语境的定义高低语境是爱德华·霍尔在他的著作《文化与交际》中提出的概念。
高低语境指的是在交流中，信息传达的重要性和依赖性程度的不同。
在高低语境中，高语境文化更注重非言语和暗示性的信息，信息传达更依赖于上下文和背景知识；低语境文化则更注重明确的表达和直接的信息传达。
高低语境在英语口语会话中的体现在跨文化交际场景下，英语口语会话的高低语境体现在多个方面。
首先是在口语表达的直接性上。
高语境文化更倾向于使用比喻、暗示和间接的表达方式，而低语境文化更倾向于直接清晰的表达。
在西方文化中，当询问"你饿吗？"时，可能会得到"有点饿"或"不太饿"的回答，而在东方文化中，可能会得到"不用了"或"我饱了"的回答。
其次是在语速和停顿的运用上。
高语境文化更倾向于使用较快的语速和较短的停顿，而低语境文化更倾向于较慢的语速和较长的停顿。
这会直接影响到交流双方对话的流畅度和互动效果。
在非言语信息的运用上，高语境文化更注重面部表情、眼神交流和身体动作的暗示性，而低语境文化更注重语言本身的含义和直接传达的信息。
高低语境在跨文化交际中的作用了解高低语境在跨文化交际中的作用对于有效的英语口语交流至关重要。
在跨文化交际中，如果双方对高低语境的差异缺乏敏感和理解，很容易导致误解和沟通障碍。
在英语口语会话中，高低语境的不同可能导致信息传达的偏差和理解的不足。
比如在商务谈判中，如果双方文化背景的高低语境差异较大，可能会导致交涉的困难和目标的偏差。
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1 High context culture（高语境文化）：
Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the
physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context.（在高语境
文化中，在人们交际时，有较多的信息量或者蕴涵在社会文化环境和情景中，或
者内化于交际者的心中；相对地讲，明显的语码则负载较少的信息量。这也意味
着，在强交际环境文化的人们对微妙的环境提示较为敏感。）
2 Low context culture（低语境文化）：
Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the context because the
message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low context. （在低语境文化中，
交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载，相对地讲，只有少量的
信息蕴涵在隐性的环境和情景中。这也意味着，在低语境文化中的人们习惯用语
言本身的力量来进行交际。）
3General Introduction to High-context and Low-context Cultures Anthropologist
Edward T. Hall’s theory of high- and low-context culture helps us better understand the
powerful effect culture has on communication. A key factor in his theory is context.
This relates to the framework, background, and surrounding circumstances in which
communication or an event takes place.
High-context cultures (including much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and South
America) are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. This means that
people in these cultures emphasize interpersonal relationships. Developing trust is an
important first step to any business transaction. According to Hall, these cultures are
collectivist, preferring group harmony and consensus to individual achievement. And
people in these cultures are less governed by reason than by intuition or feelings. Words
are not so important as context, which might include the speaker’s tone of voice, facial
expression, gestures, posture—and even the person’s family history and status.
A Japanese manager explained his culture’s communication style to an
American: ―We are a homogeneous people and don’t have to speak as much as you do
here. When we say one word, we understand ten, but here you have to say ten to
understand one. High-context communication tends to be more indirect and more
formal. Flowery language, humility, and elaborate apologies are typical.
Low-context cultures (including North America and much of Western Europe) are
logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented. People from low-context cultures
value logic, facts, and directness. Solving a problem means lining up the facts and
evaluating one after another. Decisions are based on fact rather than intuition.
Discussions end with actions. And communicators are expected to be straightforward,
concise, and efficient in telling what action is expected. To be absolutely clear, they
strive to use precise words and intend them to be taken literally. Explicit contracts
conclude negotiations. This is very different from communicators in high-context
cultures who depend less on language precision and legal documents. High-context
business people may even distrust contracts and be offended by the lack of trust they
suggest.
3 Cross-cultural tips
不同语境文化的三个语言表达特点：
（一）言外之意
我们首先注意到是言语中传情达意成分的多寡。此处的传意成分不同于信息量：
如果说信息量是指言语所传递的信息多寡的话，那么传意成分则偏重于信息背后
的―意，即那一点点的言外之意。
（二）长话短听
其次是言语交际中的用语量大小。人们可能会以为，低语境文化的言语交际全靠
话语的字面意义来传递信息，因此人们在交际时就不得不使用更多的词语、更长
的句子。其实不然。正如我们在前面所提到的，来自低语境文化的人倾向于使用
传意成分高的词语，在遣词用字方面讲求精确、直接、不拐弯抹角，每一个词都
能起到其实际的传意效果，因此他们的用语量并不大。 反观高语境文化。由于人
们使用的是传意成分偏低的言语表达方式，词语附带的理解价值也就相对较低，
因此人们可能得讲上好几个回合，兼用婉曲、双关甚至反语，才能间接勾勒出其
言的理解背景。
（三）―面子问题
再者，对社会地位和面子问题的考虑，也是高语境文化中不可或缺的重要部分。 对
于来自低语境文化的美国人、德国人来说，直接提出质问和提出异议，是解决问
题的最佳方式。在他们看来，直接是对事不对人，因此不存在尊重与否的问题。