道路交通安全毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

道路交通安全毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
道路交通安全毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

道路交通安全毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译视觉零——道路交通安全的一项实施政策罗杰约翰逊道路安全司,瑞典公路管理局,罗达沃根 1,78187 Borlange,瑞典关键词:视觉零、道路安全、实施摘要:本文的范畴是一个提纲,一般来说,道路安全理念本来就存在于现在道路和道路设计中。追踪这种理念的起源,提出了新的街道道路的设计原则有人会争辩说,在目前的道路设计理念的缺陷。是主要的原因全球道路安全危机,清楚表明其人造的性质。一个由决策过程所构成的简短的描述,导致零视觉在 1997 年作为瑞典交通安全政策确立。通过对问题的分析,为寻求解决之道提出建议。这些解决方案基于视觉零中的一些原则。这些措施包括一个用于创建错误容忍的道路系统的新的基本机制,和道路、街道新的设计原则。因此,传统的“怪罪受害者”的质疑和焦点放在了需要专业人士基于这些新的标准所采取的行动。在过去 10 年在瑞典的死亡人数已经从大约 550 /年下降到 450 /年。重新设计的道路中央分隔带已经减少了 80%在死亡。街道以 30 公里/小时的设计速度显示出类似的结果。这表明,从视觉零衍生出来的策略是有效的,但还没有大规模实施。1、过程自 1993 年,在瑞典瑞典公路管理局(SRA)的有一个整体的责任道路交通安全。在 1996 年,这一责任被政府进一步澄清。瑞典已有非常小的部委(人员数)。因此,像 SRA 的管理部门经常有半政治任务,如发展政策和目标。政策决定、长期目标和总体预算是由政府或议会做出的,而发展是在管理部门做出的。继 1994 年秋季瑞典有

了一个新选举的交通部长。交通部长宣布,安全将是她的优先事项之一。部长的工作人员就如何使部长能够做出交通安全优先课题和 SRA之间展开对话。在 1994 年春天,SRA 和主要利益相关者一起对 1994-2000 年的行车安全提出了一项短期方案。它不仅有和先前工作的连续性,而且更加强调关键行动和重视成果之间的协作。这个方案后,直接推动 SRA 开始制定交通安全长期战略的基本思路。它已经被确认为当代一些交通安全问题的范例(约翰逊,1991)。部分问题的原因是许多措施缺乏预期的效益,这被 Gerald Wilde 等承认(2001 年,在 Wilde 中最好的描述)。详细概述可以在经合组织(1990)中找到。即使不是所有的崩溃或冲突是可以避免的,非常严重受伤可以在原则上是可以避免的,新的安全模式——视觉零是建立在这一基本思想上的。基本思想是建立预测碰撞事故,将健康损失控制在容忍范围以内的安全体系。部长和她的工作人员认识到在视觉零的想法和政治背景下工作是可能,迅速采用了这一基本思路,制定了文本(翻译 Belin 等,1997),1997 年在议会上提出这一思路,它被所有的政党接受(Tingvall,1998 年)。从那时起议会多次在不同场合重复这一思路。“视觉零”的概念在其他很多领域已经成为了“高度的政治野心”的代名词。2008 年,政府对视觉零做了一个自杀决定。1995 年,关于视觉零的许多政治辩论和在 1997 年议会的决策都集中在这样的一个问题“死亡人数是多少,我们才能接受?当时,瑞典大约有 500 人死于交通事故中。(比较与其他运输方式情况下作出安全水平,显然是零死亡率的目标),职业安全(每年

约 50 人死亡),电力(每年约 5 人死亡)。从这个政治分析得出的结论是零死亡率的目标是唯一合理的道路交通目标。在同一时期,SRA 及其网路的工作集中在寻找从根本上降低道路交通死亡风险的策略。通常旨在减少一个死亡风险的因素 10。下面是个例子。2、视觉零 1997 年,瑞典议会通过了一项关于交通安全条例草案其中有人指出:“视觉零意味着最终没有人在道路交通系统被杀死或严重受伤。”视觉零点并不意味着导致个人财产损失轻微损失和人身受到轻微伤害的事故必须被消除。上述问题并不认为是道路交通安全方面的一个重要的因素,即使他们能为国家的费用,县议会,市和个人带来巨大收益。相反,重点应放在,导致一人被杀害或严重受伤的这些事件。视觉零还提出了一种道德的方法解决来与公路交通有关的健康问题:“当在道路交通系统中运行时,人身被致死或受到严重伤害在道德上是不能接受的。视觉零被认为是道路交通系统设计和运作的一个长期目标。重要的是实现零的视觉做法将改变对道路交通的安全的工作目标;即从减少交通事故伤亡的数量方面制定一个明确的目标:消除交通事故所造成的长期健康损害的风险。这些新的方法使我们从“我们能做些什么?”向“我们必须做些什么?”转变。视觉零对道路交通安全系统中的道路交通安全作出了新的假定划分,道路交通安全责任应遵循以下底线:1、该系统的设计者总是对道路安全系统的设计、运作和使用负最终责任,从而对整个系统的安全水平负责。2、道路使用者使用的责任是使用道路交通系统时,要按照设计师所确定的规则。3、如果道路使用者不遵守这些规则而缺

乏知识,接受或能力,或者如果伤害确实发生,系统设计者必须采取必要的进一步措施,消除人被杀害和受重伤。采用视觉零方法意味着注重人的生命和健康是设计和运作的道路交通系统绝对的要求。这意味着道路交通安全问题与环境问题相似,必须明确结合影响道路交通安全系统中安全运行的所有进程。基于以下几点:“人体能够承受的,不能是自身致死和重伤的暴力水平应当是道路运输系统的基本参数。”基于这个原则,能够发展道路安全的未来社会:通过设计和建造的道路,改良车辆和提高运输服务,使人们受到的暴力水平不超过人体承受范围;这些都是通过不同的支持系统,如有效的贡献规章制度,教育,信息,监测,救援服务,护理和康复。以此为基础,将产生一种积极的需求:寻找新的和有效的解决方案,能够推动公路运输系统的建设重点和要求以及先决条件都在人的需要上。“这是事实,有 95%的事故或碰撞是因为人类的错误,但根据视觉零理念,95%的解决方案在改变道路,街道或车辆。”下面是几个例子:(1)在瑞典司机曾经有 92%的安全带佩戴率。虽然不错,但还是不够好。EuroNCaP 几年前建立了一个对安全带提醒协议,结果 2005 年出售的 70的新车都有安全带提醒装置。这些车的司机安全带佩戴率为 99%。因此,系安全带的问题会逐渐以非常低的成本的方式得到解决。(2)酒精:酒后驾车在世界各地都是一个很大的问题,尽管在严格的立法和执法下,有些改善。证明交通运输的安全性首先要满足交通运输专业人士提出的“证明清醒”的要求。在瑞典约有 50%学校巴士有酒精联动锁(一装置检查。驱动程序是

否清醒)新一代的酒精锁将要上市(在欧美至少有 4 个竞争对手),它将有更低的价格和更高的性能。通过这种方式,一辆车,它提醒你使用安全带,并检查你的呼吸酒精或检查你的表现,并帮助你成为一个更好,更安全驾驶的司机。不同方面的视觉零的理念能在这里找到(Tingvall 等,1996 年, 1997 年;Tingvall,1998 年,2007年;Belin 等人,1997 年)。3、传统的道路设计理念传统的道路交通安全导向是以“事故”为出发点。事故统计数通常基于警方报告,而报告是依据警方已知的事故所制作的。这些统计数据已被世界各地的道路部门用于描述和分析与道路安全问题相关的道路及道路设计问题。重要的是要注意的交通事故和(差)的道路安全不是相同含义。很多事故可能是一种(差)的安全指标,但如果事故没有造成人身伤害,则他们(这些事故)不是。道路安全是一个有关人身健康问题。如果碰撞或交通事故没有人身伤害就不是交通安全问题,只是经济损失问题。但在本文中提到另一种安全理念,即从选择“事故”的角度,最大限度的减少事故,降低不必要的人身伤害。正如所有现代交通安全问题都定义为健康问题(健康损失),而从交通事故角度都失去了这个目的。一般事故分析表明 90-95%的事故由道路使用者所造成的。社会对预防交通事故最基本的回应是制定约束道路使用者行为的规章制度。交通立法的目的主要是为了简化对道路使用者的任务,使事故的风险较低。很多情况下这一工作是一目的。但是,如果把焦点转移到交通法规所减少的健康损失的效果上,该模式就不太清楚了。例如,在交通信号等和行人过路处,通常在

安装信号灯的地方碰撞事故较少,但多发生严重伤害。行人过路处通常没有行人安全通过的方式,因为他们横穿马路方便,但这给他们自身带来了不安全。当涉及到以公路和街道为主的安全设计总体战略时是增加司机和车辆的空间。也就是说,更广泛的通道,更广泛的道路,直路,大通道等。这背后的原因是直接的和符合逻辑的。如果司机驾车偏离道路,那么宽一点的路面有助于车辆回到原来道路,继续前行。如果司机驾车在弯道处容易偏离车道,那么就将车道建的直一些,以避免交通事故的发生。这种方法在减少交通事故方面取得一些成功,即使对降低事故风险方面受到质疑(Hauer,1999)。这种方法只是创造了回避的空间,而在减少严重伤亡的方面没有获得成功。事实上,从所有的方便考虑,这一方法增加了死亡和对健康的损害。如果其他一切一样的话,宽阔的道路上比有很多曲线的窄路上有更高的(事故)死亡率。原因很简单:最突出的效果是有更广阔的运行空间,就有更高的车速。这就意味着在车辆碰撞时有更大的动能。在其他条件相同的情况下,更高的能量水平导致更多的健康损伤。车速增长有两个原因:一是道路管理者在宽阔的道路上的规定的车速上限值大,二是在直的道路上,司机被告知这种道路安全等级高,致使司机在这些道路上更快的行车。建造宽阔、笔直的道路和街道的这种安全理念是导致全球道路安全危机的主要原因之一。通过与后文中的视觉零理念的对比,得到在严重人身伤害或死亡方面的风险会增加,这是由十个因素中的一个或两个引起的。没有其他的设计参数有如此巨大的影响。例如,瑞典二线的公路,最

高车速限速我 110 公里/小时。而在这些道路上有最严重的伤亡记录,一人死亡,超过三人受伤。相对于新中国公路产生的每年每公里公路上死亡超过一人来说。瑞典乡村公路和中国公路主要不同是:后者有大量的易受伤的道路使用者,只能采用像是采用拓宽道路和交通法规的方法使他们与机动车分离。行人过路(图1),提到瑞典道路一个例子表明道路使用中央分隔带或边缘分隔带能够减少死亡人数 85—90。在上文提及的中国公路,至少在了原则上,重建能够较少死亡人数髙达 99。必须注意机动车化及其对整个国家道路安全的影响。瑞典机动车大约有 0.5 辆/居民,而中国在开始时机动车为 0.04 辆/居民。世界银行指出,当国民生产总值/人均达到约 8000 美元,一个国家的道路死亡人数从原来的上升趋势变为下降趋势(Kopits 和 Kropper,2003)。基于这些数据,有这样一种假说:交通组成的变化,也就是说,在这个经济发展阶段,受保护/未受保护道路使用者的混合交通达到临界限。也就是说,分离车辆与未受保护道路使用者达到一定水平时,有最佳的道路安全的整体效果。它还应值得注意的是,这(大多数)社会的分离是自发的而不是设计的。还有这样一个功能越来越多的人使用机动车(车或公共汽车)和减少脆弱道路使用者数量,尤其是在农村道路上。这在发展中国家是一个挑战,当然,工程师在机动化的早期阶段的这种分离也是挑战。4、视觉零的设计原则交通安全系统设计的出发点从这样的一个角度:人类所能忍受的生物力学方面的暴力。这种忍受能是一个给定的因素—这不会在重大程度上的影响。例如,汽车以 25—30 公里/小时的车

速撞击行人,大部分被撞击者能够幸存。但是,如果汽车以 50 公里/小时车速撞击行人,则大多数行人会死亡(图 2)。鉴于道路安全设计在交通事故方面一般思路是增加驾驶员和车辆的空间,从视觉零角度相应的策略是控制车辆冲突和碰撞时的动能。就是这些动能使道路使用者受到伤亡,而不是事故本身。通过控制碰撞时传递到人体的能量,一种错误的忍受能力将被放入交通系统中。事实上,错误容忍能力观点的背后目的是给驾驶员空间的传统安全模式。有空间来进行回避操作,避免发生事故,但问题是没有按照所计划的方式生效。控制车辆碰撞冲突时的动能,可以被分解的关于道路和街道设计以下原则:“整合”和“分离”即通过整合兼容的交通要素和分离不兼容的交通要素。这是一些边界值:1、易受伤害的道路使用者不应该接触机动车时速超过 30 公里/小时的机动车。2、如果第 1 条不能满足,则要将易受伤害的道路使用者和机动车分离或减少车速到 30 公里/小时。3、在转弯超过 90 度路口,车辆内成员不应接触车速超过 50 公里/小时的其他车辆。4、如果第 3 条不能满足,那么要是他们分离或减小角度或降低车速到 50 公里/小时。5、车内的人不应该接触迎面而来的车辆(其他车辆大约同等重量)速度超过 70公里/小时或车速 50 公里/小时,如果迎面而来的车辆是相当不同重量(图 3)。6、如果第 5 条布不能满足,那么应该分离车辆或使车辆质量平均或降低车速到70 50 公里/小时。7、车内的人不应该接触路边,在车速超过 70 公里/小时或车速 50 公里/小时,路边有树木或其他狭窄物体(图 4)。8、如果第 7 条不能满足,

那么应将车辆与路边分离或降低车速到 70 50 公里/小时。图 1。中国的公路 204,被认为是安全的,特征是在该道路上每公里每年死亡超过一人。行人死亡的可能性撞击速度(千米/小时)图2。撞击速度和行人死亡概率的函数(Anderson 等人,1997)。图 3。在瑞典,重新设计的有 21 条车道和中央分隔带的乡道,使死亡人数减少 80–90。图 4。模拟车辆与树的碰撞,这幅图表示的是车辆以 70 千米/小时撞击后的大概位置状况。Vision Zero – Implementing a policy for traffic safetyRoger JohanssonRoad Safety Division Swedish Road Administration Roda Vagen 1 78187 BorlangeSwedenKeywords: Vision Zero Road Safety ImplementationAbstractThe scope of this paper is to outline in a general way the safety philosophy inherentin present road- and street design trace the origin of this philosophy and to presentthe principles for a new design of streets and roads. It will be argued that deficienciesin the present road design philosophy are the main cause of the global road safetycrisis clearly indicating its man-made nature. A brief description is made of thedecision process leading to the establishment of Vision Zero as Sweden’s TrafficSafety Policy in 1997. Following an analysis of the problem suggestions are made for finding solutions.The solutions are based on some of the principles in Vision Zero. They include a newbasic mechanism for creating

error-tolerance in the road system and new designprinciples for road- and street design. The tradition of “blaming the victim” is hereby questioned and focus is put on theneed for professionals to act based on these new standards. During the last 10 yearsthe fatalities in Sweden have dropped from approximately 550/year to 450/year.Roads redesigned with median barriers have an 80 reduction in fatalities. Streetswith 30 km/h design speed show similar results. This indicates that measures derivedfrom Vision Zero strategy are effective but that large scale implementation has not yetbeen done.1. The process The Swedish Road Administration SRA had an overall responsibility for RoadTraffic Safety in Sweden since 1993. This responsibility was further clarified by theGovernment in 1996. Sweden has very small Ministries number of personnel. As aconsequence Administrations like the SRA often have semi-political tasks likedevelopment of policies and targets. Decisions on policy long term targets andoverall budgets are made by the Government or the Parliament but development ismade in the Administration. Following the elections in the autumn 1994 Sweden got a new Minister forTransportation. The Minister declared that traffic safety would be one of her priorities.A dialog was started between the Minister’s Staff and the SRA on how the

Ministercould make traffic safety a prioritized subject. In the spring of 1994 the SRA together with the major stakeholders for trafficsafety had presented a short term program for action for the years of 1994–2000. Ithad the character of continuing earlier work but with more emphasis on cooperationbetween key actors and focus on results. Directly after this program was launched theSRA started to develop some basic ideas for a long term strategy for traffic safety. Ithad been recognised for some time that the contemporary traffic safety paradigm hadsome problems Johansson 1991. Part of this problem was a lack of expectedbenefits of many measures something that was recognised by among others GeraldWilde best described in Wilde 2001. A comprehensive overview can be found inOECD 1990. The new safety paradigm Vision Zero is built around the basic idea that even if notall crashes or collisions can be avoided all severe injuries can in principle beavoided. The basic idea was to build a “safe system” where all predicted crashes andcollisions had tolerable health losses. The Minister and her Staff recognised that itwas possible to work with the ideas behind Vision Zero in a political setting andquickly adopted the basic ideas developed a text translated in Belin et al. 1997 andtook it to the Parliament

in 1997 where it was accepted by all political partiesTingvall 1998. Since then the Parliament has repeated this decision on a number ofoccasions. The notion of “Vision Zero” has become synonymous with the concept of“high political ambitions” in a number of other areas as well. The Government in2008 took a decision on a Vision Zero for suicide. Much of the political debate onVision Zero between 1995 and the Parliament’s decision in 1997 was concentrated onthe question”How many fatalities can we accept” At this time Sweden had around500 fatalities in road traffic per year. Comparisons where made with the safety levelfor other transport modes clearly a zero fatality goal occupational safety about 50fatalities annually electricity about five fatalities annually. From this politicalanalysis it was concluded that a zero fatality target was the only justifiable target forroad traffic. During the same time period SRA and its network concentrated work ondeveloping strategies for radically lowering fatality risks in road traffic typicallyaiming at reducing fatality risks with a factor 10. Examples follow later in this paper.2. Vision Zero In 1997 the Swedish Parliament passed a bill on Traffic Safety where it was statedthat: “Vision Zero means that eventually no one will be killed or seriously injuredwithin

the road transport system.” Vision Zero does not presume that all accidents that result in personal propertydamage or in less serious injuries must be eliminated. These occurrences are notconsidered to be an essential element in the road traffic safety problem even if theycan entail large costs for the State county councils municipalities and individuals.Rather focus shall be placed on those incidents that lead to a person being killed orseriously injured. Vision Zero also proposes an ethical approach to the healthproblems associated with road traffic: “It can never be ethically acceptable that people are killed or seriously injuredwhen moving within the road transport system.”Vision Zero is sa.

汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译

On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011):14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期:14~28

摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准(电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC)。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上,在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全,稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统(DYC)是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定,防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系,转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合),现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计,具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下,才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统,这样不需要一个参

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1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献(学术期刊网上的),译成中文,与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前,同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为:上边距:3.5厘米,下边距:2.5厘米,左边距:3.5厘米,右边距:2厘米,页眉:2.5厘米,页脚:2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”,每段落首行缩进2字;或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字,字体:宋体,字号:小四,行距:多倍行距1.3,间距:前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意:各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1.第一级标题(如:第1章绪论)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:三号,1.5倍行距,段后11磅,段前为11磅。 2.第二级标题(如:1.2 摘要与关键词)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:四号,1.5倍行距,段后为0,段前0.5行。 3.第三级标题(如:1.2.1 摘要)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:小四,1.5倍行距,段后为0,段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格(半角)。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书(论文)撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

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Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu,Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.

外文文献翻译:汽车的发展

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大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译

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汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求,但是在大多数州(新罕布什和威斯康星州除外)都要求必须购买汽车保险;在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州,如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求,那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定,买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示,一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定,有些是可以选择的,具体如下: 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如,你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10,这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元,每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元,每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险,佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故,你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资;财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用,但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。

电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译中英文对照翻译

本科毕业设计(论文)中英文对照翻译 院(系部)电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师

Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish

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