(完整word版)《英语语言学》答案完整版
《英语语言学概论》答案完整版
考核方法：闭卷考试
时间：100分钟
题型：
I. 单项选择(15×1’=15’)
II．判断(15×1’=15’)
III．填空(10×1’=10’)
IV．术语解释(5×2’ =10’)
V．简答题(4×5’ =20’)
VI. 分析题（30’）
重点掌握的术语：
1. Linguistics语言学
The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.
2. design features设计特点
They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality.
3. Displacement移位
Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places.
4. Duality二元性
It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously.
5. Arbitrariness任意性
It is generally the case that there is no ‘natural’ connection between a linguistic form and its meaning.
6. Manner of articulation发音方法
It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated.
7. Place of articulation发音部位
It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated.
8. articulatory phonetics发音语言学
The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or ‘articulated’ is articulatory phonetics.
9. Phonology音系学
The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language.
10. Assimilation同化
It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or ‘copied’ by the other. For example, the word ‘can’ in the sentence ‘I can go.’may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g].
11. Back-formation逆构法，逆序构词
A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word
‘donation’ first came into use and then the verb ‘donate’ was created from it.
12. Morpheme词素
It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. For example, the word tourists contains three morphemes tour, -ist, and -s.
13. Immediate Constituent直接成份
It is an approach to describe the regular structures of the language. It is designed to show constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction.
14. Syntax 句法；语法
The study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence.
15.semantics 语义学
The study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentence in particular.
16. Hyponymy 下义关系，上下位关系
When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described as hyponymy.
17. Homonymy同音异义
It is used when one word is written and spoken are the same while possessing different meanings. For example, the bank can be referred to a river and financial institution as well.
18.synonymy 同义
It refers to the case that two or more forms have very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentence,such as broad and wide.
19. Pragmatics 语用学
The study of what the writer or speaker of those words intended to convey.
20. Synchronic 共时性，历时性
It is the case that we concentrate on variation in language in terms of differences within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time.
第一章语言的起源
概念辨析
The “bow-wow” theory
The “yo-heave-ho” theory
思考
“bow-wow”理论和“哟哦呵”理论的差异何在？
The former theory means that primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them while‘yo-he-ho’ theory means a set of grunts, groans and curses involved in physical effort
自然声音模仿假说有什么不足之处？
On the one hand, it does not answer our question regarding the origins of the sounds produced because primates have grunts and social calls, but they do not have developed the capacity for speech.
On the other hand, soundless and abstract things have not been explained since a language cannot be only a set of words used as‘names’ for entities.
第三章语言的属性
概念辨析
language
Design features of language
Displacement
Arbitrariness
Duality
应用
能够根据所观察到的语言现象来解释语言的定义性特征。
能够根据语言的定义性特征来区别人类语言和动物交流系统
思考
人类语言有哪些功能？
First, it has the function of cultural transmission. People pass knowledge, skills from one generation to the next only through oral language especially in the old days,
Second, it has the function of communication. Human use their language to communicate with each other, socially or emotionally, to indicate their friendliness, cooperation or annoyance and pleasure.
Third, it plays an important role in thinking. Language is the instrument of thought and people often feel it necessary to speak their thoughts aloud.
动物交流系统里存在“说谎”吗？
It absolutely exists in animal communication system. For example, some animals will pretend to die to avoid being eaten. Therefore,it is common phenomenon in animal for survive or foods.
第五章语音学
概念辨析
Articulatory/acoustic/auditory phonetics
manners of articulation vs. places of articulation
Consonants vs. V owels
Whether they are produced with obstruction of the air stream in the mouth.
phonetics vs. Phonology
Production and characteristics of speech sound vs. How speech sound forms and abstract or mental aspect of it.
broad transcription vs. narrow transcription
Whether they have allophones
理解
Speech organs
The classification and description of consonants
The classification and description of vowels
应用
能够识别发声器官图中的发声器官名称
Vocal cords声带alveolar 齿龈palate 上颚velum软腭
能够根据发音部位/方式英语辅音进行分类和描述。
发音部位bilabial [p][b][m][w] labiodental [f][v] dental[θ][e] alveolar[t][d][s][z]
a l v e o-p a l a t a l[?][?][t?][d?][j]v e l a r[k][g][?]g l o t t a l[h]
发音方式Fricative [f][v][θ][e][s][z][?][?] affricate[t?][d?]
能够描述元音
前元音/i/ /i:/ /e/ /?/
中元音/?/ /?/ /?:/
后元音/u/ /u:/ /?/ /?:/ /a:/
思考
长元音是短元音的时间延长吗？
the length and tenseness in articulation.
基本元音系统在元音描述和分类中有什么用处？
With the cardinal vowel as reference, the vowel in a particular language can be accurately described without much difficulty.
第六章音系学
概念辨析
Phonetics vs. Phonology
Phones, Phonemes and allophones
The minimal unit in the sound system of a language is phoneme. Many different versions of that sound-type produced in actual speech are phones. And these phones are allophones.(from abstract to specific and the whole of the specific.)
Phonemic contrast vs. Complementary distribution
Phoneme vs allophone(like [p=] and [p h])
Syllables
Must contain a vowel sound.
assimilation
理解
The relation among phones, phonemes and allophones
The different types of assimilation
Regressive, progressive and double assimilation
The different types of deletion(elision)
应用
能够分析语音学和音系学的区别
能够根据根据音位对立概念来组建和设计最小对子和最小对子组
能够根据互补分布概念来理解同一音位在不同语音环境下的发音效果
能够清楚地分析音节结构
能够根据同化现象来解释语流中的音变现象
思考
如何确定语言中的音位？
we can distinguish a phoneme in terms of meaning because each phoneme can produce different meaning in a language, such as, [s]sound in the word ‘sing’ and [θ]sound in the word ‘thing’. Since the two words have different meaning, the two sound are different phonemes.
开音节和闭音节有何不同？
第七章构词法
概念辨析
Blending vs. Clipping
The combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term such as ‘smog’which is from smoke and fog.
The element of reduction is called clipping such as gas which is used more frequently than gasoline.
Derivation vs. Back-formation
It is the most common word-formation process in the production of new words by means of affixes.
Prefix vs. Suffix
Added to the beginning of a word or the end of the word.
运用
能够根据构词法来辨识所出现的新词
Coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym and derivation.
思考
前缀和后缀在构词法中的作用有何不同？
In general, prefixes are to show the direction of the original form while suffixes are to show the parts of speech of it.
转类词(converse)和同音同形异义(homonymy)字有差异吗？
Converse emphasize the difference if its part of speech while homonymy focus on the difference in its meaning.
第八章形态学
概念辨析
Free morphemes vs. Bound morphemes
Whether they can stand by themselves as single words.
Lexical morphemes vs. Functional morphemes
Whether they carry the ‘content’ of message we convey.
Derivational morphemes vs. Inflectional morphemes
The former are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem.
The latter are used to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.(plural or single, past tense or not, comparative or possessive,present participant or past participant.)
理解
Morphemes
Inflectional morphemes
应用
能够根据词素的分类对英语句子进行简单的形态描述
e.g.The girl -’s wild ness shock -ed the
(functional) (lexical) (inflectional) (lexical) (derivational) (lexical) (inflectional)(functional)
teach er -’s
(lexical) (derivational) (inflectional)
能够区分派生词素和曲折变化词素
思考
序数词词尾是派生词素还是屈折变化词素？
派生词素
词根和词干有什么区别？
Root is the form which cuts out all its affixes while stem is the form which only deletes its inflectional morphemes. For example ‘teacher’ is stem while ‘teach’ is root in the word ‘teachers’.
第九章短语和句子
概念辨析
Prescriptive grammar vs. Modern linguistics
Collect some samples of the language then describe the regular structures of it.
理解
Agreement (number/person), gender (natural gender/grammatical gender),case
Tense, aspect and voice of verbs
掌握
Parts of speech
Noun adjective verb adverb conjunction (what does it refer to and how it is used)
IC analysis
应用
能应用直接成分分析法对英语简单句进行分析并标示节点名称
｛S〔NP[A rt The] [N dog]〕〔VP[V followed]〔NP[Art the] [N dog]〕〕｝.
学会直接成分分析法树形图的绘制
S
NP VP
Det N V NP
Det N
The the ball
第十章句法
概念辨析
Deep structure vs. Surface structure
An abstract level of structural organization or not
理解
Generative grammar
Analogically, if the sentences of a language can be seen as a comparable set, then there must be a set of explicit rules that can produce all those sentences. Such a set of explicit rules is a generative grammar.
Phrase structure rules
rules state that the structure of a phrase of a specific type will consist of one or more constituents in a particular order.
S→NP VP VP→V NP (PP)(Adv)
NP→{Art (Adj) N,PN} PP→Prep NP
Recursion
repeat some symbols on the right of the arrow. e.g. VP→V S
掌握
Syntactic description
Phrase structure rules
应用
能应用表层结构和深层结构概念来分析歧义结构（结构树形图）
能应用短语规则来分析ungrammatical sentences的原因
学会绘制句子结构的树形图
S
NP VP
Art N V NP Adv
PN
The father helped George yesterday.
第十一章语义学
概念辨析
Conceptual meaning vs. Associative meaning
Whether it covers those basic, essential components of meaning
Homonymy vs. Polysemy
It has a single entry or not.
理解
Componential analysis
Features such as ‘+animate, ?animate’; ‘+human, ?human’, ‘+female, ?female’.
Semantic roles
Agent and theme (patient) Instrument and experiencer Location, source and goal
掌握
各类词汇语义关系如synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, homonymy, polysemy 等
Synonymy同义vs. Antonymy反义hyponymy上下义关系homonymy同形异义vs. Polysemy 多义（a single entry,express one meaning of it but in different specific aspects)
Collocation
One word tend to occur when conveying others which is the distinct side from the original one.
应用
能应用反义关系概念对反义词进行分类（分级、互补、关系）
Gradable antonymys are the ones that the negative of one member of them does not necessary imply the other.
Non-gradable antonymys or complementary pairs
能应用词源理论来对同音同形异义和一词多义进行辨析
第十二章语用学
概念辨析
direct speech vs. indirect speech
Whether the result of it is an direct speech act.
locutionary act/illocutionary act (force)/perlocutionary act
Locutionary act (发话行为): the act performed when we speak, i.e. the act of producing a sound, word or sentence. If we say a word “Good.”,we produced a word.
Illocutionary act(行事行为): we make clear our purpose in producing sounds, the way we intend them to be understood (force); the act performed by saying something. If we say a word “Good.”, we are praising him or her.
Perlocutionary act (取效行为): the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer. If we say a
word “Good.”, we want to make him or her happy.
cooperative principle vs. conversational implicature
Cooperative Principle (CP): Make your conversational contribution such as is required , at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
Conversational Implicature (含义): the implied meaning
掌握
语用学与语义学的核心区别
Pragmatics focus on content not only its meaning.
合作原则的四个准则
QUANTITY Make your contribution as informative as is required.
Ex.---- Where is X?
---- He’s gone to the library. He said so when he left.
QUALITY Try to make your contribution on that is true.
Ex. Every nice girl loves a sailor.
RELATION Make your words are relevant to what people talk about.
Ex.---- Mrs. X is an old bag.
---- The weather has been quite delightful this summer, hasn’t it?
MANNER Be perspicuous.
Ex. “Never seek to tell thy love, Love that never told can be.”
implicature与illocutionary act的共同点
The real intention are both not the words themselves but the the inner purpose of the speaker.
应用
能够用例子分别说明言语行为理论的三个概念。
能准确表达合作原则的四个准则，并能举例说明，还能表述违背某一准则而得出的会话含义。
了解会话含义的几个特征，并能用例子给予解释说明。
(i) Calculability
Ex. Referential letter
(ii) Cancelability/Defensibility
Ex. a. John has three cows.
b. John has only three cows.
c. John has three cows, if no more.
d. John has at least three cows.
(iii) Non-detachability
A conversational implicature is attached to the semantic content of what is said, not to the linguistic form. Ex. a. John’s a genius.
b. John’s a mental prodigy.
c. John’s an enormous intellect.
d. John’s a big brain.
(iv) Non-conventionality
a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims
Ex. a. John has three cows.
b. John has only three cows.
c. John has some cows.
代表性人物
Chomsky 乔姆斯基转换-生成语法创始人Saussure 瑞士索绪尔现代语言学之父Bloomfield 布龙菲尔德美国结构主义语言学
英语语言学讲解
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。
三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
“英语”语言学概论第六章笔记
Chapter 6 Pragmatics 语用学 1.What is pragmatics? 什么是语用学？ Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. It places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used. 语用学研究的是说某种语言的人怎样用句子去实现成功的交际。 由于交际的过程从本质来说是在一定的语境中表达意义的过程，因而语用学的本质是一种意义研究。它是一种将语言置于使用的语境中去的意义研究。 2.Pragmatics and semantics 语用学和语义学 Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning, but they are different. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning, the context of use is considered. If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics. 语用学和语义学都是对意义的语言学研究，但两者是不同的。它们的本质区别在于研究意义时是否考虑了语言使用的语境。没有考虑到语境进行的研究就没有超出传统语义学的研究范围；相反，考虑到语境进行的研究就属于语用学的研究范围。 3.Context 语境 Context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境是语言的语用研究中不可缺少的概念。它一般被理解为说话者和听话者所共有的知识。The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place. 共有的知识包括他们所使用的语言方面的知识和双方对世界的认识，包括对世界的总的认识和对正在进行的语言交际所处的环境的具体认识。 4.Sentence meaning and utterance meaning 句子意义和话语意义The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and de-contextualized, while utterance meaning is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 句子的意义是抽象的，非语境化的，而话语的意义是具体的，受语境制约的。话语意义基于句子意义；它是一个句子的抽象意义在特定语境中的具体体现，或简而言之，在一个语境中的具体化。 5.Speech act theory 言语行为理论 Speech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. It was originated with the British philosopher John Austin in the late 50’s of the 20th century. 言语行为理论是语言语用研究中的一个重要理论。它最初是由英国哲学家约翰.奥斯汀在20世纪50年代提出的。 According to speech act theory, we are performing actions when we are speaking.
英语语言学总结
第一章 All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a systm of semantics. 语音系统，词汇语法系统和语义系统。 Language is a means of verbal communication. Design Features of language: the features that define our human languages. 决定了语言性质特征叫定义特征 Design Features: Arbitratiness(任意性)：the froms of liguistic signs bear no natural relationsip to their meaning.语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联 系。 1\ Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and ists meaning语素音义关系的任意性 2\ Arbitrariness at the syntactic level 句法层面上的任意性。 Syntactic: the sentences are constructed according to the grammar of arrangement. 句法学，是依据语法规定构建句子结 构的方法。 3\ Arbitrariness and convention 任意性和规约性 Duality（二层性）: is meant the propertry of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特 性，上层结构的单位底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合 规则。 Sound-the only function is to combine with one another to form units that have meaning相互组合构成有意义的单位。 Creativity（创造性）：is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. 源于二层性和递归性 Displacement(移位性)：human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.人类语言可以让使用者在交往 时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体时间或 观点。比如现在说孔子。 语言功能： 1. informative, also called ideational function. 信息功能也叫概念功能 2) Performative施为功能，is to change the social status of persons. 改变人 的社会地位，比如仪式。 3) Emotive Function感情功能 4) Phatic communion寒暄功能 5) Recreational Function娱乐功能
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解
I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院 2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang
新版简明英语语言学 Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学
Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学 知识点： 1.*Definition: pragmatics; context 2.*sentence meaning vs utterance meaning 3.*Austin’s model of speech act theory 4.Searle’s classification of speech acts 5.*Grice’s Cooperative Principle 考核目标： 识记：*Definition: pragmatics; context 领会：Searle’s classification of speech acts 综合应用：sentence meaning vs utterance meaning；Austin’s model of speech act theory；Grice’s Cooperative Principle 一、定义 1. Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Pragmatic can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.语用学研究的是语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际的。语用学也可以看作是一中意义研究。(它不是孤立地去研究语义，而是把语义置于使用语境中去研究的一门学科。) 2. Context 语境：The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境这个概念对语言的语用研究来说是必不可少的。一般认为他是由言者和听者的共享知识所构成的。 二、知识点 6.1.2 pragmatics vs. semantics语用学与语义学 二十世纪初，Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics 一书的出版标志着现代语言学研究的开始，同时也为现代语言学奠定了基础调，即语言应该作为一个独立的，内在的系统来加以研究。 语用学和语义学既有相关性又有相异性。两者都是对意义的研究。传统语义学把语义看成是抽象的，内在的，是语言本身的特性，不受语境的影响。因此传统语义学只研究语义的内在特征，不把语义研究置于语境中来考察。语用学研究的是交际过程中语言意义的表达和理解。语用学家认为不把意义放在语境中来考虑就不可能对语义进行充分的描述，因此在研究语义时是否考虑语境便成了传统语义学和语用学的根本区别所在。 Semantics 和Pragmatics的区分 Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication. The basic difference between them is that pragmatics considers meaning in context, traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use.
新编简明英语语言学教程何兆熊第五章笔记和习题
Chapter 5 Semantics ?Semantics----the study of language meaning. ?Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. However, it is not the only linguistic discipline that studies meaning. ?Semantics answers the question “what does this sentence mean”. In other w ords, it is the analysis of conventional meanings in words and sentences out of context. ?Meaning is central to the study of communication. ?Classification of lexical meanings. Here are G. Leech’s seven types of meaning. ( British linguist) ? 1. Conceptual meaning (also called denotative or cognitive meaning) is the essential and inextricable part of what language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It means that the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to. ? 2. Connotative meaning – the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, embraces the properties of the referent, peripheral ? 3. Social meaning (stylistic meaning) –what is conveyed about the social circumstances of the use of a linguistic expression ? 4. Affective meaning (affected meaning)– what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker/writer towards what is referred to ? 5. Reflected meaning – what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression ?Taboos ? 6. Collocative meaning – the associated meaning a word acquires in line with the meaning of words which tend to co-occur with it ?(2, 3, 4, 5, 6 can be together called associative meaning–meaning that hinges on referential meaning, less stable, more culture-specific ) 7. Thematic meaning—what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order ?What is meaning?---- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning. Some views concerning the study of meaning ?Naming theory (Plato) ?The conceptualist view ?Contextualism (Bloomfield) ?Behaviorism Naming theory (Plato): Words are names or labels for things. The linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things ?Limitations: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…
英语语言学试题库
英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.360docs.net/doc/f517260910.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title
《英语语言学》答案完整版
《英语语言学概论》答案完整版 考核方法：闭卷考试 时间：100分钟 题型： I. 单项选择(15×1?=15?) II．判断(15×1?=15?) III．填空(10×1?=10?) IV．术语解释(5×2? =10?) V．简答题(4×5? =20?) VI. 分析题（30’） 重点掌握的术语： 1. Linguistics语言学 The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. 2. design features设计特点 They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality. 3. Displacement移位 Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places. 4. Duality二元性 It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously. 5. Arbitrariness任意性 It is generally the case that there is no …natural? connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. 6. Manner of articulation发音方法 It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated. 7. Place of articulation发音部位 It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated. 8. articulatory phonetics发音语言学 The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or …articulated? is articulatory phonetics. 9. Phonology音系学 The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language. 10. Assimilation同化 It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or …copied? by the other. For example, the word …can? in the sentence …I can go.?may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g]. 11. Back-formation逆构法，逆序构词 A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word …donation? first came into use and then the verb …donate? was created from it.
陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》(章节题库 第2章 英语语音)【圣才出品】
第2章英语语音 Ⅰ.Fill in the following blanks: 1.The sound/p/can be described with“_____,bilabial,stop”.（北二外2007研）【答案】voiceless 【解析】/p/是双唇音，爆破音，清音。 2.The sound/b/can be described with“_____,bilabial,stop”.（北二外2004研）【答案】voiced 【解析】/b/是双唇音，爆破音，浊音。 3.Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel.And as a result are most conveniently described in terms of_____and manner of articulation.（北二外2004研） 【答案】place 【解析】辅音根据发音方式和发音部位进行分类。 4._____are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.（中山大学2006研） 【答案】Consonants 【解析】发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全
被阻塞而产生的音叫做辅音。 5.The present system of the_____derives mainly from one developed in the1920s by the British phonetician,Daniel Jones(1881—1967),and his colleagues at University of London.（中山大学2008研） 【答案】cardinal vowels 【解析】基本元音是指一系列约定俗成、固定不变的元音特质，目的是为语言中实际存在的元音描述提供一个参照框架。 6.Phonetic similarity means that the_____of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.（中山大学2011研） 【答案】allophones 【解析】语音的相似性指一个音位的音位变体必须具备某些语音相似性。 7.The sound/k/can be described with“voiceless,_____,stop”.（北二外2003研）【答案】velar 【解析】/k/是清音，软腭音，爆破音。 8._____transcription should transcribe all the possible speech sounds,including the minute shades.（北二外2004研） 【答案】Narrow 【解析】当我们用复杂的符号精确地标记语音所有可能的细小变化时，我们称之为“严式转