英语中的文体学与修辞知识点
英语写作中的表达技巧与修辞手法
英语写作中的表达技巧与修辞手法在英语写作中，灵活运用表达技巧和修辞手法是提升作文质量的重要途径。
本文将就这一主题展开探讨，并介绍一些常见的表达技巧和修辞手法，帮助读者更好地运用于写作中。
一、表达技巧1. 清晰明了的句子结构：在写作中，句子结构的清晰度直接影响读者对文章的理解。
为了让句子更易读懂，我们可以使用简单的主谓宾结构或并列结构，避免过长的复杂句子或堆砌词汇。
2. 多样化的词汇选择：通过使用多样化的词汇，可以丰富文章的语言风格，增加文采。
我们可以通过阅读大量的英语文章来积累词汇，同时要注意选择适当的词汇来表达自己的意思，避免过于生僻或专业化的词汇。
3. 巧妙运用连接词：连接词在文章中起到了衔接句子和段落的作用，使文章更具逻辑连贯性。
使用连接词可以增加句子间的关联性，使文章更流畅。
例如，使用“however”来表示转折关系，“in addition”来表示递进关系等。
4. 合理运用修饰语：适当使用修饰语可以使句子更具表现力。
例如，使用形容词来描述人、地点或物品，使用副词来修饰动词或形容词等。
但要注意不要过度使用修饰语，以免影响句子的简洁性。
二、修辞手法1. 比喻：比喻是一种较为常见且有效的修辞手法，可以通过将一个事物与另一个事物进行比较来增强表达力。
例如，“His words were like daggers”（他的话像是利刃）。
2. 拟人：拟人是一种将非人事物赋予人的特征的修辞手法。
通过拟人手法，可以使表达更具感染力，体现事物的情感或特性。
例如，“The wind whispered through the trees”（风从树间低语）。
3. 排比：排比是一种通过列举多个相似的事物或观点来增强修辞效果的手法。
排比能使文章更富有节奏感和表现力。
例如，“We came, we saw, we conquered”（我们来了，我们看见了，我们征服了）。
4. 反问：反问是一种用问句来表达肯定或否定的修辞手法，能够吸引读者的关注，增加思考的深度。
英语修辞学例子资料
英语修辞学例子资料高考复习（精品）：英语修辞和英语修辞学例子修辞格（Figures of Speech）英语修辞学分为广义修辞学（Broad Stylistic Context）和狭义修辞学。
广义修辞学涉及语体和体裁（Style and Type of Writing）等问题。
狭义修辞学（Narrow Stylistic Context）主要涉及各种修辞手法，即修辞格（Stylistic Devices, Rhetorical Devices or Figures of Speech）的问题。
英语常用修辞格分为词义上的修辞格（Lexical Stylistic Devices）、句子结构上的修辞格（Syntactic Stylistic Devices）和音韵上的修辞格（Phonetic Stylistic Devices）三大类。
（红色为10级讲过）一、Simile（明喻）Simile一词源于拉丁语Similis，意为like。
它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词（如like，as等）起连接作用，清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物。
Simile的运用非常广泛，它可借以状物、写景、抒情、喻理，使表达生动形象，明白易懂。
（一）Simile的构成Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（tenor or subject）、喻体（vehicle or reference）和比喻词（comparative word）。
如：My love is like a red red rose.tenor comparative word vehicle注：本体和喻体一般为两个不同类的事物，比喻方可成立。
例如：①John is as tall as his father. [Comparative sentence]②John is as tall as a Maypole (五月柱). [Simile]例①不算明喻，只是一个比较句，因为John 和his father同类，例②是明喻，因为本体和喻体不同类。
英语中的语法与修辞
英语中的语法与修辞在英文中，语法和修辞是构成有效沟通和强有力写作的两个重要部分。
它们各自扮演着不同的角色，但又相互依存，共同影响着信息的传达和接收。
语法（Grammar）语法是语言的基础规则系统，包括单词的形式和分类（如名词、动词、形容词等）、句子的结构（如主语、谓语、宾语的排列），以及时态、语态、语气等方面的规则。
掌握英文语法是确保清晰、准确表达思想和信息的前提。
语法的关键组成部分：句子结构：明白简单句、并列句、复合句和复合并列句的构造。
时态：使用正确的时态来表示动作发生的时间。
语态：区分被动语态和主动语态。
标点符号：正确地使用逗号、句号、冒号、分号等标点符号来组织和界定句子。
词性变化：理解如何通过改变词的形式来表达不同的语法功能（如名词变复数，动词变过去式）。
修辞（Rhetoric）修辞是使用语言以达到特定效果的艺术和技巧，它涉及选择和排列词语来影响听众或读者的感情、认知和行为。
修辞学是研究如何有效使用语言的学科。
修辞的几种常见手法：比喻（Metaphor）：直接将两种事物比较，暗示它们之间的相似性，而不使用“像”或“如”等比较词。
拟人（Personification）：赋予非人类对象或概念以人类特征。
排比（Parallelism）：在句子或段落中使用相同的结构或表达方式，增强语言的节奏和协调性。
对比（Contrast）：突出两个或两组事物之间的差异。
重复（Repetition）：重复使用关键词语或短语，增强记忆力和强调效果。
修辞问句（Rhetorical Question）：提出不期待回答的问题，目的是强调某个观点或引起思考。
语法与修辞的关系虽然语法提供了语言的基础规则，但修辞则关注于如何有效地使用这些规则来达到沟通的目的。
一个人可能完全遵守语法规则，但如果不考虑修辞的效果，其言语可能会显得枯燥无味。
相反，优秀的修辞技巧可以使语言生动、有力，即使偶尔打破语法规则。
总的来说，掌握英文的语法是基础，而学习和应用修辞技巧则能提高写作和口语的影响力。
英语修辞——精选推荐
英语修辞手法一、什么是修辞格修辞格（figures of speech）是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。
它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。
要翻译好英语修辞格，首先要弄清其特点、弄清英汉两种语言在这方面的异同，然后根据具体情况采用恰当的技巧进行翻译。
英语修辞格种类很多，但粗略分来似可分为音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞格。
（一）音韵修辞格（phonological rhetorical devices）顾名思义，音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。
它主要包括onomatopoeia、alliteration和assonance.Onomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。
恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。
如：Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.高跟皮鞋声阁阁地传了过来。
Alliteration就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音；assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。
前者与汉语的双声（汉语中两个或多个音节，声母相同，叫做双声，它不是辞格）相似，后者与汉语的叠韵（两个或多个音节彼此韵母相同）非常相似。
例如：（1）Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.（alliteration）皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。
（2）With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. （assonance）怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。
（二）词义修辞格（semantic rhetorical devices）词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。
英文修辞手法介绍
英文修辞手法介绍英文修辞手法介绍1. 平行（Parallelism）在句子结构中使用相同的语法结构，重复使用相同的词语，以及使用短语或从句来表达相似的想法。
例如："I would rather be a meteor, something, every, every which way, all the way, bright, across the sky, every day, than just a grain of sand, lying there, shining for one day."2. 反复（Repetition）通过重复某些词语或短语来强调某个想法或情感。
例如："I am not a princess, I am not a slave, I am not a victim, andI am not a quitter."3. 押韵（Rhyme）在词语的末尾使用相似的音韵来组织它们。
例如："Round and round, and round and round, we go together, in the circle of life."4. 头韵（Alliteration）在词语的开头使用相似的音韵来组织它们。
例如："All that glitters is not gold."5. 隐喻（Metaphor）使用一个比较或类比来说明一个抽象概念或想法。
例如："He is a lion in battle."6. 明喻（Simile）使用像“像”或“如同”这样的词语来比较两个不同的事物或概念。
例如："She sings like a bird."7. 反问（Rhetorical question）使用一个问题来表达一个陈述或观点，而不是提出真正的问题。
文体修辞学36个概念解释及例子分析(完整版)
DefinitionChapter11.Stylistics is an area of study which straddles two disciplines: literary criticism andlinguistics. Besides, it is directly related to literary interpretation, and make use of linguistic facts and theory.Chapter22. Style as deviance refers to the distinctiveness of a literary text resides in its departure from the characteristics of what is communicatively normal.e.g. p13The phrase “a grief ago” from a poem of that name by Dylan Thomas.It violates two rules of English: a) the indefinite article a clashes syntactically with the uncountable noun grief; b) the post modifying adverb ago clashes semantically with the head word grief. The highly deviant nature of the phrase attracts much attention from the reader to itself, and thus makes it possible for the poet to express what cannot be expressed through the normal use of language.（汪洁）3. By style as choice is meant that style results from a tendency of a speaker or writer to consistently choose certain structures over others available in the language.e.g.In writing The Eve of St. Agnes, Keats first produced the line, “As though a rose should close and be a bud again”. But when he re-read the line, he substituted the word shut for close:”As though a rose should shut and be a bud again”4. The view of style as foregrounding is a further view of style which appears to be a compromise between view of style as deviance and view of style as choice. The term foregrounding is a concept of pictorial arts, referring to that part of the composition that appears to be closest to the view.e.g. P19When he laughed, respectable senators burst with laughter,And when he cried the little children died in the streets.(W.H. Auden, Epitaph on a Tyrant)Auden could have chosen a different structure for each line, yet he limited himself to the same option. The parallel structure here draws the attention of the reader and makes him see the sematic connection between the two lines. This is a type of foregrounding.（汪洁）Chapter 35. Grammetrics: the ways in which grammatical units are fitted into metrical units such as lines and stanzas.e.g.P35This Is Just to SayI have eatenthe plumsthat were inthe ice-boxand whichyou were probablysavingfor breakfastForgive methey were deliciousso sweetand so coldIt creates a pulling-forward effect. In one line, although the verb eat can either take an object or not, the absence of punctuation at the end of the line makes us expect one. Thus we are driven forward to the second line where our expectation is satisfied.(章嫣羚)6. Affixation: is the addition of a prefix or suffix to an item which already exists in the language.e.g. P46And I Tiresias have foresuffered all. (T.S.Eliot)The nonce word foresuffered is coined by adding the prefix …fore-‟to the item …suffer‟. The prefix …fore-‟conveys the meaning …beforehand‟and is normally reserved for joining with such items as …see‟, …tell‟ and …warn‟. The novel use here, according to Leech, encapsulates a newly formulated idea: it is possible to anticipate mystically the suffering of the future, just as it is possible to …foresee‟ and …foretell‟ or to have …foreknowledge‟ of the future events.(章嫣羚)7. Graphology: the encoding of meaning in visual symbols.e.g.P30Graphological deviation can occur in any sub-area of graphology, such as the shape of the text, the type of print, grammetrics, punctuation, in-dentation, etc. [Thematic-fronting]8. Marked theme: The initial unit of a clause may be called its theme. The rest of clause elements might be put in the thematic position in order to achieve certain literary effect. The theme thus produced is unusual and is therefore called a “marked “ theme. E,g. P40My opinion of the coal trade on that river is, that it may require talent, but it certainly requires capital. Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (D ickens, David Copper field).In the second sentence, two objects----talent and capital were placed in the front of each clause. The function of the unusual clause theme seems to be three-fold: a) it neatly knits the paragraph together and is thus a powerful device of textual cohesion, b) it serves to form a contract in meaning between the two parallel clauses, c) it gives much emphasis to the two words shifted to the initial position.（屈静华）9. compounding: compounding is the combination of two or more items to make a single compound one. NE,g.P47While I, joy-jumping, empty-eyed sang on the day my father died.( Edwin Brook)In this sentence, joy-jumping is a compound made up on the pattern of noun + “ing” participle. This word coined from the idiom “ jump for joy” which means “jump because of joy”. The day when “my” father died cannot be a happy day. Therefore, the extension of the compound rule here on an idiom makes the situation describes in the poem much more ironical.The word empty-eyed is also a compound. It means “on the day my father died”“ there are no tears in …my‟ eyes”. Here, the ironical effect is further reinforced and developed.（屈静华）10. Aphesis: the omission of an initial part of a word.E,g.Thou on whose stream, ‟mid the steep sky‟s commotion,Loose clouds like earth‟s decaying leaves are shed, (P.B. Shelley, Ode to the West Wind) The complete form of mid‟ in the line is …amid‟.（夏莹）11. Apocope: the omission of a final part of a word.E,g.Till a‟ the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi‟ the sunI will love thee still, my dear,While the sands o‟ life shall run.(Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose)Here ,Burns has used a‟ for …all‟ ,wi’for …with‟ and o’ for …of‟.（夏莹）12. Conversion: which is often described as …zero affixation‟, is the adaptation of an item to a new grammatical function without changing its form.E,g.“I‟ll Golden Bull you, you rascal!” roared the Majesty of Prussia. (Macaulay)The noun phrase Golden Bull is turned to a verb to convey the meaning, to fight(someone) like a Golden Bull. Since Golden Bull was used as a proper noun in the preceding sentence, the conversation of it into a verb makes the passage highly cohesive. It also vividly manifests the boorishness of the Majesty of Prussia.（叶淑萍）13. Syncope: the omission of a medial part of a word.E,g.A voice so thrilling ne‟er was heardIn spring-time from the cuckoo-bird,Breaking the silence of the seasAmong the farthest Hebridges.(Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper)The original form of ne‟er in the first line is “never”. It‟s a conventional licenses of verse composition. It changes the pronunciation of the original words so that the poet may better and more easily arrange sound patterns to achieve their intended communicative effects.（叶淑萍）Chapter 414. Oxymoron: It is the yoking together of two expression which are incompatible, so that in combination they have no conceivable literal reference to reality. 矛盾修辞False true /die merrily /a living death--------create the communicative effect15. Paradox: It is a statement which is absurd because it is self-evidently false. 似非而是Ignorance is strength. Express a certain truth or message through apparent falsehood.16. Metonymy: It is the substitution of a word referring to an attribute of the thing that is meant,rather than the substitution of a part for the whole,or the whole for a part. 转喻e.g. P65The glories of our blood and state,Are shadows,not substantial things;There is no armour against fate;Death lays his icy hand on kings;Sceptre and CrownMust tumble downAnd in the dust be equal madeWith the poor crooked Scythe and Spade.(Shirley,The Glories of our Blood)Sceptre and Crown are things that kings and queens carry and wear to present their power and authority, and are therefore metonyms for kings and queens. Scythe and spade are things used by peasants or farm workers, and are therefore metonyms for peasants.（冯丹）17. Synecdoche:a) It is a type of transference of meaning which involves the substitution of a part for the whole. b) It can also be interpreted more broadly to include substitution of the whole for a part. 提喻He can‟t ride a wheel. A wheel substitutes the bicycle.18. Metaphor: It is the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning. 隐喻e.g. P69The frog came on the cat‟s feet.She is really a duck, she thought.(Galsworthy,The Forsyte Saga)She is a human referent and treated either as a duck.（陈沈慧）19. Overstatement: It is termed hyperbole in traditional rhetoric. It distorts the truth by great exaggeration. It is usually used to emphasize strong feeling and to create a sentimental , satiric or comic effect.An overstatement is often metaphorical. 夸张，夸张手法e.g. P71For she was beautiful-her beauty madeThe bright world dim,and everything besideSeemed like the fleeting image of a shade.(Shelley)The overstatement her beauty made the bright world dim expresses the speaker‟s great admiration for the female figure. Actually, what the poet intends to say, put in plain terms, is that she was extraordinarily beautiful. （陈沈慧）20. Homophony: The words that have the same pronunciation but differ in form and meaning. 同音异义词e.g. P77When I am dead, I hope it may be said…His sins were scarlet,but his books are read.‟(Belloc, On his Books)When we have heard these lines we would have two simultaneous interpretations of the last lexical item: the past participle of the verb 'read 'which relates to his books and the adjective 'red' relating to its hyponym scarlet in the first half of the same line.21. Polysemy :the ambiguity of an individual word or phrase that can be used (in different contexts) to express two or more different meanings 一词多义e.g. P79Franklin:Hancock‟s right. This is our passport to the gallows. But there is no backingout now. If we don‟t hang together, we shall assuredly hang separately.(Peter Stone and Sherman Edwards, 1776)The playwrights here deliberately exploit the use of hang to mean both …put to death with a rope around the neck‟ (as in punishment for a crime) and …remain united‟ (an idiom with the word together). In this way, they have succeeded in making Franklin a witty, humorous and highly literary character, like Franklin was in person.22. Understatement: It is the opposite of overstatement in that it misrepresents the truth by deliberately understanding it as opposed to exaggerating it. In traditional rhetoric, scholars make a distinction between two types of understatement, namely litotes[a negative construction] and meiosis. 降格陈述e.g. P73The face wasn‟t a bad one; It had what they called charm.(Galsworthy)The face wasn‟t a bad one in this context is a non-committal way of saying; the face was a very good (or charming) one.Chapter 5Define the following terms.Alliteration consonance rhymeOnomatopoeia assonance iambanapaest pentameter dactyldimeter tetrameter trochee23. Alliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant cluster in stressed syllables.Example: ‟last but not the least ‟ …now or never‟The best laid schemes o‟ mice and menGang aft a-gley(Robert Burns ,To a Mouse)Alliteration is usually used to form a connection of similarity or a connection of contrast. The alliteration in To a Mouse links mice and men seems to form a connection of both similarity and contrast. Firstly, it forms a referential contrast between man, the supreme head of animal creation, and the mouse, one of the smallest and timidest, and most inconsequential of creatures. Secondly, with the help of the conjunction and, it points out a similarity between men and mouse who as this passage suggests seem to share the vulnerability of fate. The connection between the two created by alliteration seems to emphasize the point that creatures superficially different are basically the same.24. Consonance is the repetition of the final consonant cluster in stressedsyllables.Example: P103Nothing lovelier that that lonely call,Bare and singular ,like a gullAnd there notes or four ,then that was all .It drew up from the quiet like a well ,Waited ,sang, and vanishing ,was still .(Jon Swan ,In Her Song She Is Alone )The repeated / l / sound effectively unites the key words of the stanza: caii with gull and well with still. The / l / sound in the quoted lines and elsewhere in the poem has a lingering, almost echoing effect, which greatly reinforces the tone of the poem.25. Rhyme is defined in Concise Oxford Dictionary as “identity of sounds between words or verse lines extending back from the end to the last fully accented vowel and not further”. The general function of rhymes is to get the texts more organized and to bestow “music” to the texts. It may also be used to achieve more significant effects. Example: P100For I have known them already, known them all—Have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons,I have measured out my life with coffee spoons;(T. S. Eliot, Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock)The rhyme of the last two lines is very significant. It links together the two words, afternoons and spoons which have a logical association between them. For the words are used in a context of a poem which is about a society that spends its afternoons over coffee and cakes.26. Onomatopoeia is ambiguous and can be interpreted in several different ways. Firstly, it refers to the use of words formed in imitation of the natural sounds associated with the object or action involved.The other interpretation of onomatopoeia may be phrased as the recurrence of phonemes in a text unit that suggests certain natural sound which reinforce the meaning conveyed in that text unit.Example :P104 ,Crack came an officer‟s club on his forehead .He blinked his e yes blindly a few times ,wobbled on his legs ,threw up his hands and staggered back .(T.Dreiser,Sister Carrie)The use of crack in create a vivid effect to the passage. The sound make us hear as well as see what are described.p106.I chatter over stony ways,In little sharps and trebles,I bubble into eddying bays,I babble on the pebbles.The three onomatopoeic words chatter, bubble and babble give a vivid description tothe sounds and motion of the brook, they have brought great immediacy to the scene, make us feel as if we were right there by the brook. The description is further high-lighted by the recurring sounds /l/ and /b/. the sound /l/ belongs to a class of sound called liquid which is fluid-sounding and the sound /b/ is a plosive resembling the sound of the bubbles. Therefore, their repeated presence makes the text sound more bubbly and steam-like.27. Assonance is the repetition of identical vowel or diphthong in stressed syllables.Example:Think from how many tressDead leaves are broughtTo earth on seed or wing(Vernon Watkins ,The Compost Heap)The words that carry the assonance, as can be easily noticed, are: trees, leaves and seed. These words are stressed rhythmically in the lines. Interesting, we find that the meanings of there words are already associated. More significantly, there words may be said to represent the cycle of life: from the organic to the inorganic and from the inorganic to the organic. Thus, assonance not only contributes to musical quality if a literary text, but also to its meaning.28. Iamb is the commonest type of verse foot. It has a pattern alternating stressed and unstressed syllables beginning with an unstressed syllable.A‟/‟ to mark a stressed syllable ,and a‟V‟ to mark an unstressed syllable.Example:P111In eve/ ry cry / of eve/ ry man .In eve/ ry in/ fant‟s cry / of fear .(W.Blake ,London )In eve/ ry cry/ of eve/ ry manIn eve/ ry in fant‟s cry/ of fearall the letters in blue are unstressed syllables, and in red are stressed syllables, the poem begins with unstressed syllable, and alternating with stressed syllables.29. Anapaest is a pattern in which one stressed syllable alternates with two unstressed syllables, but beginning with the two unstressed syllables.Example:P112The Assy/rian came down /like the wolf /on the fold .(Byron ,The Destruction of Sennacherib )The Assy rain came down like the wolf on the fold.all the letters in blue are unstressed syllables, and in red are stressed syllables. The poem begins with two unstressed syllables, then following a stressed syllable. Thenthe meter keeps repeating with two unstressed syllables and a stressed syllable.32. Dimeter is a line of verse consisting of two metrical feet or of two dipodies. Example:P115∕ˇˇ∕ˇˇOne more un / fortunate∕ˇˇ∕Weary of / breath∕ˇˇ∕ˇˇRashly i m / portinate ,∕ˇˇ∕Gone to her /death!We can see there are two foots in each line.33.Tetrameter is a line of verse consisting either of four dipodies (as in classical iambic, trochaic, and anapestic verse) or four metrical feet (as in modern English verse)Example:P115ˇ∕∕∕ˇ∕ˇ∕Who fought / for free / dom, more / than lifeˇ∕ˇ∕ˇ∕ˇ∕Who gave / up all, / to die / in strife?We can see there are four foos in each line.34. Trochee may be described as alternating stressed and unstressed syllables, beginning with a stressed syllable.Example: P111/ ˇ/ˇ/ ˇ/Men of /England ,/wherefore /plough/ ˇ/ ˇ/ ˇ/For the /Lords who /lay ye/low?(P.B.Shelley,Song to the Men of the England)A‘/’to make a stressed syllable, and a‘ˇ’to make an unstressed syllable. Chapter 635. Repetition: It is restricted to mean the case of exact copying of a certain previous unit in a text, such as a word, phrase or even a sentence.重复e.g. P132Gold! Gold! Gold! Gold!Bright and yellow,hard and cold,Molten,graven,hammer‟d and roll‟d,Heavy to get and light to hold.(Thomas Hood)The word Gold is repeated four times. Reinforced by the capitalization of the first letter of the word and the exclamation mark “!”, the word attracts much attention to itself. The repetition here shows the poet‟s great intensity of feeling when talking about gold.36. Parallelism: It means exact repetition in equivalent positions. It requires some variable feature of the pattern-some contrasting elements which are parallel with respect to their position in the pattern.平行结构例子Not many lives, but only one have we; One, only one.(Anonymous, Only One Life)The word one is repeated intermittently three times and the word only twice. This greatly emphasizes the fact that there is only one life for a person and suggests that one should really treasure it.e.g. P137I came, I saw, I conquered. (Julius Caesar)试卷相关题型Stylistic analyses1.Recite one poem give stylistic analyses2.graphological features1) A Christmas TreeStarIf you areA love compassionate,You will walk with us this year,We face a glacial distance , who are hereHuddledAt your feet(W.S. Burford)p55. 4(1)In the poem, graphological feature mainly is shape of the text .The shape of the poem strikes us because it is not like that of a conventional poem. We can find that the poem is about a Christmas tree, therefore, the author wrote it in the shape of a Christmas tree. The first line includes only one word ”star”, which turns into the top of the tree; from the second line to the fifth one, from” A love compassionate” to”who are here”constitute the branches and leaves. Also, ”Huddled”makes the trunk, and :At your feet”makes the root. All of the words appear in appropriate positions from top to bottom. So, seeing the poem, all the beautiful scenes of Christmas came onto our mind, especially the happiness and love. That is the main idea poetry want us to understand.p55. 4(2)In the poem, graphological deviation mainly includes two types: the type of print and grammetrics. The type of print is menifest in the de-capitalization of the first letter of certain words. The grammetrics is shown in the following points. First, the title of the poem does not stand clearly as the usual case. Second, one sentence runs over lines, which shows the poet intends the poem to be read as a whole and places emphasis on the unity of the discourse. It can arise the reader's expectation and interest. Third, every line of the poem creates a pulling-forward effect. It is intended to make the reader actively involve himself in reading the poem with interest, curiosity and pleasure. Eg: in the first line, 'rainbow youre a two faced sort', there is an absence of an object, which makes us expect one. Thus we are driven forward to the second line where our expectation is satisfied. But a new expectation is aroused again by the presence of the forth line 'uses', we have only to read next line.l(aleaffalls)onelIness(E.E.Coummings)p56. 4(3)The whole poem is a sentence of “a leaf falls/loneliness”. The main idea of the poemis about loneliness. The shape of the poem strikes us most unusual because it is not like that a conventional poem. When we look it carefully, we may find that the poem is consist of separated words and became a list. When we see it, with our imagination, we may feel that word “leaf” in the middle like the real leaves are falling down. And the letter out of the brackets is constituted word “loneliness”. So, when we read the poem, as if it was saying that “I am like a leaf falls lonely.”3.the function of metaphor1)Sunday Rain by John UplikeThe window screenis trying to doits crossword puzzlebut appears to knowonly vertical words.Here the writer uses personification to give the window screen human attributes. When the rain falls on the window screen, the rain drops will slide vertically down to the bottom of the screen. It is like how we do a crossword puzzle, when we work out a vertically-arranged word completely, we link all the letters.How can rain drops DO crossword puzzle? How can rain drops KNOW? Apparently, the writer adds human attributes to the rain and it has special effects.2)An Empty HouseYou beat your pate, and fancy wit will come:Knock as you please, there’s nobody at home.(Alexander Pope)In this poem, Pope uses a type of metaphor that is “A non-human referent is given human attributes”. He gives “wit” human attributes and treats it as a human being, and “nobody” in the last sentence also refers to it. Besides, here “pate” means “brain” (or “head”), and Pope regards it as a house (or “home”) where “wit” lives.This metaphor is a satire of those people who are too silly or lazy to use their head. It tells us that there is no use to beat your pate foolishly when faced with a problem. Instead, you should use your head and think about the problem until you come up with any idea.3) Dreams(Langston Hughes)Hold fast to dreamsFor if dreams dieLife is a broken-winged birdThat cannot flyHold fast to dreamsFor when dreams goLife is a barren fieldFrozen with snowWritten in 1926, Dreams is one of the most famous poems of Langston Hughes's. Langston Hughes, born Feb 1, 1902, is an American poet, novelist, and playwright. And he is known for his work during Harlem Renaissance. In Dreams, Hughes is advising the readers to never stop dreaming and to never give up on a dream. Though he feels the world is a very depressing place, dreams can make it wondrous and exciting. The word "life" in the poem is described by metaphor. Life, actually, is an abstraction, but poet describes it as a broken-winged bird and a barren field, which are animate. In order to tell people to insist on dreams, poet uses the broken-winged bird which cannot fly and the barren field which is frozen with snow. The two vehicles above are like life without dreams in respect of that if there‟s no dream, life will have no freedom and joy, and it will be cold, dark, depressing and dim. So metaphor in Dreams makes the pale statements conveyed ironically and vividly.4)Ways of Composingtypewriter:a mouthful of teeth chatteringafraid to be quietA pencil can lie down and dreamdark and silver silences(Eve Merriam)1.The poet Eve Merriam is an American poet and writer who wrote for children. Therefore, in her works, she used metaphor so often that children can understand easily.2.Here, the metaphor function is: A non-human referent is given human attributes. (1)Typewriter is the tenor and a mouthful of teeth is the vehicle, the poet take typewriter as a mouthful of teeth to show children the appearance in a very interesting way.(2)A mouthful of teeth is a non-human referent, but here they are "chattering", a pencil is a non-human referent, but here it can lie down and dream, the poet gives these two non-human referents human attributes to show children that what is a typewriter, how it works and if it can take the place of pencil very vividly.5)FogCarl SandburgThe fog comes 雾来了，on little cat feet. 踏着小猫的脚步。
文体学中的修辞
Register【语言学】(适用于某一特 定题目或场合的)语用域，语域(指具 有某种具体用途的语言变体，如行 话、正式体、口语体、俚语等，与 社会或区域方言相对) Rhetorical 修辞的 Functional 功能的 genre风格，体裁 风格， 风格
文学文体学： 文学文体学： 1.任务是通过描写和分析作者选择 任务是
Slowly, patiently, skillfully, James Van Metre‘s wife fanned the spark of life that flickered in Henry Bedell. (B3-2. The Woman Who Would Not Tell) 詹姆斯·范·米特的妻子慢慢地，耐心地，巧妙地 点燃了亨特·公德尔身上奄奄一息的火花。 作者采用了暗喻，把Bedell奄奄一息的生命比 作了spark，把拯救他的生命比作fan the spark. 暗喻语气有时要比明喻更强些，因而形象更为 突出。
1. U.S. stocks decline; global markets churn （平行结构） 2. Hurricane Bonnie hammers Carolina coast （比喻）
积极修辞： 积极修辞： 有相对固定格式的修辞性写作技巧
1.词义修辞格(Lexical Stylistic Devices) 2.结构修辞格(Syntactical Stylistic Devices) 3．音韵修辞格(Phonetic Stylistic Devices)
后期多维语境分析
文体分析不仅关注语言本身,更加关注使用语言 的社会、文化、使用者、即时情景等因素。 社会、文化、使用者、 (一) 功能语境模式 一 Halliday 的两步功能语篇分析:第一步是描写语篇中语言 的使用模式,第二步是解释为什么会有这些模式。这是 一种解释而非说明性的活动,旨在解释为什么某一语篇 表达某一(些) 意义,或语篇是怎样表示意义的。 (二) 语用语境模式 二 荷兰语篇语言学家Van Dijk 和美国语言学家Pratt 。 语用文体学关心“交往性和社会性语境中作为语篇的文 学，读者接受它”，观察“真实的社会文化语境中出自 作者、文本和读者之间真实的人际关系的语言特点”。
英文写作技巧学会运用恰当的修辞和修辞手法
英文写作技巧学会运用恰当的修辞和修辞手法在英文写作中，恰如其分地运用修辞和修辞手法是一项重要的技巧。
修辞是指通过言辞的运用，以达到增强文字表达力和说服力的目的。
正确使用修辞和修辞手法，可以使文章更加生动、感人、引人入胜。
下面将介绍几种常见的修辞和修辞手法，帮助提升写作技巧。
1. 比喻比喻是一种生动的修辞手法，可以用来通过类比来描述事物形象和抽象的特点。
比如，“那个女孩像一只飞翔的小鸟，自由自在地在树林间穿梭”，这句话通过比喻，形象地表达了女孩自由自在的态度和活泼的性格。
运用比喻可以使文章更有意境，读起来更加有趣。
2. 排比排比是一种逐个列举并并列的修辞手法，常用来强调句子中的重点或者对比不同观点。
例如，“Yesterday, I cleaned the house, cooked dinner, and took care of the kids. Today, I did the same. Tomorrow, I will do the same. I am a busy mom, but I love every moment of it.”这段文字通过排比的方式，强调了作为母亲的忙碌和幸福感。
3. 反问反问是一种修辞手法，常用来引起读者的思考和注意。
通过提问并不给出直接答案，可以引导读者更加深入思考。
比如，“Do we really understand the consequences of our actions? Are we aware of the impact wehave on others?”这种反问的方式可以激发读者的兴趣，并让他们主动思考问题的答案。
4. 比较比较是一种修辞手法，常用来揭示事物之间的相似性或者差异性。
通过比较，可以使文章更有说服力和逻辑性。
例如，“The city is like a bustling beehive, with its constant movement and activity. The countryside, on the other hand, is like a peaceful oasis, with its calm and tranquility.”通过这种比较的方式，可以清晰地展示城市和乡村的不同特点。
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英语中的文体学与修辞知识点文体学和修辞学是研究语言运用和艺术表达的重要分支。
它们涉及
到英语语言的不同风格和用法，以及如何通过修辞手法来提升表达的
艺术性和效果。
本文将介绍英语中的文体学和修辞，包括其定义、应
用和常见的知识点。
一、文体学
1. 定义：文体学是研究语言表达风格和特点的学科，包括不同文体
之间的差异和特征。
2. 应用：文体学可以帮助我们理解不同文本的特点，如小说、诗歌、散文和新闻报道等。
3. 知识点：
- 叙述文体：用于描述事件、故事或经历的文体，如小说和传记。
- 说明文体：用于解释、阐述观点或提供事实的文体，如科学论文和说明书。
- 议论文体：用于陈述和辩论观点的文体，如论文和演讲稿。
- 描写文体：用于描绘人物、地点或对象的文体，如诗歌和旅行报道。
- 敌对文体：用于抨击和讽刺的文体，如讽刺小说和政治漫画。
二、修辞学
1. 定义：修辞学是研究修辞手法和表达方式的学科，它通过运用各种修辞手法来增强语言的表达力。
2. 应用：修辞学可以用于文学作品、演讲和写作等领域，使语言更生动、美观和有说服力。
3. 知识点：
- 比喻：通过对两个不同事物的比较，以便更好地理解和描绘。
- 拟人：将非人事物赋予人的特性和行为，增加描写的生动性。
- 夸张：通过夸大手法来强调某种观点或感觉。
- 反问：用问句的形式提出观点，以引发读者思考和关注。
- 排比：通过并列结构反复使用相同的词或短语，以产生韵律感和强调。
- 对偶：通过相似的句子结构和表达方式来增加语言的节奏感。
通过掌握英语中的文体学和修辞知识，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语语言，让我们的表达更加生动、有趣和具有说服力。
文体学可以帮助我们理解不同文本的特点和风格，而修辞学则可以通过运用各种修辞手法来提升语言的艺术性和表达效果。
希望本文的介绍能够对你有所启发，让你在英语学习和应用中更加得心应手。