英语文体与修辞课件：+Lecture+2
Chapter 2文体学
2.4 rhythm (节奏）
rhythm: the pattern formed by the stresses perceived as peaks of prominence or beats
优美的散文之所以能给人的听觉带来美的 享受，在很大程度上应归功于其优美的节 奏。散文的节奏主要通过以下途径来实现 的：
• stress : the prominence (i.e. the force and intensity of air coming from the lung – loudness) given to one part of a word or longer utterance
• stress: word stress; sentence stress
• 2.2 onomatopoeia • 2.3 paronomasia • 2.4 rhythm
• Words have weight, sound and appearance; it is only by considering these that you can write a sentence that is good to look at and good to listen to.
• 2.4.1 巧妙安排重读音节和非重读音节
• Jack is a crack track athlete.
• A nation reveals itself not only by the men it produces but also by the men it honors, the men it remembers.
老舍出口成章语音的文体功能就在与它能帮助我们合理的调配和运用各种语言表现手段挖掘语言的音乐美增强语言的艺术魅力
英语修辞及举例说明【优质PPT】
言语上的反语往往需要配合上下文来理解，它不尽然表达 批评或讽刺，有些时候也能表达赞扬和幽默。
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My love is like a red, red rose2
Metaphor 暗喻
对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比；所不 同的是在形式上，暗喻中本体和喻体之间多通过Be 动词来联系。省掉比喻词。
明喻：Life is like an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty and dangerous surprises .
提喻的本体与喻体之间的关系是局部—全体，具体—抽象 之间的关系，而换喻的本体与喻体之间的关系更为复杂。
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类比 analogy
将两类本质上不同的事物之间的共同点加以比较，
在形式上很像比喻，也用比喻词。常用来阐释复杂的概念。
类比最常见的句型为 A is to B as C is to D
The friendly gardner had a lot of thyme(time) for the woman.
那位和善的园丁留了许多百里香（与“时间”谐音）给那 个女人。
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矛盾修辞法 oxymoron
用两种不调和、甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事 物，在矛盾中寻求哲理，以达到修辞效果。它是反 论的一种浓缩形式。
Can enemies become mortal friends ? 敌人能 成为不共戴天的朋友吗？
英语文体与修辞讲义
Lecture 1 IntroductionStep I Introduction to the course1. The importance of this courseTo sharpen our sense of style in EnglishTo help us with their systematic study of English rhetoric so that they will be able to read and write betterTo raise our levels of attainment in EnglishTo facilitate students‟ understanding of the history of rhetoric in human historyTo make a comparison of English and Chinese rhetoric2. RequirementsClass attendance is required, not optional.Study should not be confined to the teaching material.3. Reference books《英语修辞大全》，冯翠华，外语教学与研究出版社《英语文体学引论》，王佐良、丁往道，外语教学与研究出版社《文体学概论》，刘世生、朱瑞青，北京大学出版社Step II What is stylistics?王宗炎，《英汉教学语言学词典》StylisticsDifferent definitions of “style”Style as rhetoricStyle as formStyle as eloquenceStyle as proper words in proper placesStyle as personal idiosyncrasyStyle as technique of expositionStyle as the highest achievement of literatureStyle as saying the right thing in the most effectiveStyle as a shell surrounding a pre-existing core of thought or expressionStyle as the choice between alternative expressionsStyle as a set of collective characteristicsStyle as equivalenceStyle as functionStyle as foregrounding突出Style as deviation变异Style as transformationStyle as meaning potentialStyle as expressivenessGeneral speakingStylistics is the "study of the use of language in literature"Stylistics is a "meeting-ground of linguistics and literary study"Stylistics is an area of study which straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics. Ittakes literary discourse (text) as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end. How to understand “style as rhetoric”?In China:1973年，陈望道《修辞学发凡》是中国现代文体学的开端。
文体与修辞次教材课程
Lecture 2
Stylistic analysis of English poetry
2.From what linguistic levels do you analyze the stylistic features of an English text?
3.Concerning the scope of stylistics, what are the three main areas it covers? How to define them respectively? What is the main concern of this course?
English Stylistics & Rhetoric
Lan Yuanyuan
• Style is the language habit of a person or the language habits shared by a group at one time; the old English, Lake poems
• Phonology--- the study of speaking sounds
• Morphology---tds are formed（lexicology）
• Syntax---the study of how words are arranged to form sentences.
Stylistics
• Stylistics is a branch of applied linguistics. It applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of style. It is the scientific study of linguistic features of different varieties of the English language at different linguistic levels.
大学英语修辞学第二章培训课件
Aristotle's Modes of Persuasion
According to Aristotle, persuasion can be achieved through three modes: ethos (credibility), pathos (emotional appeal), and logos (logical reasoning). Each mode plays a vital role in effective communication.
Celebrity Endorsements
Utilizing the credibility and influence of famous personalities to promote products or causes.
Effective Call to Action
Encouraging immediate response or purchase by utilizing strong and compelling language.
Alliteration, assonance, and rhyme schemes that enhance the musicality and impact of the text.
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Narrative Techniques
Foreshadowing, irony, and suspense that engage readers and create memorable experiences.
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Expand Vocabulary
Increase your repertoire of words to effectively convey emotions, ideas, and arguments.
高中英语作文常见4大体裁ppt课件
To begin with, the name of the movie is Growing together, which is about the development of our beloved school; as a result, it will be not only meaningful but also interesting. Besides, it will be in the library from 2:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon on June 9th. What’s more, everyone will be welcome to take part in it, enjoying the movie, having a heated discussion afterwards and giving your own comments.
To begin with, a new stadium has been built up, which has become the new landmark in our school. Moreover, a large number of sports events are able to be held, including PingPong, football as well as basketball. As for me, I like basketball best since it can give me strength to face the difficulties in my life.
英语修辞手法PPT课件
Metaphor
• A simile is different from an ordinary, literal comparison.
– Jim looks like his brother Billy. ×
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Metaphor
• It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
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Simile
• The world is like a stage. • Jim was as cunning as a fox.
• Words in a dictionary are like objects in a museum; They are interesting but merely on display. When words are used in communication, they come to life and go to work for us.
sense because life does not have any
color.
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• There are syntactic devices, lexical devices, phonetic devices.
• 句法 • 词汇 • 音韵
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Rhetorical Devices
• There are quite a number of rhetorical devices. Each device has its own form and characteristics, and its own way of achieving effect. Sometimes two or more devices can be used together for greater impact.
大学英语写作讲座一：修辞PPT课件
1. Figures of Speech Semantically ( 语义修辞) 1. 1 明喻 (simile)： 用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语
指出两个不同事物的相似之处
➢ That boy is as dumb as an oyster
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1.9 夸张（hyperbole）
运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观 事物，以达到强调的效果。
➢ My blood froze.
➢When I told our father about this, his heart burst.
➢My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’s voice on the phone.
➢ Intelligence is like a river. The deeper it is the less noise it makes.
➢ He jumped as if he had been stung.
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1. 2暗喻 (metaphor)：
用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外 一个事物 .
➢ Good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.
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1.10 矛盾修饰 (oxymoron)
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Lecture 2 Phonological Rhetoric and StylisticsStep I lead-inWilliam Somerset Maugham(1874-1965): “Words have sound, weight and appearance, and only by considering this can you write a sentence that is good to look at and good to listen to.”Leibniz认为人类的原始语言是根据拟声原则而创造出来的。
如：尽管语言体系不同，但是爸妈的发音却是如此相近。
“妈妈”称呼在英语中是mum，法语中是maman，俄语中是MaMa，德语中是Mama；“爸爸”，在英语也称为papa，法语称为papa，德语称为papa。
《论语·里仁》解释为“子曰：‘父母之年，不可不知也。
一则以喜，一则以惧。
’”，即“父”、“母”是模拟婴儿高兴、恐惧时发出的无意识自然呼唤声而误会成的拟声词。
（陈北郊1999）Step II Sound symbolismTwo large categories of sound speech: Consonants and V owelsThe description of English consonantsPhonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns, and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.Alexander Pope(1688-1744)“The sound must seem an echo to the sense.”语音和思想必须产生共鸣。
Certain sound clusters may relate to Sound symbolism or Phonaesthesia (语音象征,音义联觉,或语音感觉)---sounds felt to be in some way appropriate to the meanings expressed. Phonaesthesia occurs when certain sounds become associated with certain meanings, even though they do not attempt to imitate the sound.1. Length of soundHe claps the crag with crooked hands.[k], [p], [g], [d][æ], [u]短音很好地烘托出了岩鹰和岩石的刚毅坚硬, 传神般描绘了锐眼利爪, 凶猛强悍的山鹰高居峭岩之上而雄视八方的威风与气慨。
2. Openness of the mouthCrash, splash, splosh, vastpip, splish, teeny, weeny, wee, bit, mini3. Front, middle, and back vowelsherethereGloomy, boom, loom4. Voiced and unvoiced consonants[pip], [tit][bib], [did]5. Obscurity of consonants一般而言:响度越大,音长越长,所指距离越远英语语音的响度升序排列为:[p t k] < [b d ] < [s fθ] < [z v ]< [m n] < [ l] < [ r] < [ i u] < [e o] <[a]如：塞音(如/p, b, t, k/)多描述短促突然的声响和动作,如bop击打, pop爆声, tap踢踏, tick滴答声。
阻塞大的音会给人以力量大，响亮的感觉，相反就会给人以轻柔的感觉He rammed the door shut.He clicked the door shut.Clicked 的响亮度就显然比rammed 的响亮度大的许多.7. Phonaesthetic series[θ]: this, that, they, their, the, thus, then--- 指示性的代词、副词、形容词等[w]: what, which, where, why, who, when, whether…--- 强调疑问性质的疑问词[gl]: gleam, glaze, glare, glisten, glow, glass, glim, glint, glory…--- 光，发光I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine, with its clanking, heel–clicking, dandified offic ers …its clanking, heel–clicking: OnomatopoeiaAnalyze:Cl- : at the beginning of a word can suggesting sth. Sharp and/ or metallicClang: a loud ringing noiseClank: a dull metallic noise, not as loud as clangClash: a loud broken, confused noise as when metal objects strike togetherClink: the sound of small bits of mental or glass knocking togetherClick: a short sharp soundExample 1:A Rain Song (Clinton Scollard) :With its little patter, patterAnd its clatter, clatterAnd its silvery spatter, spatter诗人在每行最后重复响亮的/er/音,加上每行1至2次/i/音的配合,生动地描写了淅淅沥沥,滴滴嗒嗒如同音乐般的雨声,从而烘托出诗人聆听雨声的一番情趣。
Example 2:•Song :Hark, Hark! (Shakespeare)Hark, hark!Bow-wowThe watch-dogs bark!Bow-wowHark, hark! I hearThe strain of strutting chanticleer.Cry, “Cock-a-doodle-doo!”在诗中莎士比亚用了bark(犬吠)，bow-wow(汪汪叫)，cock-a-doole-doo (喔喔啼)等拟声词，还多次使用与bark,谐音的hark(听)，大大增强了拟声词的音响效果。
Pope (English poet and literary Critics):一位杰出的诗人会使声音适应于他所描写的事物，形成一种声音的风格（假如可以这样措辞的话）。
…… 毫无疑问，这种音响效果具有了不起的力量，它能把形象铭刻在读者的脑海里。
Step III Rhetoric device:1. OnomatopoeiaDefinition：Onomatopoeia is the imitation of natural sounds in word form.For example：Someone cackled/ chuckled/ giggled/ haw-hawed/ tittered.1.1 Comparison of English and Chinese Onomatopoeia英汉拟声词各有各的习惯用法。
英语中的拟声词多半属于动词或名词，在句子中做谓语、主语或宾语。
如：But as the door banged, she seemed to come to life again.--- verb, predicateThe low whir of the spinning wheel spoke to him of warmth of home and his mother’s love.--- noun, subject“What’s that?”he suddenly exclaimed, hearing a rustle; and they both looked up.--- noun, object而汉语的拟声词多半带有形容词性质，在句中可作定语、状语或谓语。
杯筷陈设在个人面前，暖锅里发出嗞嗞的有味的声响。
《叶圣陶《倪焕之》）--- 形容词，定语她见江华噗呲笑了，自己也忍不住地笑起来。
（杨沫《青春之歌》）--- 动词，谓语秋风飒飒。
--- 动词，谓语可见，英语拟声词比汉语拟声词更加活跃。
1.2 Example comparisonWhee-ee-ee! Whee-ee-ee! The police whistles shrilled suddenly.“嘀！嘀！”突然警笛响了。
“啪！——一声响，那支象牙鸦片烟枪断成两段。
“Crack! … the long ivory opium-pipe broke in two.---拟声词对应She squelched barefoot through the mud.她光着脚吧唧吧唧地在泥地里走。
The door banged shut.门砰的一声关上了。
--- 拟声词转化The screeching of the brakes got on my nerves.刹车声刺激了我的神经。
Zigard fell asleep almost immediately.祖格德几乎倒头就呼呼睡了。
……可以听见汤河涨水的呜呜声。
…the sound of the rising waters became audible…--- 拟声词虚化2. AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant in stressed syllables.Rhetoric effects增强语言的节奏感（这点在古诗词中表现尤为突出）Nothing is as beautiful as spring---when weeds, in wheels, scoot long and love and lush......什么也美不过春---车轮间茂盛可爱的草儿,把长长的身子舒展......诗中使用头韵，读起来不仅明快飞扬，且不禁让人觉得生机盎然春意勃发。