2006年发表于时代英语报教学研究月刊
上海大学06年综英
06 综英SECTION 1: READING COMPREHENSION (45 points)Directions: In this section, you will find two passages, each of which is followed by some questions. Read the passages carefully and then answer the questions in your own words on the Answer Sheet. Make sure that each response is limited to less than ten words in order to be valid.Questions 1-8On any person who desires such queer prizes, New Y ork will bestow the gift of loneliness and the gift of privacy. It is this largess that accounts for the presence within the city’s walls of a considerable section of the population; for the residents of Manhattan are to a large extent strangers who have pulled up stakes somewhere and come to town, seeking sanctuary or fulfillment or some greater or lesser grail. The capacity to make such dubious gifts is a mysterious quality of New Y ork. It can destroy an individual, or it can fulfill him, depending a good deal on luck. No one should come to New Y ork to live unless he is willing to be lucky.There are roughly three New Y orks. There is, first, the New Y ork of the man or woman who was born here, who takes the city for granted and accepts its size and its turbulence as natural and inevitable. Second, there is the New Y ork of the commuter—the city that is devoured by locusts each day and spat out each night. Third, there is the New Y ork of the person who was born somewhere else and came to New Y ork in quest of something. Of these three trembling cities the greatest is the last—the city of final destination, the city that is a goal. It is this third city that accounts for New Y ork’s light-strung disposition, its poetical deportment, its dedication to the arts, and its incomparable achievements. Commuters give the city its tidal restlessness, natives give it solidity and continuity, but the settlers give it passion. And whether it is a farmer arriving from Italy to set up a small town in Mississippi to escape the indignity of being observed by her neighbors, or a boy arriving from the Corn Belt with a manuscript in his suitcase and a pain in his heart, it makes no difference: each embraces New Y ork with the intense excitement of first love, each absorbs New Y ork with the fresh eyes of an adventurer, each generates heat and light to dwarf the Consolidated Edison Company.1. What are the dubious gifts New Y ork gives to its people?2. Is it true to say that New Y ork is a place for the opportunists?3. Who is likely to take the city of New Y ork for granted?4. What is the symbolic meaning of the word “locusts”(paragraph 2, line 3)?5. What does the phrase “tidal restlessness”(paragraph 2, line 8) mean?6. Of the three New Y orks mentioned here which brings passion and vitality?7. What does the writer really mean when he says “each generates heat and light to dwarf the Consolidated Edison Company”?8. Suggest a most suitable title for this passage.Questions 9-15Summers, sparked an uproar at an academic conference Friday when he said that innate differences between men and women might be one reason fewer women succeed in science and math careers. Summers also questioned how much of a role discrimination plays in the dearth of female professors in science and engineering at elite universities.Nancy Hopkins, a biologist at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, walked out on Summers' talk, saying later that if she hadn't left, ''I would've either blacked out or thrown up." Five other participants reached by the Globe, including Denice D. Denton, chancellor designate of the University of California, Santa Cruz, also said they were deeply offended, while four other attendees said they were not. Summers said he was only putting forward hypotheses based on the scholarly work assembled for the conference, not expressing his own judgments -- in fact, he said, more research needs to be done on these issues. The organizer of the conference at the National Bureau of Economic Research said Summers was asked to be provocative, and that he was invited as a top economist, not as a Harvard official.However, the problem of women in academia is one that Summers is confronting in his role as university president. The percentage of tenured job offers made to women by the university's Faculty of Arts and Sciences has dropped dramatically since Summers took office, prompting vigorous complaints from many of Harvard's senior female professors. Summers has called last year's results, when only four of 32 tenured job offers went to women, unacceptable and promised to work on the problem. However, some Harvard professors have questioned his commitment to the issue.The setting was a two-day conference at the economic research bureau, a group in Cambridge whose members include economists from all over the country. The conference, on women and minorities in the science and engineering workforce, was a private, invitation-only event, with about 50 attendees.Summers spoke during a working lunch. He declined to provide a tape or transcript of his remarks, but the description he gave in an interview was generally in keeping with what 10 participants recalled. He said he was synthesizing the scholarship that the organizers had asked him to discuss, and that in his talk he repeated several times: ''I'm going to provoke you."9.What does the phrase “spark an uproar”(line 1) mean?10. According to Summers, is discrimination still a major cause for the lack of femaleprofessors in science and engineering at elite universities?11. How does Nancy Hopkins from MIT respond to Summers' remarks on women?12. Where does Summers make these trouble-causing remarks?13. Why do senior female professors at Harvard complain vigorously aboutSummers?14. What does the phrase “tenured job offer”(paragraph 3, line 2) mean?15. Suggest a most suitable title for this piece.SECTION 2: CLOZE (25 points)Directions: In this section, you will find two passages with 25 words missing. Readeach passage carefully and then fill in each of the blanks with ONE suitable word. Remember to write your responses on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIt is difficult to dissociate Ginsberg the poet --1--- Ginsberg the public figure. Long before he had --2--- any widespread reputation for his poems he had already appeared --3--- a fictional character in two Beat novels, Jack Kerouac’s The Town and the City (1950) and John Clellon Holmes’s Go (1952), and William Carlos Williams had printed two of his letters in 1951 in Paterson, Book IV (another appears in Book V, 1958). His travels in Europe, Asia, and South America, his advocacy of Zen Buddhism, of hallucinatory drugs, and of homosexuality, and his involvement --4--- the civil rights campaign, war resistance, and attacks --5--- the C. I. A. have done as much to --6--- him in the public eye since the appearance of Howl --7--- has his poetry. Of his later works the best known is “Kaddish”, a long poem --8--- his mother’s illness and death. Ginsberg --9--- his poetry as “Beat-Hip-Gnostic-Imagist.”After some early experimentation --10--- rhymed, metrical verse --11--- the manner of Thomas Wyatt, he began under the influence of William Carlos Williams to seek a line modeled on speech and breathing patterns. Influenced also by the Bible, by William Blake, and by Walt Whitman, Ginsberg strive --12--- a prophetic poetry that embraces the sacred and profane.Passage TwoAt the turn of the century, the American family lived primarily in small, rural communities. Family members were --13--- to go to the fields, woods, and waters for their sustenance, and to a great --14--- depended on their own efforts and those of their families and neighbors --15--- basic survival. While they adhered --16--- Judeo-Christian beliefs, they always had cause to wonder where tomorrow’s meal would come from, whether a child would be born alive, whether a cow would calf, or whether fire, drought, hail, or other natural --17--- would destroy the work of a person, a family, or a whole generation. Illness, dying, and death took place at home, and was observed by child and --18--- alike. To a great extent, the American family lived in terms of the simple round of life that humankind had known and accepted --19--- the beginning of time: birth, copulation, and death.By contrast, the generation born after WWII has, for the most --20--- , experienced death at a distance. When the post-World War II generation was born their life --21--- was approximately 67 years. In the majority of instances they were born in hospitals, and the infectious diseases --22--- which they were exposed were no longer likely to be fatal. This “baby-boom”--23--- , unlike their parents and all previous generations, experienced the maximum benefits of an --24--- and technologically advanced society. Modern health care institutions in particular shielded this generation --25--- general exposure to illness and death, just as the commercial meat processing industry removed the slaughtering of animals from the home. Death for this generation has become invisible and abstract.SECTION 3: TRANSLATION (30 points)Part A: English-Chinese Translation (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write yourversion on the Answer Sheet.Blood is indeed in the news, for on the heels of that announcement comes a report of tests carried out in the United States and Japan on artificial blood. After an accident, time is crucial for a person suffering from extensive blood loss, and a transfusion of real blood must often be preceded by a time consuming test for blood type. Plasma does not require such a test but, because it can carry little oxygen, it is not a wholly satisfactory substitute. Perfluorocarbons appear to offer an answer. They are utilized in combination with an emulsion called Fluosol DA, which provides a number of additional advantages over real blood. These include the absence of a need for blood tests, the fact that it can be frozen for as long as two years, its elimination eventually as a gas through the lungs, and the impossibility of its transmitting such problems as hepatitis.Part B: Chinese-English Translation (20 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into English and write your version on the Answer Sheet.广州保税区(Guangzhou Free Trade Zone)广州保税区位于广州市东部，距市中心30公里，水路至香港88海里，距白云机场41公里，距黄埔新港２公里，距铁路编组站２公里。
2006年考研英语真题及解析
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America?Indeed.It is big enough to have a bit of everything.But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past,today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21.The word “homogenizing”(Line 2,Paragraph 1)most probably means ________.[A]identifying[B]associating[C]assimilating[D]monopolizing22.According to the author,the department stores of the 19th century ________.[A]played a role in the spread of popular culture[B]became intimate shops for common consumers[C]satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite[D]owed its emergence to the culture of consumption 23.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.________.[A]are resistant to homogenization[B]exert a great influence on American culture[C]are hardly a threat to the common culture[D]constitute the majority of the population24.Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[A]To prove their popularity around the world.[B]To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C]To give examples of successful immigrants.[D]To show the powerful influence of American culture.25.In the author’s opinion,the absorption of immigrants into American society is _______.[A]rewarding[B]successful[C]fruitless[D]harmful Text 2Stratford-on-Avon,as we all know,has only one industry —William Shakespeare —but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC),which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon.And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come,not to see the plays,but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage,Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny totheir revenue.They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors,them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness.It’s all deliciously ironic when you供学习参考Qconsider that Shakespeare,who earns their living,was himself an actor (with a beard)and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate.The sightseers who come by bus —and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side —don’t usually see the plays,and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford.However,the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing.It is the playgoers,the RSC contends,who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights)pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and the local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company.Stratford cries poor traditionally.Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge.Hilton is building its own hotel there,which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars,the Lear Lounge,the Banquo Banqueting Room,and so forth,and will be very expensive.Anyway,the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy.(The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a st year its 1,431seats were 94per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.)The reason,of course,is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele.They come entirely for the plays,not the sights.They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)—lean,pointed,dedicated faces,wearing jeans and sandals,eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20seats and 80standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30a.m.26.From the first two paragraphs,we learn that ________.[A]the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue[B]the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C]the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms [D]the townsfolk earn little from tourism27.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3that ________.[A]the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B]the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C]the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D]the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater28.By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally”(Line 2,Paragraph 4),the author implies that ______.[A]Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B]Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C]the town is not really short of money[D]the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29.According to the townsfolk,the RSC deserves no subsidy because ________.供学习参考Q[A]ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B]the company is financially ill-managed[C]the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable[D]the theatre attendance is on the rise30.From the text we can conclude that the author ________.[A]is supportive of both sides[B]favors the townsfolk’s view[C]takes a detached attitude[D]is sympathetic to the RSCText 3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world,something strange happened to the large animals:theysuddenly became extinct.Smaller species survived.The large,slow-growing animals were easy game,and were quickly hunted to extinction.Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.Whatresearchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing.They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world.Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter)of fish species in particular parts of the ocean,but rather changes in that biomass over time.According to their latest paper published in Nature ,the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals)in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80%within 15years of the start of exploitation.In some long-fished areas,it has halved again since then.Dr.Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved.Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar,which were not available 50years ago.That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught,so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.In the early days,too,longlines would have been more saturated with fish.Some individuals would therefore not have been caught,since no baitedhooks would have been available to trap them,leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.Furthermore,in the early days of longline fishing,a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked.That is no longer a problem,because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr.Myers and Dr.Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline,which future management efforts must take into account.They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists,that of the “shifting baseline”.The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50%of its original levels.Most fisheries are well below that,which is a bad way to do business.31.The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that ________.供学习参考Q[A]large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment[B]small species survived as large animals disappeared[C]large sea animals may face the same threat today[D]slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32.We can infer from Dr.Myers and Dr.Worm’s paper that ________.[A]the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%[B]there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15years ago[C]the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20%of the original amount[D]the number of large predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old33.By saying “these figures are conservative”(Line 1,paragraph 3),Dr.Worm means that ________.[A]fishing technology has improved rapidly[B]then catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C]the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss[D]the data collected so far are out of date34.Dr.Myers and other researchers hold that ________.[A]people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time[B]fisheries should keep their yields below 50%of the biomass [C]the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level[D]people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation35.The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’________.[A]management efficiency[B]biomass level[C]catch-size limits[D]technological applicationText 4Many things make people think artists are weird.But the weirdest may be this:artists’only job is to explore emotions,and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn’t always so.The earliest forms of art,like painting and music,are those best suited for expressing joy.But somewhere from the 19th century onward,more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless,phony or,worst of all,boring,as we went from Wordsworth’sdaffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery.But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war,disaster and the massacre of innocents.The reason,in fact,may be just the opposite:there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all,what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness?Advertising.The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media,and with it,a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.供学习参考Q[D]Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered gaps.There are two extra choices,which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville,Ind.,home of David Williams,52,and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played).During several years of gambling in that casino,Williams,a state auditor earning $35,000a year,lost approximately $175,000.He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20worth of gambling.He visited the casino,lost the $20and left.On his second visit he lost $800.The casino issued to him,as a good customer,a “Fun Card”,which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities.For Williams,these activities become what he calls “electronic heroin”.(41)________.In 1997he lost $21,000to one slot machine in two days.In March 1997he lost $72,186.Hesometimes played two slot machines at a time,all night,until the boat docked at 5a.m.,then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9a.m.Now he is suing the casino,charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted.It did know he had a problem.In March 1998a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions,and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem.The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers,and wrote to him a “cease admissions”letter.Noting the “medical/psychological”nature of problem gambling behavior,the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42)________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24signs warning:“Enjoy the fun...and always bet with your head,not over it.”Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health.Nevertheless,Williams’s suit charges that the casino,knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,”intentionally worked to “lure”him to “engage in conduct against his will.”Well.(43)________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling”involves persistent,recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44)________.Pushed by science,or what claims to be science,society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45)________.Forty-four states have lotteries,29have casinos,and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on —you might say addicted to —revenues from wagering.And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995,competition for gamblers’dollars has become intense.The Oct.28issue of Newsweek reported that 2供学习参考Q学160-200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)供2006年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章结构分析本文介绍了美国无家可归者日益增多这个社会问题。
探析如何构建自由和谐英语教学课堂
探析如何构建自由和谐英语教学课堂-英语论文探析如何构建自由和谐英语教学课堂毛慧静（扬州市江都区丁沟镇中学，江苏扬州215101）摘要：英语课程倡导构建和谐课堂教学氛围能优化教学过程，激活学生英语积极学习情感，促进师生关系的融洽。
本文就和谐英语课堂教学方法运用进行了探析，围绕自由、平等、民主来创设人文化教学环境氛围，尊重信任学生，鼓励自由讨论交流，激发学生英语学习主动性和积极性。
以自由和谐为动力，更能让学生绽放生命活力，形成生动活泼的英语学习环境。
关键词：英语；学生；自由；和谐中图分类号：G633文献标识码：A文章编号：1005-6351(2012)-09-0027-01 《全日制义务教育英语课程标准（实验稿）》中尤其注重对教学环境氛围的创设，建议教师从学生的学习情感出发，构建民主、平等、和谐的新型师生关系，满足学生自由学习和主动探究的需要。
由此可见，以自由和谐为核心构建人文化课堂教学环境氛围，对缓和师生紧张被动关系、活跃教学氛围和增强学生学习内驱动力都有推动作用。
构建自由和谐教学课堂，更能够体现亲师信道和自由交流特点，升华学生英语学习情感思维，形成科学语言感知。
一、围绕自由学习，鼓励学生大胆表现营造轻松活泼和自由表现的课堂教学环境氛围，不仅是学生英语学习心理需要更是激活学生语言学习潜能，增强主观能动性的有力推手。
传统的单一被动教学模式难免使得学生受到束缚，缺乏大胆表现的欲望，课堂也就缺少应有的生气和活力。
多给学生以自由的空间和时间，让学生能够在轻松愉悦的学习环境中感受自身主体地位和价值，让学生获得英语的尊重和信任。
围绕学生渴望追求自由的秉性来创设可自由交流、自由表现、自由学习的环境氛围，最大限度发挥好学生的学习主体作用。
首先，还课堂给学生，让学生能够对自己的课程学习有一定的规划目标，做到有的放矢的自由。
其次，了解学生的学习情感需要，找准学生的兴趣源，更好激活其学习潜能。
再次，创设“人人表达、个个表现”的激励氛围，培养学生英语学习自觉主动性。
06年英语试题阅读理解部分(A)解析
(4)fit in/into（大小、式样、数量适合）可容纳，装进，如：All the kids will~the back of the car.（所有的孩子都可以坐到车的后排。
）(5)indices（n.）index的复数形式，标志，指标，表征，如：The number of new houses being built is a good index of a contry’s prosperity.（新建房屋的数目是国家繁荣的一个有用指标。
）(6)census（n.）人口（户口）调（普）查，(调查)统计的数字；（v.）调查人口数字(7)bilingual（a.）能讲两国话的；使用两种语言的(8)graveyard（n.）墓地，坟场(9)divisive（a.）区分的，引起分裂的，造成不和的（10）pocket（n.）（与周围不同的）小组织，小区域，如：There are still a few isolated ~s of resistance to the new regime.（现在仍有零星孤立的势力反对新政权。
）（11）seethe（v.）（with/at sth.）强压怒火，生闷气；（with sth.）充满，遍布；如：The resort is seething with tourists all year round.（这处名胜一年四季游人如织。
）五、全文翻译尽管人们喋喋不休地谈论美国社会的差异，美国社会仍然是一部惊人的民族融合的机器。
在美国，大众文化的特点就是“在服饰和谈吐方面大众化的一致性、漫不经心和不拘礼节”。
人们沉迷于一种由19世纪的百货商店掀起的“消费文化”中。
这些商店“在幽雅的环境中供应琳琅满目的商品。
与那些迎合知识精英人士的人情味十足的小商店不同”，这些商店是“任何阶级和背景的人都可以进入的”。
这使得购物转变为一种公共和大众的行为。
大众媒介、广告和体育赛事也促进了民族同化。
多教学模式生成精彩课堂例谈
多教学模式生成精彩课堂例谈发表时间：2011-03-11T13:56:47.827Z 来源：《时代英语报教学研究月刊》2010年第11-12期供稿作者：寇瑛[导读] 根据学生“好动、好玩、好奇、好胜”的心理特点，英语教学要创造真实多样、能调动学生多种感官参与学习活动的情境案例一：T: Boys and girls, please enjoy the song“Heal the world”.If you can sing it, please sing with the video.这是教授8B Unit 5 International charities (Integrated skills) 这一板块时的课前欣赏。
这一单元的主题是慈善，让学生们了解不同的慈善机构及它们的工作范畴，从而培养学生们的爱心。
为了让学生们感受慈善机构的重要性，我特意安排了课前欣赏这首歌，这首歌的歌词及画面让学生们看到了世界上还有很多受苦受难的人们，感受到了这些受苦受难人们的生活状况，他们等着我们给予的帮助。
正式铃声响后，画面暂停，T: Do you like thesong? Ss: Yes. (因为这首歌的旋律和画面歌词吸引了学生们，所以回答很响亮。
) T: But did you see many poor children and people on video? Ss: Yes. (学生们回答同样非常响亮，从这响亮的回答中我知道学生们都进入了学英语的最佳状态，他们已经做到了“口到、眼到、心到”。
)T: But do you know which organization can help them? Ss: International charities. (学生们异口同声地响亮回答让我更确定他们已经完全融入了课堂。
)同时这三个简单问题的回答也让不同层次的学生们有了学习慈善这一主题的兴趣。
接下来这堂课的教学游刃有余，学生们积极踊跃地回答问题，创编自己的慈善行动小对话，还有学生创立了自己的慈善校园组织来帮助自己身边的困难学生。
提高职业中学英语教学质量有效途径
提高职业中学英语教学质量的有效途径摘要：本文通过对职业中学学生英语学习问题的分析，提出了提高教学质量的六种有效途径，从而达到事半功倍的教学效果。
关键词：教学质量，有效途径随着改革开放的深入和发展，社会对人才的需求发生了巨大的变化，综合素质、实用技能、英语读、写能力等一些与现代化生产联系紧密的要素，成为了用人单位衡量人才的首选标准，尤其是在国外先进生产设备、先进生产工艺的应用等方面，英语知识表现出其重要作用。
而当前职业教育中，学生英语基础普遍差、学生从心理上惧怕英语学习、心理压力大、口语表达能力差、传统的灌输教学方式以及枯燥的英语教学环境等问题，严重地影响了职业英语的教学质量，影响了职业技术人才的培养。
我在教学中主要采用了以下途径，取得了较好的效果。
一、调查摸底，从学生实际出发，加强英语语音、语法基础知识的学习。
了解学生对英语基础知识的掌握程度，对职业中学英语教学起着关键的作用。
调查摸底，就是要充分了解学生，分析学情，即学生是什么样的水平，具备了哪些知识；这节课上应该引导学生做什么，说什么，该课之后不同的学生分别可以达到什么样的水平，应该获得哪些知识。
根据学生对英语基本知识点的掌握程度，有计划的进行语音、基本语法知识的补课，在补课的讲解过程中一定要注意，尽可能使学生敢读、敢说，并给予表扬、鼓励和肯定，形成有效的鼓励机制，树立学生对学习英语的信心，使学生对英语学习产生积极的心理响应，从而引导和培养学生的学习兴趣。
二、增强师生情感交融，以情育人。
情感是启动英语学习兴趣的总开关, 直接影响学生的学习行为和学习效果。
学生这个学习主体的思想状态、情绪变动都是影响我们课堂教学能否达到高效率这一目标的关键因素，想让学生处于一个最佳的学习状态，就要把他置于一个愉快、积极的学习环境中去。
教师对学生的主观态度和评价标准显得尤为重要，教师在承认学生的个性和个体差异的前提下，在教学语言、体态和评价上都应注意传达一种鼓励和肯定的讯息，从而使学生产生一种积极的情感，使他们感受到教师的关注，从而化消极被动为积极主动，增加他们克服困难的信心和语言学习的交际欲望。
汉教资格证书考试历年试卷(第二语言教学理论)
汉教资格证书考试历年试卷（第二语言教学理论）1998年对外汉语教学理论和语言学试题（时间：120分钟）对外汉语教学理论一、填空（每空1分，共10分）1、对外汉语教学学科的基础理论主要有：________、__________、_____________。
2、对语言学习发生重要影响的因素有：_________、___________、____________等。
3、编写与评估对外汉语教材需遵循的基本原则是______、_____、________、_______。
二、选择填空（将正确答案的编号填在横线上，每空2分，共10分）1、一份试题对学生重复测试，是验正试题___________的方法之一。
A、效度B、信度C、区分度D、难易清晰度2、“听说法”的心理学理论依据是____________，这种心理学理论的创始人是_________。
A、认知心理学B、构造主义心理学C、行为主义心理学D、儿童心理学E、巴甫洛夫F、斯金纳G、皮亚杰H、华生3、语言学习理论研究历来是___________研究的重要领域。
A、语言学B、心理学C、教育学D、对外汉语教学4、对外汉语教学作为一个需要专门研究的学科而被提出来的时间是___________。
A、80年代初B、80年代中C、80年代末D、70年代末三、词语解释（每题5分，共10分）1、迁移与泛化：2、应用语言学：四、论述（每题10分，共20分）1．词汇教学的任务和选择所教词汇的原则。
2．简论第一、第二语言学习的区别性特征。
五、教案设计和问题解答（每题15分，共30分）1、设计教案：课文甲：你喜欢不喜欢看足球比赛？乙：喜欢，喜欢得不得了。
甲：昨天晚上的电视节目有足球比赛，你看没看？乙：没看，哪个队对哪个队？甲：上海队对大连队，踢得相当精彩，你没看，太可惜了！乙：下周就要考试了，时间太紧张了，我得复习功课。
（1）从课文里挑出五个需讲、练的语言点。
（5分）（2）选其中三个，设计教案。
外语学习：对时间窗口和关键经验的认识
陶 沙北京师范大学认知神经科学与学习国家重点实验室教授，儿童青少年脑智研究中心主任。
主要研究方向为儿童青少年语言学习和学习困难的认知神经机制。
在Psychological Bulletin 、Journal of Educational Psychology ， Journal of Experimental Child Psychology ， Journal of Learning Disabilities 等国际重要学术期刊上发表研究论文30余篇，中文期刊论文60余篇，参与撰写著作4部。
担任期刊Reading and Writing， 《心理科学》杂志编委。
目前担任中国心理学会理事及发展心理专业委员会副主任委员、中国教育学会脑科学与教育研究分会常务理事。
曾获北京市科技进步三等奖1项、北京市哲学社会母语者语言学习起始年龄英语语法平均分Johnson & Newport(1989)：外语语法学习存在关键期EDUCATOR移民时年龄英语水平大学高中毕业高中肄业受教育低于8年受教育低于5年Hakuta ，Bialystok & Wiley （2003）：华裔英语学习者越早学则英语学习的总体水平越高；越晚学则总体水平越低。
但受教育水平越高，起始年龄的影响越小。
责任编辑： 吕虹应。
研究结果表明，的确存在外语学习的重要时间窗口，但是远远比人们预想的要漫长得多（到青春期之后仍然不会结，而且和学习环境的特点紧密相关。
况且，无论是在什么环境中学习，都需要经过长期努力。
因此，可以认为即使晚学外语，也有可能学好，但在相当大的程度上取决于学习经验和环境。
学习起始年龄正确率数）非浸入式学习者浸入式学习者单语者。
掌上电子词典优缺点初探
掌上电子词典优缺点初探发表时间：2011-03-11T10:58:47.793Z 来源：《时代英语报教学研究月刊》2010年第11-12期供稿作者：马梅[导读] 掌上电子词典经历了数代更新，机体变得更小巧、轻便、美观。
近年来，越来越多的中小学生使用掌上电子词典(Pocket Electronic Dictionary) 来取代传统的普通纸质词典(Paper Dictionary)。
集词典、笔记本、计算器、闹钟等功能于一身的文曲星、步步高等掌上电子词典越来越受到中小学生的青睐，尤其是它的多功能、方便快捷等优点更是使学生们爱不释手。
但是，相当一部分学生家长和部分外语教师对这一普通纸质词典的替代品持怀疑甚至否定的态度。
他们观察到孩子们在进行阅读和听力练习、翻译，甚至在回答问题时，都手不离掌上电子词典。
他们担心对电子词典过于依赖会给孩子的英语学习带来负面影响。
那么掌上电子词典于中小学生的英语学习而言到底是利大于弊还是弊大于利呢？它的利与弊到底有哪些呢？本人结合自己工作中的观察、学习、调查、思考，对掌上电子词典的优缺点作了一些初步的探讨。
掌上电子词典得到迅猛的发展，受到中小学生的青睐是和它的显著优势分不开的。
优点一：词量丰富。
掌上电子词典经历了数代更新，机体变得更小巧、轻便、美观。
由于存储空间的极大扩展，掌上电子词典虽然只有巴掌大小，重量仅100 克左右，但收词量却可以和重达2公斤的普通纸质大词典相媲美。
一本电子词典含有好几本纸质词典的容量，有时查词可以互相参照，取长补短。
优点二：功能多样。
现在的掌上电子词典除具有基本的词典功能外，还有更加完善的附加功能，如复习考试、资料存储、计算理财、时钟日历、游戏娱乐、汉英功能等功能。
有的机型还可以插卡，用户还可以根据需要购买某语种的存储卡。
现在不少的电子辞典还设有以艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线为基础的一个限时记忆，定时巩固，帮助记牢单词的程序。
优点三：使用便捷掌上电子词典在实际使用中对中小学生的英语学习起到了辅助的作用，它是广大中小学生学习上的助手。
英语词汇教学六法
英语词汇教学六法发表时间：2011-03-14T10:55:42.483Z 来源：《时代英语报教学研究月刊》2010年第11-12期供稿作者：陈晓芳[导读] 小学生的思维直观活跃，因此在呈现单词时要直观，最好是学生能看到，摸到，感觉到的事物。
一、直观法借助实物、图片，利用多媒体及身体语言等教词汇，生动活泼、快而有效，容易引起学生的兴趣，给学生留下深刻的印象，不易忘记，同时也是教学英语词汇的有效途径之一。
小学生的思维直观活跃，因此在呈现单词时要直观，最好是学生能看到，摸到，感觉到的事物。
我们在课堂教学中可以利用一些水果、玩具、学习用具、生活用品等进行实物教学。
心理学家告诉我们：活泼、爱动是学生的天性。
那么怎样让他们“动”起来呢？如我在教动词短语“turn on”时，我先做手势让一名学生开灯，然后对其它学生说：“Look, she's turning on the light.”。
我反复强调“turn on ”这个单词短语，自己也边开灯边说“Turn on the light”，学生便领会了“turn on”的意思。
同样的方法接着教它的反义词“turn off”. 这样把学习语言与行为习惯教育相结合，既能充实教学内容，丰富教学形式，又能充分调动学生学习英语的积极性，使学生在情趣高涨的课堂上学到知识。
二、游戏法英语新课程强调：学生在做中学，在玩中用。
这样有利于发展学生语言运用的能力，有利于提高语言学习的动机。
为了满足学生的好奇心和激起他们学习的兴趣，我经常开展各种游戏教学。
(1)“Smell andguess. Touch andguess”游戏。
比如在教完水果类单词后，我把各种水果放入一个不透明的袋子中，一起玩“Touch and guess”的游戏，猜对者将把水果奖赏给他。
在水果奖赏的刺激下，学生的学习热情异常积极。
几分钟游戏下来，学生既玩得开心，8 个水果单词也已扎根大脑了。
(2)快速闪动游戏。
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2006年发表于《时代英语报—教学研究月刊》 “主动型”教学模式在小学英语教学中的优势
常州新北区龙虎塘中心小学 殷利丹
＂主动型＂教学模式指的是让学生在学习过程中主动动手、动口、动脑，而且让学生主
动地与老师、同学不断进行交流，置身于浓厚的学习氛围之中的一种教学模式。＂主动＂是对学生而言，即教学过程要让学生主动参与，以学生主动学习为特征。小学英语＂主动型＂教学模式的构建，其本质与核心是发展和发挥学生的主体性与主体作用，培养学生主动学习的能力，使学生的英语学习活动真正成为一个主动学习的过程，主动创新的过程和个性化发展的过程。这才有利于把学生培养成为有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律、具有创新精神和实践能力，初步获得基本英语听说能力的一代新人，以适应21世纪对人才的要求。 一、小学英语“主动型”教学模式体现我国素质教育的基本特征 素质教育是依据人的发展和社会发展的需要，以全面提高学生的基本素质为根本目的，以尊重学生主体和主动精神，注重开发人的智慧潜能和形成人的健全个性为根本特征的教育。所以素质教育是充分弘扬主体性的教育，是以注意培养学生的态度和能力，促进他们在德智体诸方面生动、活泼、主动地发展为基本特征的教育。总而言之，素质教育是发展性的教育，注重学生的全面发展和主动发展，其中发展主动性是素质教育的核心特征。为了更好地落实素质教育精神，广大教师必须更新观念，以新的教学观为指导思想，在课堂教学中充分发挥学生的积极性、主动性，指导学生学会学习，使学生真正成为学习的主体。 小学英语教学是启蒙性和入门阶段的教学，也是实施素质教育的重要课程之一。小学英语素质教育的目标是：通过对学生进行听、说、读、写，尤其是听和说的基本训练，激发学生学习英语的兴趣，培养学生学习英语的良好习惯，帮助学生树立学好英语的自信心；使学生获得对英语的感性认识，打下较扎实的语音语调基础，并获得初步的听说能力，为将来升入中学继续学习英语做好准备；与此同时，使学生受到思想品德教育和良好行为习惯的养成教育；发展学生的观察力和想象力，培养其创新精神，使他们的个性得到健康发展。小学英语＂主动型＂教学模式将英语教学与素质培养有机结合起来，在教学中充分调动学生的积极性、主动性，使学生在英语学习过程中采用适合于自己的方法，主动地进行学习。这会使学生不以学习为苦，而以学习为乐，从中形成良好的英语学习素质，催化了语言能力的习得和发挥，而英语语言能力的习得和发挥又内化为学生的稳定，持久，强烈的学习动机，反过来促进了英语教学质量的提高。所以，小学英语＂主动型＂教学模式是优化了教学过程的素质教育模式。 二、小学英语“主动型”教学方法的应用能优化英语课堂教学 １、激发兴趣，调动学生学习英语的积极性 著名教育家布鲁纳曾经说过：＂学习的最好刺激，乃是对所学材料的兴趣。＂由于受年龄特征影响，小学生对英语学习的主动性和积极性，很大程度上是由兴趣决定的。根据小学生活泼好动，好奇心强的心理特征，教学中可利用生动活泼的直观教具，如实物，图片，幻灯，录象，Flash动画等，创设与教学内容相应的情景，来激发学生的兴趣，有效地调动起学生的多种感官，让学生身临其境学习词句，加深学习印象，提高学习效果。另外，可根据各课语言教学的目标，选择适当的游戏进行复习巩固。具体生动的游戏，能充分激发学生学习英语的兴趣和积极性，变＂要我学＂为＂我要学＂，＂我乐学＂。形成学生课堂主动学习英语的内驱力，让学生在生动活泼的课堂活动中主动发展。 ２、创造成功机会，培养学生学习英语的自信心 ＂教学的艺术不在于传授本领，而在于激励，唤醒，鼓舞＂。＂主动型＂教学方法正是从英语教学中学生的内在因素起决定作用这一观点出发，将教学围绕在培养学生具有强烈的学习自信心上。小学生学英语一开始由于新鲜新奇，积极性都很高。随着词汇量和语法点增加，如果老师教不得法，学生就会对英语学习渐渐失去了兴趣和信心，产生畏难情绪和厌学思想。这就需要老师给学生以适时适当的鼓励，指导。在教学中，要始终对学生充满信心，坚信他们能学好英语，使学生在深得信任和期待的气氛中学习，给他们以感染力，增强他们学习英语的自信心。可开展多种形式的课堂竞赛活动，让学生在竞赛中体验到成功的欢乐和喜悦，点燃学生积极进取的火花，使学生建立英语不难学的自信心，进而由自信向自主发展，增强学习的主动性。 ３、重视口语能力训练，培养学生英语语言习惯和表达能力 口语教学是英语教学的基础，从口语入手才能抓住英语学习的关键。因此，小学英语教学应该把口语能力训练摆在第一位，把日常生活情景对话作为教学的一个中心。通过以学生为主体的大量言语实践活动，使学生敢于开口说话，进而获得语言基本技能，促进语感早日养成。教学中，可从学生生活实际的表达需要出发，将学生学过的具有交际功能的基本句型编成微型对话，每节课抽出一定的时间进行俩俩对话训练。由于这项训练符合小学生活泼爱动，好自我表现的心理特点，把学生推到语言实践的主体位置，人人都有练习机会，都有表现自我的机会，为学生＂主动学习与发展提供可能性＂。俩俩对话训练以对话形式衬托出句型特征，使学生能从整体上感知语言材料，接受语言训练，不断潜意识地吸收，内化，从而获得英语语感，逐渐培养了学生的英语语言习惯和表达能力 2007年发表于《时代英语报—教学研究月刊》 试论英语课堂中的自主性道德教育
常州市龙虎塘中心小学 殷利丹 古今中外的教学，都重视教学的教育性，注重在教学过程中进行思想品德教育。各科教学都是向学生进行思想品德教育的最经常的途径，要求任课教师在全部的教学过程中，注意培养学生良好的学习态度、学习习惯和良好的意志品质，使学生学会如何求知，如何做人，养成和谐和健康向上的品格。 小学英语是学校教育的一个重要组成部分，也应该体现教育、教养和教学三个原则。作为一名英语教师，既是教学者，又是教育工作者，我们既要教书，又要育人。因而不能把对学生的思想品德教育看成是班主任的工作。因此，在小学英语教学中应创设各种学习活动，对学生进行适时的自主性道德教育，使其明确学习目的，增强学习动力，以利于提高思想素质。所谓自主性道德教育是指道德教育应融于教学的各个环节中，尽可能以自然的方式，注重创设情境和氛围以促使个体产生内在的需要和情感上的共鸣，从而主动地去实现教育目的。 一、激发兴趣，让学生成为道德的选择者 著名的教育家苏霍姆林斯基说过，不了解孩子，不了解他们的智力发展、思想、兴趣、爱好、才能和倾向，就谈不上教育。积极健康的情感能使人们的思维敏捷深刻，想象丰富活跃，记忆力增强。学生只有对英语学习有积极的情感，才能保持英语学习动力。其中，激发兴趣使学生树立正确的学习观是关键。 三年级学生上的第一堂课是导言课。一开始，我反复播放ABC song ,学生听后，面带笑容，眼睛神采奕奕，有的甚至哼唱起来。在歌声中，我开始了第一课，“Do you know ‘WTO’? Do you know ‘Olympic Games’?” 学生们在老师的引导下大声回答：“知道！”“那你们知道2008年的奥运会将在哪里召开？”“我国首都北京！”“Yes,in Beijing .”我又问：“你们愿意用一口流利的英语去迎接外宾吗？”学生异口同声地喊起来：“愿意！”“So we should work hard and learn more！”当我解释给他们听时，他们握起小拳头，信誓旦旦地说，work hard! 我知道，我的我的第一步成功了，他们自觉选择了道德教育。 二、设置语境，让学生成为道德的实践者 英语教学中，对特定的德育目标的实现或内容的输出，要注意强调有一定的具体接受情境或情感氛围，由于学生接触英语的大部分时间是课堂，因此，课堂教学应给学生设置一个适宜的语言情境，让学生自己亲身感受到从事这项任务的必要性，达到深有感触，自己主动地、积极地去完成。这是英语教学走向生活的一个重要条件，也是在实践练习中培养学生正确的道德观、人生观、价值观的重要途径和行之有效的方法。 五年级 Unit 4 “Hello!”一文中，“Have a seat ,please.”的教学，我设计了公共汽车上让座的情景加以巩固。学生在此情境中，不仅乐于理解此句话的含义，更培养了学生尊老爱幼的良好品德。另外，在教授panda , tiger, zebra、monkey 等的单词时，我也不忘告诉他们这些都是珍稀动物，要好好保护。 三、给予鼓励，让学生成为道德的收获者 学生的最大乐趣在于经过艰苦努力而获得成功，在教学中，应使学生正确的道德行为得到认同和应有的赞赏，这样，能够使学生有自信心，确认自己的行为能得到外部世界的肯定，从而进一步激发他们在正确的道德行为中寻找积极的一面。最终使学生在他的道德探索中得到真理。因此，教师在对任何一位学生进行评价时，切不可轻描淡写、一笔带过，特别是对学习有困难的学生。在评价中，老师应用深情的赞许或是热情的鼓励，以巩固提高学生的兴趣。 如孩子们有了精彩的表演时，我常常会说：“Great! Boys and girls, clap your hands!”接着全班同学就会鼓掌对其表扬，集体喊到： “One 、two、three、four ,good！”有时我会送英文名字给他们，或者送一些简笔画，同时根据学生回答问题的具体内容，有针对性的指出好在哪里，如“Your pronunciation is excellent .”使学生知道自己的长处、增强信心，从而激发其学习动力，让他们体验成功的快乐。如果有的学生由于种种原因没有表演好，我则说：“No matter, try again.”或用英语引导他们说出正确答案。这样的评价不会挫伤他们的积极性，使他有勇气、有兴趣再演一遍。在这样的鼓励下，学生们各个有自信，敢说敢做，学习兴趣持久而又浓厚，努力克服学习上的困难。 四、走向生活，让学生成为道德的驾驭者 英语教学的目的，就是让学生走向生活。由课堂的语境实践练习，到真正的生活，乃是水到渠成。我班学生见到老师会主动打招呼“Good morning.”“Hi.”见到客人老师会大方的说“Welcome to our school.”问路或打扰别人时，会先说“Excuse me !”而“Thank you .”“You’re welcome.”“That’s all right ”“Not at all.”等礼貌用语更是常挂嘴边，有的学生甚至能用英语制止一些不良现象。当有的学生破坏公物时，他们会说：“Don’t do that.”这些和以上的三者是分不开的。学生在得到鼓励，自发地正确的道德规范下积极地实现他的人生价值的同时，随着越来越多地被外界所肯定，那么他就会从自发地作为道德的旅行和实践者质变为道德的驾驭者。 总之，教师应采用多种教学手段，利用各种教学工具,充分挖掘教材，在英语教学中渗透品德教育，使学生成为一个自信、健康、向上的英语学习者。真正做到“乐”学而“学”！