laser cleaning system

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JDSU_CleanBlast_Training_English Chinese

10 © 2008 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Common Cleaning Methods一般清洗方法一般清洗方法
Common Methods for Cleaning一般清洗方法一般清洗方法
WESTOVER CleanBlastTM WESTOVER光纤清洁机光纤清洁机
Product Overview & Training 产品概况&培训
CleanBlast Outline CleanBlast 概况
Contamination污染污染 Cleaning Methods清洗方法清洗方法 CleanBlast
Blow free with compressed air用压缩空气吹 Basic cleaning: Kimwipe®, IPA, shirt sleeve, etc.一般清洗: Kimwipe®, IPA, shirt sleeve, 等 Purpose-built swabs and reel cleaners专用棉签棒和卷盘清洗盒
Swab 棉签棒
Fiber 光纤
Dirt灰灰尘
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© 2008 JDSU. All rights reserved.
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
CleanBlastTM 光纤清洁机
Basic Terms & Concepts 一般条件&aethods Are Not Always Sufficient这些清洗方法不是一直都有效 Sufficient这些清洗方法不是一直都有效

in-sight

In-Sight®3D-L4000Series Vision SystemManual2023April12Revision:1.3.0.24In-Sight3D-L4000SeriesRead this section to learn how the3D sensorvision system connects to standard components and accessories.For a list of options and accessories,contact your Cognex sales representative.:All cable connectors are keyed to fit the connectors on the3Dsystem.Do not force the connections or damage may occur. Mount the3D SensorVision System:Top Housing1.Align the holes on the mounting surface with the mounting holes on the3Dsensorvision system.2.Insert the M4screws into the top mounting holes and tighten.Themaximum torque is2.00Nm(17.70in-lb).Do not exceed the maximuminsertion depth of8mm for the M4screws.The maximum insertion depthdoes not include the thickness of the mounting material.CAUTION:The Ethernet cable shield must be grounded at the far end.this cable is plugged into(typically a switch or router)should have aEthernet connector.A digital voltmeter should be used to validate grounding.If the far end device is not grounded,a ground wire should be added in compliance with local electrical codes.1.Connect the Ethernet cable's M12connector to the3D sensorvisionsystem ENET connector.2.Connect the Ethernet cable’s RJ-45connector to a switch,router or PC,asapplicable.Cleaning and maintenanceThis chapter gives an overview about the cleaning and maintenance of the3D sensorvision system.Clean the HousingTo clean the outside of the3D sensorvision system housing,use a small amount of mild detergent cleaner or isopropyl alcohol on a cleaning cloth.Do not pour the cleaner on the3D sensorvision system housing.:Do not attempt to clean any In-Sight product with harsh orsolvents,including lye,methyl ethyl ketone(MEK)or gasoline.The windows of the3D sensorvision system and laser must be kept clean and free of defects to ensure proper operation.Any scratches,dust or dirt will impact theaccuracy of acquiredimages.:Use care not to damage the anti-reflective coating on the Cognex makes the following recommendations for cleaning the laser and3D sensorvision system windows:l Unplug the unit so the laser cannot be enabled.l Use lint-free tissue or an optical grade cotton swab("Q-tip").l Use reagent-grade isopropyl alcohol.l Use minimal pressure.l Use several tissues or swabs.l Start at the center of each window and spiral out to the edges.l Rotate the tissue or swab during cleaning so dirt is not dragged across the surface.Laser ModelsThe following sensors contain a class2M laser:WARNING:Laser light,do not stare into beam:Class2M laser product.Failure to follow these instructions may cause serious injury.Cognex places the following labels on every3D-L4000series3D sensorvision system:Complies with FDA performance standards for laser products except for conformance with IEC60825-1Ed.3,as described in Laser Notice No.56,dated May8,2019.WARNING:Use of controls or adjustments or performance of proceduresother than those specified herein may result in hazardous radiation exposure.Laser Safety Warningsl Do not stare into the beam.l Do not view directly with optical instruments(magnifiers).l Do not place optical components(mirrors)into the beam.l Design test fixtures in such a way that unintentional viewing of the beam is prevented.l Switch off the laser when not in use.l Avoid the use of highly reflective materials.If you cannot,try to angle the part so unintentional viewing of the reflection is prevented.l Terminate(block)unused beams.l Keep the laser plane horizontal or pointing downwards.l Report any issues that may have an impact on laser safety to your supervisor or Laser Safety Officer.lcompliance.l Under no circumstances should you operate the sensor if it is defective or the seal damaged.Cognex Corporation cannot be held responsible for anyharm caused by operating a faulty unit.l Under no circumstances should you modify in any way the sensor or its housing.l Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other than those specified herein may result in hazardous radiation exposure.l When moving the unit from a very hot environment to a cold environment please allow the unit to equalize in a room temperature environment for2hours between temperature extremes.Label LocationsWARNING:Laser light,do not stare into beam:Class2M laser product.Failure to follow these instructions may cause serious injury.Regulations and ConformityEU RoHSTÜVHazardous Substances 有害物质Part Name 部件名称Lead (Pb)铅Mercury (Hg)汞Cadmium (Cd)镉Hexavalent Chromium (Cr (VI))六价铬Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)多溴联苯Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)多溴二苯醚Regulatory Model50203X O O O O O This table is prepared in accordance with the provisions of SJ/T 11364.这个标签是根据SJ /T 11364的规定准备的。

laser介绍_0.1cn

An MPEG Standard for RichMedia Services 翻译文档文件标识：PA-2006-DT-0101 当前版本：0.1 作者：张骥先文件状态[√] 草稿文件[ ] 正式文件[ ] 更改正式文件完成日期：2007年3月12日Copyright © 2006 PolyVi Corporation, All Rights Reserved版本历史版本/状态作者审核日期备注V0.1 草稿文件张骥先2007-3-12起草。

目录An MPEG Standard for Rich Media Services 翻译文档 (1)1 引言 (1)1.1 文档目的 (1)1.2 背景 (1)1.3 定义 (1)1.4 参考资料 (2)2 关键特性和用例 (2)3 技术分析 (3)3.1 LASeR (3)3.1.1 SVG场景树 (4)3.1.2 场景树扩展 (4)3.1.3 动态更新 (4)3.1.4 二进制编码 (5)3.1.5 音视频支持 (5)3.1.6 丰富的字体信息 (5)3.1.7 增量式的场景描述 (6)3.2 SAF (6)3.2.1 聚合机制 (6)3.2.2 缓存机制 (7)4 LASeR与MPEG-4其他部分的关系 (7)4.1 如何在文件中存储LASeR的内容 (7)4.2 与IP流的关系 (8)5 结论 (8)6 LASeR的竞争对手及其背景 (8)6.1 Flash和Flash Lite (8)6.2 MPEG-4的BIFS (9)6.3 SMIL和SVG (9)6.4 媒体文件格式 (9)1 引言1.1 文档目的此文档简单介绍了LASeR（Lightweight Application Scene Representation）和SAF（Simple Aggregation Format）。

1.2 背景富媒体服务是聚合多种媒体数据（例如音视频，图片，文字）动态、交互的体现。

Laser Hero 用户手册说明书

U S E R M A N U A LINTRODUCTIONThank you for putting your trust in Laser Hero,the hair growth system!This user manual is included with your new device so that you can learn how to use it as quickly and easily as possible. Please read all of the included materials that came with the device before you use it for the first time.Our goal is to continuously improve the quality and performance of our products to meet the demands of the market and the needs of our customers.We welcome your comments if any errors are found in this manual.Thanks again for purchasing your new Laser Hero!IMPORTANT NOTICE FOR USERSPlease carefully read all sections of this manual before using your new Laser Hero.If you encounter problems or need help using this device, please contact our customer service team. We will answer all of your questions as soon as possible.Using the device correctly means extending its lifespan and maximizing its value.WARNING: If the hair growth system is not used correctly, it could result in damage to the device or a person.Our company does not assume the related liability if there is device damage or personal injury caused by not following the instructions specified in this user manual. We also assume no liability related to decreased device performance, reliability, and safety caused by incorrect use. We will not offer free repair for device failures caused by incorrect use. TABLEOFCONTENTS 1 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND PRECAUTIONS (04)1.1 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS (04)1.2 NOTES (04)1.3 NOTICES FOR HOME USE (04)2 SUMMARY (05)2.1 FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW (05)2.2 STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION (06)2.3 IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION (06)2.4 INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS (07)3 INSTALLATION AND CONNECTION (08)3.1 PRE-INSTALLATION CHECK (08)3.2 CHARGING METHOD (08)3.3 INSTALLING THE INNER LINER (08)4 OPERATION OF INSTRUMENT (09)4.1 PREPARATION BEFORE TREATMENT (09)4.2 OPERATION OF INSTRUMENT (09)5 MAINTENANCE (10)5.1 PERIODIC INSPECTION (10)5.2 MAINTENANCE (11)5.3 CLEANING (11)5.4 DISINFECTION (11)5.5 STORAGE (11)5.6 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE (11)5.7 REPLACEMENT BATTERY (12)6 ANAL YSIS AND TROUBLESHOOTINGOF COMMON FAULTS (13)PACKING LIST (13)PRODUCT TIMELINES (14)PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS (15)1 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND PRECAUTIONS1.1 Safety Requirements• The Laser Hero can only be connected to a power outlet with a protective earthing system to prevent circuit hazards. Don’t use the socket if you are unsure about the integrity of theprotective earth conductor.• When in use, the light source on the Laser Hero will emit laser radiation which can irritate the human eye. There should be no light source output when the helmet is not in use. If the light source is not turned off when not in use, do not look directly at it. If this occurs, turn off thepower, remove the battery, and contact the manufacturer or supplier.– Laser output optical density (by calculation): KN-8000B:≤2.76mW/cm2K N-8000C:≤1.08mW/cm2– The irradiance or radiation exposure level at which the light source may be incidentally on the surface of the eye protection device:≤0.1mW/cm2• T o start the device, set the time.1.2 Notes• Do not use in any environment with flammable or explosive materials.• Do not open the device yourself; otherwise, there may be a risk of electric shock.Repairs or upgrades must be performed by a person who was trained or authorized to do so.• T o prevent electric shock and reduce device failure, do not put the Laser Hero in or near water.Do not get the device wet. If it does get wet, stop use immediately.• T o ensure the safe operation of the device, please use only the products provided by ourcompany or the specified model for various replaceable parts, accessories, and consumables.• The service life and storage life of this device is five years. After the end of its life, the deviceand its accessories should be disposed of in accordance with the relevant regulations. If you have any questions, please contact us.• T o ensure the continued use and safety of this device, the instructions provided by our company must be followed.• Please keep this manual near your Laser Hero so that it can easily be obtained when needed. 1.3 Home Use• The system should be used under the guidance of a doctor or specialist.• Contact your doctor immediately if you notice any negative side effects.• User should read the entire manual before beginning use at home.• Keep out of the reach of children. 2 SUMMARYThe 655nm red light could change the hemorheological properties of local skin, promote hyperplastic blood vessels, reduce the viscosity of whole blood, and enhance the deformability of red blood cells to adjust the immune status of the body. Improves blood circulation and microcirculation in the bald area and promotes hair growth.2.1 FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW2.1.1 Intended ApplicationThe Hair Growth System is a prescription-use device intended for the promotion of hair growthin females with androgenic alopecia who have Ludwig-Savin Classifications I- II, and in males with androgenic alopecia who have Norwood Hamilton Classifications IIa-V; and both genders having Fitzpatrick Classification of Skin Phototypes I to IV.2.1.2 Instrument Characteristics• LLLT low energy soft laser irradiation technology, physical therapy is safe and reliable.• The laser source is arranged in a dot matrix arrangement, and the spot 5 distributionis more balanced, which could take into account every hair follicle and promote rapidhair growth.• deal for home use. Small size, lightweight, and easy to use.• Using zoned irradiation technology to meet different hair loss level requirements andeffectively achieve differentiated treatment.• Soft silicone locating system to ensure the illumination distance and make it more comfortable to wear.• User-friendly technology adapts to different head shapes and sizes.• Intelligent sensing device ensures safety and effectiveness during treatment.• Increase real-time scalp detection for temperature and humidity to maximize user experience and clinical outcomes.• Has two working modes: continuous irradiation and pulse irradiation in order to meet different clinical needs.2.4 INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS2.4.1 Instrument Type• Classified by type of electric shock: Class II; Internally Powered ME Equipment. • Classified according to the grade of protection against electric shock: BF • Classified by operating mode: short-time loading continuous operation• Ordinary equipment (closed equipment that does not prevent liquid ingress).• Equipment that cannot be used in the presence of flammable anesthetic gases mixed with air or flammable anesthetic gases mixed with oxygen or nitrous oxide. 2.4.2 Main T echnical Indicators of the Laser Hero• Adapter model number: Input: 100-240V a.c. 50/60Hz, 0.8A max.; Output: 9V d.c. 3A • Main unit input: 9V d.c. 3A / Internal battery: 7.2Vd.c. 2100mAh • Charging time: 6 hours (electricity reaches 85%)• Battery power supply time: 1.5 hours (KN-8000B); 2 hours (KN-8000C) • Working environment: • TEM: 5~30°C• Relative humidity: ≤85%• Atmospheric pressure: 700hPa ~ 1060hPa • Structure: helmet type • Display mode: LED display• Effective irradiation area: 370cm2±10% • Laser classification: 3R laser products• The maximum output of laser radiation ≤5mW • Timing and function:• The device has a timer; timing error is no more than ±2% of the set value; The device has the function of manually stopping the radiation output.2.2 STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITIONThe instrument is mainly composed of a host and a power adapter. 2.3 IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTIONPicture 2-1Picture 2-2The labels are pasted as follows:Picture Machine QR code2-3Time setting button Charging indicatorPower chargingTime Power and indication3 INSTALLATION AND CONNECTION3.1 PRE-INSTALLATION CHECKRemove the parts of the device from the box and place it in a safe, stable position. Check the accessories according to the packing list to ensure integrity.3.2 CHARGING METHODWhen the Laser Hero is charging, the power indicator is yellow; when fully charged, the power indicator turns blue. The charging time reaches 85% for about 6 hours.NOTICE:• For first time use or if the device has not been used for a long time, it is recommendedto fully charge the battery before use.•Prevent bumps and drops when the instrument is held or placed• Use only our company approved power adapters and batteries that meet the safetystandards of IEC60601-1. Unauthorized power adapters can cause the device battery to explode or damage the device.• The device can be used while charging; This may extend the battery’s full charge time.• If the power supply voltage is unstable during charging, and the light source cannot be started normally, the charger can be unplugged from the device.• The device generates a certain amount of heat when it is charged, which is a normal phenomenon and does not affect the performance and service life of the device. However, if the battery is abnormally overheated, stop charging immediately.• If the battery does not charge properly, please contact our customer service department.• Disconnect the device from the charger after fully charging. Unplug the charger from the device and unplug it from the power outlet.•T o save power, unplug the power adapter when not in use. When charging, the charger should be in full contact with the outlet.• The instrument should be installed and operated to ensure normal working environment, power supply, and electromagnetic compatibility requirements. Refer to the data provided in Appendix F to ensure a normal working environment. 3.3 INSTALLING THE INNER LINER Paste the inner liner of the appropriate thickness according to the size of the head.4 OPERATION OF INSTRUMENT4.1 PREPARATION BEFORE TREATMENTBefore treatment, clean the scalp and dry the hair. .4.2 OPERATION OF LASER HERO 4.2.1 Instrument operation method 1) Effective irradiation zone of the light source is shown in the FIGURE 4-1.2) According to the patient’s headcircumference, a suitable inner liner is pasted on the inner side of the hair loss therapy helmet (adjustable sizing).3) Press and hold the “ ” button until lighting and the working mode prompt voice will say 4) If not, the default treatment time is chosen. Press the “ ” button to flash and the voice prompt “Treatment begins, please wear the helmet” will be sent out. Once the helmet is placed on your head, the laser is turned on and the treatment begins. The prompt voice “The remaining treatment time is 5 minutes” will sent out when there is 5 minutes treatment time remaining. When the treatment ends, the prompt voice “Treatment has ended,thank you for using” will be sent out.5) It is recommended to irradiate every two days.6) In the course of treatment, if pressing the “ ” button again, the treatment will be stopped and the “ ” button will stop flashing.7) In the course of treatment, if the hair loss therapy helmet is removed, the irradiation will be paused and the prompt voice “Treatment stopped,the helmet will be turned off in 3 minutes” will be sent out. If the hair loss therapy helmet is re-worn within 3 minutes, the irradiation will continue.with a prompt voice“Continue for treatment”.If the hair loss therapy helmet is not put 8) Press and hold the “ ” button, voice on or off can be chosen. When the “ ” button isflickering, the instrument is under the waiting for treatment or working state. At this time,the “ ” button cannot be operated.9) Press and hold the “ ” button, indicator lights shut off, and power ends.5 MAINTENANCEIn order to ensure the normal operation of the Laser Hero and extend the service life of the device, perform the proper maintenance.Note: If you do not use the control device or adjustment device, or perform various steps as specified in this procedure, it may cause harmful radiation exposure.5.1 PERIODIC INSPECTIONIn order to ensure the normal and safe operation of the instrument, a preventive inspection (including performance inspection and safety inspection) and maintenance of the instrument and its accessories should be carried out every six months to confirm that the instrument is working properly.The inspection items are as follows:• The environment and power supply meet the requirements.• The instrument housing is clean and free from contamination.• The housing, buttons, connectors, and accessories are not mechanically damaged.• Power cord and connecting wire are wear-free and have good insulation performance• The inner transparent casing should be free of wear and stains• Use only specified supplies, attachments.• Instrument software and indicator function are normal• If you find any damage or abnormality, please do not use the instrument. In such a case, please contact us immediately.5.2 MAINTENANCE1. The instrument case should not be opened without permission so as to avoid undue failureand affect normal use.2. The accessories attached to the device should be handled gently. Do not drop, touch, pull,do not wipe with corrosive chemicals!3. It is recommended that the user check the condition of the device and accessories duringdaily operation to make corresponding treatment. It is also recommended that the user performa comprehensive technical inspection of the instrument and accessories every six months to checkfor mechanical damage and cable damage.4. If the service life of the instrument and accessories expires, follow the relevant disposalregulations for electronic product waste. 5.3 CLEANINGWARNING! // Turn off the power switch and cut off the power adapter before cleaning equipment✓ The instrument should be cleaned regularly, and the frequency of cleaning should be increased in areas with serious environmental pollution or large wind and sand.✓ Clean instrument surface with soft and clean cloth a nd appropriate amount of water✓ If there is a stain on the surface of the instrument, a proper amount of soap water can be adsorbed and wiped until the surface stain is removed.✓ After wiping, use a soft dry cloth to dry the surface.✓ Place the device in a cool, ventilated environment.ATTENTION!• Do not use strong detergents such as acetone.• Do not use a steel wire brush, metal polishing agent, or abrasive materials.5.4 DISINFECTIONThe inner part of the device that touches the scalp should be wiped with a soft cloth and 75% alcohol before each use.5.5 STORAGEIf the instrument is not used for a long time, it should be wiped clean and covered with a dust cover. The storage environment should be dry and ventilated.5.6 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGETransport: The instrument should be protected from rain and snow, and transported by any means of transport without mixing with corrosive substances or gases.Storage: The packaged product should be stored in a place that is dry, ventilated, non-corrosive, and free of strong magnetic fields. The storage life of the instrument is five years.Transport and storage environmental conditions:Ambient temperature: -40 to 55 °CAtmospheric pressure: 500~1060 hPaRelative humidity: ≤95%5.7 REPLACEMENT BATTERYWARNING! //Turn off the power switchbefore cleaning equipmentand cut off the power adapter.The replacement method is as follows:• Remove the plug, unscrew the fastening screw,open the battery cover.• Remove the battery and disconnect the battery from the instrument.• Connect the new battery to the instrument and fit it into the battery compartment;cover the battery.NOTICE:• Dispose of batteries after replacement. Please dispose of in accordance with the relevant provisions of electronic products waste. T o avoid environmental pollution, do not discardthem freely.• Do not immerse the battery in water. When it is not in use, it should be placed in a cool and dry environment.• Do not use or place the battery next to high-temperature sources (such as fire, heater, etc.)• Please use the special charger provided by our company when charging.• Do not use the battery after turning the positive and negative poles upside down.• Do not throw the battery into a fire or heater.• Do not transport or store batteries with metals such as hairpins, necklaces, etc.• Do not knock, throw, or step on the battery, etc.• Do not weld batteries.• Do not pierce the battery with nails or other sharp objects.• The battery should be protected from exposure or direct sunlight, avoid extreme radiation, infrared, and ultraviolet radiation, and avoid contact with organic solvents such as mist, dust, and corrosive gases.• The instrument is equipped with a rechargeable battery, which should avoid permanent damage to the battery caused by excessive battery discharge. Charge battery as soon as possible after it is completely drained.• If the battery is not used for a long time, it is recommended to take the battery out of the device after it is fully charged and place it in the bag. The removed battery should be placed out of reach of children. The battery is provided with a one-year warranty from the date of shipment from the factory.• The life-time of the battery depends on the frequency and time of use. If the battery is properly maintained and stored, the battery life is approximately three years. If the battery is usedimproperly, its life may be shorter. It is recommended to replace the battery every three years. 6 ANALYSIS AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF COMMON FAULTS The analysis and troubleshooting methods for common faults of the instrument are shownin Table 6-1. If you are unable to judge or solve the instrument failure, please call our company’s after-sales service center.PACKING LIST1760 Wadsworth Rd. Akron, OH 44320 1-800-239-7880Fax: 1-330-564-0118***********************。

稳定的高功率激光系统在高级引力波探测器中的应用

Stabilized high-power laser system forthe gravitational wave detector advancedLIGOP.Kwee,1,∗C.Bogan,2K.Danzmann,1,2M.Frede,4H.Kim,1P.King,5J.P¨o ld,1O.Puncken,3R.L.Savage,5F.Seifert,5P.Wessels,3L.Winkelmann,3and B.Willke21Max-Planck-Institut f¨u r Gravitationsphysik(Albert-Einstein-Institut),Hannover,Germany2Leibniz Universit¨a t Hannover,Hannover,Germany3Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V.,Hannover,Germany4neoLASE GmbH,Hannover,Germany5LIGO Laboratory,California Institute of Technology,Pasadena,California,USA*patrick.kwee@aei.mpg.deAbstract:An ultra-stable,high-power cw Nd:Y AG laser system,devel-oped for the ground-based gravitational wave detector Advanced LIGO(Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory),was comprehen-sively ser power,frequency,beam pointing and beamquality were simultaneously stabilized using different active and passiveschemes.The output beam,the performance of the stabilization,and thecross-coupling between different stabilization feedback control loops werecharacterized and found to fulﬁll most design requirements.The employedstabilization schemes and the achieved performance are of relevance tomany high-precision optical experiments.©2012Optical Society of AmericaOCIS codes:(140.3425)Laser stabilization;(120.3180)Interferometry.References and links1.S.Rowan and J.Hough,“Gravitational wave detection by interferometry(ground and space),”Living Rev.Rel-ativity3,1–3(2000).2.P.R.Saulson,Fundamentals of Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors(World Scientiﬁc,1994).3.G.M.Harry,“Advanced LIGO:the next generation of gravitational wave detectors,”Class.Quantum Grav.27,084006(2010).4. B.Willke,“Stabilized lasers for advanced gravitational wave detectors,”Laser Photon.Rev.4,780–794(2010).5.P.Kwee,“Laser characterization and stabilization for precision interferometry,”Ph.D.thesis,Universit¨a t Han-nover(2010).6.K.Somiya,Y.Chen,S.Kawamura,and N.Mio,“Frequency noise and intensity noise of next-generationgravitational-wave detectors with RF/DC readout schemes,”Phys.Rev.D73,122005(2006).7. B.Willke,P.King,R.Savage,and P.Fritschel,“Pre-stabilized laser design requirements,”internal technicalreport T050036-v4,LIGO Scientiﬁc Collaboration(2009).8.L.Winkelmann,O.Puncken,R.Kluzik,C.Veltkamp,P.Kwee,J.Poeld,C.Bogan,B.Willke,M.Frede,J.Neu-mann,P.Wessels,and D.Kracht,“Injection-locked single-frequency laser with an output power of220W,”Appl.Phys.B102,529–538(2011).9.T.J.Kane and R.L.Byer,“Monolithic,unidirectional single-mode Nd:Y AG ring laser,”Opt.Lett.10,65–67(1985).10.I.Freitag,A.T¨u nnermann,and H.Welling,“Power scaling of diode-pumped monolithic Nd:Y AG lasers to outputpowers of several watts,”mun.115,511–515(1995).11.M.Frede,B.Schulz,R.Wilhelm,P.Kwee,F.Seifert,B.Willke,and D.Kracht,“Fundamental mode,single-frequency laser ampliﬁer for gravitational wave detectors,”Opt.Express15,459–465(2007).#161737 - $15.00 USD Received 18 Jan 2012; revised 27 Feb 2012; accepted 4 Mar 2012; published 24 Apr 2012 (C) 2012 OSA7 May 2012 / Vol. 20, No. 10 / OPTICS EXPRESS 1061712. A.D.Farinas,E.K.Gustafson,and R.L.Byer,“Frequency and intensity noise in an injection-locked,solid-statelaser,”J.Opt.Soc.Am.B12,328–334(1995).13.R.Bork,M.Aronsson,D.Barker,J.Batch,J.Heefner,A.Ivanov,R.McCarthy,V.Sandberg,and K.Thorne,“New control and data acquisition system in the Advanced LIGO project,”Proc.of Industrial Control And Large Experimental Physics Control System(ICALEPSC)conference(2011).14.“Experimental physics and industrial control system,”/epics/.15.P.Kwee and B.Willke,“Automatic laser beam characterization of monolithic Nd:Y AG nonplanar ring lasers,”Appl.Opt.47,6022–6032(2008).16.P.Kwee,F.Seifert,B.Willke,and K.Danzmann,“Laser beam quality and pointing measurement with an opticalresonator,”Rev.Sci.Instrum.78,073103(2007).17. A.R¨u diger,R.Schilling,L.Schnupp,W.Winkler,H.Billing,and K.Maischberger,“A mode selector to suppressﬂuctuations in laser beam geometry,”Opt.Acta28,641–658(1981).18. B.Willke,N.Uehara,E.K.Gustafson,R.L.Byer,P.J.King,S.U.Seel,and R.L.Savage,“Spatial and temporalﬁltering of a10-W Nd:Y AG laser with a Fabry-Perot ring-cavity premode cleaner,”Opt.Lett.23,1704–1706 (1998).19.J.H.P¨o ld,“Stabilization of the Advanced LIGO200W laser,”Diploma thesis,Leibniz Universit¨a t Hannover(2009).20. E.D.Black,“An introduction to Pound-Drever-Hall laser frequency stabilization,”Am.J.Phys.69,79–87(2001).21.R.W.P.Drever,J.L.Hall,F.V.Kowalski,J.Hough,G.M.Ford,A.J.Munley,and H.Ward,“Laser phase andfrequency stabilization using an optical resonator,”Appl.Phys.B31,97–105(1983).22. A.Bullington,ntz,M.Fejer,and R.Byer,“Modal frequency degeneracy in thermally loaded optical res-onators,”Appl.Opt.47,2840–2851(2008).23.G.Mueller,“Beam jitter coupling in Advanced LIGO,”Opt.Express13,7118–7132(2005).24.V.Delaubert,N.Treps,ssen,C.C.Harb,C.Fabre,m,and H.-A.Bachor,“TEM10homodynedetection as an optimal small-displacement and tilt-measurement scheme,”Phys.Rev.A74,053823(2006). 25.P.Kwee,B.Willke,and K.Danzmann,“Laser power noise detection at the quantum-noise limit of32A pho-tocurrent,”Opt.Lett.36,3563–3565(2011).26. A.Araya,N.Mio,K.Tsubono,K.Suehiro,S.Telada,M.Ohashi,and M.Fujimoto,“Optical mode cleaner withsuspended mirrors,”Appl.Opt.36,1446–1453(1997).27.P.Kwee,B.Willke,and K.Danzmann,“Shot-noise-limited laser power stabilization with a high-power photodi-ode array,”Opt.Lett.34,2912–2914(2009).28. ntz,P.Fritschel,H.Rong,E.Daw,and G.Gonz´a lez,“Quantum-limited optical phase detection at the10−10rad level,”J.Opt.Soc.Am.A19,91–100(2002).1.IntroductionInterferometric gravitational wave detectors[1,2]perform one of the most precise differential length measurements ever.Their goal is to directly detect the faint signals of gravitational waves emitted by astrophysical sources.The Advanced LIGO(Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory)[3]project is currently installing three second-generation,ground-based detectors at two observatory sites in the USA.The4kilometer-long baseline Michelson inter-ferometers have an anticipated tenfold better sensitivity than theirﬁrst-generation counterparts (Inital LIGO)and will presumably reach a strain sensitivity between10−24and10−23Hz−1/2.One key technology necessary to reach this extreme sensitivity are ultra-stable high-power laser systems[4,5].A high laser output power is required to reach a high signal-to-quantum-noise ratio,since the effect of quantum noise at high frequencies in the gravitational wave readout is reduced with increasing circulating laser power in the interferometer.In addition to quantum noise,technical laser noise coupling to the gravitational wave channel is a major noise source[6].Thus it is important to reduce the coupling of laser noise,e.g.by optical design or by exploiting symmetries,and to reduce laser noise itself by various active and passive stabilization schemes.In this article,we report on the pre-stabilized laser(PSL)of the Advanced LIGO detector. The PSL is based on a high-power solid-state laser that is comprehensively stabilized.One laser system was set up at the Albert-Einstein-Institute(AEI)in Hannover,Germany,the so called PSL reference system.Another identical PSL has already been installed at one Advanced LIGO site,the one near Livingston,LA,USA,and two more PSLs will be installed at the second #161737 - $15.00 USD Received 18 Jan 2012; revised 27 Feb 2012; accepted 4 Mar 2012; published 24 Apr 2012 (C) 2012 OSA7 May 2012 / Vol. 20, No. 10 / OPTICS EXPRESS 10618site at Hanford,WA,USA.We have characterized the reference PSL and theﬁrst observatory PSL.For this we measured various beam parameters and noise levels of the output beam in the gravitational wave detection frequency band from about10Hz to10kHz,measured the performance of the active and passive stabilization schemes,and determined upper bounds for the cross coupling between different control loops.At the time of writing the PSL reference system has been operated continuously for more than18months,and continues to operate reliably.The reference system delivered a continuous-wave,single-frequency laser beam at1064nm wavelength with a maximum power of150W with99.5%in the TEM00mode.The active and passive stabilization schemes efﬁciently re-duced the technical laser noise by several orders of magnitude such that most design require-ments[5,7]were fulﬁlled.In the gravitational wave detection frequency band the relative power noise was as low as2×10−8Hz−1/2,relative beam pointingﬂuctuations were as low as1×10−7Hz−1/2,and an in-loop measurement of the frequency noise was consistent with the maximum acceptable frequency noise of about0.1HzHz−1/2.The cross couplings between the control loops were,in general,rather small or at the expected levels.Thus we were able to optimize each loop individually and observed no instabilities due to cross couplings.This stabilized laser system is an indispensable part of Advanced LIGO and fulﬁlled nearly all design goals concerning the maximum acceptable noise levels of the different beam pa-rameters right after installation.Furthermore all or a subset of the implemented stabilization schemes might be of interest for many other high-precision optical experiments that are limited by laser noise.Besides gravitational wave detectors,stabilized laser systems are used e.g.in the ﬁeld of optical frequency standards,macroscopic quantum objects,precision spectroscopy and optical traps.In the following section the laser system,the stabilization scheme and the characterization methods are described(Section2).Then,the results of the characterization(Section3)and the conclusions(Section4)are presented.ser system and stabilizationThe PSL consists of the laser,developed and fabricated by Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V.(LZH) and neoLASE,and the stabilization,developed and integrated by AEI.The optical components of the PSL are on a commercial optical table,occupying a space of about1.5×3.5m2,in a clean,dust-free environment.At the observatory sites the optical table is located in an acoustically isolated cleanroom.Most of the required electronics,the laser diodes for pumping the laser,and water chillers for cooling components on the optical table are placed outside of this cleanroom.The laser itself consists of three stages(Fig.1).An almostﬁnal version of the laser,the so-called engineering prototype,is described in detail in[8].The primary focus of this article is the stabilization and characterization of the PSL.Thus only a rough overview of the laser and the minor modiﬁcations implemented between engineering prototype and reference system are given in the following.Theﬁrst stage,the master laser,is a commercial non-planar ring-oscillator[9,10](NPRO) manufactured by InnoLight GmbH in Hannover,Germany.This solid-state laser uses a Nd:Y AG crystal as the laser medium and resonator at the same time.The NPRO is pumped by laser diodes at808nm and delivers an output power of2W.An internal power stabilization,called the noise eater,suppresses the relaxation oscillation at around1MHz.Due to its monolithic res-onator,the laser has exceptional intrinsic frequency stability.The two subsequent laser stages, used for power scaling,inherit the frequency stability of the master laser.The second stage(medium-power ampliﬁer)is a single-pass ampliﬁer[11]with an output power of35W.The seed laser beam from the NPRO stage passes through four Nd:YVO4crys-#161737 - $15.00 USD Received 18 Jan 2012; revised 27 Feb 2012; accepted 4 Mar 2012; published 24 Apr 2012 (C) 2012 OSA7 May 2012 / Vol. 20, No. 10 / OPTICS EXPRESS 10619power stabilizationFig.1.Pre-stabilized laser system of Advanced LIGO.The three-staged laser(NPRO,medium power ampliﬁer,high power oscillator)and the stabilization scheme(pre-mode-cleaner,power and frequency stabilization)are shown.The input-mode-cleaner is not partof the PSL but closely related.NPRO,non-planar ring oscillator;EOM,electro-optic mod-ulator;FI,Faraday isolator;AOM,acousto-optic modulator.tals which are longitudinally pumped byﬁber-coupled laser diodes at808nm.The third stage is an injection-locked ring oscillator[8]with an output power of about220W, called the high-power oscillator(HPO).Four Nd:Y AG crystals are used as the active media. Each is longitudinally pumped by sevenﬁber-coupled laser diodes at808nm.The oscillator is injection-locked[12]to the previous laser stage using a feedback control loop.A broadband EOM(electro-optic modulator)placed between the NPRO and the medium-power ampliﬁer is used to generate the required phase modulation sidebands at35.5MHz.Thus the high output power and good beam quality of this last stage is combined with the good frequency stability of the previous stages.The reference system features some minor modiﬁcations compared to the engineering proto-type[8]concerning the optics:The external halo aperture was integrated into the laser system permanently improving the beam quality.Additionally,a few minor designﬂaws related to the mechanical structure and the optical layout were engineered out.This did not degrade the output performance,nor the characteristics of the locked laser.In general the PSL is designed to be operated in two different power modes.In high-power mode all three laser stages are engaged with a power of about160W at the PSL output.In low-power mode the high-power oscillator is turned off and a shutter inside the laser resonator is closed.The beam of the medium-power stage is reﬂected at the output coupler of the high power stage leaving a residual power of about13W at the PSL output.This low-power mode will be used in the early commissioning phase and in the low-frequency-optimized operation mode of Advanced LIGO and is not discussed further in this article.The stabilization has three sections(Fig.1:PMC,PD2,reference cavity):A passive resonator, the so called pre-mode-cleaner(PMC),is used toﬁlter the laser beam spatially and temporally (see subsection2.1).Two pick-off beams at the PMC are used for the active power stabilization (see subsection2.2)and the active frequency pre-stabilization,respectively(see subsection2.3).In general most stabilization feedback control loops of the PSL are implemented using analog electronics.A real-time computer system(Control and Data Acquisition Systems,CDS,[13]) which is common to many other subsystems of Advanced LIGO,is utilized to control and mon-itor important parameters of the analog electronics.The lock acquisition of various loops,a few #161737 - $15.00 USD Received 18 Jan 2012; revised 27 Feb 2012; accepted 4 Mar 2012; published 24 Apr 2012 (C) 2012 OSA7 May 2012 / Vol. 20, No. 10 / OPTICS EXPRESS 10620slow digital control loops,and the data acquisition are implemented using this computer sys-tem.Many signals are recorded at different sampling rates ranging from16Hz to33kHz for diagnostics,monitoring and vetoing of gravitational wave signals.In total four real-time pro-cesses are used to control different aspects of the laser system.The Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System(EPICS)[14]and its associated user tools are used to communicate with the real-time software modules.The PSL contains a permanent,dedicated diagnostic instrument,the so called diagnostic breadboard(DBB,not shown in Fig.1)[15].This instrument is used to analyze two different beams,pick-off beams of the medium power stage and of the HPO.Two shutters are used to multiplex these to the DBB.We are able to measureﬂuctuations in power,frequency and beam pointing in an automated way with this instrument.In addition the beam quality quantiﬁed by the higher order mode content of the beam was measured using a modescan technique[16].The DBB is controlled by one real-time process of the CDS.In contrast to most of the other control loops in the PSL,all DBB control loops were implemented digitally.We used this instrument during the characterization of the laser system to measure the mentioned laser beam parameters of the HPO.In addition we temporarily placed an identical copy of the DBB downstream of the PMC to characterize the output beam of the PSL reference system.2.1.Pre-mode-cleanerA key component of the stabilization scheme is the passive ring resonator,called the pre-mode-cleaner(PMC)[17,18].It functions to suppress higher-order transverse modes,to improve the beam quality and the pointing stability of the laser beam,and toﬁlter powerﬂuctuations at radio frequencies.The beam transmitted through this resonator is the output beam of the PSL, and it is delivered to the subsequent subsystems of the gravitational wave detector.We developed and used a computer program[19]to model theﬁlter effects of the PMC as a function of various resonator parameters in order to aid its design.This led to a resonator with a bow-tie conﬁguration consisting of four low-loss mirrors glued to an aluminum spacer. The optical round-trip length is2m with a free spectral range(FSR)of150MHz.The inci-dence angle of the horizontally polarized laser beam is6◦.Theﬂat input and output coupling mirrors have a power transmission of2.4%and the two concave high reﬂectivity mirrors(3m radius of curvature)have a transmission of68ppm.The measured bandwidth was,as expected, 560kHz which corresponds to aﬁnesse of133and a power build-up factor of42.The Gaussian input/output beam had a waist radius of about568µm and the measured acquired round-trip Gouy phase was about1.7rad which is equivalent to0.27FSR.One TEM00resonance frequency of the PMC is stabilized to the laser frequency.The Pound-Drever-Hall(PDH)[20,21]sensing scheme is used to generate error signals,reusing the phase modulation sidebands at35.5MHz created between NPRO and medium power ampliﬁer for the injection locking.The signal of the photodetector PD1,placed in reﬂection of the PMC, is demodulated at35.5MHz.This photodetector consists of a1mm InGaAs photodiode and a transimpedance ampliﬁer.A piezo-electric element(PZT)between one of the curved mirrors and the spacer is used as a fast actuator to control the round-trip length and thereby the reso-nance frequencies of the PMC.With a maximum voltage of382V we were able to change the round-trip length by about2.4µm.An analog feedback control loop with a bandwidth of about 7kHz is used to stabilize the PMC resonance frequency to the laser frequency.In addition,the electronics is able to automatically bring the PMC into resonance with the laser(lock acquisition).For this process a125ms period ramp signal with an amplitude cor-responding to about one FSR is applied to the PZT of the PMC.The average power on pho-todetector PD1is monitored and as soon as the power drops below a given threshold the logic considers the PMC as resonant and closes the analog control loop.This lock acquisition proce-#161737 - $15.00 USD Received 18 Jan 2012; revised 27 Feb 2012; accepted 4 Mar 2012; published 24 Apr 2012 (C) 2012 OSA7 May 2012 / Vol. 20, No. 10 / OPTICS EXPRESS 10621dure took an average of about65ms and is automatically repeated as soon as the PMC goes off resonance.One real-time process of CDS is dedicated to control the PMC electronics.This includes parameters such as the proportional gain of the loop or lock acquisition parameters.In addition to the PZT actuator,two heating foils,delivering a maximum total heating power of14W,are attached to the aluminum spacer to control its temperature and thereby the roundtrip length on timescales longer than3s.We measured a heating and cooling1/e time constant of about2h with a range of4.5K which corresponds to about197FSR.During maintenance periods we heat the spacer with7W to reach a spacer temperature of about2.3K above room temperature in order to optimize the dynamic range of this actuator.A digital control loop uses this heater as an actuator to off-load the PZT actuator allowing compensation for slow room temperature and laser frequency drifts.The PMC is placed inside a pressure-tight tank at atmospheric pressure for acoustic shield-ing,to avoid contamination of the resonator mirrors and to minimize optical path length changes induced by atmospheric pressure variations.We used only low-outgassing materials and fabri-cated the PMC in a cleanroom in order to keep the initial mirror contamination to a minimum and to sustain a high long-term throughput.The PMCﬁlters the laser beam and improves the beam quality of the laser by suppress-ing higher order transverse modes[17].The acquired round-trip Gouy phase of the PMC was chosen in such a way that the resonance frequencies of higher order TEM modes are clearly separated from the TEM00resonance frequency.Thus these modes are not resonant and are mainly reﬂected by the PMC,whereas the TEM00mode is transmitted.However,during the design phase we underestimated the thermal effects in the PMC such that at nominal circu-lating power the round-trip Gouy-phase is close to0.25FSR and the resonance of the TEM40 mode is close to that of the TEM00mode.To characterize the mode-cleaning performance we measured the beam quality upstream and downstream of the PMC with the two independent DBBs.At150W in the transmitted beam,the circulating power in the PMC is about6.4kW and the intensity at the mirror surface can be as high as1.8×1010W m−2.At these power levels even small absorptions in the mirror coatings cause thermal effects which slightly change the mirror curvature[22].To estimate these thermal effects we analyzed the transmitted beam as a function of the circulating power using the DBB.In particular we measured the mode content of the LG10and TEM40mode.Changes of the PMC eigenmode waist size showed up as variations of the LG10mode content.A power dependence of the round-trip Gouy phase caused a variation of the power within the TEM40mode since its resonance frequency is close to a TEM00mode resonance and thus the suppression of this mode depends strongly on the Gouy phase.We adjusted the input power to the PMC such that the transmitted power ranged from100W to 150W corresponding to a circulating power between4.2kW and6.4kW.We used our PMC computer simulation to deduce the power dependence of the eigenmode waist size and the round-trip Gouy phase.The results are given in section3.1.At all circulating power levels,however,the TEM10and TEM01modes are strongly sup-pressed by the PMC and thus beam pointingﬂuctuations are reduced.Pointingﬂuctuations can be expressed toﬁrst order as powerﬂuctuations of the TEM10and TEM01modes[23,24].The PMC reduces theﬁeld amplitude of these modes and thus the pointingﬂuctuations by a factor of about61according to the measuredﬁnesse and round-trip Gouy phase.To keep beam point-ingﬂuctuations small is important since they couple to the gravitational wave channel by small differential misalignments of the interferometer optics.Thus stringent design requirements,at the10−6Hz−1/2level for relative pointing,were set.To verify the pointing suppression effect of the PMC we used DBBs to measure the beam pointingﬂuctuations upstream and downstream #161737 - $15.00 USD Received 18 Jan 2012; revised 27 Feb 2012; accepted 4 Mar 2012; published 24 Apr 2012 (C) 2012 OSA7 May 2012 / Vol. 20, No. 10 / OPTICS EXPRESS 10622Fig.2.Detailed schematic of the power noise sensor setup for theﬁrst power stabilizationloop.This setup corresponds to PD2in the overview in Fig.1.λ/2,waveplate;PBS,polar-izing beam splitter;BD,glassﬁlters used as beam dump;PD,single element photodetector;QPD,quadrant photodetector.of the PMC.The resonator design has an even number of nearly normal-incidence reﬂections.Thus the resonance frequencies of horizontal and vertical polarized light are almost identical and the PMC does not act as polarizer.Therefore we use a thin-ﬁlm polarizer upstream of the PMC to reach the required purity of larger than100:1in horizontal polarization.Finally the PMC reduces technical powerﬂuctuations at radio frequencies(RF).A good power stability between9MHz and100MHz is necessary as the phase modulated light in-jected into the interferometer is used to sense several degrees of freedom of the interferometer that need to be controlled.Power noise around these phase modulation sidebands would be a noise source for the respective stabilization loop.The PMC has a bandwidth(HWHM)of about 560kHz and acts toﬁrst order as a low-passﬁlter for powerﬂuctuations with a-3dB corner frequency at this frequency.To verify that the suppression of RF powerﬂuctuations is sufﬁ-cient to fulﬁll the design requirements,we measured the relative power noise up to100MHz downstream of the PMC with a dedicated experiment involving the optical ac coupling tech-nique[25].In addition the PMC serves the very important purpose of deﬁning the spatial laser mode for the downstream subsystem,namely the input optics(IO)subsystem.The IO subsystem is responsible,among other things,to further stabilize the laser beam with the suspended input mode cleaner[26]before the beam will be injected into the interferometer.Modiﬁcations of beam alignment or beam size of the laser system,which were and might be unavoidable,e.g., due to maintenance,do not propagate downstream of the PMC toﬁrst order due to its mode-cleaning effect.Furthermore we beneﬁt from a similar isolating effect for the active power and frequency stabilization by using the beams transmitted through the curved high-reﬂectivity mirrors of the PMC.2.2.Power stabilizationThe passiveﬁltering effect of the PMC reduces powerﬂuctuations signiﬁcantly only above the PMC bandwidth.In the detection band from about10Hz to10kHz good power stability is required sinceﬂuctuations couple via the radiation pressure imbalance and the dark-fringe offset to the gravitational wave channel.Thus two cascaded active control loops,theﬁrst and second power stabilization loop,are used to reduce powerﬂuctuations which are mainly caused by the HPO stage.Theﬁrst loop uses a low-noise photodetector(PD2,see Figs.1and2)at one pick-off port #161737 - $15.00 USD Received 18 Jan 2012; revised 27 Feb 2012; accepted 4 Mar 2012; published 24 Apr 2012 (C) 2012 OSA7 May 2012 / Vol. 20, No. 10 / OPTICS EXPRESS 10623of the PMC to measure the powerﬂuctuations downstream of the PMC.An analog electronics feedback control loop and an AOM(acousto-optic modulator)as actuator,located upstream of the PMC,are used to stabilize the power.Scattered light turned out to be a critical noise source for thisﬁrst loop.Thus we placed all required optical and opto-electronic components into a box to shield from scattered light(see Fig.2).The beam transmitted by the curved PMC mirror has a power of about360mW.This beam isﬁrst attenuated in the box using aλ/2waveplate and a thin-ﬁlm polarizer,such that we are able to adjust the power on the photodetectors to the optimal operation point.Afterwards the beam is split by a50:50beam splitter.The beams are directed to two identical photode-tectors,one for the control loop(PD2a,in-loop detector)and one for independent out-of-loop measurements to verify the achieved power stability(PD2b,out-of-loop detector).These pho-todetectors consist of a2mm InGaAs photodiode(PerkinElmer C30642GH),a transimpedance ampliﬁer and an integrated signal-conditioningﬁlter.At the chosen operation point a power of about4mW illuminates each photodetector generating a photocurrent of about3mA.Thus the shot noise is at a relative power noise of10−8Hz−1/2.The signal conditioningﬁlter has a gain of0.2at very low frequencies(<70mHz)and ampliﬁes the photodetector signal in the im-portant frequency range between3.3Hz and120Hz by about52dB.This signal conditioning ﬁlter reduces the electronics noise requirements on all subsequent stages,but has the drawback that the range between3.3Hz and120Hz is limited to maximum peak-to-peak relative power ﬂuctuations of5×10−3.Thus the signal-conditioned channel is in its designed operation range only when the power stabilization loop is closed and therefore it is not possible to measure the free running power noise using this channel due to saturation.The uncoated glass windows of the photodiodes were removed and the laser beam hits the photodiodes at an incidence angle of45◦.The residual reﬂection from the photodiode surface is dumped into a glassﬁlter(Schott BG39)at the Brewster angle.Beam positionﬂuctuations in combination with spatial inhomogeneities in the photodiode responsivity is another noise source for the power stabilization.We placed a silicon quadrant photodetector(QPD)in the box to measure the beam positionﬂuctuations of a low-power beam picked off the main beam in the box.The beam parameters,in particular the Gouy phase,at the QPD are the same as on the power sensing detectors.Thus the beam positionﬂuctuations measured with the QPD are the same as the ones on the power sensing photodetectors,assuming that the positionﬂuctuations are caused upstream of the QPD pick-off point.We used the QPD to measure beam positionﬂuctuations only for diagnostic and noise projection purposes.In a slightly modiﬁed experiment,we replaced one turning mirror in the path to the power sta-bilization box by a mirror attached to a tip/tilt PZT element.We measured the typical coupling between beam positionﬂuctuations generated by the PZT and the residual relative photocurrent ﬂuctuations measured with the out-of-the-loop photodetector.This coupling was between1m−1 and10m−1which is a typical value observed in different power stabilization experiments as well.We measured this coupling factor to be able to calculate the noise contribution in the out-of-the-loop photodetector signal due to beam positionﬂuctuations(see Subsection3.3).Since this tip/tilt actuator was only temporarily in the setup,we are not able to measure the coupling on a regular basis.Both power sensing photodetectors are connected to analog feedback control electronics.A low-pass(100mHz corner frequency)ﬁltered reference value is subtracted from one signal which is subsequently passed through several control loopﬁlter stages.With power stabilization activated,we are able to control the power on the photodetectors and thereby the PSL output power via the reference level on time scales longer than10s.The reference level and other important parameters of these electronics are controlled by one dedicated real-time process of the CDS.The actuation or control signal of the electronics is passed to an AOM driver #161737 - $15.00 USD Received 18 Jan 2012; revised 27 Feb 2012; accepted 4 Mar 2012; published 24 Apr 2012 (C) 2012 OSA7 May 2012 / Vol. 20, No. 10 / OPTICS EXPRESS 10624。

空气净化器外文翻译

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After testing the system, our IQAir Authorized Installer will enter the test results into a personalized owner’s certificate which certifies your home as one of the healthiest homes in America.IQAir’s Whole-House Air Cleaning System Wins Reviewboard’s Pro duct of the YearWritten by Philip Ferreira, Editor-in-Chief of Reviewboard MagazineThe home we tested the Perfect 16 in was immaculate, but like many homes it had a hidden problem –unhealthy indoor air. We used advanced laser particle counting equipment before and after installation so that our readers could see what they could really expect if they had this system installed in their own home.The Perfect 16 delivers the highest level of air cleaning effectiveness available to homeowners. Reviewboard tested the system in a real home, not in a laboratory, and we saw an almost 95% improvement in air quality.The Perfect 16 retrofits into existing heating and/or air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It uses the existing duct work of a home to provide clean air to every room of the house. The Perfect 16 utilizes IQAir’s Advanced Micro-Fiber Filtration technology. The ultra-fine fibers used in the Perfect 16’s filters are ten times thinner than the fibers used in standard air filters. This allows air to pass easily through the filter mesh while creating an almost impenetrable barrier for common household pollutants like dust, pollen, mold spores, allergens, even bacteria and viruses.We also noted that the Perfect 16 does away with a major annoyance of other whole-house air purifiers: frequent cleaning or filter changes. Most air purifier systems require cleaning or filter changes every few months. The Perfect 16 is filter replacement and maintenance free for up to three years.The Perfect 16 utilizes the circulatio n of a home’s forced air HVAC system. It does not requireadditional electricity to operate, and unlike electronic air purifiers, it produces absolutely no ozone.The Perfect 16 is a truly amazing product. In our judgment, it is the best whole-house air purification system on the market. It is exceptional in its air cleaning effectiveness and ultra-low maintenance. It’s a true winner and deserving of Reviewboard’s Product of the Year award.The Perfect 16 can be seen Sundays on ABC’s popular television show“Extreme Makeover: Home Edition”, as IQAir helps the show’s Design Team build healthy homes for deserving families. It is also currently featured in “Esquire House 360” in Beverly Hills, California.About Reviewboard – Alexa ranking lists Reviewboard Magazine as the third largest consumer product review publication in the world. Their product reviews are read each year by more than 110 million readers in 54 countries worldwide. Alexa also lists Reviewboard as the #1 user ranked consumer publication in the world.Real Homes - Real ResultsWhat difference will the Perfect 16 make in your home? Take a look at the results achieved in this old home built in 1928. It is hillside property in Los Angeles, a city known for its poor air quality. Indoor air quality s pecialists used advanced laser particle counters to measure the home’s indoor air quality before and after the installation. The instruments recorded the microscopic airborne pollution particles in the home including dust, mold, pollen, bacteria, and other irritants.This home’s air quality was improved by over 95% within 90 minutes of installation, and that’s a typical result.Location: Los Angeles County, California | Home size: 2’300 sq.ft (two story). Date: June 24, 2006 | HVAC System airflow: 1200 cfm Air Cleaning: Perfect 16 ID-2225Before the installation the air pollution levels throughout the home were at approximately 1.5 million particles per cubic foot. After the Perfect16 was installed, the air quality was improved by over 90% in just 60 minutes. After 90 minutes, air quality was improved by over 95%. The home went from an unhealthy indoor environment to one of America’s cleanest homes in just an hour and a half. These are real results achieved in real homes, the kind of results you can expect when your Perfect 16 is installed.2000-2008 The IQAir Group. All rights reserved. Technical specifications are subject to change without prior notice. IQAir, HealthPro and HyperHEPA are the registered trademarks of The IQAir Group./fanyi-1148.html。

MDL公司的空区激光自动扫描系统(简介)

MDL公司的空区激光自动扫描系统（CALS） MDL公司是一家位于苏格兰的激光测量系统设计和测量厂商。从海上定位到采矿、采石、GIS、测量，MDL公司的产品都有应用，MDL公司的设备是基于激光原理设计的，该设备在应用中能为客户提供很好的解决方案，可以提高生产力并能增加安全性。

图2.19 MDL公司 MDL公司的空区激光自动扫描系统（CALS）是一种坚固耐用的3D激光扫描系统。该仪器直径为50毫米，可深入矿井，用于地下空间测量。CALS可测量空间立体形态及表面反射率。机动能力强的双轴扫描探头确保在150米的范围内对整个空间进行360度扫描。除扫描探头外，CALS还设计了数字式罗盘以及倾斜滚动传感器，能够确保精确定位并形成“点云” 。该系统配置了电缆线用来延伸探测器和传输动力和数据，但在有磁场干扰的地区会影响探测器中的数字罗盘而使测量不准确。为此，MDL公司研发了一种特殊的玻璃纤维杆来保证扫描仪方位的稳定，用此种钻孔跟踪杆来延伸设备进行探测是CALS最精确的延伸探测方式。数据遥感勘测系统将所有的测量数据送回外部的主控装置，数据将被计算机获取并管理。MDL公司提供处理、观察和编辑数据的软件甚至3D模型和数据分析的高级程序软件。 CALS最初于1996年引进市场，它是世界上第一款能通过地上凿洞对地下空间进行扫描的装置。该项技术已在很多条件恶劣的地下测量实践中得到了验证，并在全世界得到了广泛使用。新近重新设计的地下激光自动扫描系统更可靠、更快、更易于控制、更完善。图2.20 空区自动激光扫描系统（CALS） 1、应用范围（1）采空区测量

图2.21 地上凿洞测量地下不可进入空区（2）放矿溜井测量图2.22 溜井测量（3）空区及洞穴测量

图2.23 地下空间、洞穴测量（4）结构监控

图2.24 测量房屋中的结构（5）地下空间测量图2.25 准备延伸探测器 2、系统组成（1）激光单元（2）电缆线

Filtertrolley 2.0 用户手册说明书

USER MANUAL Filtertrolley 2.0Table of contents 1. Preface 3 2. Usage and Application 2.1. Models 4 2.1.1. Filtertrolley 2.0 LRA 5 2.1.2. Filtertrolley 2.0 LAS 6 2.1.3. Filtertrolley 2.0 ACD 7 2.1.4. Filtertrolley 2.0 ASD 8 3. Safety 93.1. Workstation Safety 9 3.2. Safety Instructions 10 3.3. Remaining Risks 113.3.1. Accident Prevention – Mechanics 11 3.3.2. Accident Prevention – Electrics 11 3.3.3. Accident Prevention – Pollutants 114. Specifications / Technical Features 125. Design and Description 13 5.1. Operation 13 5.2. Parts Identification 146. Start-up 15 6.1. Initial Operation 15 6.2. Device Set Up and Connection 156.3. Operation 177. Maintenance and Filter Replacement 178. Possible Malfunctions 18Attachments: Accessories 19 Wear and Spare Part List 20 Filter List 21Contact: ULT AG Am Göpelteich 1 / OT Kittlitz D-02708 Löbau Tel.: +49 (0)35 85 / 41 28 0 Fax.: +49 (0)35 85 / 41 28 11 Mail: ********** www.ult.ag 1. PrefaceHazardous materials in form of dusts, smokes, or vapours may arise in almost every working environment.In order to assure the safety of employees, law states: These materials have to be removed from the air!This is just the right task for the Filtertrolley 2.0. It combines features such as high mobility, low weight, and noiselessness in an optimal manner. These qualities are made possible by innovative components and the use of synthetic materials.The device impresses with its functional, up-to-date, and appealing design.Work without draftThe Filtertrolley 2.0 removes air borne hazardous substances directly from the place of their origin and filters them instantaneously. With supreme power. With the lowest possible energy consumption. Noiseless and adaptable. The extreme filter efficiency guarantees purest air quality. A loss of heat energy belongs to the past.The filtered air is instantly returned to the working environment – without any form of draft. Assignment decisiveA special feature: The Filtertrolley 2.0 is a basic device designed for hundreds of applications. It can be variably modified with different filters and suction elements. Soldering smoke, laser smoke, and dusts can be captured and filtered. Another usage is the adsorption of gases and vapours.The device is also capable of handling two workstations simultaneously.Interfaces without problemsThe Filtertrolley 2.0 can be controlled and supervised digitally. Interfaces and joints with other devices create no hassle.The filters are recyclable. The user does not have to dispose them inconveniently.e and application2.1 ModelsThe Filtertrolley 2.0 is a versatile filter device. Many different device types with specified filter systems are available for their respective application cases. Each particular device type may only be used to capture, suck off, and filter those suction goods for which the producer determined the tool.The following device types are existing:Type Filter system Use / applicationLRA Multi-level filter-system hand soldering, robot soldering,special work places in the electronicindustryfilter-system laserworks, laser marking, laser cutting, LAS Multi-levellaser weldingACD Adsorption filter gluing and pre-treatment, painting andprinting, cleaning, laminating, founding,extraction of solventsfilter extraction of dusts, sawing, grinding,HEPAASD Combinedsintering, engraving, polishing, restoringand cleaning of art objectsFor proper application please consult the producer’s operation, user, and maintenance instructions.Every use beyond these instructions is not as agreed. The manufacturer is therefore not liable for damages resulting from improper operation.2.1.1. Filtertrolley 2.0 LRAFilter system: multi-level filter- sublimation pre-filter metal filterframereplacement-pre-filterF5matwithfilterF7matfilterandfilterH13filter HEPAabsolute-- adsorption - gas filter adsorption filterThe combination of sublimation-, pre-, absolute- and adsorption filters guarantees an efficiency of more than 99% due to multiple cleaning stages, provided that the filter is maintained and replaced regularly.Use and ApplicationThe suction and filter device Filtertrolley 2.0 LRA is suitable for removing and filtering soldering smoke, in particular: - for hand soldering-for robot soldering-at special work placesThe Filtertrolley 2.0 LRA may be used for direct suction cleaning at the soldering tip (e.g. robot) as well as in combination with joint suction arms.Soldering processes generate a lot of soldering smoke (fine dust from soldering flux, gases, vapours, fumes, and others). Therefore, certain rules for the design and the equipment of working environments have to be observed. Soldering smoke and gases of vaporising solvents and activators as well as their decomposition products are mainly inhaled trough the respiratory tract. Most components of soldering smoke and gases are hazardous to our health. As a result of their inhalation, such components can badly harm the respiratory tract.2.1.2.Filtertrolley 2.0 LASFilter system: multi-level filter- sublimation pre-filter metal filterframereplacement-pre-filterF5matfilterwithmatF7filterandfilterH13absolutefilter HEPA-- adsorption - gas filter adsorption filterThe combination of sublimation-, pre-, absolute- and adsorption filters guarantees an efficiency of more than 99% due to multiple cleaning stages, provided that the filter is maintained and replaced regularly.Use and ApplicationThe Filtertrolley 2.0 LAS is suitable to capture and filter dusts and vapours resulting from laser processing. Laser smoke is hazardous to health.Mixtures of dusts, gases, and vapours in different compositions occur in most laser processes. According to working environment regulations they have to be removed from the air.The Filtertrolley 2.0 LAS has to be utilized directly at laser work places or at laser units; thus, emerging hazardous substances can be removed at the place of their origin.2.1.3. Filtertrolley 2.0 ACDFilter system: adsorption filterG2mat-pre-filterfoam-filter- special activated carbonfoam-filter- after-filter mat G2The combination of pre-filter and activated carbon guarantees a high filtration efficiency of unhealthy gases, vapours, and fumes. A thick layer with tiny pieces of activated carbon assures a long contact time between the polluted air and the adsorption substance. In this process gases, vapours, and fumes are adsorbed with high efficiency.Use and ApplicationThe Filtertrolley 2.0 ACD is a robust device for mobile and stationary workshop application and industrial use. It is suitable for extracting and filtering gases, vapours, and malodours, for instance for:- gluing and pre-treatment- painting and printing- cleaning- laminating- foundingThe Filtertrolley 2.0 ACD is an essential device that helps to protect the human health as well as the workplace environment. Partly unhealthy gases and vapours released to the air are immediately captured at their origin by suction elements and thereafter filtered with the Filtertrolley 2.0 ACD. The clean air can be led back to the working premises. (Not valid for carcinogenic substances!)2.1.4. Filtertrolley ASDFilter system: combined HEPA filter- coarse filter pre-filter bag G4framereplacementfine-filterF5matwithfilterF7matfilterandfilterfilter HEPAH13-absoluteThe combination of different filter levels guarantees a high efficiency of filtrating multiple particle fractions of dusts. The replacement of the absolute filter can be delayed by separately replacing the respective filter levels. Hence, money can be saved. The efficiency of the filter is significantly higher than 99%.Use and ApplicationThe Filtertrolley 2.0 is a suction and filter device for mobile and stationary use. It is suitable for capturing and filtering dry, non-combustible, and non-explosive dusts. The range of application covers:- grindingengraving--polishingandcleaning art objectsrestoring-The Filtertrolley 2.0 ACD is an essential device that helps to protect the human health as well as the workplace environment. Partly unhealthy gases and vapours released to the air are immediately captured at their origin by suction elements and thereafter filtered with the Filtertrolley 2.0 ACD. The clean air can be led back to the working premises. (Not valid for carcinogenic substances!)3. SafetyOperate the Filtertrolley 2.0 only as described in this user information; thereby, on hand dangers will not appear.- The Filtertrolley 2.0 is suitable for demanding tasks in commercial and industrial applications.- The Filtertrolley 2.0 is a state-of-the-art device and therefore save tooperate. Nonetheless, there are remaining dangers, which can appear if untrained staff operates the device or if the user manual is not observed.3.1. Workstation Safety- Read the user manual, in particular the safety instructions, before installing and operating this device!- Trained staff has to be determined by the supervisor for the operation andmaintenance of the Filtertrolley 2.0. Employees have to be instructed and trained by an authorised person before putting the device into operation for the firsttime. At this time, safety instructions, operation applications, and possible dangershave to be explained to the users.- The device may only be operated, maintained, and repaired by authorised and trained staff.- Any application that might threaten the safety of humans, the device, or workingpremises has to be refrained!- The user is obliged to immediately report any changes of the device that mightthreaten its safe operation.- Pay close attention to attached signs.- Turn off and unplug the device at any break.- In case of danger immediately switch off the device.3.2. Safety Instructions- The Filtertrolley 2.0 may neither be used for vacuum cleaning nor for siphoning off liquid media!- Filtered air must not be led back to the working environment if the unit is used for filtering carcinogenic substances according to TRGS 900.- The device only works with alternating current. In addition, the Filtertrolley 2.0 has to be protected with a 6A fuse against electrical damage!- The Filtertrolley 2.0 may not be used for sucking off gasses, steams, and dusts in explosive concentrations!- Unplug power cable before opening the device!- Always carry out disposal of worn out filter media according to valid waste regulations!- Use only original substitute and spare parts of ULT AG!- Improper use and alterations of the Filtertrolley 2.0 may affect its safety.- Never clean the appliance with a stream of liquid (hose etc.).- Prevent damage to the power cable by not pulling, jamming, or running over it.- Regularly examine the power cable for symptoms of damage.- Do not use the machine if its power cable is damaged in any way. Use only original spare parts as a substitute for the power cable.- Safety equipment for the prevention of accidents needs to be maintained regularly in order to observe § 39, paragraph 3, VBG 1. A safety check has to be carried out at least once a year in order to keep the unit running properly.- Unplug the Filtertrolley 2.0 after using, before cleaning/maintaining, and prior to repairing and replacing any parts.- Do not suck off liquid media or flammable substances.- If liquids or flammable substances are sucked off accidentally, instantly switch off the device because the filter may be damaged.3. 3. Remaining Risks3.3.1. Accident Prevention – Mechanics- All moving parts (fan, motor) are covered by securely mounted protection equipment. The cover can only be removed with the help of tools.- Remaining Risk:Serious injuries may occur if safety covers are removed while the device is still running. 3.3.2. Accident Prevention – Electrics- All energized parts of the device are either isolated against touching or covered by securely mounted protection equipment, which can only be removed with the help of tools. The appliance complies with protection class I according to EN 60 335.- Remaining Risk:If safety covers are removed while the device is still running or not unplugged, serious injuries may occur resulting from electrical stroke.3.3.3. Accident Prevention – Pollutants- Only filters suitable for the device may be used. Do not run the appliance without or with damaged filters.- Remaining Risk:If damaged or unsuitable filters are used, serious dangers to health may occur.4. Specifications / Technical Featuresmax. air flow: 170 m³/h max. vacuum: 2,800 Pa constant air flow: 80 m³/h at 1,400 Pa electrical connection: 230 V/50 Hz input power: 150 W dimension: 450 x 340 x 530 mm weight: 18 kg noise level: 49 db (A)material: ABS stroke tough (synthetic material), chemical-resistant, corrosion-resistant blow out direction adjustable option: waste air businessadditional equipment (option):- V: continuously adjustable air flow controller 450 mm 530 mm5. Design and Description5.1. Operationloaded filterindicatorpower switch Filtertrolley 2.0’s built-in fan produces a vacuum at the suction flange or the respectively attached suction element. Air pollutants are immediately captured and sucked off at their place of origin.The polluted air is led trough the filter, whereby it is cleansed. The manufacturer offers filter cassettes with special filter combinations for dusts, smokes, gases, and vapours.The purified air is supplied back to the working premises trough an internal sound absorber and two lateral nozzles.5.2. Parts Identificationloaded filterindicatorpower switch6. Start-up6.1. Initial OperationUnpack the Filtertrolley 2.0 and set it up.- unlock the black draw latches on its side and take off the cover- check the tightness of the filter cassette- put the cover back onto the device and lock the draw latchesAttention: Never operate the device without a filter!- Connect the device with an electrical outlet of alternating current and 230 V/50 Hz.Protect the electrical outlet with a fuse of at least 6A.- Check whether the device type meets your requirements and suits your application. 6.2. Device Set Up and ConnectionThis picture shows the Filtertrolley 2.0 lying onthe ground. You can rotate the suck-in plate sothat the suction flange meets your requirements.The Filtertrolley 2.0 may beoperated standing or lying.Set up the suction unit according to your work place. To safely capture all pollutants, position the suction element close to the place where the hazardous substances emergence.If the suction element is not directly attachedto the Filtertrolley 2.0, connectit with a short hose.6.3. OperationPush the big black button on top of the Filtertrolley 2.0 to turn the device on. Check whether the connections are made properly and whether the blow-out nozzles are open.If your device possesses the optional airflow controller, you may adjust the suction capacity with the potentiometer.The optionally installed “loaded filter indicator” shows the current state of the filter. As long as the LED glows green the Filtertrolley 2.0 is in normal mode. The filters are saturated when the LED changes to red.Then proceed as described in section 7.7. Maintenance and Filter ReplacementThe maintenance confines itself to the check of the filter contamination state and the replacement of the filter. Devices with the optionally installed “loaded filter indicator” signal with their LED the required filter replacement.LED: -green- filter is in good conditionfilternecessary: - replacement of the pre-filter matreplacement-red-LED:If no improvement takes place:- replacement of the whole filterThe picture illustrates a filter replacement in lyingposition. Before the filter can be taken out, theblack draw latches have to be unlocked, and thecover needs to be removed.Available filter types: LRALASACDASDto valid regional regulationsaccordingDisposal: professional;Attention: The device has to be unplugged before repairs, maintenance, or filter replacements are carried out!- The device is subject to inspection for portable electrical equipment.8. Possible MalfunctionsProblem Cause Elimination of problem - fan does not run - no electrical power - check mains voltage- fan does not run - malfunction of device orcontrol electronic - repair by a specialist (specialist dealer)- not enough suction capacity (option “F” - LED glows red) - filters are saturated- air passage is blocked- filter replacement- check of air inlet and outlet- bad filtration(option “F” - LED glows red) - filters are clogged up- filters are not in the rightposition- filter replacement- check filter installation(put it in the right position)Attachment - AccessoriesSuction armsalternatively mounted either on the device or on separate desk/wallAlsident S 50 d: 50mm Range: 550, 750, 950 or 1350mmAlsident S 75 d: 75mm Range: 650, 900 or 1050mmSuction elements(matching the Alsident suction arms)S 50 in mm S 75in mmsuction tube l = 210 l = 250 l = 310 suction nozzles w = 200 w = 250 round hood d = 200 d = 200 rectangular hood l = 245 l = 420 w = 220 w = 320Mounting elements for suction armsdesk mounting for Alsident S 50 and S 75 wall mounting for Alsident S 50 and S 75HosesConnection hoses from the device to the suction elementAttachment – Wear and Spare Part ListOriginal spare parts from ULT AGswitchpower(LED)indicatorfilterloadedpotentiometer (volume flow controller)cablepowersocketinletpowerfanmodulecontrolflangesuctionnozzleblow-outlatchdrawwheelcoverwheelbartelescopichandlefilter see attachment filter listTo guarantee faultless device and operation safety, use only original spare parts from ULT AG.Device warranty is void if spare parts from other manufacturers are used!ContactULTAGInformation:OT/KittlitzAm1GöpelteichLöbauD-02708Tel.: +49 (0)35 85 / 41 28 0Fax.: +49 (0)35 85 / 41 28 11Mail: **********www.ult.ag21 Attachment - Filter ListUse only filters from ULT AG! Otherwise, the specified filter quality and quantity may not be reached.Type DescriptionLRA / LAS multi-level filter cassette (complete)multi-level filter cassette - up to H13sublimation pre-filterreplacement frame with filter mat F5/F7replacement framefilter mat combination F5/F7 1 pc.filter mat combination F5/F7 10 pcs.ASDdust-filter-cassette (complete) dust-filter-cassette up to H13pre-filter cassette EU4 1 pc.pre-filter cassette EU4 10 pcs.replacement frame with filter mat F5replacement frame emptyfilter mat F5 1 pc.filter mat F5 10 pcs.ACDadsorption filter cassette。

清洁验证状态维护(PDA TR 49内容节选中英文版)

清洁验证状态维护（PDA TR 49内容节选中英文版）8.0 maintenance of Validated state8.0 验证状态维护A key part of the validation life cycle for any system is maintenance of the validated state. This section deals with activities after the cleaning process has been designed and developed and after the formal validation protocols have been successfully executed. This is critical for cleaning validation, because a lapse in the validated state has the potential to adversely impact the quality, safety and purity of subsequent batches of the same or different products. The main tools for ensuring the continued maintenance of the validated state are change control, risk-based periodic monitoring and data trending review. Additionally, training and retraining are important areas of control for manual cleaning processes, as they are the primary mechanisms for controlling the cleaning cycle. In each of these three areas, knowledge of the design space (see Section 3.8) should be applied.验证状态维护是任何系统的验证生命周期的一个关键组成部分。

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I t exponential
I0
t
exp
t
I t sinusoidal
I0Biblioteka sin 22tRectangular pulse (pulse has steep front) has lower threshold fluence than other pulse temporal shapes when pulse length larger than 80ns.
CO2 laser (10.6μm)
Transmission of excimer laser wavelength
High absorption for silica fiber, and can’t use
silica fiber to transport. A new type middle infrared fiber that can transfer 4-16μm laser has been produced by CeramOptec (Germany) first time.
50ns-3μs 4/ Q-switching
8-20ns 5/ picosecond *
10-80ps 6/ femtosecond *
150-500fs
Power densities or fluences absorbed by material
Laser used for cleaning
Lasers used for cleaning
Different lasers used listed in the right table. The effectiveness is dependent on wavelength and pulse width. General rules: A short pulse and short wavelength laser is more effective at overcoming the adhesion forces. But some longer wavelengths may be highly absorbed by the materials (contaminants, liquids) and may also be effective.
the temperature rise is the source of the ejecting force, so the temperature need to increase to sufficient high.
Self-termination? Laser fluence lower than the evaporation threshold, but in the heat affected zone, temperature rise will cause metal molten and re-solidification.
Spectra signals measuring technique
A: fluorescence spectroscopy, B: X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy or XRD, C: Raman spectroscopy, D: LIBS spectroscopy, E: LIF spectroscopy et al
Pulse action 1/single pulse 2/burst 3/multiple pulse 4/scanning
Single, double and triple peaks in a long Q-switching burst
Fast scanning without sharp turning point
So the laser cleaning system has two main parts: lasers used for cleaning and monitoring technique as a feedback adopted by control system.
Others like laser beam delivery, recycling unit are assistant parts.
Monitoring technique
LIBS spectroscopy
1/ atomic emission spectroscopy 2/ pulsed laser: UV, high power density to induce plasma 3/ double pulses measurement 4/ another laser for cleaning operation.
Laser cleaning system
Nankai University
Laser cleaning system
The main problem that the laser cleaning system must solve is that determining the initial parameter used for laser-matter interaction and when to end the cleaning process.
beam, a bundle of fibers are
nonlinear absorption and opto-ablation.
needed, e.g. 90.
Monitoring technique
Optical image technique e.g. monitoring the surface color
Pack back lamp-pump diode pump 1000watt
Movie of automatic cleaning process
Thank you for your attention!
change
Surface characteristic quantity measuring technique
e.g. hardness and roughness
Vibrating signals measuring technique e.g. sound
wave and shock wave
Laser scanning patterns
Lasers used for cleaning
Spatial distribution
Circular Gaussian beam Rectangular top-hat beam
Temporal distribution
I t rectanglar I0 ,0 t
Professional manufacturers and product
A: adapt laser-USA B: laser clean all-USA C: clean laser-Germany D: Norton sand blasting-USA E:Quantel laser-France F: quanta system-Italy G: El En group-Italy H: Rofin-Germany I: IMT - innovative manufacturing technology – Korea J: LE champ -Singapore
Fluence (J/cm2) Power density (W/cm2)
Laser beam delivery
Free-space transmission articulated arms
All the wavelength can be transferred by this method. High pulse energy and high average power.
Lasers used for cleaning
Only pulsed lasers are used for laser cleaning processes.
Pulse width 1/ free running
200-500μs 2/ short free running
20-120μs 3/ long Q-switching
wavelength
Metal substrate
1/ ablation mechanism choose the laser wavelength that the substrate has low absorption coefficient to
prevent it from damages. 2/ thermal elastic wave generation
High loss and low beam quality Heavy and not suitable for remote operation.
Laser beam delivery
High power fiber
Excimer laser (193nm, 248nm, 308nm, 351nm) Transmission is low when wavelength <350nm, and decreases after transferring laser pulses, then gradually recovers. Only 351nm XeF is applicable.
The rest that can use fiber still has fluence limitation: e.g. 10ns 1064nm,1500μm, <200mJ. For high average power laser
Ultrashort pulse can’t use fiber for high