translation skills

Introduction to The Related Knowledge
Contrast in structure between English and Chinese sentences (英汉句法对比) Contrast in sentence focus between English and Chinese (英汉句子重心对比) Techniques to deal with the differences
• English boasts a very strict subjectpredicate structure. Subject can not be omitted while predicate is the core. Using several connection methods, English sentences have a clear and strict structure.
Analysis
• A. it was our view • B. the United States could be effective in both the tasks if we conducted ourselves • C. the tasks was outlined by the President • D. the tasks are that of ending hostilities as well as of making a contribution to a permanent peace in the Middle East • E. if we conducted ourselves so that we could remain in permanent contact with all of these elements in the equation
• 如果有叙事部分，表态部分，汉语 往往先把事物或情况讲清楚，最后 再表态。而英语刚好相反，先表态， 然后再叙事。
• It is essential that every child should have the same opportunity to have education.
• ——每个儿童都应该有同样的受教育 的机会，这一点是非常重要的。
Translations skills
句法对比
• English sentences focus on hypotactic, and use vocabulary to connect a sentence. So an English sentence can be regarded as a syntax(语法型) one.
• The very important oil industry, which has done much to rejuvenate the economy of the South since the end of World War Ⅱ, made considerable headway especially in the five states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Texas. • ——第二次世界大战以后，石油工业对振 兴南部经济起了很大的作用。这个十分重 要的工业部门在特别是以下五个州中取得 了很大的进展：阿肯色、路易斯安那、密 西西比、俄克拉荷马和得克萨斯。
拆解法
• 将单词拆解出来翻译 • 将短语拆解出来翻译
• 将从句拆解出来翻译
将单词拆解出来翻译
• The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible——about one in four. • ——大约有四分之一的美国青年没有 阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信！
Translation skills
The translation of long sentences
Lead-in Questions
• 1. What are the differences in sentence pattern between English and Chinese?
• 2. How to deal with these differences when doing translation?
• 切分法 • ——翻译英语长句中最常见的方法， 即将英语长句按意群切分为若干小句， 然后再逐句翻译，这样可以将复杂的 结构变得简单清晰，在必要时候，为 了使语意连贯，还可以适当增加词语。
Example
• Plastic is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcination of limestone widely present in nature.
• The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country. • ——小国人民只要敢于起来斗争，敢 于拿起武器并掌握自己国家的命运， 就一定能打败大国的侵略。
• An outsider’s success could even curiously help two parties to get the agreement they want. • ——说来奇怪，一个局外人取得的成 功竟然能够促使双方达成一项他们希 望取得的协议。
将短语拆解出来翻译
• My mother, Jane Lampton Clements, died in her 88th year, a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid终身 不会康复的病人 destined to pass soon away. • ——我的母亲简· 兰普顿· 克莱门斯是在她 88岁那年去世的。这对于一位40岁时就身 体虚弱、被公认有痼疾缠身、注定不久于 人世的人来说，是难得的高龄。
将从句拆解出来翻译
• This land, which once barred the way of weary travelers, now has become a land for winter and summer vacation, a land of magic and wonder. • ——这个地方现在已经成了冬夏两季 的休假胜地，风光景物，蔚为奇观； 而从前，筋疲力尽的旅游者只能到此 止步。
• Chinese sentences focus on paratactic, and use logic to connect a sentence. So a Chinese sentence can be regarded as a semantic(语义 型) one.
Chinese applies few connection methods, relation among elements are judged from such aspects as vocabulary order and context.
Example
• It was our view that the United States could be effective in both the tasks outlined by the President——that is, of ending hostilities as well as of making a contribution to a permanent peace in the Middle East——if we conducted ourselves so that we could remain in permanent contact with all of these elements in the equation.
Techniques to deal with the differences
1、抓主谓结构 2、抓关键信息 3、抓逻辑关系 4、抓表达方式
句子重心对比
• In the compound sentences, subjects are the core of English, which make the focus in the very beginning of a sentence. • In Chinese sentences, logic is most important, so focus is usually at the end of a sentence.
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Translation
• ——塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。 水是取之不尽的到处可以获得的天然 资源；煤是用自动化和机械化方法开 采的，成本较低；石灰是由煅烧自然 界中广泛存在的石灰石得来的。
• 倒置法 • ——英语一般先说个人感受，后叙 述原因或背景，即句子的信息中心 在前面，汉语的表达顺序刚好相反。 翻译英语长句时，将英语长句中所 传达的信息在汉语译文中分割成各 个短句，然后按照汉语的表达习惯 进行重新安排，也就是将英语的前 置信息中心移向汉语的后重心。