语言学概论练习(DOC)

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语言学概论

一、填空1、语言学的三大发源地是中国、印度和希腊－罗马。

2、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。

3、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵语。

4、文字、音韵、训诂是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。

5、语言的功能包括社会功能和思维功能。

6、语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。

7、儿童语言习得一般经过独词句阶段和双词句阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。

8、说出的话语句子是无限的，但无限多的句子都是由有限的词和规则组装起来的。

9、符号包括形式和意义两个方面，二者不可分离。

10、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是语言符号的基本性质。

11、心理现实是存在于客观现实和语言符号之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。

12、语言系统二层性的一大特点是形式层的最小单位一定大大少于符号层的最小单位。

13、组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两种根本关系。

14、动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础看是不具有发达的大脑和灵活的发音器官。

（第三章）一、填空1、语音的自然属性包括物理属性、生理属性和心理属性。

2、国际音标遵守音素和音标一个对应一个的原则。

3、音位变体分条件变体、自由变体两种。

4、汉语的调位可分阴平、阳平、上声和去声四种。

5、每个元音的音质是由圆唇与否、舌位高低、舌位的前后三个方面的因素决定的。

6、辅音的发音特点是由发音部位、发音方法两个方面决定的。

《语言学概论》练习6参考答案（第七章语言演变与分化）一、填空1、社会和交际是语言演变的基本条件。

渐变性和不平衡性是语言演变的两个最重要的特点。

2、语言系统中，词汇变化最快，因为它与社会的联系最为紧密，最直接，对社会发展变化的反应也最灵敏。

3、社会方言的差异在语音、词汇、语法等方面都可能出现，但引人注目的还是一部分用词的不同。

主要有行业用语、科技术语、阶层方言。

4、地域方言的差别，主要表现在语音上，划分地域方言的主要依据也是语音。

5、凡是有亲属关系的语言，组成一个语系。

《语言学概论》练习测试题库及参考答案

《英语语言学》练习测试题及参考答案本科I. Tick off the correct or the best possible answers:1.One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/shehas never heard before. This property of language is called ________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: B2.The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphereor maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A3.From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicatedof the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.A. affectiveB. associativeC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: A4.When –ing in ‘gangling’is removed to get a verb ‘gangle’, we call this way of creating words________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey: B5.______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.A. DegradationB. SpecializationC. ElevationD. ExtensionKey: C6.As we know, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing hisideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called ______.A. idiolectB. regional dialectC. temporal dialectD. social dialectKey: A7.When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they arecollectively known as ________.A. intonationB. toneC. phonemeD. sentence stressKey: A8._______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. MetathesisD. AssimilationKey: D9.Basically, all the languages in the world can be classified in terms of language family. Vietnamese andKorean are two languages in the ______ family.A. Indo-EuropeanB. Sino-TibetanC. Hamito-SemiticD. Malayo-Polynesian Key: B10. A _______ is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. graphemeD. letterKey: C11.All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and those poly-morphemic wordswhich consist wholly of free morphemes are called_________.A. hyponymsB. compoundsC. blendsD. allomorphsKey: B12.The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which stand in specificsyntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called _______.A. concordB. governmentC. recursivenessD. cohesionKey: A13. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called_____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A14. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ is proposed by _______.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. J. AustinKey: C15. The word meaning given in the dictionary is called _____ meaning.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. collectiveD. stylisticKey: A16. When we consider the variation relating to what a user is trying to do with language, we are dealing withaddressee relationship—continually ca tegorized as “______”.A. tenor of discourseB. mode of discourseC. field of discourseD. idiolectKey: A17. According to words’ structures, Turkish is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: D18. ______ refer to the fact that one type of utterance is typically followed by a special type of utterance.A. Minimal pairsB. Illocutionary actsC. Social dialectsD. Adjacency pairs Key: D19. The relation between “dead” and “alive” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: B20. The words “encore” and “au pair” are loanwords from _______.A. FrenchB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A21. The distinction of langue and parole is proposed by______.a. N. Chomskyb. F. de Saussurec. M. A. Hallidayd. J. AustinKey: b22.Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of languagea. native English wordsb. borrowed wordsc. echoic wordsd. one-syllable wordsKey: c23.Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe the phone [s]a. voicelessb. oralc. alveolard. lateralKey: d24.In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants [f], [v] are ________.a. dentalb. alveolarc. palatald. labiodentalKey: d25.In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are ________.a. affricatesb. fricativesc. bilabiald. oral stopsKey: d26.Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correcta. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeb. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.c. Allophones distinguish meaning.d. Allophones are language specific.Key: c27.Which of the following words is not a free morphemea. ableb. petc. changed. dustyKey: d28.How many morphemes are there in the word dischargeda. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5Key: b29.Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes onlya. happinessb. televisionc. ecologyd. teacherKey: c30. Language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning rather than by instinct.This property of language is called_____.a. interchangeabilityb. productivityc. cultural transmissiond. arbitrarinessKey: c31.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet‘A rose by any other name would smellas sweet’ well illustrates _______.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communicationKey: A32.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules inEnglish.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbkKey: A33.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalKey: B34.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stayadjacent to each other.A. Case ConditionB. Case ParameterC. Adjacent ConditionD. Adjacent Parameter Key: C35. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentenceKey: D36. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declarativesKey: A37. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative Key: B38. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______, and kin term.A. title+first nameB. title+titleC. title aloneD. first name+last name+titleKey: C39. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech,” and speech as “_______”.A. vocal thoughtB. subvocal thoughtC. covert thoughtD. overt thoughtKey: D40.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisitionA. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.Key: A41. The words “kowtow” and “tea ” are loanwords from _______.A. ChineseB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A42. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative Key: B43. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A44. According to words’ structures, Latin is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: B45. The relation between “animal” and “lamb” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C46. One of the property of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is called________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: D47. The________ function refers to the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A48. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.A. associativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: D49. When –or in editor is removed to get a verb edit, we call this way of creating words ________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey:50. The relation between “rose” and “flower” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymy Key: C51. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what we mean by __________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: C52. When language is used to get the hearer to do something, then it serves a _______ function.A. directiveB. informativeC. interrogativeD. expressive53. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveKey: B54. The distinction between “competence” and “performance” was made by______ .A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. L. BloomfieldKey: A55. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as [t], [l], and[z] can be labeled as_______ ones.A. dentalB. bilabialC. velarD. alveolarKey: D56. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word “inter nation alism” should beregarded as a ___________ .A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffixKey: B57. Words such as “telex” and “workfare” are created through ___________.A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blendingKey: D58. According to the syntact ic construction analysis, simple sentence such as “John is a student.” belongs to__________construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. coordinateD. subordinateKey: B59. The sense relationship between “male” and “female” is _________.A. complementarityB. gradabilityC. relational oppositesD. hyponymyKey: A60. Componential analysis is a method of analyzing________ meaning.A. sentenceB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. utteranceKey: BII. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)1. A sentence cannot be a word or a fragment in strict sense, but an utterance can be a word or a fragment ofa sentence. T/FKey: T2.It doesn’t make sense to ask what language a sentence belongs to. T/FKey: F3. A stem first of all refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes, but an affix can be added to it.T/FKey: T4.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. T/FKey: F5.In most cases, lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the analysis and creation of words, idioms andcollocations. T/FKey: T6.The use of the term ‘implicature’ is different from ‘implication’ in that it usually indicates a rathernarrowly defined logical relationship between two propositions. T/FKey: F7. A phrase means two or more words in sequence, intended to have meaning, that form a syntactic unit thatis less than a complete sentence. It is actually synonymous with word group. T/FKey: F8.Collocation is a term in lexicology used by some linguists to refer to the habitual co-occurrences ofindividual lexical items, or collocates. This relation of co-occurrence usually cannot be accounted for. T/F Key: T9.In order to understand how conversational principles work, we may consider how each maxim actuallyworks and how people observe these maxims in daily communication. T/FKey: T10.Syntax studies the rules which govern the ways words, word groups and phrases are combined to makegrammatical sentences in a language, i.e. it deals with the relationships between elements in sentence structures. T/FKey: T11.Even in modern society, the primary medium is sound for all languages, and the fact that childrenacquire spoken language first before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal. Key: T12.The defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication are termed design features.Key: T13.There are other channels, besides language, for communicating our thoughts, so language is only oneaspect of semiotics.Key: T14.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written language as secondary.Key: T15.Descriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for ‘correct’ language use, i.e., to tell people what theyshould say and what should not say.Key: F16.Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and theirpatterns.Key: F17.The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship betweenwords in a sentence.Key: Tnguage is genetically transmitted.Key: F19.The grammar taught today to language learners is still basically descriptive.Key: F20.All the sounds produced by human are speech sounds.Key: F21.Generally speaking, pragmatics can be understood as a branch of linguistic study that deals with thefactors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others. Key: T22.[f], [v], [s], [z], [?] and [?] are all fricative in English, but [?] and [?] are alveolar while [f] and [v] aredental.Key: F23.In most cases, sentence is synonymous with utterance.Key: F24.Syntax exclusively deals with the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure,and it has nothing to do with exploring the syntactic relation beyond sentence boundary.Key: F25.The London School proposed a functional approach towards the concept of phoneme, and N.Trubetzkoy made the greatest contribution to the related study.Key: F26.A phoneme in a language is a distinctive sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or oneshape of a word from another.Key: T27.Every language is part of a culture, and it cannot but serve and reflect cultural needs.Key: T28.Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding, and a construction where constituentshave been linked through the use of conjunction indicates a paratactic relation.Key: F29.Both Chinese and English are tone languages.Key: F30.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.Key: F31.Derivation changes always result in change of the word class of the original words.Key: T32.Pitch variations may be distinctive like phonemes, and in this function they are called tones. Languagesusing tones, like Chinese, are called tone language.Key: T33.The notion of inflection just indicates the manifestation of grammatical relationships, rather than lexicalones, through the addition of inflectional affixes.Key: T34.The same morpheme always takes different forms in different contexts.Key: T35. According to P. Grice, whether a speaker follows or violates the Maxims of the Cooperative Principle, he produces some implicature, i.e. a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance.Key: T36.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.T/FKey: F37.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension. T/FKey: T38.A compound is the combination of only two words. T/FKey: F39.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category. T/FKey: T40.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. T/FKey: F41.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. T/FKey: T42.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is non-conventional and not arbitrary. T/FKey: Fnguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. T/FKey: T44.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. T/FKey: T45.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. T/F Key: F46. Leonard Bloomfield maintained that linguistics should describe instead of prescribe what people actually say and should take a deductive approach in analyzing data.Key: F47. Chomsky believes that linguistic study and research can help explain what happens in the mind, and linguistics should be regarded as a branch of psychology.Key: F48. Halliday claims that if we are given an adequate specification of the semantic properties of the context in terms of field, tenor and mode, we should be able to predict the syntactic properties of texts.Key: F49. Onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning.Key: F50. Traffic light system has the feature of duality.Key: F51. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ is proposed by N. Chomsky. Key: F52. In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and [l].Key: T53. A morpheme is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.Key: F54. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.Key: T55. Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Key: T56. Metathesis refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.Key: F57. The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which stand in specificsyntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called concord.Key: T58. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called directivesKey: F59. The term synchronic linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.Key: F60. In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are affricatesKey: FIII.Fill in the blanks:1.It is generally believed that J. Austin and _______ made the greatest contribution to the proposition ofSpeech Act Theory, an important theory in pragmatic study.Key: J. Searle2.According to the positions affixes occupy in words, __________ falls into prefixation and suffixation.Key: affixation3.The signs “&”, “@”, “%” and “$” widely used today are examples of ______ writing.Key: word4.Two methods can be used to reconstruct an older form of a language: internal reconstruction and the_______ reconstruction.Key: external5.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two major thrusts: linguistic determinism and linguistic _______ .Key: relativity6.In the course of communication, a speaker may change from the standard language to the non-standardlanguage, may shift his subject matter, or may move from one point on the formality scale to another point. This linguistic behavior is referred to as ______.Key: code switch7.The different types of a language as different forms to realize a mere generalization of the language arecalled “sub-languages” or _______.Key: (language) varieties8._________ construction refers to a construction in which the distribution of words is functionallyequivalent to that of one or more of its constituents.Key: Endocentric_9.It’s commonly believed that the basic function of language is that it’s used for _________.Key: human communication10.The degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure is termed _________ in languagetesting, and that is an important index used to evaluate the quality of a test.Key: validity11.By _______ is meant that language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of thespeaker.Key: displacementnguage is a system of two sets of structures, the structure of sound and the structure of ___________. Key: meaning13.The three branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and _________phonetics. Key: acoustic14.There are two kinds of stress in English. They are word stress and ________ stress.Key: sentence15.In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and ________.Key: [ ];16.Morphology is divided in two branches: __________ morphology and derivational morphology. Key: .inflectional17.According to H. Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principle, that one should avoid obscurity and ambiguityaccords with the ________ Maxim.Key: Manner18.The speech sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the airstream at some point ofthe vocal tract are called_______.Key: consonants19.A linguistic study is ______ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language.Key: prescriptive20.The sentence “H e married a blonde heiress.” ______ the sentence “He married a blonde.”Key: entaills21.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branchesof ________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.Key: social22. Clear［1］and dark［1］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in ________ distribution.Key: complementary23.A ________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.Key: root24.A ________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.Key: complex25.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of________ antonyms.Key: complementary26.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an ________ is concrete and context-dependent.Key: utterance27.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/ preceding the/s/. Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as ________.Key: metathesis28.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. Asa characteristic of societies, ________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.Key: bilingualism29.The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic ________, which is specific to human beings.Key: lateralization30.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language ________.Key: transfer31. _______ phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds when they are transmitted between mouth and ear.Key: Acoustic32. The function of establishing a set of vowels is to facilitate the_______ of vowels of languages.Key: description33. If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in ________variation.Key: free34. The principal _________features are stress, length, pitch and intonation, as all of them can be used to distinguish meaning.Key: suprasegmental35.________is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Key: Back-formation36. Pronouns and prepositions are two kinds of ________ words to which new members are not regularly added.Key: closed-class37. The sentence “I promise to come here earlier tomorrow morning.” can be used as an example to indicate the ________ function of language.Key: performative38. A linguistic study is ________ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language.Key: perspective39. The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without _________are called vowels.Key: obstruction40. The word “gentlemanly” consists of 4 syllables an d ________morphemes.Key: 341. Positional ______, or word order, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.Key: relation42. English gender contrast can only be observed in pronouns and a small number of nouns, and they are mainly of the _________gender type.Key: natural43. Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of _______ components. Key: semantic44. ________refers to the process of construction where one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.Key: subordination45. ________ construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole.Key: exocentric46. The _______function is the use of language to reveal something about the emotions and attitudes of the speaker.Key: expressive47. As language is a product and capacity of the human brain, many psychologists and linguists have tried to examine the relation between language and the brain, developing a new branch of science called________.Key: psycholinguistics48. The production of any speech sound involves the movement of an airstream. The majority of sounds used in languages of the world are produced by ______ egressive airstream mechanism.Key: oral49. Some speech sounds involves the simultaneous use of two places of articulation. For example, the English [w] has both an approximation of the two lips and that of the back of the tongue and the soft palate, and may be termed______.Key: labial-velar50. ________ is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning.Key: synonymy51. The ________family includes most of the European languages and marry languages spoken in North India and in the two Americas and Australia.Key: Indo-European52. _________or analytic languages refer to those which depend on invariable roots or stems and word order to indicate their grammatical relations.Key: Isolating53. When we consider the variation relating to what the user is trying to do with language, whether teaching, persuading, advertising or instructing, we are dealing with addressee relationship, contextually categorized as __________.Key: tenor of discourse54. ________means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages, but the communication systems of certain animals do not have this feature. For instance, some male birds posses calls which female birds do not have.Key: Interchangeability55. ________ refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment upon the articulation of another sound, so that the sounds become less alike.Key: dissimilation56. The __________ is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Key: morpheme57. In English, prepositions and verbs determine particular forms of pronouns according to their syntactic relation with them. This requirement is called _______ in linguistics.Key: collocation58. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of。

《语言学概论》综合练习参考答案

《语言学概论》综合练习参考答案一、重要名词解释：（考试时名词解释一定要举例）1、语言学：《期末复习指导》第13页。

2、普通语言学：《学习指导书》第4页末段。

3、专语语言学：《学习指导书》第4页倒数第二段。

4、历史比较语言学：又称比较语法，它通过语言亲属关系的比较研究语言的发展规律，拟测它们的共同母语。

它是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，主要是印欧语系的历史比较。

它为现代语言学的建立奠定了坚实的基础，并使语言学走上独立发展的道路。

5、语言：语言是语音和语义结合的符号系统，是人类社会最重要的交际工具，是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类思维的最有效的工具。

6、二层性：语言是由一定的单位按照一定的层级组成的，可分为音位层和符号层，其音位层和符号层我们合称为语言的二层性。

7、任意性：《期末复习指导》第17页末段。

8、符号：《期末复习指导》第17页第一段。

9、组合关系：组合关系就是两个同一性质的结构单位（如音位与音位、词与词等等）按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。

简单地说，就是符号与符号相互组合起来的关系。

10、聚合关系：聚合关系就是语言结构某一位置上能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的单位（如音位、词）之间的关系，简单说就是符号与符号之间的替换关系。

11、语音：《期末复习指导》第20页；12、音素（后有语素，估计是印刷错误）：《期末复习指导》第21页；13、元音：《期末复习指导》第21页；14、辅音：《期末复习指导》第21页；15、音标：《期末复习指导》第21页；16、发音部位：《期末复习指导》第22页；17、发音方法：《期末复习指导》第22页；18、音位：《期末复习指导》第22页；19、音位变体：是a音位的变异形式，是a音位的变体。

20、区别特征：《期末复习指导》第24页倒数第二段；21、音节：《期末复习指导》第25页；22、语流音变：书第83页倒数第二段；23、语法：语法就是用词造句的规则系统，它是词的构成规则、变化规则、组合规则的总和。

语言学概论练习及参考答案解析

语言学概论练习及参考答案练习一导言、第一章、第二章一、名词解释1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。

2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。

就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。

3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。

任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。

4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。

5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。

所谓“社会”，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。

语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。

二、填空1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。

2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。

3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。

4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。

5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。

6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。

7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。

8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。

9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。

三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉）1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。

语言学练习题

《语言学概论》练习题一、单项选择题(每题2分，共20分)1. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于：(A)A. 语言。

B. 言语。

C. 言语行为。

D. 言语作品。

2. 人运用语言能够说出无穷多的句子，这反映了语言的：(C)A. 民族性。

B. 符号性。

C. 生成性。

D. 系统性。

3. 被社团作为母语利用和学习的语言是：(B)A. 人工语言。

B. 自然语言。

C. 一起语。

D. 世界语。

4. 从语言学分科来看，《语言学概论》课属于：(A)A. 一样语言学。

B. 具体语言学。

C. 共时语言学。

D. 历时语言学。

5. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”：(B)A. 是聚合关系。

B. 是组合关系。

C. 既是聚合关系又是组合关系。

D. 既非聚合关系又非组合关系。

6. 汉语南方方言比北方方言更接近于古汉语，这反映了语言进展的：(D)A. 渐变性。

B. 相关性。

C. 规律性。

D. 不平稳性。

7.以下说法正确的选项是：(B)A.义项是最小的语义单位。

B.义素是最小的语义单位。

C.词义的要紧内容是语法意义。

D.词义不包括语法意义。

8. 有人说语言是古代文化的“活化石”，这说明语言具有：(C)A. 交际功能。

B. 思维功能。

C. 文化录传功能。

D. 认知功能。

9.“衣领”是“衣服”的：(D)A. 上义词。

B. 下义词。

C. 总义词。

D. 分义词。

10.转换生成语言学的代表人物是：(A)A. 乔姆斯基。

B. 菲尔默。

C. 皮亚杰。

D. 韩礼德。

11.以下说法正确的选项是（C）A.语言是无穷的，言语是有限的。

B.语言是个人的，言语是社会的。

C.语言是一样的，言语是个别的。

D.语言是具体的，言语是抽象的。

12．人类最重要的交际工具是(B)A.文字。

B.语言。

C.书面语。

D.手势语。

13. 以下说法正确的选项是(A)A.所有的符号都有任意性。

B.有些符号有任意性。

C.只有语言符号有任意性。

D.语言符号没有任意性。

14．辞汇转变比语音语法快，这表现了语言进展的(D)A.渐变性。

语言学概论练习题第五章名词解释分析句子

语言学概论练习题第五章名词解释分析句子三、名词解释题〖可转化为选择题〗1.语义：语言形式表达的内容，是语言的意义。

2.理性意义：也叫做逻辑意义或指称意义，是对主观世界的认识。

3.非理性意义：是说话人的主观情感、态度以及语体风格等方面的内容，它一般总是附着在特定的理性意义之上的。

4、词汇意义：由语汇形式表达的意义。

5.语法意义：由语法形式表达的意义。

6.语境意义：语言形式在特定的交际场合和知识背景等语境因素的作用下所表达的意义。

7.词义；指同语音形式结合在一起的人们对一定对象的概括反映和主观态度以及其他附加色彩。

8.词的理性意义：同词的语音形式结合在一起的对一定对象的区别性特征的认识。

9.词的非理性意义：附着在词的理性意义之上的反映感情色彩、语体色彩和形象色彩等方面的意义，又叫做词义的附加色彩。

10.词的通俗意义：由于概括深度的差异分出助词的理性意义的一种类型，是人们对事物所具有的一组非本质性特征的反映。

11.词的科学意义：由于概括深度的差异分出的词的理性意义的一种类型，是人们对事物的本质特征的反映。

12.义项：词典释义的最小单位，是从词语的各种用例中概括出来的共同的，一般的、稳定的意义。

13.义素：从义项分析中得到的词义的语义特征。

14.义素分析：把词语的义项进一步分析为若干义素的组合，以便说明词义的结构、词义之间的异同以及词义之间的各种关系。

15.单义词：一类词的意义可以概括反映一类对象，即只有一个义项的词。

16.多义词：一个词的意义可以概括反映相互联系的几类对象，即包含几个互相联系的义项的词。

17.本义：多义词的多个意义中，最初的那个意义叫本义。

18.基本义：多义词的多个意义中的某个时期最常用、最主要的意义。

19.派生义：多义词的多个意义中直接或间接地从本义衍生出来的意义，也叫引申义。

20.同义词：一种语言或方言中若干以不同的语音形式表达相同或相近的意义的词。

21.等义词：指包括理性意义和非理性意义（附加色彩）在内的词完全相同的两个或两个以上的词。

语言学概论平时作业练习(五)

语言学概论平时作业练习（五）一、填空1．_______就是一种语言中所有的词和成语等固定用语的总汇。

2．根据使用情况，一般把语汇中的词分为_______和_______两类。

3．基本词具有_______、_______和_______三个特点。

4．_______、_______和_______是词义概括性的三个重要表现形式。

5．一个词最初的意义是_______，在他的基础上派生出来的意义是_______。

6．在多义词几项意义中，有一项意义占据主要地位，这种意义是_______。

7．_______是派生义产生的主要途径，大致可分_______和_______两种方式。

8．同义词的“同”主要指_______相同或相似，不同之处主要有_______、_______和_______等方面。

9．_______反义词的意义所概括反映的都是同类现象中的两个对立的方面。

10．词语的组合一方面要受到_______的支配，另一方面要受到_______的限制。

11．文字的作用主要是突破了有声语言的_______和_______局限，使出口即逝的语言能够传于异地，留于异时。

12．文字是由_______、_______和_______三个方面组成的统一体。

13．文字的发展经历了_______、_______和_______三个阶段。

14．文字产生以前的记事方式主要是_______和_______。

二、判断正误解题说明：正确的打钩，错误的打叉，同时简要说明理由。

1．成语历史悠久，是语言词汇中的核心。

（）2．基本词具有很强的构词能力，而像“我、他、啊、吗、从”这类词都没有能产性特点，但仍然是基本词。

（）3．基本词的历史都相当长，如“皇帝、天子、宰相”这类词都是基本词。

（）4．词义不是对客观现实现象的反映，例如像“天堂、地狱、玉皇大帝、夜叉”这类词的意义，并不是客观现实现象。

（）5．词义的模糊性并不是说词义是不可捉摸、无法把握的。

语言学概论练习题

语言学概论练习题语言学复习1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a system.B. Language is symbolic.C. Animals also have language.D. Language is arbitrary.2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?A. Symbolic.B. Dual.C. Productive.D. Arbitrary.3. What are the dual structures of language?A. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and meaning.C. Letters and meaning.D. Sounds and symbols.4. Which of the following statements can be used to describe 'displacement', one of the uniqueproperties of language?A. We can easily teach our children to learn a certain language.B. We can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.C. We can use language to refer to something not present.D. We can produce sentences that have never been heard before.5. What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. Informative.D. Metalingual6. Which of the following is one of the core branches of linguistics?A. PhonologyB. PsycholinguisticsC. Socio-linguistics.D. Anthropology.7. Which of the following branches of linguistics takes the inner Structure of word as its main objectof study?A. Phonetics.B. Semantics.C. Morphology.D. Syntax.8. Which of the following modes of study emphasizes on the "standards" of language?A. Prescriptive.B. Descriptive.C. Synchronic.D. Diachronic.9. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous10. The distinction between competence and performance isproposed by __ .A. SaussureB. HallidayC. ChomskyD. the Prague School11. According to Chomsky, is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue12. is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide rangeof things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.A. DisplacementB. ArbitrarinessC. DualityD. Productivity13. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" isA. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative14. General linguistics is the scientific study ofA. language of a certain individualB. the German languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language1-5 CABCC 6-10 ACAAC 11-14 AABC1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies .A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechB. the perception of soundsC. the combination of soundsD. the production of sounds2. Where are the vocal cords?A. In the mouth.B. In the nasal cavity.C. Above the tongue.D. Inside the larynx.3. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies inA. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of air-streamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips4. Which of the following phonetic descriptions matches the English consonant [p]?A. A voiceless bilabial stop.B. A voiced bilabial stop.C. A voiceless dental stop.D. A voiced dental fricative.5. What is the common factor of the three sounds: [p], [k], [t]?A. VoicelessB. SpreadC. VoicedD. Nasal6. What phonetic feature distinguish the [p] in please and the [p] in speak?A. VoicingB. AspirationC. RoundnessD. Nasality7. Which of the following sounds is a vowel glide?A. [ t ]B. [ o ] c. [ ei ] D. [dau]8. Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?A. voicingB. nasalC. approximationD. aspiration9. Which of the following is not one of the criteria of vowel description?A. The part of the tongue that is raised.B. The extent to which the tongue rises.C. The shape of the lips.D. The extent to which the teeth draw together.10. Which of the following sounds is a back vowel?A. [i]B. [w]C. [e]D. [u]11. The diphthong in the word bite is composed of: __ .A. [a] and [i]B. [e] and [i]C. [a] and [e]D. [o] and [i]12. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. in terms ofA. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing13. The phonological features of the consonant [k] are __ .A. voiced stopB. voiceless stopC. voiced fricativeD. voiceless fricative14. [e] is different from [a] inA. the shape of the lipsB. the height of the tongueC. the part of the tongue that is raisedD. the position of the soft palate15. [p] is different from [k] inA. the manner of articulationB. the shape of the lipsC. the vibration of the vocal cordsD. the place of articulation16. Vibration of the vocal cords results inA. aspirationB. nasalityC. obstructionD. voicing1-5 DDBAA 6-10 BCDDD 11-16 AABBDD1. is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds andprovides methods for their description, classification and transcription.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics2. studies the sound systems in a certain language.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatic3. Which of the following groups of words is a minimal pair?A. but-pubB. wet-whichC. cool-curlD. fail-findMinimal pair (最小语对) refers to two different forms that are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string.Bad-batAllophones (音位变体) refers to different phones that represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments the [p] in please and the [p] in speak4. Minimal pairs are used to .A. find the distinctive features of a language.B. find the phonemes of a language.C. compare two words.D. find the allophones of a language.5. If two similar sound segments never occur in the same phonetic environment, then they are __ .A. two separate phonemes.B. two allophones of a phoneme.C. two free variations of a phoneme.D. a minimal pair.6. Which of the following distinctive features can be used toseparate [k] from [g]?A. Glottal (place of articulation)B. NasalC. VoicingD. Spread7. Usually, supra-segmental features（超切分特征）include , length and pitch.A. PhonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress8. is an indispensable part of a syllable.A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak9. The onset of a syllable can be composed of .A. one vowelB. two vowelsC. three consonantsD. four consonants10. Where is the primary stress（主重音）of the word phonology?A. phoB. noC. loD. gy11. In the following lines, And where are they? and where are thou ... the last word thou should bestressed because it is in a comparative position with the wordthey. We name this kind of sentence stress asA. structural sentence stressB. contrastive sentence stressC. grammatical sentence stressD. primary sentence stress12. In isolated reading (i.e., without any specific context), the word in in the sentence She is in theclassroom shouldA. not be stressedB. be stressedC. be the primary stress of the sentenceD. be more stressed than is13. If there is an English adjective 'pornatial', is the most possible for negative form.A. ip-B. im-C. il-D. in-14. is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone1-5 ABCBB 6-10 CDDCB 11-14 BABA1. is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content.A. WordB. MorphemeC. AllomorphD. Root2. studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics3. Lexeme（义位义素）is __ .A. a physically definable unitB. the common factor underlying a set of formsC. a grammatical unitD. an indefinable unit4. An language is a language in which concepts that we express using prepositions,possessive adjectives; and so on are expressed as morphs concatenated in the same words as the relevant base.A. InflectingB. AgglutinatingC. IsolatingD. Analytical5. In the word conceive, the morpheme -ceive is aA. free rootB. bound rootC. suffixD. prefix6. The plural affix in the word tables is a(n) .A. inflectional suffixB. derivational suffixC. free morphemeD. root7. Which of the following sounds does not belong to theallomorphs of the English plural morpheme__ .A. [s]B. [iz]C. [ai]D. [is]8. Which of the following processes of lexical change does the Chinese word "科技" experienced?A. BlendingB. AbbreviationC. BorrowingD. Back-formation9. Which of the following words is created through the process of acronym首字母缩略词(由一词组中各主要词的第一字母缩合而成, 如:NATO, laser, radar).A. adB. editC. AIDSD. Bobo10. All words contain aA. root morphemeB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffix11. Which of the following words is a derivational one .A. black boardB. teachesC. considerationD. books12. belongs to a closed word class.A. InB. BeautifulC. NounD. Create13. The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" is .A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy14. The word "lab" is formed throughA. back formationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation1-5 BABBB 6-10 ACBCA 11-14 CABC1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence He is waiting outside withanother word or phrase, we are talking about __ inside the sentence.A. syntactic relationsB. paradigmatic relationsC. Linear relationsD. Government2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of the structure of phrases andsentences is called .A. lexiconB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics3. What does 'IC' stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique?A. Inferential ConnectiveB. Inflectional ComponentC. Immediate Constituent D; Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence she broke the window witha stone yesterday, where is the first cut?A. between stone and yesterdayB. between she and brokeC. between broke and the windowD. between window and with5. __ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, etc.) and verb (tense, aspect,etc.).A. Parts of speechB. Word classesC. Grammatical categoriesD. Functions of words6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice7. __ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms ofcertain categories.A. ConcordB. Immediate constituentC. Syntagmatic relationsD. Government8. __ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form.A. BloomfieldB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Saussure9. The phrase boys and girls is a(n) __ .A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric constructionC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to __ .A. study real 'facts' in daily settingsB. tell people how to speak appropriatelyC. look for 'the universal grammar'D. tell people what is right in language use11. What is the full form of LAD?A. Language associative districtB. Linguistic acquisition districtC. Language associative deviceD. Language acquisition device12. A speaker's actual utterance in Chomsky's terminology is called __ .A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding language is a form of __ ;while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language regarding language as a form of __ .A. knowing, doingB. knowing, thinkingC. thinking, doingD. doing, knowing1-5 BCCBC 6-10 DDADC 11-13 DDA1. The pair of words "lend" and "borrow" areA. gradab1e oppositesB. converse oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms2. A word with several meanings is called __ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple3. The semantic components of the word "gentleman" can be expressed as_A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, -male, +human, -adultD. +animate,-male, +human, +adult4. __ is not included in Leech's associative meaning:A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocational meaningD. Thematic meaning5. Among Leech's seven types of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word andthe thing it refers to .A. conceptualB. affectiveC. reflectedD. thematic6. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They areconnected byA. meaningB. referenceC. conceptD. sense7. __ is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of the meaning ofeach constituent word,A. CollocationB. IdiomC. Semantic componentD. Synonym8. "Big" and" Small" are a pair of __ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. converse1-5 BABDA 6-8 CBB1. According to C. Morris and R. Carnap, __ is studies the relationship between symbols and theirinterpreters.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are __ deixis in the sentence she has sold it here yesterday.A.3B.4C.5D.63. “We can do things with words” — this is the main idea ofA. the Speech Act theoryB. the Co-operative PrinciplesC. the Polite PrinciplesD. pragmatics4. __ refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. __ may be used as an example of indirect--speech act.A. "Could you open the window?"B. "I hereby declare Mr Williams elected."C. "Good morning!"D. "I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow."6. In the following conversation:A: Beirut is in Peru, isn't it?B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.B violates theA. Quantity MaximB. Quality MaximC. Relation MaximD. Manner Maxim7. The maxim of requires that a participant's contribution be relevant toConversationA. quantityB. qualityC. mannerD. relation8. For the following conversation:A: Did you see my book in the classroom this morning?B: I was in the library.the conversation implicature is .A. B saw A’s bookB. B was not in the classroom that morningC. B did not see A’s bookD. B stole A's book1-5 CBAAA 6-8 CDC31. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the _______ and the North Sea in the east.A. eastB. southC. westD. north32. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the National Health Service?A. It provides for every resident a full range of medical services.B. It is administered by the central government.C. Its emergency ambulances are available for doctors' urgent calls.D. It -has suffered from under funding in recent decades.33. The first immigrants in American history came fromA. England and GermanyB. England and IrelandC. England and the NetherlandsD. England and Spain34. Australia has always been a continent with few people mainly becauseA. Australia is too far away from Europe.'B. Australia is the, least mountainous and most level of the world's continents.C. Australia is separated from the rest of the world by seas.D. most of the continent is hot and dry.35. Frank Norris is an American writer noted for his _______ about American life.A. naturalistic novelsB. futuristic classicC. existential novelD. psychoanalytical novel36. H. G. Wells is one of the most famous writers of ________ novels.A. romanticB. realisticC. classicalD. science37. The Grapes of Wrath was written by "A. John Ernst Steinbeck.B. Thackeray.C. Sir Walter Scott.D. Jane Austen.38. A _______ act is the act of saying something.A. illocutionaryB. locutionaryC. perlocutionaryD. locational39. The prefix "pseudo-" as in "pseudoscience" and "pseudoelassic" has a _____ shade of meaning.A. poeticB. euphemisticC. pejorativeD. ameliorative40．Of the following word-formation processes, _________ is the least productive.A. conversionB. derivationC. initialismD. reduplicationBCCDA DABCD34. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued. by _______ during the Civil War.A. George WashingtonB. Abraham LincolnC. Thomas JeffersonD. Franklin Roosevelt35. Shakespeare is the author of the following EXCEPTA. Much Ado 'about NothingB. As You Like ItC. HamletD. Robinson Crusoe36. Eugene O'Neill is an AmericanA. novelistB. poetC. playwrightD. critic37. Paradise Lost was written byA. Sir John BuchanB. John MiltonC. Samuel JohnsonD. Daniel Defoe38. The term transformational-generative grammar was introduced into linguistics in the mid-1950s byA . Leonard Bloomfield. B. Edward Sapir.C. Noam Chomsky.D. Michael Halliday.39. In terms of oppositeness of meaning, _________ is a pair of conversives.A. "1ong" and "short " B "present" and "absent"C. "sell" and "buy"D. "dead" and "alive"40. The word "marshal''''' used to mean "a horse tender"; now it means "an officer of the highest rank". The word has undergone a sort of semantic change calledA. elevationB. degenerationC. extensionD. restrictionBDCB CCA31. The two newest "states which joined the United States areA. Alaska and -Florida.B. Hawaii and Oregon.C. Alaska and Hawaii.D. California and New Mexico.32. The British constitution is made up of the following laws EXCEPTA. statute law.B. common law.C. commonwealth law.D. European Community law.33. Which branch of the American government has the power to interpret the constitution?A. The Supreme Court.B. The President.C. The House.D. The Senate.34. ___ is the second largest city of Canada after Toronto.A. OttawaB. MontrealC. VancouverD. Hamilton35. The author of Pride and Prejudice (1813) is______A. AustenB. StevensonC. EliotD. Burns36. The trio of English poetry giants refer to _______, Shakespeare and Milton.A. WordsworthB. DickensC. ChaucerD. Wilde37. Scott Fitzgerald's finest book was _______.A. The Great GatsbyB. The Invisible ManC. WaldenD. Scarlet Letter38. The ______view of language acquisition holds that children are born with an innate ability to acquire languages of a specific type.A. behaviouristB. nativistC. structuralistD. psycholinguist39. The basic part of the lexical meaning of a word is often termed its ________ meaning.A. socialB. stylisticC. connotativeD. denotative40. ___ first proposed the Speech Act Theory.A. SearleB. AustinC. GriceD. HallidayCDABA CABDB1. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Diachronicity2. What type of sentence “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?A. A simple sentenceB. A coordinate sentenceC. A complex sentenceD. None of the above3. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is calledA. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy———— refers the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. sociolinguisticsThe distinctive feature of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPTA. lexicalB. syntacticalC. phonologicalD. psychologicalThe word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of an animal”. This is an example ofA. widening of meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD. loss of meaningBDAWhat essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion ofA. referenceB. meaningC. antonymyD. contextThe words “kid, child, offspring” are examples ofA. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD. collocational synonymsThe distinction between parole and langue was made byA. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. SaussureDBDSyntax is the study ofA. language functionsB. sentence structuresC. textual organizationD. word formationWhich of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. ProductivityC. Cultural transmissionD. FinitenessThe speech act theory was first put forward byA. John SearleB. John AustinC. Noam ChomskyD. M.A.K. HallidayBDB。

语言学概论

语言学概论第一章绪论一、章节学习目标与要求1、理解“具体语言学、普通语言学、共时语言学、历时语言学、理论语言学、应用语言学、微观语言学、宏观语言学”的概念。

2、掌握语言学的三大发源地、语言学的任务。

二、考核知识点与考核要求1、领会语言学的任务（重点）2、识记“具体语言学、普通语言学、共时语言学、历时语言学、理论语言学、应用语言学、微观语言学、宏观语言学3、说明语言学的功用.三、章节练习（一）填空1.“个别语言学”又叫（）语言学。

2.“语言学概论”属于（）语言学。

（二）判断题1.共时语言学又叫描写语言学。

2.“古代汉语”属于历时语言学。

（三）简答题1.简述语言学的任务。

第二章语言的功能一、章节学习目标与要求1.理解语言的性质、语言与思维的关系、语言的全民性。

2.掌握“语言、言语”的概念及二者之间的关系。

二、考核知识点与考核要求1.领会语言和言语的关系（要点）、语言和思维的关系。

2.识记“语言、言语、言语行为、言语作品”的概念。

（重点）3.论述“语言是最重要的交际工具”“语言是特殊的社会现象”。

（重点）4.说明内部言语与外部言语的区别。

（要点）三、章节练习（一）解词1.语言2.言语3.言语作品4.言语行为（二）填空1.言语有两种形式：（）言语和（）言语。

2.语言是一种特殊的（）现象。

（三）问答题1.内部言语和外部言语有什么区别？2.为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具？3.语言和思维有什么区别？第三章语言的结构本质一、章节学习目标与要求1.理解语言符号的性质。

（要点）2.掌握语言的特点。

（重点）2.掌握人类语言与动物“语言”的区别。

（要点）二、考核知识点和考核要求1.识记“符号、任意性、线条性、两层性、生成性、系统性、组合关系、聚合关系”的概念。

（重点）2.掌握人类语言与动物“语言”的区别。

（要点）3.了解人类语言能力的形成和发展。

三、章节练习（一）填空1.语言符号具有下列特点任意性、（）、（）、（）、（）。

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1、下列属于形声字的是（）A.玻、家B.济、好.C.闻、汗D.美、机您的答案：C2、具有[+用于照明]、[－用电]义素的词是（）A.台灯B.路灯C.吊灯D.蜡烛您的答案：D3、开口度越大，元音的舌位就越（）A.前B.闭.C.高D.低您的答案：D4、用义素分析法分析多义词时，分析对象应该是( )A.整个词B.这个词的全部意义C.这个词的某一义项D.这个词的某些义项您的答案：C5、下列词中属于复合词的是（）A.天子B.傻子C.席子D.椅子您的答案：A7、语序是一种（）A.句法范畴B.语法范畴C.语法形式D.语法意义您的答案：C8、[i]是一个（）A.舌面元音B.舌尖元音C.卷舌元音D.舌根元音您的答案：A9、不同的民族语言，语音系统是有差别的，这说明语音具有（）A.生理属性B.社会属性C.个人属性D.自然属性您的答案：B10下列文字中，属于表音文字的是（）A.纳西族东巴文B.汉字C.俄文D.古埃及圣书字您的答案：C11、下列汉字属于形声字的一组是（）A.病、波B.破、休C.从、众D.群、采您的答案：A12、 [u是一个（）元音。

A.前、高、圆唇元音B.后、高、圆唇元音C.前、高、圆唇元音D.后、低、圆唇元音您的答案：B13、下面与汉语同属一个语系的是( )A.苗语B.日语C.英语D.阿拉伯语您的答案：A14、下列词中属于支配式的复合词是（）A.解放B.自杀C.明显D.司令您的答案：D15、汉语中“枯萎”和“干巴”这对同义词具有不同的（）A.感情色彩B.语体色彩C.理性意义D.形象色彩您的答案：B16、下面属于分析手段的是（）A.内部屈折B.附加C.语序D.异根E.虚词您的答案：C,E17、属于舌面、高元音的是（）A.[y]B.[i]C.[a]D.[o]E.[u]您的答案：A,B,E18、“数”是有些语言的名词所具有的（）A.语法范畴B.语法形式C.语法意义D.词法范畴E.语法手段您的答案：A,C,D19、下列词形变化中，运用了附加手段的是（）A.pen-pensB.long-longerC.foot – feetD.man – menE.go – went您的答案：A,B20、在现代汉语普通话的语音系统里，下面属浊辅音的是（）A.[p]B.[l]C.[t]D.[n]E.[m]您的答案：B,D,E35、用层次分析法分析下列句法结构。

别把什么都看得一无是处您的答案：别把什么都看得一无是处第一层：别（状）把什么都看得一无是处（中）第二层：把什么（状）都看得一无是处（中）第三层：把（介）什么（中）；都（状）看得一无是处（中）第四层：看（中）一无是处（补）36用层次分析法分析下列句法结构。

我最讨厌霉雨季节您的答案：我最讨厌霉雨季节第一层：我（主）最讨厌霉雨季节（谓）第二层：最讨厌（动) 霉雨季节（宾）第三层：最（状）讨厌（中）；霉雨（定）季节（中）37、用层次分析法分析下列句法结构。

这个人我在哪儿见过您的答案：第一层：这个人（主）我在哪儿见过（谓）第二层：这个（定）人（中）我（主）在哪儿见过（谓）第三层：这（指）个（量）在哪儿（状）见过（中）第四层：在（介）哪儿（宾）题目分数：4.0此题得分：3.038、用层次分析法分析下列句法结构。

你去通知一下老王您的答案：你去通知一下老王第一层：你（主）去通知一下老王（谓）第二层：去（连）通知一下老王（谓）第三层：通知一下（动）老王（宾）第四层：通知（中）一下（补）1、“他读书”中的“书”和“我看报”中的“报”之间的关系为（）A.组合关系B.聚合关系C.线性关系D.语义关系答案:B4、下列汉字属于形声字的一组是（）A.病、波B.破、休C.从、众D.群、采答案:A5、汉语“坦克”中的“坦”是（）A.词B.词根C.词缀D.音节答案:D6、汉语的“黑板”是一个（）A.单纯词B.词组C.复合词D.派生词答案:C7、开口度越大，元音的舌位就越（）A.前B.闭.C.高D.低答案:D8、[i]是一个（）A.舌面元音B.舌尖元音C.卷舌元音D.舌根元音答案:A9、下列词中属于支配式的复合词是（）A.解放B.自杀C.明显D.司令答案:D10、下列词属于同一个类属语义场的是（）A.桌子B.椅子C.沙发D.柜子E.鞋子答案:A,B,C,D11、[m]是一个（）A.双唇音B.闪音C.舌面音D.颤音E.浊音答案:A,E12、“数”是有些语言的名词所具有的（）A.语法范畴B.语法形式C.语法意义D.词法范畴E.语法手段答案:A,C,D13．下列属于是非问句的是（）A.这是谁的孩子？B.这孩子是你的吗？C.这孩子几岁了？D.小孩别吵，行不行？E.你孩子也十岁了吗？答案:B,E14、下列属于分析语的是（）A.法语B.英语C.德语D.阿拉伯语E.汉语答案:B,E2、下列句子中属于联合词组的是（）A.小明和小光的卧室B.教材和刚找来的资料C.我和小张都生气了D.咱俩是谁跟谁呀答案:B3、在一种语言内部划分方言时，最主要的依据是（）A.语法B.语义C.语音D.词汇答案:C4、以声音的高低来区别意义的语言单位叫（）A.重位B.时位C.调位D.音质音位答案:C5、“他读书”中的“书”和“我看报”中的“报”之间的关系为（）A.组合关系B.聚合关系C.线性关系D.语义关系答案:B6、词根语素保持不变，用增加或替换词尾来造成词形变化的方法叫（）A.附加B.异根C.内部屈折D.语序答案:A7、语言混合的形式有（）A.双语B.洋泾浜C.共同语D.借词答案:B8、下列词中属于支配式的复合词是（）A.解放B.自杀C.明显D.司令答案:D9、[m]是一个（）A.双唇音B.闪音C.舌面音E.浊音答案:A,E10、下列属于分析语的是（）A.法语B.英语C.德语D.阿拉伯语E.汉语答案:B,E11、在现代汉语普通话的语音系统里，下面属浊辅音的是（）A.[p]B.[l]C.[t]D.[n]E.[m]答案:B,D,E12、下面属于舌根、清音的是（）A.[g]B.[k]C.[k‘]D.[x]E.[s]答案:B,C,D13、属于舌面、高元音的是（）A.[y]B.[i]C.[a]D.[o]E.[u]答案:A,B,E1、下列汉字属于形声字的一组是（）A.病、波B.破、休C.从、众D.群、采答案:A2、用义素分析法分析多义词时，分析对象应该是( )A.整个词B.这个词的全部意义C.这个词的某一义项D.这个词的某些义项5、汉语“坦克”中的“坦”是（）A.词B.词根C.词缀D.音节答案:D6汉语的“黑板”是一个（）A.单纯词B.词组C.复合词D.派生词答案:C7、语言混合的形式有（）A.双语B.洋泾浜C.共同语D.借词答案:B8、[b]是一个（）A.双唇浊音B.双唇清音C.双唇鼻音D.轻唇擦音答案:A9、[u是一个（）元音。

A.前、高、圆唇元音B.后、高、圆唇元音C.前、高、圆唇元音D.后、低、圆唇元音答案:B10、“数”是有些语言的名词所具有的（）A.语法范畴B.语法形式C.语法意义D.词法范畴E.语法手段答案:A,C,D11、下列句式中属于多义句式的是（）A.我说不好B.王师傅也通知了C.一辆老吉普车D.接近电影的尾声E.小王也不知道12、下面属于分析手段的是（）A.内部屈折B.附加C.语序D.异根E.虚词答案:C,E13、在现代汉语普通话的语音系统里，下面属浊辅音的是（）A.[p]B.[l]C.[t]D.[n]E.[m]答案:B,D,E14、语音具有（）A.物理属性B.生理属性C.社会属性D.数理属性E.化学属性答案:A,B,C1、/p/是一个（）A.非音质音位B.音质音位C.音素D.音节答案:B2、下列属于形声字的是（）A.玻、家B.济、好.C.闻、汗D.美、机答案:C3、下列文字中，属于表音文字的是（）A.纳西族东巴文B.汉字C.俄文D.古埃及圣书字答案:C4、以声音的高低来区别意义的语言单位叫（）A.重位B.时位C.调位答案:C5、“他读书”中的“书”和“我看报”中的“报”之间的关系为（）A.组合关系B.聚合关系C.线性关系D.语义关系答案:B6、下列词中属于复合词的是（）A.天子B.傻子C.席子D.椅子答案:A7、一般来说句法结构具有（）A.多样性B.层次性C.必然性D.封闭性答案:B8、[b]是一个（）A.双唇浊音B.双唇清音C.双唇鼻音D.轻唇擦音答案:A9、下面与汉语同属一个语系的是( )A.苗语B.日语C.英语D.阿拉伯语答案:A10、下列句式中属于多义句式的是（）A.我说不好B.王师傅也通知了C.一辆老吉普车D.接近电影的尾声E.小王也不知道答案:A,B11、下列属于是非问句的是（）A.这是谁的孩子？B.这孩子是你的吗？C.这孩子几岁了？D.小孩别吵，行不行？E.你孩子也十岁了吗？答案:B,E12、下列词属于同一个类属语义场的是（）A.桌子B.椅子C.沙发D.柜子E.鞋子答案:A,B,C,D13、下列属于形容词的是（）A.仔细、细心B.突然、忽然C.光荣、荣誉D.勇敢、勇于E.正确、正当答案:A,D,E14、属于舌面、高元音的是（）A.[y]B.[i]C.[a]D.[o]E.[u]答案:A,B,E1、一般来说句法结构具有（）A.多样性B.层次性C.必然性D.封闭性答案:B2、在一种语言内部划分方言时，最主要的依据是（）A.语法B.语义C.语音D.词汇答案:C3、现代汉语划分词类的主要依据应该是（）A.形态B.词汇意义C.语法意义D.语法功能答案:D4、词根语素保持不变，用增加或替换词尾来造成词形变化的方法叫（）A.附加B.异根C.内部屈折D.语序答案:A5、下列文字中，属于表音文字的是（）A.纳西族东巴文B.汉字C.俄文D.古埃及圣书字答案:C6、下列属于音义结合单位的是（）A.音位B.韵母C.义素D.词组E.句子答案:D,E7、[m]是一个（）A.双唇音B.闪音C.舌面音D.颤音E.浊音答案:A,E1、语素是语言中能自由使用的最小的音义结合体。

（）答案:错误2、在汉语中，一个音节不能没有韵母。

（）答案:正确3、任何词义都具有抽象性。

答案:正确4、同义词是以不同的语音形式表达相同的或相近含义的一组词。

（）答案:错误5、语言和种族无关。

答案:正确6、现代汉语普通话中的[p]和[p‘]是同一个音位的两个自由变体。

（）答案:错误7、语言自始至终都没有阶级性。

答案:正确8、由一个词根加词缀构成的词是派生词。

答案:正确9、义素就是构成一个多义词的各个意义。

（）答案:错误10、洋泾浜是语言转用的表现。

答案:错误11、语言中任何词义都具有概括性。

（）答案:正确12、一个句子的隐含不止一个。

（）答案:正确13、语言和种族无关。

答案:正确14、语素是最小的有意义的能够自由运用的语言单位。

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