景区汉英公示语翻译论文
公示语汉英翻译及其翻译策略
学号：******************成绩：西安翻译学院高职高专毕业论文题目：公示语的汉英翻译及其翻译策略*者：**指导教师王建娜专业班级08级商务英语4班院系外国语学院完成日期2011年3月公示语汉英翻译及其翻译策略武荣外国语学院08级商务英语04班（西安翻译学院，陕西西安710105）A Discussion on Public Signs Translation from Chinese to English andIts StrategiesWu RongBusiness English Class 04, Grade 08, Foreign Language College（Xi’an Fanyi University，Xi’an 710105）摘要：随着中国与世界交流的日益频繁，越来越多的国际友人来到中国，双语公示语的重要作用开始日渐显现出来，进而公示语汉译英的翻译也尤为重要。
英语公示语亦如雨后春笋般之趋势遍布于全国各车站、公园、景区等公共场合。
但英语公示语翻译却不尽如意，错译、乱译、死译等现象比比皆是，有时甚至出现拼写错误的现象。
本文总结了公示语汉译英翻译的特点，并对目前存在的翻译问题进行了归纳和分析，提出了公示语汉英翻译策略。
关键词：公示语；文化差异；翻译策略Abstract: With the growing frequent communication between China and foreign countries, more and more foreigners come to China. The importance of bilingual public signs becomesmuch more obvious so that the translation from Chinese to English is especially important.The English public signs, like the trend of bamboo shoots after a spring rain, spread allover the public places such as vehicle stations, parks, scenic spots, but the translation ofEnglish public signs is not satisfying and there are many terrible phenomena such as falsetranslation, careless translation , rigid translation and even spelling mistakes. This paper concludes the characteristics of the public signs translation from Chinese to English, analyses the problems of current translation and puts forward to the public signs translating strategies.Key words: Public signs; Culture differences; Translating strategies引言公示语是人们日常生活中一种常见的实用语言，也是一种较为独特的应用文体，是社会用语的重要组成部分。
从目的论角度探讨旅游景区公示语的英译
2014届本科毕业论文从目的论角度探讨旅游景区公示语的英译姓名：系别：外语学院专业：英语学号：指导教师：2014年4月On C-E translation of tourism signs from the perspective of the Skopos TheorybyZheng PeipeiShangqiu Normal UniversityApril 2014摘要随着中国经济的快速发展，中国旅游业更加对外开放。
现如今，中国旅游景区公示语的英译越来越受到中外翻译家和广大游客的关注并日益成为社会的焦点。
本文首先叙述了旅游公示语的定义，分析了其主要功能，即指示性，提示性，限制性与强制性。
然后介绍了目的论及其三原则，最后基于目的论的三大法则，探讨中国旅游景区公示语的英译策略和技巧。
关键词：旅游公示语；目的论；英译，策略AbstractWith fasting development of Chinese economy, the reform of Chinese tourism industry becomes more and more wider. Nowadays, the translation of public signs in scenic spots is increasingly concerned by translators from home and abroad and tourists and gradually becomes a heated and highlighting topic in society. This paper firstly presents the definition of tourism signs and analysizes their main functions namely informative function, instructive function, regulatory function and warning function. And then it introduces the skopos theory and its three rules and finally discusses strategies and skilles of C-E translation of public signs in the places of interest, based on three principles of the skopos theory.Key words: tourism signs; the skopos theory; C-E translation; strategiesContents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)Contents (III)1Introduction (4)2Overview of Tourism Signs (4)2.1Definition of Tourism Signs (4)2.2Functions of Tourism Signs (5)3The Skopos Theory (7)3.1A Brief Introduction to the Skopos Theory (7)3.2The Skopos theory is a method of translation which was proposed by HansJ. Vermeer and developed in Germany in the late 1970s. It is the core theory of functionalist approach which breaks the limitation of “equivalence translation” and mak es translation more possible. The term “skopos”which comes from greece means goal, aim, purpose, intention,etc. The theory’s core concept is that translation is a kind of humane action which always has purposes and intentions. Therefore, the implementation of the translation behavior is in order to achieve a particular purpose or goal, even to produce results and influences in the target purpose that the translation behavior reaches determines the whole process of translation activity, that is to say, the end justifies the means. Rules of the Skopos Theory (7)4Translation Strategies Under the Guidance of the Skopos Theory (9)4.1Borrowing (9)4.2Imitating (10)4.3Recreating (11)5Conclusion (13)References (15)1IntroductionIn recent years, with the rapid development of Chinese internationalization and foreign tourism, more and more foreign tourists come to China for sightseeing the places of interest, who take public signsas an important way to get the information of scenic spots. The translationof public signs in scenic areas has an inestimable value on spreading Chinese culture and booming foreign tourism. As a famous translator says, the translation of tourism signs is language transformation in two kindsof cultural background and with cultural and commercial purposes. ( Nord, Christiane. 200l:10-12 ) Besides, tourism signs own distinct language features which are concise and criterional and sometimes with graphic representations. From the perspective of skopos theory, this paper, basedon the analysis of tourism text resources, discusses the translation strategies of tourism signs so as to build a good language environmentin scenic areas.2Overview of Tourism Signs2.1Definition of Tourism SignsTourism sign is “ the character and graphics symbol information open to and in the face of tourists in the scenic spots including all guide posts, the signs of public utilities and services, practical tips, notices, the of tickets and amusement services and various tips and warning signs which are designed and set to ensure the visitors tour in a clean, safe and orderly environment”. [translation mine](Xue Xiaocong, Liu Xue and Gao Li. 2011)2.2Functions of Tourism SignsPublic signs “are usually short and brief, aiming to inform, instru ct, compel or warn something that is closely related to our daily life, production, and existence. Signs are anything from the simple ways of informing to technologically sophisticated communication of messages. Signs influence everyone—tourists, drivers, shoppers, etc, whether in the course of business or entertainment” .(WangYing, LüHefa. 2007)根据这个定义，公示语有广泛的社会功能，，在社会政治、经济文化中发挥着管理、规范、协调、保障、稳定的作用。
旅游景区汉英公示语的meiyong
Chapter Two Literature ReviewBefore a thorough review of literature available on the topic, let’s examine two examples, 1) 爱护文物，人人有责 (The Great Wall, App 1)A: Everybody should protect cultural relics.B: Please help to protect the cultural relics.2) 美景深藏蔚竹庵 (Mount Laoshan, App 2)A: Beautiful sights are hidden in the Weizhu Nunnery.B: For beautiful sight, please come to Weizhu Nunnery.Example 1) is a public sign at Badaling. Example 2) is a public sign in the Mount Laoshan in Qingdao. The first example calls for travelers to protect the cultural relics; the second advices travelers to visit the sight. Version A of both examples may be proper if they are used elsewhere. However in scenic spots, they are not regarded as quite satisfactory. Version As did not arouse enough attention of target readers (foreign travelers). That is they fail to exert the same effect on a target reader as the original (source text) on a source text reader (Chinese traveler). Although version Bs are different from the original in sentence structure and tone, they read more attractive. And they almost have the same functions as that of the source text. According to different purposes, the above two examples can be translated in different ways. English public signs in scenic spots are in the service of target readers. Their reaction should be taken into prime consideration. Translations in functional approach can best serve target readers. So the functional approach to translation is the key theory discussed in this thesis.2.1 Review of the Functional ApproachChristiane Nord defines “functionalism” as follows,Functionalism is a broad term for various theories that approach translation in this way. Although what will call Skopostheorie has played a major role in the development of this trend; a number of scholars subscribe to functionalism and draw inspiration from Skopostheorie without calling them anything like “skopos”. We shall thus be looking at functionalism as a broad approach, trying to distinguish between its parts wherever possibleand necessary (Nord, 2001: 1)From what Nord defines in her book, we may understand that functionalism is a broad concept, pooling together a variety of scholars and theirs approaches to translation. Functional approach includes the German school with Katharina Reiss as the founder, British scholar Peter Newmark and his semantic vs. communicative translation as well as American scholar Eugene. A. Nida and his functional equivalence.In the German school the best known names are Katharina Reiss, Hans J. Vermeer and Christiane Nord. As founder of Skopostheorie, Reiss first established a general relationship between translation strategies and text functions. Reiss’s student Vermeer put forward the concept of Skopostheorie. He defines that every translation is directed at an intended audience, since to translate means “to produce a text in a target setting for a target purpose and target addressees in target circumstances”. (Nord, 2001: 12). Later on Nord put forward the rule of “Function plus Loyalty” with regard to the limitation of Skopostheorie and the problems of radical functionalism.Peter Newmark suggests three main textual functions: informative, expressive and vocative. Different text types require different translation strategies. Semantic translation is used for expressive texts; communicative translation is used for informative and vocative texts. Of vocative texts he put forward the focus of translation is the readership. In translating informative and vocative texts, the translator is supposed to produce a version which is readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership both in content and language and he /she is justified to improve the original text if it is poorly translated. (Newmark, 1981: 42) This provides useful guidelines for the translation of public signs, which fall in to the categories of informative and vocative texts.According to Eugene Nida, the governing principle of dynamic equivalence is to “reproduce in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style” (Nida and Taber, 2004: 12) He explains it is essential that the target text functions in the same manner as the source text. The target readers are able to respond to it in substantially the same manner as the source text readers respond to the original text.In the following passages, the German school and Peter Newmark’s theory would bediscussed in detail.2.2 The Functional Approach2.2.1 Katharina Reiss and Her Text Typology TheoryIn 1971, Reiss in her book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism developed a model of translation criticism based on the functional relationship between source and target texts. To her target text should be equivalent to source text in terms of conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function. From this point we can see that she still took equivalence as the basis. However, in practice “she knew that real life presents situations where equivalence is not possible and in some cases, not even desired. (Nord, 2001: 9) Especially, when the target is intended to achieve a purpose or function other than that of the original. “In such a situation, she thinks that the functional perspective takes precedence over the normal standards of equivalence. Then translation critic can no longer rely on features derived from source-text analysis but has to judge whether the target text is functional in terms of the translation context”. (Nord, 2001: 9)Reiss is also aware that it is the overall text type, rather than the subdivisions that decide the type of equivalence to be sought and the translation strategy to be followed. If the text function is to provide information, then content must be preserved at all cost, and any “flourishes of style” can safely be sacrificed to that purpose, so that the translation method will be “plain-prose”. When there is a conflict between the functions of the ST and the TT, Reiss uses an “author-adapted” translation method to produce the same or at least a similar effect.She further divides text into three main types as content-focused text, form-focused text and appeal-focused text. Reiss generalizes her typology theory in the following form, (Reiss, 2000: 26)language function representation expression persuasion language dimension logic esthetics dialoguetext type content-focused(informative) form-focused(expressive)appeal-focused(operative)Content-focused text emphasizes content and the form is comparatively less important. When such a text is translated, the original information should be retained as intact as possible and the linguistic form of the translation should be adjusted to the target language conventions. For expressive text, form plays a vital role. Authors of form-focused texts such as literary prose and poetry often employ some formal elements to attain the original aesthetic effect. They should use similar form in translation to produce corresponding impression. The third type is appeal-focused text. This type intends convey information or provoke certain reaction. The translation must undergo certain adaptation to match the target language and the target culture.However there is not a pure informative, expressive or persuasive text. Reiss states that “…a further point should be clarified. If we draw a distinction between content-focused and from-focused text, this is not to imply that content-focused text do not have a form. Just as there can be no form of communication without some kind of content, there can be no kind of content that does not have some form.” (Reiss, 2000: 28) This is quite applicable for C-E translation of public signs which fall somewhere between informative and evocative (operative) text.Reiss’s text typology shed light on C-E translation of public signs. As one of foreign publicity material, public signs are classified as both the informative and evocative (operative) texts. Typology theory is particular valuable for the translators of public signs. They are encouraged to shift from the locking chains imposed by source text. The translators can hold a balance while selecting appropriate strategies to cope with various translation problems.2.2.2 Hans. J. Vermeer and His SkopostheorieSkopos is a Greek word for ‘purpose’. According to Skopostheorie, the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (skopos) of the overall translation action. (Nord, 2001: 27)Skopostheorie first assumes that translation must be a purposeful human activity. The purpose has three explanations: the translator’s purpose; the communicative purpose of the translated text; and the purpose to reach by exploiting certain special translation method. Usually the communicative purpose is the main purpose of the translated text.Skopostheorie also defines an intratextual coherence and intertextual coherence. Intratextual coherence implies a translation should be acceptable when it is coherent with the norms of the target culture. A communicative interaction can only be regarded successful if the receivers interpret it as being sufficiently coherent with their situation. (Nord, 2001: 32) For intertextual coherence, a translation is expected to bear some kind of relationship with the corresponding source text. Intertexual coherence should exit between source and target text. (Nord, 2001: 32) Intertextual coherence is considered subordinate to intratextual coherence and both are subordinate to the skopos rule. (Nord, 2001: 33)The theory prescribes a mode of thinking that will allow the translator to explore new approaches to the task of producing a successful target text. The theory particularly emphasizes target-orientation of translation. And it also stresses the translation situation which always determines the translation strategies to be used.This rule is intended to solve the eternal dilemmas of free vs. faithful translation, dynamic vs. formal equivalence, good interpreters vs. slavish translators and so on. It means that the skopos of a particular translation task may require a ‘free’ or a ‘faithful’ translation, or anything between these two extremes, depending on the purpose for which the translation is needed. (Nord, 2001: 29)Skopostheorie bears on C-E translation of public signs. Nord points out that “a text is made meaningful by its receiver and for its receiver.” (Nord, 2001: 31) The reaction of target readers’ should be taken into prime consideration. That is translation of public signs should be target-reader oriented.2.2.3 Christiane Nord and Her “Functions plus Loyalty”Christiane Nord further develops functional theory in the early 1990s and puts forward a rule of “Functions plus Loyalty”.Nord indicates that “My personal version of the functionalist approach stands on two pillars: function plus loyalty. Function refers to the factors that make a target text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. (Nord, 2001: 126). She holds that the translator should be responsible bilaterally for the target reader aswell as the original author. The translator should respect the source text producer and try to adjust the purpose of the target text and the source text author’s intention. The notion of loyalty not only means conveying the content and style of the source text, but also proposes necessary adaptation based on the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text, such as in the case of pragmatic translation. (Chen Xiaowei, 2006: 17) The principle of loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients. (Nord, 2001: 126). Thus the loyalty principle reduces the probability of “radical” functionalism. It is also an answer to those critics who argue that the functional approach leaves translators free to do whatever they like with any source text.The combination of function plus loyalty further improved the Skopostheorie. It grants translators some liberty in the translation process to achieve the intended function of the target text. Meanwhile it also keeps them from going far away from the original author’s intention. Moreover, Nord also proposes her documentary and instrumental translation. Documentary translation and instrumental translation are different in their emphasis on the source text and the target text. The former focused on source text, translators try to keep the language features or culture of the source text in the translated version, so this strategy is used with the classic works or serious literature. The latter resembles domestication translation, which produces equivalent effect by cultural adaptation; the target readers generally can not feel the text is a translation. The criterion for judging whether it is documentary or instrumental translation is that “the target audience is supposed to be aware or not they are reading a translation” (Nord, 2001: 50)According to Nord’s theory, translators of Chinese public signs should always bear in mind the priority of target text readers. Public signs should be translated according to the specific target functions. However it does not mean that translators have the right to change the functions at will. Any translation, regardless of its different specific purposes, should be based on the source texts.2.3 Peter Newmark and His Semantic vs. Communicative TranslationPeter Newmark’s major contribution to functionalism is his semantic translation versuscommunicative translation. “Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original” (Newmark: 1981: 39)It is quite obvious that communicative translation focuses on producing similar effect on the target readers. On the contrary, semantic translation remains within the original language convention and culture. He proposes that semantic translation is used for expressive texts and communicative translation for informative and vocative texts. That is in translating expressive texts, the expressive components should be rendered completely, original culture tend to be transferred intact and even badly and/or inaccurately written passages must remain so. However, for informative and vocative texts, the translator should focus on the accuracy of message and the main function of the source text, trying to produce an equivalent effect on target readers.He also proposes that different texts require different translation criteria and methods. He points out that for informative and vocative text the core is the accuracy of information and the readership. Accessibility and comprehensibility of the translation is very important as the reader does not anticipate difficulties or obscurities and would expect a generous transfer of foreign elements into his own culture as well as his language where necessary. (Newmark, 1981: 39)Peter Newmark’s theory also shed light on C-E translation of public signs. The translator is supposed to use language forms which read naturally to the target reader and he/she is entitled to improve the original text if it is badly and/or inaccurately written. Public signs should not be translated mechanically without an eye to the effect of the target texts on the target readers. Newmark’s semantic vs. communicative translation share some similarities with Nord’s documentary vs. instrumental translation. Semantic and documentary translations remain with the original linguistic and cultural conventions, while communicative and instrumental translations are target language oriented. But their difference is also quiet obvious. Nord holds that the skopos of the translation determines the choice of translation strategies, while Newmark proposes that the choice of translation methods is determined by the source text. However in translation practice, the methods of translation are not determined by the functionof the source text, but that of the target text. Very frequently the translation involves substantial adaptation of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.2.4 Enlightenments of the Functional Approach on C-E Translation of Public SignsAccording to Newmark’s typology (Newmark, 1981: 15), the features of public signs can be summarized from the functionalist point of view in the following graph.Functional analysis of Chinese public sings and English public signsNotes:1. Cpb: Chinese public signs; Epb: English public signs2. Culture, “low” means there are not many culture elements in public signs.3. Politeness, “low” means the public signs which do not read polite.The above graph gives us a general idea of the features of Chinese public signs and English public signs from the functional approach. Chinese public signs and English public signs are both in the service of their respective target readers. For most public signs, the source text and the target text share the same functions, informative, evocative or a combination of the two. There are other public signs: the function of the target text is different from that of the source text. An evocative public sign may be translated into an informative one or vice versa.This is because Chinese and English are different in language conventions and cultural traditions. Chinese public signs and English public signs differ in the ways they appeal to their respective readers. The source text readers (Chinese travelers) are prone to be affected by flowery expressions; while the target readers (foreign travelers) prefer more concrete information.Chinese public signs are therefore more descriptive. The language used is ornate and figurative, containing many flowery expressions like idioms or poems or quotations of famous persons’ remarks. English public signs are more informative. They read simple and concise. The language is plain and factual. When translating Chinese public signs into English, translators are usually required to apply various translation strategies, such as literal or liberal translation or adaptation.The main point of Skopostheorie is: it is the prospective function or skopos of the target text, not the source text that determines the translation process. Translators of public signs should apply various translation strategies in order to produce a version that will arouse the same effect on target text readers as that of the source text does on the source text readers.2.5 SummaryIn this part the writer discusses functional approach and its enlightenments on C-E translation of public signs. Reiss’s typology, Vermeer’s Skopostheorie, Nord’s function plus loyalty and Newmark’s semantic vs. communicative translation are the key theories involved in this chapter. According to the functional approach, it is the intended function of the target text that determines the overall translation process including the selection of translation strategies. The source text can’t be neglected either, as it serves as the main source of information. Translators of public signs should be aware of the status of target text readers. And the translations should always fulfill the need of target readers. The following chapter further explores the features and functions of public signs, giving us an insight on how functional approach applied to C-E translation in this area.Chapter Three A Functional Analysis of Public Signsin Scenic SpotsThe functional approach fits better in public signs translation as discussed in the previous chapter. The definition of a public sign, its categorization and the features are mainly discussed in the following paragraphs from the functional perspective.3.1 Definitions of Public SignsPublic signs are also called public notices, slogans, the languages of public notices, expressions on public signs.According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English1a sign is “a piece of paper, metal etc. in a public place with words or drawings on it that gives people information, warn them not to do something etc. e.g. a road sign, a no-smoking sign.”A Pubic sign can be defined as a piece of paper, metal or billboard in a public place with words or drawings on it that provides information or arouse people’s attention.The counterparts of public signs in Chinese are: 公示语、标志、标示语、告示语、标语、标牌语、标识. The most widely used one is “公示语”.Public signs and other related definitions in Chinese are as follows,1) 标语：用简短的文字写出的具有宣传鼓动作用的口号。
旅游景区公示语英译错误分析【论文】
旅游景区公示语英译错误分析摘要：作为一个现代化的大都市和具有国际影响力的旅游城市，2018年西安市接待海内外游客2.47亿人次，2019年1月至11月全市共接待海内外游客2.94人次。
为了扩大旅游景区的影响力，扩大景区知识、文化宣传，给游客提供更好的服务，很多景区的公示语都进行了外语翻译，目前英语翻译是占比最大的。
但是在景区公示语的英译过程中，由于对英语语言、用法、文化内涵等知识把握不深刻、不全面，结果出现了一些英译错误。
关键词：旅游；公示语；英译公示语，又称为标识语，广泛地应用于我们日常生活、工作场所、交通枢纽、景区等，影响着人们生活的方方面面。
在国际交流日益扩大的今天，城市旅游景区公示语英译效果不仅影响到外国友人的旅游体验，还关系到城市的精神面貌和整体形象，进而影响到城市的国际形象。
因此我们必须关注公示语的英译，探究公示语的功能意义和语言文化内涵，减少公示语英译引起的歧意、误解，真正发挥公示语的信息服务作用。
1旅游景区公示语的应用功能（1）指示性公示语：指示性公示语主要用于信息服务，没有任何限制、强制意义，其功能在于指示服务内容。
例如：TicketOffice（售票处）、restroom（休息室）、Souvenirs（旅游纪念品）、Toilet（卫生间）、OfficeArea（办公区）、Park （停车区）等。
（2）提示性公示语：提示性公示语仅起提示作用，没有任何特指意义。
例如：WetPaint（油漆未干）、MindtheSteps（注意台阶）、DeepWater（水深）。
（3）限制性公示语：此类公示语对相关公众的行为提出限制、约束和要求，语言直接了当，但不会使人感到强硬、粗暴、无理。
例如：KeepQuiet（保持安静）、ChildrenandSeniorCitizensFree （老人小孩免费）、StaffOnly（游客止步）、TicketOnly（凭票入内）等。
（4）强制性公示语：强制性公示语要求相关公众必须采取或不得采取任何行动，语言直白，具有强制性。
旅游公示语汉英翻译
旅游公示语汉英翻译本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！随着我国旅游业的迅速发展，各旅游景点都广泛使用了英语公示语。
本文根据一些实例，对章丘的百脉泉公园、朱家裕民俗风景区、桃花山公园进行实地考察，发现单词拼写错误、语法错误、标点符号使用不当等问题，对问题进行分析总结并提出相关意见与建议，由此提高章丘旅游景点公示语的翻译质量，完善章丘的公示语的语言环境。
一、引言吕和发先生曾较全面地指出了公示语的定义和内涵，即公开和面对公众，告示、指示、提示、显示、警示、标示与其生活、生命、生态、生业休戚相关的文字及图形信息。
旅游景区的公示语对促进当地旅游业的发展有着举足轻重的作用，公示语的英语翻译质量直接影响当地旅游业的发展和城市形象，甚至国际形象。
所以，为了促进当地的国际化发展，我们要采取有效措施净化旅游景点的语言环境，加强英译问题的研究，提高英译质量。
现在很多地方忽略了公示语的重要性，含糊了事。
就以章丘市旅游景区为例，我们研究小组先后在百脉泉公园、朱家裕民俗风景区、桃花山公园等旅游景点进行实地研究考察，通过分组搜集回来的资料整理，发现章丘市旅游景点存在很多问题，公示语翻译体系还不成熟，有待完善。
二、章丘旅游公示语汉英翻译存在的问题(一)单词拼写错误拼写错误在英译中是很常见的，主要有漏拼、误拼等。
产生错误的原因可归结为两种：一种是译者的英语教学教育的水平不高，导致出现的错误;另一种是在制作公示牌的过程中排版人员出现失误，导致拼写错误或多余空格等。
百脉泉景区很多公示牌是由石碑制成的，由于制作过程繁琐，制作后无人校对，公示语就存在单词拼错、少拼、两单词拼在一起等问题。
例1：以李清照词“庭院深深深几许”为主题设计的一组仿宋园林。
a unlt of garden imitating the style of the song Dynasty(960-1279) and designed according to the Ci poem of Li Qingzhao “Deep mboo courtyard，how deep could it be”.评析：先不分析单词大小写问题，第一行第二个单词“unlt”应该是“unit”;而第二行的单词“mboo”应该改为竹子“bamboo”。
(全英文论文)目的论视角下旅游景点公示语翻译研究有案例
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模因论视角下景点公示语翻译 完整版
模因论视角下景区公示语的翻译Translation of Public Signs in Scenic Spots From the perspective of MemeticsAbstract:Public signs in scenic spots refer to the signs suspended or posted prominently in public places with the text or graphic formation close related to the information about the scenic spots with the function of announcement, presentation tips, guidance and warning information. Globalization leads to more and more foreign friends to visit, work and travel in China. In the process of this kind intercultural communication, the bilinguals of the signs are the necessity of developing scenic spots. The translation quality of signs in the scenic spots can not only directly influence the sightseeing of the tourists and their aesthetic feeling in the scenic spots but also relates to our international image. In our country, many experts and scholars realize there are many mistakes in the public signs in the scenic spots and take many research on many respects. In general, there are many classify of mistranslation and analysis about the public scenic, however, there are little research based on the memetics. This article puts the public signs in the scenic spots as the research object and discusses the problems existing in the translation of the signs and standardizes the signs translation from the perspective of memetics.Key words: public signs in scenic spots; translation; memetics摘要: 景区公示语是指悬挂或张贴在公共场所醒目位置的公告语，具有告知、提示、指引、警示等与所在景区信息密切相关的文字或图形信息。
旅游景区公示语汉英翻译研究获奖科研报告
旅游景区公示语汉英翻译研究获奖科研报告摘要：在昆明的各大旅游景点，标有各类告示、警示，以及服务信息的汉英双语公示语已经随处可见，但是英文使用不规范的问题比较突出。
通过对昆明市重点旅游景区汉英公示语的调查，发现公示语汉英翻译主要存在名称译法不一致、中国式英语、用词不当、拼写错误及语法错误五个方面的问题。
在对错误实例进行分析的基础上，文章提出了三条对策，以期引起有关部门的重视，解决旅游景区公示语汉英翻译方面存在的问题，有效净化语言环境，优化国际交往空间。
关键词：旅游景区公示语汉英翻译一、引言“公示语是一种较为独特的应用文体，是社会用语的重要组成部分，是社会文明程度的标志，了解社会精神文明建设的窗口，同时也反映了生活在这个社会群体的整体文化素质、道德修养和精神面貌。
要了解一个时代、一个社会、一个国家或一个城市的风貌，往往从这个时代、社会、国家或城市的语用水平中获得初步的印象”（何自然，1997）。
我国很多旅游景点公示语翻译仍然存在一些或大或小的问题，提高公示语的翻译质量仍是一个亟待全面解决的问题。
二、昆明市旅游景区公示语汉英翻译现状目前，在昆明的各大旅游景点，标有各类告示、警示，以及服务信息的汉英双语公示语已经随处可见，为国际人士在华的工作、学习和生活发挥了积极的作用。
遗憾的是，由于语言翻译水平参差不齐及缺乏统一的参照标准等原因，存在很多英文使用不规范的问题，例如单词拼写错误、语法运用失误、译法不符合英语使用习惯、同一事物或概念在不同场合下的译法不一致等。
1.同一事物或概念在不同场合下的译法不一致例1：“石林景区”的译法有六种，分别为Shilin Scenic Area，Shilin Scenic Spot，Shilin Scenic Resort，Stone Forest Scenic Area，Stone Forest Scenic Spot，Stone Forest Scenic Resort。
黑龙江赫哲族旅游景区公示语汉英翻译现状与对策研究
- 219 -校园英语 / 翻译研究如，“学无止境”用了“Live ”“learn ”两个词来代替，去字梏使其意义再生的案例都一目了然，简练又易懂。
2.重组句。
杨绛认为：“翻译包括三件事：选字，造句，成章。
”文字去除字梏后，在此基础上句子自然要重新进行组合。
原文：“I went meekly aboard a few of the boats that lay packed together like sardines at the long St. Louis wharf ，and very humbly inquired for the pilots...”译文：“圣路易斯的码头很长，在它的周遭，有很多船像沙丁鱼一样挤在一起停靠着，我唯唯诺诺地走上船……”这是个典型的英语长句，汉语喜用短句，如果按照正常语序翻译不符合汉语习惯，所以需要对这句话进行拆分转换进行意义再生。
3.建空间。
在进行去字梏，重组句之后，译者需要针对整篇文字建空间，给读者充分的想象空间。
原文：“Then such a scramble as there is to get aboard ，and to get ashore ，and to take in freight and to discharge freight ，all at one and the same time.”译文：“接着是乱得一团糟，大家争先恐后，有的抢着上船，有的抢着上岸，有的要上货，有的要卸货，都在这同一时刻里抢着干。
”在这个案例中，首先排比的译法十分贴切，译者又通过曾词“争先恐后”“抢着”建立了空间，让读者充分感受到黑龙江赫哲族旅游景区公示语汉英翻译现状与对策研究黑龙江农业职业技术学院/张楠楠 栾吉斌【摘要】佳木斯市面向世界开展赫哲族国际旅游，国内外旅游团体赴佳旅游逐年增多。
在这种背景下，汉英双语公示语的翻译是否能发挥相应功能必将影响外国友人在佳木斯市的旅行，佳木斯市的城市形象乃至对中国的评价。
语言文化论文：美学视角下的汉英公示语
美学视角下的汉英公示语0引言所谓公示语(Public Signs)指的是在公共场所向大众所展示的内容或语言、图像等。
公示语可以分为指示牌、公告、标语、警示等，是一种非语言的交际工具，旨在向公众传递一定的信息。
公示语作为人类生活必不可少的一部分，显示了特定区域或国家的文化内涵。
中国作为一个古老的文化古国，近年来越来越多地参与到国际事务当中，如2008年的北京奥运会、2010年的上海世博会和广州亚运会。
随着中国在国际舞台的愈加活跃，公共场所的公示语英文翻译便愈加凸显。
合格并且规范的公示语翻译能在某种程度上提升我国的国际形象。
因而，公示语翻译已经不仅仅是一项简单的翻译工作，己成为中国城市国际化建设的一项重要任务。
公示语翻译研究颇受国内外学者的关注，多数学者聚焦于功能翻译视角下的公示语翻译。
从美学视角对公示语翻译进行的研究却是凤毛麟角。
公示语翻译应从美学角度进行考量，和谐的、正确的、具有感染力的公示语翻译，能充分发挥出公示语的作用和功能。
因此，有必要通过美学翻译的视角对公示语翻译进行研究，从而提高公示语翻译的质量。
1翻译美学的理论阐述翻译美学是人们运用美学和语言学等方法来探索高尚、好、坏、美、丑等审美范畴、美感体验、美学意识以及创造美和展示美的科学。
有效地运用美学能提升人们对事物的审美层次。
许钧教授曾提出了翻译美学的基础层次、语义层次和审美层次等三个等级。
基础层次指的是理清各个概念和逻辑纽带之间的含义差别。
语义层次指的是理解具体的词汇意义、语法意义、句子意义、修辞意义和语境意义之间的差异。
翻译的理想层次是审美层次，也就是在最大程度上达到翻译的美学效应。
理想的公示语的译文是这三个层次的完美组合，即在恰当传递出语言意义和言语意义的基础上译出其内在美和文化内涵。
翻译大家许渊冲教授强调译文要做到三美即“意美、音美、形美”，译作要尽可能地达到这三美的和谐统一。
他同时指出这三者之间的关系并不是矛盾对立的，而是相辅相成，相互促进的。
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矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。