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最新人教版选修3第四节《离子晶体》学案
最新人教版选修3第四节《离子晶体》学案

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新知要点

一、离子晶体

1、离子晶体的概念

叫离子晶体,以键结合的化合物是离子化合物,离子化合物在常温下以的形式存在。

2、离子晶体的空间构型

NaCl晶体结构示意图

CsCl型

ZnS的晶体结构示意图

AB型离子晶体的基本结构形式对比

晶体类型晶胞结构r +/r -配位数

二、晶格能

1、晶格能是指的能量。放出的能量越多,晶格能的绝对值越 ,表示离子键越 ,晶体越稳定。

2、晶格能与成正比,与成反比,即离子电荷数越 ,核间距越 ,晶格能越大。

3、离子键的强弱用离子晶体的晶格能来衡量。

晶格能越大,离子键越 ,离子晶体越。

4、离子晶体特性

(1)离子晶体的熔点、沸点,而且随着离子电荷的增加,核间距离的缩短,晶格能,熔点。

(2)离子晶体一般溶于水, 溶于非极性溶剂。

(3)离子晶体在固态时导电,熔融状态或在水溶液中导电。

代表性的最小单位结构如图所示试回答:

(1)在该晶体中每个钛离子周围与它最近且相等距离的钛离子有

多少个?

(2)在该晶体中氧、钙、钛的粒子个数化是多少?

2.离子晶体熔点高低决定于阴阳离子的核间距离.晶格能的大小,

据所学知识,判断KCl、NaCl、CaO、BaO四种晶体熔点的高低顺序是()

A. KCl>NaCl>BaO>CaO

B. NaCl>KCl>CaO>BaO

C.CaO>BaO>KCl>NaCl

D. CaO>BaO>NaCl>KCl

3.下列关于金属晶体和离子晶体的说法,错误的是()

A.受外力作用时都易发生形变而破裂

B.都含有离子

C.一般都具有较高的熔点和沸点

D.都可采取“紧密堆积”结构

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