chapter_1_Style_and_Stylistics_教案

■Course: English Stylistics■Time: Sep.6-30■Course material: English Stylistics: A New Course Book《新编英语文体学教程》董启明编著外语教学与研究出版社■Teaching procedure: Part One Theoretical Preliminaries(理论预备) and Major Varieties（主要变体）of EnglishChapter 1 Style and StylisticsIntroductionWhat is Language? And in which aspects of language does stylistics focus on?A. Language is the primary object of the study of linguistics, and linguists construct theories of language in general or of particular languages from differing points of view. The discussion of the concepts of style should focus on some essential aspects of language on which most linguists agree.B. Language is viewed as a system of different types of linguistic organization such as phonology, syntax and lexicon. The English language consists of its pattern of sounds, sets of grammatical rules and a large body of vocabulary.C. Language is also a social phenomenon, or institution, whereby people communicate and interact with each other. A language of a particular society is part of the society’s culture. Language activities operate within social activities. The language of a participant in a social activity reflects his social characteristics (such as his status, ethnic group, age and sex). It also reflects his awareness of the various factors of a social situation in which he finds himself. He should adjust his language in accordance with the medium of communication (speech or writing), the setting (private or public), the relationship with the addressee (in terms of the degree of intimacy or social distance), and the purpose (to inform, to persuade, etc.).2. Varieties 变体of Language(variety=style)A. Varieties in relation to regions---- British/American EnglishB. Varieties in relation to media----Spoken English/Written EnglishC. Varieties in relation to attitude----degrees of formality/politeness/ impersonality/accessibilityD. Varieties in relation to social factors----Women’s English/Black English/T aboo and EuphemismE. Varieties in relation to social Genre----The English of Conversation / Public speaking / News reporting/Advertising/Literary English (The Novel/Poetry)/ Science and Technology/Legal Documents3. Varieties analysis theory----Stylistics (文体学)★Essence of stylistics : Appropriate use of language is considered the key to effective communication.e.g. How to suck an egg? (Example and Analysis: Page 3)★Analysis : The difference lies in the fact that the young student used some big and formal words, such as perforation(齿孔,hole) ,apex (顶点，最高点top), aperture(小孔，缝隙，opening), inhaling（吸气）discharged（流出）, which made her utterance difficult to understand, especially by an old woman without much education, while the old woman used informal words, such as gal, hole, end and suck. As a result, her utterance is easy to understand.★Note: Different styles should be used on different occasions, and the key to the effective use oflanguage is “appropriateness”, and the key to effective communication is the ability to use language appropriately, otherwise we cannot achieve our purpose of communication.1.2 Definitions of Style/Stylistics/Text1. TextDefinition: A TEXT is any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that forms a unified whole. It may be the product of a single speaker/writer (e.g. a sign, a letter, a news report, a statue, a novel), or that of several speakers (e.g. a piece of conversation, a debate).For example,Two boys stood near a jeweller’s shop. They saw a man break the shop win dow and steal all the watches. They ran after him, because they took him for a thief.Analysis:A text is realized by a sequence of language units, whether they are sentences or not. The connection among parts of a text is achieved by various cohesive devices, and by semantic and pragmatic implication. In the text you may notice the following modifications, which serve as 1) grammatical cohesive devices:(a) the use of the definite article on second mention, e.g.a shop---- the shop a man---- the man(b) the substitution of pronouns for nouns. e.g.two boys---- they(c) the use of conjunction. e.g.They ran after him, because…2) the lexical cohesion in the text is realized by the collocation of the words that are in some way or other typically associated with one another, e.g. steal all the watches; took him for a thief2. StyleDefinition----Manners indicating prominent linguistic features, devices or patterns, most (at least) frequently occur in a particular text of a particular variety of language.Analysis:①Manners (appropriateness) [Study Aims]indicating prominent②a) linguistic features (phonological /lexical /syntactic /grammatical/semantic features),b) devices orc) Patterns(文体/语体常规“型式”) [Study Scope]③most (or least) frequently occur (words/sentences percentage) [Study Approach]in a particular④text(语篇、篇章、文本) of a particular⑤variety of language. [Study Material]StylisticsDefinition----Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific way concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.A branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematic way [Study Approach] concerning the manners/linguistic features [Study Aims] of different varieties of language [Study Scopes] at different levels [Study Scopes].1.4 The Development of StylisticsTable 1 In the WestTimeRepresentativesWorks1.Ancient “rhetoric(修辞)”famous ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, et al.all contributed a lot to this branch of learning.2. Root of Stylistics1) Word “stylistics” first appeared only in 1882.2) First book on stylistics -----landmark of modern stylisticswritten by a French scholar Charles Bally, student of the famous modern linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in 1902.published in 1909, entitled Traite de Stylistique Francaise.3) “Father of stylistics”German scholar L. Spitzer (1887-1960), began to analyze literary works from a stylistic point of view.3. Modern Stylistics---4 periodsFrom the end of the 1950s to the present time.1) the end of the 1950s---- the end of the 1960s.Formalist Stylistics was the prevailing trend.2) in 1970sFunctionalist Stylistics predominated.3) in 1980sDiscourse Stylistics flourished.4)in 1990sSocio-Historical / Socio-Cultural Stylistics or Contextualized Stylistics developed quickly.5) in 21 centurystylistics has enjoyed further development, The trend is interdisciplinary study, and narrative(叙事) stylistics, cognitive stylistics, feminist(女权主义) stylistics, etc., will get further developed.Table 2 In ChinaTimeRepresentativesWorks1. Ancient time刘勰in the Southern Dynasty南北朝period.a work of literacy criticism----The Carving of the Literary Mind by Liu Xie (465-532)《文心雕龙·刘勰》2. Modern Chinese Stylistics1) Root of Stylistic StudyChen Wangdao’s（陈望道）Principle of Rhetoric（《修辞学发凡》）(1932) indicated the beginning of modern Chinese stylistics.2) The study of modern western stylistics in ChinaA. the founding of the People’s Republic of China to the year 1976. ( fundamental stage ).some scholars, such as Wang Zuoliang（王佐良）, Xu Guozhang（许国璋）, Xu Yanmou, Yang Renjing, et al., began to study stylistics in its modern sense.In 1963, Wang Zuoliang published an article entitled “On the Study of English Style”(王佐良，1980).B. from 1977 up to the present time.It was also Professor Wang Zuoliang who took the lead in the research of modern stylistics. In this period, more and more academic works were published. The following list exemplifies the achievementsWang Zuoliang, 1980.《英语文体学论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社Introduction to English Stylistics----Wang Zuoliang & Ding Wangdao, 1987.《英语文体学引论》. 王佐良，丁往道. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社《文心雕龙·刘勰》摘录《说文》云:“体,总十二属也,从骨。