TASK COMPLEXITY AFFECTS INFORMATION SEEKING AND USE
语言对人的影响英语作文
语言对人的影响英语作文Language's Impact on the Individual.Language is a powerful tool that shapes our thoughts, perceptions, and interactions with the world. It has a profound impact on our cognitive development, social behavior, and cultural identity.One of the most significant ways that language influences our cognition is by structuring our thoughts. The words we use to describe our experiences shape the way we conceptualize them. For example, the English language has a rich vocabulary for describing emotions, allowing us to express our feelings with precision. In contrast, some cultures have a more limited vocabulary for emotions, which may lead to difficulty in differentiating between different emotional states.Language also affects our perception of the world. The words we use to describe objects and events influence howwe see them. For instance, in the English language, weoften use metaphors to describe people and situations. These metaphors can shape our perceptions of those people and situations, leading us to view them in a particular way.Furthermore, language plays a crucial role in oursocial behavior. It is through language that we communicate with others, express our needs, and negotiate our place in society. The way we use language can have a significant impact on our relationships with others. For example, using polite and respectful language can foster positive interactions, while using harsh or offensive language can damage relationships.Language is also closely tied to our cultural identity. It is through language that we express our cultural values, beliefs, and traditions. The words we use, the stories we tell, and the songs we sing all contribute to our sense of who we are as a people. Losing one's language can lead to a loss of cultural identity and a sense of alienation fromone's community.In conclusion, language is a powerful force that profoundly influences our cognitive development, social behavior, and cultural identity. It shapes the way we think, perceive the world, and interact with others. By understanding the impact of language on the individual, we can better appreciate the complexity of human communication and the importance of language preservation.中文回答：语言是一种强大的工具，塑造着我们的思想、感知和与世界的互动。
此译者采纳了这一建议在词语首次出...
A Report on Computer English Translation --Take the English-Chinese translation oftheses on data mining as an exampleA Thesis Submitted to Chongqing Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for theProfessional DegreeByLi ChaoSupervised by Associate Prof. Deng QiSpecialty: Master of Translation andInterpretingSchool of Foreign Languages and Cultures of ChongqingUniversity, Chongqing, ChinaApril, 2013摘要随着计算机知识的普及和IT行业的快速发展，我们接触到的计算机专业术语越来越多，计算机相关知识的更新速度也越来越快。
学习计算机知识的过程中，我们不难发现很多计算机知识和编程所使用的语言都是英语，因此想要学习到前沿的计算机知识和国外研究的最新成果，离不开源英语文本的学习。
作为计算机的行业语言，英语的重要性不言而喻，计算机英语翻译也成了国内外计算机领域研究交流的桥梁。
基于对计算机科学技术的热爱，笔者选择了计算机英语的翻译作为研究方向。
本翻译实践报告以数据挖掘相关的三篇论文翻译为例，在进行译前准备和英汉翻译的基础上，详述了译者在翻译过程中的指导理论、难点剖析及解决策略，总结了计算机英语翻译过程中的心得体会，期望对该领域的翻译具有一定的参考价值。
本翻译实践报告包括以下四个部分：第一章为翻译任务描述，介绍了翻译任务的背景和性质。
第二章介绍翻译过程，其中包括译前准备、翻译过程和译后事项，详细记录了译者翻译实践的各个环节。
看病难看病贵英语作文
看病难看病贵英语作文1Nowadays, the problem of difficulty and high cost in seeking medical treatment has become a serious concern for many people. It is a complex issue that affects the well-being of individuals and the stability of society.Take the case of some patients who have to queue up for a long time, even overnight, just to get an expert's appointment. This not only causes physical exhaustion but also adds to the mental stress of the patients and their families. Another example is the exorbitant cost of treating serious diseases. The expense of advanced medical technologies, expensive medications, and prolonged hospital stays can place an unbearable burden on ordinary families. Many are forced to borrow heavily or sell their assets to cover the medical bills.The reasons behind this phenomenon are multi-faceted. Firstly, the imbalance of medical resources distribution leads to a shortage of high-quality medical services in some areas. Secondly, the continuous advancement of medical technology and the rising cost of research and development contribute to the increase in medical expenses. Moreover, the complexity of the medical insurance system and the insufficient coverage sometimes fail to provide adequate financial support for patients.To solve this problem, the government should strengthen theallocation of medical resources, improve the medical insurance system, and encourage the development of cost-effective medical technologies. Meanwhile, hospitals and medical institutions need to enhance management and optimize the medical process to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Only through the joint efforts of all parties can we gradually alleviate the problem of difficulty and high cost in seeking medical treatment and ensure that everyone can enjoy fair and accessible medical services.2Nowadays, the issue of difficult and expensive medical care has become a significant concern in our society. This problem has brought about a series of negative impacts on both individuals and the community as a whole.For individuals, many people are forced to give up treatment due to financial constraints, which leads to a deterioration of their conditions. Take the case of Mr. Smith, who was diagnosed with a serious disease but could not afford the costly medical expenses. As a result, his health deteriorated rapidly, and his quality of life plummeted. Moreover, the phenomenon of falling into poverty due to illness is increasing. Families that were once stable and prosperous have been pushed to the brink of financial ruin because of the high cost of treating a family member's illness.On a societal level, the difficulty and high cost of accessing medicalcare can cause social instability and inequality. It places a heavy burden on the national economy and hinders the overall development of society.In conclusion, the problem of difficult and expensive medical care is not only an individual's predicament but also a social challenge that requires joint efforts from all aspects of society to be effectively addressed. Only through the implementation of comprehensive and effective measures can we ensure that everyone has the opportunity to receive timely and affordable medical treatment, and thus promote the healthy and stable development of society.3Nowadays, the problem of "difficult and expensive access to medical care" has become a major concern for many people. This issue not only affects the quality of life of individuals but also poses a significant challenge to the development of society as a whole.To solve this problem, several measures can be taken. Firstly, increasing the input of medical resources is crucial. More hospitals and clinics should be built, especially in rural and remote areas. Advanced medical equipment and well-trained medical staff need to be provided to ensure that people in all regions can receive timely and effective treatment. For example, in some underdeveloped regions, the lack of medical facilities and professionals has led to difficulties for local residents in seeking medical care.Secondly, improving the medical security system is of great significance. The coverage and reimbursement rate of medical insurance should be expanded and enhanced to reduce the financial burden on patients. This will enable more people to afford necessary medical services without worrying about excessive costs.Finally, strengthening the supervision of the medical industry is essential. Strict regulations should be imposed on medical institutions and practitioners to prevent overcharging and unethical practices. For instance, crackdowns on illegal medical advertisements and false diagnoses can protect the rights and interests of patients.In conclusion, only by implementing these suggestions comprehensively can we effectively address the problem of difficult and expensive access to medical care and create a healthier and more harmonious society for all.4In today's society, the problem of expensive and difficult medical treatment has become a significant concern for many people. Take the case of a migrant worker, for instance. One day, he got seriously injured at the construction site and needed an immediate operation. However, the cost of the surgery was incredibly high, far beyond what he could afford with his meager salary. Despite the doctor's advice for the surgical treatment to ensure a full recovery, he had no choice but to opt for conservativetreatment due to the financial burden. This decision not only put his health at risk but also affected his ability to work and support his family in the long run.Another heart-wrenching example is that of an elderly person who has been suffering from a chronic illness for years. The medical expenses have been piling up, and his children have had to borrow money from everywhere to cover the costs. The heavy financial pressure has not only strained their relationships but also made their lives extremely difficult. They are constantly worried about how to pay for the next round of treatment and keep their beloved parent alive.These are not isolated incidents but reflect a widespread problem. Many families are struggling to cope with the high costs of medical care, and countless patients are forced to endure pain and illness because they cannot afford proper treatment. This situation calls for urgent attention and effective measures from the government and society to ensure that everyone has access to affordable and quality medical services. We should strive for a healthcare system that is fair, accessible, and provides the necessary support to those in need, so that no one has to face the dilemma of expensive and difficult medical treatment.5Nowadays, the issue of difficult and expensive medical care has become a prominent concern in society. This problem is complex andmulti-faceted, affecting people's lives and well-being in various ways.The uneven distribution of medical resources across different regions is a significant factor contributing to the difficulty of accessing medical services. For instance, in remote and rural areas, there may be a scarcity of advanced medical equipment and qualified medical professionals. Patients often have to travel long distances to reach well-equipped hospitals in big cities, incurring high transportation and accommodation costs. This not only poses challenges for the patients themselves but also places a burden on their families.The advancement of medical technology, while bringing hope for better treatment outcomes, has simultaneously increased the cost of healthcare. New drugs, sophisticated surgical procedures, and advanced diagnostic tools all come with a hefty price tag. As a result, the financial burden on patients has grown significantly. Many families struggle to cope with the high expenses, especially for chronic or serious illnesses that require long-term and expensive treatments.To address these issues, efforts need to be made at multiple levels. The government should invest more in improving medical infrastructure in underdeveloped regions, ensuring a more balanced distribution of medical resources. Additionally, measures should be implemented to control the cost of medical treatments and promote the development of more affordable and accessible healthcare options. Only through suchcomprehensive and collaborative efforts can we hope to alleviate the problem of difficult and expensive medical care and provide better health services for all.。
JumpStart Taq DNA Polymease 用户指南说明书
D9307ug Rev 11/22User GuideJumpStart™ Taq DNA Polymerase With 10X reaction buffer containing 15mM MgCl 2D9307Product OverviewDescriptionJumpStart™ Taq DNA Polymerase is an optimized combination of high-performance Taq DNAPolymerase, JumpStart™ Taq antibody, and an inert red dye tracer. The neutralizing monoclonal antibody binds to Taq DNA polymerase, inactivating it until the complex is dissociated at ≥70 °C, providing simple and efficient hot start PCR. Because JumpStart™ Taq DNA polymerase is inactive at room temperature, reaction mixtures can be prepared on the bench and transported directly to the thermocycler as theenzyme will become active in the first denaturation step of the cycling process.The enzyme is supplied at 2.5 units/µL and comes with an optimized 10X reaction buffer containing 15 mM MgCl 2.Features• Reduces nonspecific amplification and primer-dimers• Performs equivalent to, or better than, standard Taq polymerase• Allows for room-temperature PCR set up• Suitable for large number of thermal cycles (>35) •Amplified product length up to 3 kbApplicationsJumpStart™ Taq can be used for amplification of:• Genomic DNA • cDNA• Low copy number targets •Multiple targets (multiplex PCR)Unit DefinitionOne unit incorporates 10 nmol of totaldeoxyribonucleoside triphosphates into acid precipitable DNA in 30 minutes at 74 °C.Reagents Provided•JumpStart™ Taq DNA polymerase, 2.5 units/µL in 50% glycerol, 87.5 mM KCl, 17.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 75 µM EDTA, 7.5 mM DTT, and stabilizers (D6558)•10X PCR Buffer, 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 500 mM KCl, 15 mM MgCl 2, 0.01% (w/v) gelatin (P2192)Materials and Reagents Required (But not included)•Deoxynucleotide (dNTP) Mix, containing 10 mM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP sodium salts • Nuclease-free water• Custom ordered primers specific to gene target • PCR tubes or plates• Sample containing template DNA •Thermal cyclerPrecautions and DisclaimerThis product is for R&D use only. Not for drug,household, or other uses. Please consult the Safety Data Sheet for information regarding hazards and safe handling practices.Storage/StabilityStore at –20 °C. Storing JumpStart™ Taq below –20 °C is not recommended.D9307ug Rev 11/22 2Procedure for UseStepDescriptionAssemble Reaction MixFor best reproducibility, assemble a master mix of PCR reagents by multiplying the number of reactions needed (plus 10% to account for pipetting error) by the suggested volumes in the table below. Aliquot reaction mixture into PCR tubes.Reagent Final Concentration Amount per 20 µL reaction 10X PCR buffer 1X 2 µL JumpStart™ Taq0.05 U/µL 0.4 µL dNTP Mix, 10 mM 200 µM 0.4 µL Primers 0.1–0.5 µM Variable TemplateVariable Variable Nuclease-free Water-To 20 µL totalNote: JumpStart™ Taq is a magnesium ion-dependent enzyme, optimal concentrations oftemplate DNA, primers, and MgCl 2 will be target-specific. The supplied 10X PCR buffer contains 15 mM MgCl 2, for a final concentration of 1.5 mM; however, the final MgCl 2 concentration can be adjusted up to 3.5 mM for endpoint assays, if necessary.Add TemplateRecommended input template is 10 ng DNA; however, JumpStart™ Taq may amplify as little as a single copy of non-complex template or 10-100 copies of complex genomic template. For cDNA templates use a 1:10 reaction dilution for medium to highly expressed targets, or a 1:2 to 1:5 dilution for low expression targets.AmplifyA suggested thermocycling protocol using JumpStart™ Taq is provided below:Amplification parameters will vary depending on primers, template, and instrument used. For tips on optimizing PCR conditions as well as a 2-step cycling protocol please see Technical Guide .Initial denaturation 94 °C 2 min 40 c y c l e sDenaturation 94 °C15 sec Annealing 60 °C or 5 °C below lowest primer T m 30 sec Extension72 °C 1 min/kb Final extension 72 °C 1 min Hold4 °C∞EvaluateAmplified DNA can be evaluated by any standard method, including agarose gel electrophoresis, fluorescent dye intercalation, and DNA sequencing.Technical GuideConsiderations for Primer DesignThoughtful primer design is essential for PCR efficiency and specificity. For successful amplification consider the following:1•Select an 18-30 nucleotide-long sequence with 40-60% G/C content and even distribution of all4 bases.•Avoid inverted repeat or self-complementary sequences >3 bp.•Primer pairs should not differ in length by >3 bp and should not contain complementarityto one another.•Maintain calculated primer T m between 55-60 °C, permitting only 2-3 °C variation betweenprimer pairs.•Priming efficiency can be increased by includinga terminal G at the 3’ end; however, the numberof Gs or Cs in the last 5 bases of the primersequence should be no more than 3.•Ensure each primer sequence is unique to the gene of interest and is absent in other genes inthe gDNA sample or within the vector. Optimization of PCR ConditionsPCR involves the cycling of denaturing, annealing, and extension steps for DNA synthesis by a polymerase enzyme. To obtain the best product yield and accuracy, each step must be optimized.•The denaturing step (94-96 °C) activates the JumpStart™ Taq DNA polymerase and separatesdouble-stranded DNA strands, making itaccessible to primers.1 The duration of this stepshould be long enough to denature DNA but notso long that it compromises Taq DNA polymerase integrity.1 High salt conditions, GC-rich (>55%)templates, and gDNA templates may requirelonger denaturation times and/or highertemperatures. For maximum retention ofJumpStart™ Taq activity during thermocycling,use 94 °C for denaturation.•The annealing temperature can be calculated by subtracting 5 °C from the lowest reaction primerT m. The annealing time should be long enough for the primer to anneal to the template but not toolong for non-specific annealing to occur.1•The optimal extension temperature for Taq DNA polymerase is 72 °C; however, lowertemperatures may be used for some reactions.Extension time depends on length and complexity of the target sequence. For complex templates,use 1 minute/kb, with 15 seconds added if thePCR product is >2 kb. Short or non-complextemplates may be amplified with extension times of 30 seconds/kb. •The number of cycles needed for amplification depends on the amount of template input, withhigher amount of input requiring less cycling.1Generally, 25-30 cycles are sufficient to producedetectable product; however, low concentrationtemplates may require up to 45 cycles.•To maintain enzyme fidelity, or accuracy of nucleotide incorporation, limit the number of PCR cycles and use an equimolar concentration of each dNTP.1 Magnesium ion concentration also affectsenzyme fidelity at a concentration that varies byreaction conditions and should thus be optimized.1 Handling gDNA TemplatesTo prevent genomic DNA (gDNA) shearing, add template last and mix gently using a wide pore pipet tip. DO NOT VORTEX!Multiplex PCRWhen performing multiplex PCR, competition between products for reagents may occur. Consider adjusting the following for optimization:2•Proportion of primer pair concentration: if a target sequence produces a relatively “weaker” signal,the amount of primer used may be increased tocompensate. For sequences with low copynumbers, or high-complexity, primerconcentration can be used at 0.3-0.5 µM.Primer concentration can also be decreasedfor target sequences producing “stronger” signalto achieve balance. For high copy number orlow-complexity sequences, primer concentrationcan be used at 0.04-0.4 µM.•dNTP: Perform a stepwise increase of dNTP to a concentration ≤400 µM. Keep MgCl2concentration constant for this optimization.•PCR Buffer: Use 2X buffer concentration for the reaction instead of 1X.•Supplement the reaction with additional MgCl2, or PCR-enhancing additives.PCR-Enhancing AdditivesWhen optimizing PCR conditions for a newexperiment, the following can be added to the reaction mix individually. After performing PCRamplification, samples with and without additive can be compared using agarose gel electrophoresis or other standard methods to look for improved product specificity and yield. AdditivePurposeBovine Serum Albumin (10-100 µg/mL) Taq DNA polymerase stabilization 3Formamide (1.25-10%)Increases specificity in G/C rich regions 4DMSO (Up to 5%)Accelerates strand renaturation 5Nucleic acid thermal stability against depurination 5Glycerol (Up to 10%)Increases thermal stability of the polymerase and lowers the temperature necessary for strand separation 5Ammonium sulfate (15-30 mM)Affects the denaturing and annealing temperatures of the DNA 6Single strand binding protein (0.7-1.5 µg) Inhibits formation of secondary structures, improving fidelity and Taq processivity 7Betaine (0.8-1.6 M)Reduces base pair composition dependence of DNA melting 8Two-Step PCR AmplificationApplication of a two-step PCR process is possible when the annealing and extension temperatures are similar.Initial denaturation94 °C 2 min 40 C y c l e sDenaturation94 °C3 sec Annealing/extension 60 °C*15-30 sec Final extension** 72 °C 1 min Hold4 °C∞*Consult primer T m regarding temperature selection. Extension time is target-dependent, with largertargets requiring more than the recommended time. **The final extension step is needed when theobjective is to use the PCR product for downstream applications (e.g. cloning, or agarose gelelectrophoresis), and is otherwise optional (e.g. for qPCR).Product OrderingDescriptionCatalogue Number JumpStart™ Taq DNA Polymerase D4184 Magnesium chloride solutionM8787 Deoxynucleotide (dNTP) Mix, containing 10 mM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP sodium salts D7295 Nuclease-free waterW1754 Custom ordered primers specific to gene targetOLIGO GenElute™-E Single Spin DNA Cleanup KitEC600 GenElute™ Bacterial Genomic DNA Kit NA2120 GenElute™ Mammalian Genomic DNA Miniprep KitG1N10 GenElute™ Plant Genomic DNA Miniprep KitG2N70 GenElute™ PCR Clean-Up Kit NA1020 GenElute™ Gel Extraction KitNA1111 Precast Agarose GelsP6222 P5472 P6097 P5972 P5722 1 kb DNA LadderD0428 Water, Microbial DNA-free MBD0025 Nuclease-Free Water, for Molecular BiologyW4502 JumpStart™ Taq Ready Mix P2893 JumpStart™ RED Taq ® Ready Mix P0982 Glycerol-free JumpStart™ Taq DNA Polymerase D9310 DMSOD8418 Single strand binding protein S3917 Betaine solution B0300 Mineral OilM5904 Bovine Serum Albumin solutionB8667Troubleshooting Guide Problem SuggestionsNo or low product amplification •Titrate MgCl2 concentration in 0.5 mM increments using molecular biology grade MgCl2 solution (not provided, see Product Ordering). The recommended range for endpoint PCR assays is 1.5-3.5 mM MgCl2. Each amplicon target must be optimized individually. •Adjust the annealing temperature in 2-3 °C increments or use a gradient PCR to find the optimal annealing temperature.•Increase the number of amplification cycles. If currently using 25-30 cycles, increase the cycle number to 35-40.•For complex templates like human genomic DNA, increase the initial denaturation time by 1-2 minutes and/or increase the denaturation temperature to 95 °C to overcome denaturation difficulties.•Check concentration of input template. For complex templates like intact eukaryotic genomic DNA, 1000 genome copies may be required for amplification of difficult targets. For highly concentrated templates, such as purified plasmid, consider diluting 1:1000 to improve amplification.•Assess DNA quality to ensure absence of PCR inhibitors in sample. If presence of inhibitors is suspected, DNA can be diluted 1:10-1:100. Alternatively, lysis and DNA purification can be performed using the GenElute™ genomic DNA miniprep kits. •Refer to “PCR-Enhancing Additives” section of the Technical Guide (page 3-4) to improve amplification.•If yield is too low for downstream applications, increase the reaction volume to50-75 µL.Amplification of nonspecific product(s)•Raise the annealing temperature in 2-3 °C increments or use a gradient PCR to find the optimal annealing temperature. Raising the temperature improves the specificity of binding by the primers; however, it may also result in reduced binding and extension of the primers.1 If raising the annealing temperature causes reduced yield of the specific product without eliminating side reaction products, it may be necessary to redesign the primers to improve specificity.•Take precautions to avoid crossover contamination of PCR with both specific and nonspecific PCR products, including primer-dimer artifacts.9•Titration of JumpStart™ Taq may be necessary to optimize PCR efficiency, especially if the reaction conditions vary from those recommended in this document. In this case, increase the concentration of JumpStart™ Taq by two- or four-fold. Increasing the concentration of JumpStart™ Taq beyond this level may inhibit PCR.•The use of more than 5% v/v DMSO with JumpStart™ Taq is not recommended as it may interfere with the enzyme-antibody complex. Other co-solvents, salts, and extremes in pH can also reduce the affinity of the JumpStart™ Taq antibody for the Taq DNA Polymerase and compromise its effectiveness for hot start PCR.The life science business of Merck operatesas MilliporeSigma in the U.S. and Canada.Merck, JumpStart, REDTaq, GenElute and Sigma-Aldrich are trademarks of Merck KGaA,Darmstadt, Germany or its affiliates. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Detailed information on trademarks is available via publicly accessible resources.© 2022 Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.References1.Green MR, Sambrook J., Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 6, 436-456 (2019).2.Markoulatos, P., et al., J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 16, 47-51 (2002).3.Paabo, S., et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 16, 9775-9787 (1988).4.Sarkar, G., et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 18, 7465 (1990).5.Cheng, S., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 5695-5699 (1994).6.Grunenwald H. PCR Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology™. 226, 89-99 (2003).7.Chou, Q., Nucleic Acids Res., 20, 4371 (1992).8.Rees, W. A., et al., Biochemistry, 32, 137-144 (1993).9.Kwok, S., and Higuchi, R., Nature 339, 237-238 (1989).NoticeWe provide information and advice to our customers on application technologies and regulatory matters to the best of our knowledge and ability, but without obligation or liability. Existing laws and regulations are to be observed in all cases by our customers. This also applies in respect to any rights of third parties. Our information and advice do not relieve our customers of their own responsibility for checking the suitability of our products for the envisaged purpose.The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by the manufacturing or selling entity, or an affiliate. We assume no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.Technical AssistanceVisit the tech service page at /techservice.Terms and Conditions of SaleWarranty, use restrictions, and other conditions of sale may be found at /terms.Contact InformationFor the location of the office nearest you, go to /offices.。
有关于科技的英语作文（精选39篇）
有关于科技的英语作文（精选39篇）有关于科技的英语作文（精选39篇）在平时的学习、工作或生活中，大家都接触过作文吧，作文是人们把记忆中所存储的有关知识、经验和思想用书面形式表达出来的记叙方式。
作文的注意事项有许多，你确定会写吗？下面是小编收集整理的有关于科技的英语作文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
科技的英语作文篇1Modern technology makes life more convenient;tools are the milestores of the technology as well as human being's progress.Men used to cut trees with hand saw.But now,by using electronic saw they can cut down a tree in only a few minutes.Another example is more vivid:You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two hour's ride away.You probably want to make a phone call.But no telephone is installed in your friend's home.What could you do?Nowadays,with modern technology advanting,using internet is popular with us.Some years ago,people had to get what they wanted through looking into a lot of information;at last people could become tired and spent too much time.Now,if you use Internet,all becomes a piece of cake.Only by clucking,you will gain what you expect.We all hope that modern technology will reach a higher level,because modern technology makes life more convenient indeed.翻译：现代科技使生活更加便捷；工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑。
ICTB 5.1 section1
5.1.5 what is information used for?
Activity 2
Case study See P21
5.1.6 Attributes of information
Relevant Complete Accurate Clarity User has confidence in the information Communication information To right person in right format Timely Volume(brief) Then information is of value
5.1.7 The three levels of management
Strategic STRATEGIC senior manager unstructured decision, affect the whole organization using own judgement TACTICAL Tactical OPERATIONAL middle manager semi-structured , affect a number of people NONMANAGEMENT partly rely on judgement EMPLOYEES Operational The first line Structured ,affects a few individuals not normally require own judgement
The above model involves three stages: 1. Collecting data 2. Processing data 3. From information decisions are made that produce output
移动社交媒体环境下用户信息焦虑行为研究进展
用户可能会选择反复进入 ＡＰＰ，那么在这一信息行为 过程中，用户的心理会出现倦怠、烦躁和焦虑等负面情 绪。加之，移动社交媒体在用户群中渗透之广，且与人 们的日常生活密不可分，移动社交媒体环境下的用户 信息焦虑行 为 已 成 为 一 个 普 遍 的 社 会 现 象。 因 此，对 该问题进行深入探讨具有相应的实践依据和理论研究 价值。 为 了 从 总 体 上 了 解 该 课 题 的 研 究 状 况，笔 者 选 择 ＷｅｂｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ和中国知网两个数据库，从篇名或主题 途径进行中外文献资料检索，检索策略和检索结果见 表 １。由于中国知网检索出的资料包含中文和英文， 本研究只选取了中文的检索结果。 通过对检 索 到 的 文 献 资 料 进 行 筛 选、去 重、分 析、 归纳，发现国外 的研 究方向 主要涉及 心理学、行为科 学、保健科学服务、精神病学、神经病学等领域，核心研 究者有 Ｃ．ＭａｃＬｅｏｄ、Ｋ．Ｍｏｇｇ、Ｂ．Ｐ．Ｂｒａｄｌｅｙ、Ｍ．Ｊ．Ｚｖ ｏｌｅｎｓｋｙ等人；国内研究涉及的主题有 信息 焦虑症、错 失焦虑、大学生、影响因素等，核心作者有曹锦丹、刘鲁
关键词：移动社交媒体 用户行为 信息焦虑 分类号：Ｇ２０１ ＤＯＩ：１０．１３２６６／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．０２５２－３１１６．２０２０．１１．０１５
１ 引言
据极光统计于 ２０１９年 ８月发布的《２０１９年 Ｑ２移 动互联网行业数据研究报告》显示，截至今年 ６月份我 国网民规模增长至 １１．２４亿，其中社交媒体类 ＡＰＰ的 用户达到 ９．６亿。移动网民人均安装 ＡＰＰ总量增加至 ５６款 ［１］。社交 媒 体 的 发 展 和 普 及 为 用 户 带 来 了 一 个 开放自由的交互平台。而当社交媒体和手机等智能终 端交织在一起时，便诞生了一种新型的社交环境，即移 动社交媒体［２］。移动社交媒体除了具有传统社交媒体 的特点外，还呈 现 出 移 动 化、便 捷 化 和 智 能 化 的 特 征。 移动化和便捷化使得用户在网络环境下可以随时随地 地进入 ＡＰＰ参与交互。基于大数据分析的智能化，也 进一步提 升 了 用 户 使 用 移 动 社 交 媒 体 的 体 验 感。 然 而，也正是因为移动社交媒体的上述特点，使得原本就 海量的信息资源愈发呈现出过载的趋势。用户更加难 以在充满重复、冗余、虚假信息的网络环境中寻求到真 实可用的信息。当用户的内心所求无法得到满足时，
2024北京高三二模英语汇编：阅读理解D篇及答案
2024北京高三二模英语汇编阅读理解D篇（2024北京顺义高三二模）For decades,scientists thought of the brain as the most closely guarded organ.Locked safely behind a biological barrier,away from the disorder of the rest of the body,it was broadly free of destruction of germs (病菌)and the battles started by the immune system.Then,20-odd years ago,some researchers began to ask a question:is the brain really so separate?The answer, according to a growing body of evidence,is no—and has important effects on both science and health care.The list of brain conditions that have been associated with changes elsewhere in the body is long and growing. Changes in the make-up of the microorganisms resident in the gut(肠道),for example,have been linked to disorders like Parkinson’s disease.Some researchers think that certain infections could provoke Alzheimer’s disease and some could lead to emotional disorder in babies.The effect is two-way.There is a lengthening list of symptoms(症状)not typically viewed as disorders of the nervous system in which the brain and the neural processes that connect it to the body play a large part.For example,the development of a fever is influenced by a population of neurons(神经元)that control body temperature and appetite.The effect of brain on body is underlined by the finding that stimulating a particular brain region in mice can‘remind’the body of previous inflammation(炎症)—and reproduce them.These findings and others mark a complete shift in our view of the interconnectedness of brain and body,and could help us both understand and treat illness.If some brain conditions start outside the brain,then perhaps cures for them could also reach in from outside.Treatments that take effect through the digestive system,heart or other organs,for instance, would be much easier and less striking to give than those that must cross the blood-brain barrier,the brain’s first line of defence.In the opposite direction,the effects of our emotions or mood on our capacity to recover from illness could also be used.There is an opening work under way testing whether stimulating certain areas of the brain that respond to reward and produce feelings of positivity could enhance recovery from conditions such as heart attacks.Perhaps even more exciting is the possibility that making changes to our behaviour—to reduce stress,say—could have similar benefits.For neuroscientists,it’s time to look beyond the brain.And clinicians treating the body mustn’t assume the brain is above getting involved—its activity could be influencing a wide range of conditions,from mild infections to long-time fatness.1．The author writes paragraph1mainly to______.A．evaluate an argument B．present an assumptionC．summarize the structure D．provide the background2．What does the underlined word“provoke”mean in Paragraph3?A．Delay.B．Cure.C．Cause.D．Disturb.3．What can we learn from the passage?A．Treatments that cross brain-blood barrier are less used.B．Previous diseases could cause the production of new ones.C．Emotions could affect the capacity to fight against diseases.D．Treatment of the brain takes priority over other treatments.4．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?I:Introduction P:Point Sp:Sub-point(次要点)C:ConclusionA．B．C．D．（2024北京丰台高三二模）A shopkeeper’s son breaks a window,causing a crowd to gather.They tell the shopkeeper not to be angry:actually,the broken window is a reason to celebrate,since it will create work for the glazier(装玻璃的工人).In the story,written by a19th-century economist,the crowd envisions the work involved in repairing the window,but not that involved in everything else on which the shopkeeper could have spent his money—unseen possibilities that would have brought him greater happiness.If that window were to be broken these days,people might have a different reaction,especially if they were NIMBYs (Not In My Back Yard)who oppose any local construction that affects their quality of life.Their concern might be with the “embodied carbon”.The production of a piece of glass would carry a sizeable carbon cost.Similarly,the bricks and concrete in a building are relics of past emissions.They are,the logic goes,embodied carbon.Conserving what already exists,rather than adding to the building stock,will avoid increasing these embodied emissions—or so NIMBYs often suggest.At its worst,this idea is based on a warped logic.Greenhouse gases released by the construction of an existing building will heat the planet whether the building is repaired or knocked down.The emissions have been taken out of the world’s“carbon budget”,so treating them as anew debit means double counting.The right question to ask is whether it is worth using the remaining carbon budget to repair a building or it is better to knock it down.Choosing between these possibilities requires thinking about the unseen.It used to be said that construction emitted two types of emissions.Besides the embodied sort,there were operational ones from cooling,heating and providing electricity to residents.Around the world,buildings account for39%of annual emissions,according to the World Green Building Council,of which28%come from operational carbon.These two types of emissions might be enough for the architects designing an individual building.But when it comes to broader questions,economists ought also to consider how the placement of buildings affects the manner in which people work,shop and travel.Density(密度)lowers the per-person cost of public transport,and this reduces car use.Research by Green Alliance,a pressure group,suggests that in Britain a policy of“demolish(拆除)and densify”—replacing semi-detached housing near public transport with blocks of flats—would save substantial emissions.Without such demolition,potential residents would have to move to the suburbs instead,saving money on rent but consuming more energy.Targeted subsidies(补贴),especially for research and development into construction materials,could speed up the pace at which the built environment decarbonises.What will never work,however,is allowing the loudest voices to decide how to use land and ignoring the carbon emissions of their would-be neighbours once they are out of sight.5．The first two paragraphs are written to________.A．exemplify an outlook on energy conservation B．present a new way of relieving energy crisisC．explain people’s reaction to a broken window D．introduce an argument on carbon emission6．What does the underlined word“warped”in Paragraph3probably mean?A．Unsound.B．Complicated.C．Distinctive.D．Underlying.7．What can be learnt from the passage?A．Operational carbon accounts for a larger share of carbon emission.B．Repairing old buildings outweighs demolition in energy conservation.C．Higher residential density near public transport may help reduce emission.D．Stopping residents from living in new buildings is sensible to energy saving.8．As for decarbonization of the built environment,which would the author agree with?A．Interests of NIMBYs are worthy of consideration.B．A comprehensive insight into emission is essential.C．Upgrading construction materials should be prioritized.D．Every resident should do their bit in reducing carbon emission.（2024北京昌平高三二模）In1992,Edward de Bono argued that“creativity is the most important human resource of all.”But might computers have the capacity to be creative?Could artificial intelligence outperform us in even the most human of phenomena?These questions have moved to the forefront of society with the launch of ChatGPT and DALL-E, two powerful deep learning models capable of creating art.Where human creativity comes from is a complex and heavily-debated topic.One theory supposes that creativity emerges from solving problems in new ways.The game designer Mark Rosewater explains that“if you use the same neural pathways,you get to the same answers,and with creativity,that’s not your goal.”But studies from the University of Virginia suggest humans most default（默认）to solving problems by building on known solutions,restricting originality. Some neuroscientists propose another theory regarding creativity.Research from the University of Calgary reveals that when being creative,humans don’t use the same brain regions associated with thought and problem-solving,implying that creativity is primarily an unconscious process.According to this theory,the brain solves problems best when not directly focusing on them using the frontal lobe（前额叶）,instead letting the other parts of the brain take over.A.I.cannot currently emulate（仿真）the full complexity of the human mind.Do these deep learning networks even have the required components that we use when we are creative?Douglas Hofstadter explains how“emergent phenomena,”such as creativity,correspond to connections between levels within mental systems.Similar connections could exist in artificial neural networks,even if the mechanics differ.For example,modern artificial intelligence employs attention circuits that may cause it to behave similarly to the frontal lobe where most of the brain’s focusing tendencies come from.The emergent nature of creativity opens the door for similar tendencies in machines,but they are tuned so carefully to copy existing ideas that it may not be enough for true originality.Mr.Rosewater’s theory on creativity suggests that for A.I. to be creative,it should be able to solve problems in new ways,which is difficult because A.I.is based so heavily on already existing ideas.Alternatively,if creativity is an unconscious process as the University of Calgary research suggests, then it occurs mostly outside the frontal lobe and may not exist in machine learning networks.Either way,current A.I. probably lacks the capacity for genuine creativity and originality,but it can combine existing ideas in interesting ways.The question of machine creativity has repercussions in many areas,such as developing copyright law regarding A.I. works,considering A.I.submissions in art contests,and determining the use of ChatGPT as a tool for school assignments. Creativity may be,at least for now,a unique human puters are not yet starting revolutionary artistic movements,but they are already combining what exists into something new,challenging us to look deeper into our own creativity.9.About the source of human creativity,research from the University of Calgary discovers that______.A.human creativity heavily relies on the existing ideasB.dealing with problems helps develop human creativityC.being creative is closely related to certain brain regionsD.human creativity is a process that happens automatically10.The author would probably agree that______.A.efforts should be put into the study of human creativityB.creativity can be attained consciously on most occasionsC.A.I.creates better than humans in some areas at presentD.humans need machines to be more creative in various areas11.What does the underlined word“repercussions”in Paragraph5probably mean?A.Influences.B.Objections.C.Doubts.D.Causes.12.Which would be the best title for the passage?puting Creativity:Is it a good thing?puting Creativity:Can it be possible?C.Human Creativity:Why does human develop it?D.Human Creativity:How can A.I.help human create?（2024北京朝阳高三二模）It is perhaps easy to accept the statement that the universe is expanding.It is just some strange physics indicating that,as time goes on,galaxies(星系)get further away from each other just like two cars racing away from each other.I personally don’t like it and prefer the balloon analogy.In this situation,there are dots all over a balloon.When we blow it up in real life,the dots would increase in size.In this analogy,let’s assume they don’t.What we are interested in is how the distance between the dots on the surface of the balloon grows as we put more air into it.The balloon analogy relies somewhat on our geometric sensibilities which refer to our sense of shapes and how they change over time.At its core,what we are trying to develop a sense for is how we measure distances.This concept is also the fundamental goal of general relativity,Einstein’s theory of gravity.In general relativity,the most important piece of information is what we call the metric,an equation that describes how distances are measured,and therefore also tells us about the shape space-time is taking.The whole idea that space-time is expanding was first noticed as a mathematical consequence of general relativity by Georges Lemaitre in1927,when he solved Einstein’s equation and found a solution for the metric showing that distances grow with time.His work provided a theoretical explanation:the standard for measuring cosmic(宇宙的)distance was itself changing with time.What is delightful is that it means we can quite reasonably say that universe’s expansion is a gravitational effect.I enjoy this because it is so deeply counterintuitive to our usual understanding of gravity,which teaches us that it is a force that always draws things together.But in this case where gravity is a geometric effect,we are offered a broader range of gravitational possibilities.It is worth noting that the geometric explanation of general relativity hasn’t been universally popular.The late physicist Steven Weinberg wrote that the geometric explanation of the theory of gravitation has been reduced to a mere analogy,but is otherwise not very useful.Another challenge with the balloon analogy and our reliance on geometric explanation is to explain why gravity seems to pull things together in many situations,while universe is expanding.This difference is resolved by acknowledging that local gravitational effects due to massive objects dominate over large-scale expansion effects,leading to the formation of structures like stars,galaxies and,eventually us.In fact,the analogy where universe is only expanding and this is the only gravitational effect at play is a very idealized situation where matter was initially spread out perfectly evenly across the universe.13.The author presents the balloon analogy in Paragraph2mainly to_________.A.introduce a topicB.draw a comparisonC.confirm a theoryD.evaluate a statement14.What does the underlined word“counterintuitive”in Paragraph5probably mean?A.Unchallenging.B.Contradictory.C.Satisfying.D.Relevant.15What can be inferred from the passage?A.Universe’s expansion results in the creation of structures like galaxies.B.Lemaitre’s work suggests the standard for cosmic distance is consistent.C.A uniform distribution of matter can overcome the universe’s expansion.D.The metric is key to sensing the shape of space-time in general relativity.16.Which would be the best title for the passage?A.Studying Galaxies—Has the Balloon Analogy Been Outdated?B.Rethinking Gravity—Is it a Way to Make Sense of the Balloon Analogy?C.Arguing against the Car Analogy—Does the Balloon Analogy Win Over?D.Understanding Universe Expansion—Is the Balloon Analogy Acceptable？（2024北京东城高三二模）You might not think that an AI capable of making music would stimulate your emotion, but others think differently,particularly those who gathered at Mexico City’s Symphony Hall in2019for Schubert’s Unfinished Symphony,which I finished using melodies generated by an AI.As the orchestra（管弦乐团）finished Schubert’s original work and began the music the AI and I had written,I could feel the crowd’s energy shift from astonishment to indignation and fear.They seemed afraid that an AI might be able to make emotional symphonic music.You can see their point:an AI that makes emotional music could affect the emotional lives of thousands or even millions of people in a small,but profound way,just like a human musician does.Positive and negative,people reacted very strongly to AI’s symphonic debut（首秀）.Even though most people don’t believe that AI can create something enjoyable,they,at least partly,did enjoy the Unfinished Symphony.Enjoyment in music implies that there’s something in the music that the listener connects to,a perception of shared emotion.But,in the case of AI music,an emotion shared with who?AI,as of yet,has no emotions.So what is the meaning of music made without an emotional composer?The unsatisfying answer is that music has no objective meaning.A composer can decide how a piece of music sounds,but it’s the listener that decides what it means.No matter how it s created,music doesn’t exist in a vacuum（真空）to the listener.The meaning we assign to music depends on its context—how the piece connects to other elements in our lives.Without context,music is like the results of a game whose rules have been lost.The context for a music is part of who you are.The music is emotional to you because you have the context to appreciate it.As it continues to evolve,AI music will develop its own context.Certainly,it’ll be different from human-made music.It’ll mix existing genres to create new ones;it’ll combine instruments that we wouldn’t think of combining.Its rules will be different.I’m now always asked the same“Who put the emotion in that music:you,the composer,or the AI?”But that’s not the question they really want to ask,though.There’s a deeper question that most people are too afraid to ask right now:“Are my emotions so simple that they can be maneuvered by a machine?”In my experience,this could be possible one day.If a modestly capable music AI in2019could stir up emotions of an audience,maybe AI can have a more powerful effect on our emotional lives than we’d like to admit.17.The audience reacted strongly to the symphony mainly due to______.A.their doubts about AI’s capabilitiesB.their uneasiness about AI’s influenceC.the orchestra’s brilliant presentation of AI musicD.the likeness between AI music and the original work18.What might the author agree with?A.AI poses little impact on people’s emotions.B.Music bears no intended emotional meaning.C.AI music will outperform human-made music.D.The context reflects people’s interpretation of music.19.What does the word“maneuvered”underlined in Paragraph6most probably mean?A.Refreshed.B.Challenged.C.Revealed.D.Directed.20.Which would be the best title for the passage?A.Are Composers To Be Replaced?B.Would AI Music Be a Rising Trend?C.Could AI Make Music That Moves You?D.Was the Unfinished Symphony Successful?（2024北京海淀高三二模）We are a social animal.Indeed,it is our sociality—such as the ability to make sense of each other,to communicate,to work cooperatively and,finally,to create culture—that marks us off from other animal species.But then why are we everywhere striving to increase our isolation and limit our contact with others?As musician David Byrne argues in an essay published last month,it is a striking fact about the new technologies that have so come to shape our lives,that they have precisely this effect:they limit our need for human contact.Online shopping?Check. Automated checkout?Check.Ride hail apps?Check.Efficiency is the key.We purchase efficiency by limiting the human aspect,known as“autonomous operation”.This is perhaps even more pronounced with new technologies on the horizon. Take the MOOC,the teacher-less virtual classroom.As Byrne notes,this is meant to deliver the values of a learning environment without,well,without the environment—you get to stay at home—no teacher,but also,no fellow students.Byrne isn’t claiming we are consciously choosing to isolate ourselves.We shop online because it is convenient.The absence of contact with others is a side-effect.Maybe even an unavoidable one,as one of the things that makes online shopping so easy is precisely the absence of contact with other people.But Bryne’s thought is that whatever our intention,the tendency of our tech to isolate us may be a feature,not a bug. His hypothesis is that we actually,at some level,crave(渴望)the increased isolation and we are actually making technologies to satisfy impulses that,in some way,go beyond—or against—our social nature.But I wonder,is this really new?Even if we are social by nature,and do everything we can to embed ourselves socially,the need to find ways to be alone is,well,nothing new.It’s also striking that the very activities that risk separating us—in the old days,books, newspapers,TV;nowadays,the latest apps—also connect us.We read about each other.What we read gives us information to share with each other.I am well aware of the data that shows the more time you spend on social media,the sadder and more isolated and envious you feel of others.But how novel is the isolating effect of social media?Being there reminds me a lot of what it was like to be social in high school—you have a vivid sense of your status and your standing in relation to others,and you have to deal with that.This may be isolating,sure.But it’s the isolating face of the social lives we’ve always had.It is isolating because of the ways technology brings us into real contact with others,not because it removes that contact.I wonder whether more isolation is a real option,after all.21.Which of the following best reflects“autonomous operation”?A.Getting a toothbrush via a hotel delivery robot.B.Teaching mom how to establish a smart home.C.Seeking help by calling human customer services.D.Having an online meeting at home with colleagues.22.Which of the following might the author agree?A.Technology offers fresh insights into our social status.B.Actions seemingly isolating can bond people.C.Social platforms help bring people closer.D.Social media has come to define our life.23.What would be the best title for the passage?A.What Technologies Do to Human NatureB.Do Technologies Shape Our Lives?C.How Isolation Changes with ConnectionD.Can We Erase Human Element?（2024北京西城高三二模）Can you imagine getting a major dental procedure without novocaine(一种麻醉药)?A scientist colleague of mine recently told me,rather than use it,he used a“focus in”meditation(冥想)technique to direct all of his attention to his mouth with as much calming equanimity as he could gather.Doing so transformed the pain for a few minutes.A stream of scientific articles suggests that there are benefits in turning toward discomfort or negative emotions with acceptance.In addition,all of us can gain from finding ways to cope with stress and suffering—particularly when larger circumstances are beyond our control.As a researcher who has studied meditation for more than20years,I believe that the cultivation of equanimity can help.It’s important to first define the idea of turning toward discomfort.I’m not advocating for people to put themselves in dangerous positions.But when we push ourselves into challenging or embarrassing situations,much like trainers who push athletes just past their comfort zone to make gains,learning often happens.My own research indicates that meditation provides an ideal way to practice turning toward discomfort—particularly when it trains up one’s equanimity.In my laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University,we conducted several clinical trials on developing equanimity during mindfulness meditation training.This approach includes guided meditation exercises such as using a matter-of-fact voice to label uncomfortable feelings in the body or welcoming uncomfortable feelings by saying “yes”aloud each time a feeling is detected.We hired153stressed adults and offered them a mindfulness meditation training program with or without training in equanimity.Our equanimity skills training group had significantly better outcomes on several measures.After just14days of training,for example,the participants who learned equanimity skills had significantly lower biological stress responses when asked to deliver a difficult speech and solve math problems in front of experts in white lab coats.This group also had significantly lower blood pressure and stress levels.In the days after training,people introduced to equanimity exercises also reported significantly higher positive emotions and well-being throughout the day and more meaningful social interactions than participants who received mindfulness training without the equanimity component.It was as though developing equanimity had their emotional reactivity to stress,helping them better appreciate and enjoy daily life’s many little positive and making them more curious and open to connecting with others.We are expanding on this work in several ways—including through the development of an app that offers equanimity training on demand and with trials involving participants with stress-related gastrointestinal(胃肠的)disorders.Meanwhile other scientists are further exploring equanimity’s power.We are convinced we can each build our resilience(恢复力)on a personal level by cultivating greater acceptance of our experience—good or bad,painful or pleasant—in the present moment.24.What can be learned about equanimity?A.It is a state of mental calmness.B.It is a form of negative emotions.C.It is a replacement for novocaine.D.It is the result of mindfulness meditation.25.Which of the following is a good example of equanimity training?A.Ignoring discomfort totally.B.Detecting unusual behavior.C.Keeping emotions to oneself.D.Seeing negative feelings objectively.26.Paragraph5is written to show______.A.the benefits of developing equanimityB.the procedure of mindfulness meditationC.the performances of two meditation training groupsD.the relationship between equanimity and well-being27.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A.Stress contributes to physical disorders.B.Pleasant experiences result in greater equanimity.C.People are likely to have easy access to equanimity training.D.Resilience can help people gain more acceptance of hardship.参考答案1．D2．C3．C4．A【导语】本文为一篇说明文，说明了大脑并不是独立存在的，它对科学和医疗保健都有重要影响。
申论经验介绍材料格式范文
申论经验介绍材料格式范文各位小伙伴们：大家好！今天来给大家分享一下我的申论学习经验。
申论这玩意儿啊，就像一个神秘的大怪兽，一开始觉得很难搞，但是摸透了它的脾气，就可以轻松把它拿下啦。
一、认识申论。
申论可不是简单的写作文哦。
它其实就是模拟机关工作的一种考试，要让你像个小公务员一样去发现问题、分析问题、解决问题。
这就要求咱们得有政府思维，简单说就是得站在政府的角度看事情。
比如说，看到一个社会现象，不能只像普通老百姓一样发发牢骚，而是要思考政府能做些什么来改善或者解决这个事情。
二、基础学习。
1. 教材选择。
刚开始接触申论，选一本好教材很重要。
我当时用的是[教材名称]，这本教材对申论的各个题型讲解得很细致，就像一个耐心的老师，一点点把你领进门。
它会告诉你申论有哪些题型，每种题型的答题要求是什么，还会有一些基础的答题方法。
2. 理论学习。
要认真学习申论的基础知识，比如概括题怎么找要点，这些要点通常会隐藏在给定材料的哪里。
一般来说，那些总结性的句子、领导人讲话、专家观点等地方，往往就是要点的藏身之处。
像我一开始做概括题的时候，总是找不到要点，觉得材料里全是字，看啥都像重点，又看啥都不像重点。
后来经过反复学习和练习，才慢慢掌握了这个技巧。
三、阅读材料的技巧。
1. 精读与略读结合。
给定的材料那么长，要是每个字都仔细看，时间肯定不够用。
所以得学会精读和略读相结合。
对于那些和题目直接相关的段落、重要数据、政策文件内容，就得精读，一个字一个字地琢磨。
而对于一些举例说明、背景描述之类的内容，略读一下，知道大概意思就行。
比如说，有个材料讲的是城市交通拥堵问题，里面提到了某个城市出台的交通治理政策文件，那这个部分就得精读，因为很可能就是答案的来源。
而如果是讲某个市民因为交通拥堵每天上班迟到的例子，略读一下就好。
2. 标记关键信息。
在阅读材料的时候，手里的笔可不能闲着。
看到重要的信息就赶紧标记出来，像那些表示转折的词（但是、然而）、表示总结的词（因此、所以）后面的内容，往往是重点。
英语作文介绍手机材料
英语作文介绍手机材料With the rapid development of technology, mobile phones have become an indispensable part of our daily lives. They are used for communication, entertainment, information retrieval, and much more. In this essay, I will discuss the materials that are used to make mobile phones and their importance.The main materials used in manufacturing mobile phones are plastic, metal, glass, and various electronic components. Plastic is often used for the casing of the phone, as it is lightweight, durable, and easy to mold into different shapes. Metal, such as aluminum or stainless steel, is used for the frame of the phone to provide structural support and protection. Glass is used for the screen of the phone, as it is transparent, scratch-resistant, and allows for touch functionality. Electronic components, such as microchips, processors, and sensors, are the most important materials in a mobile phone, as they enable the phone to function as a communication device andperform various tasks.The materials used in mobile phones are carefully chosen to ensure that the phone is durable, reliable, and aesthetically pleasing. Plastic is often chosen for its flexibility and ability to be molded into different shapes, while metal is chosen for its strength and durability.Glass is used for the screen of the phone because of its transparency and scratch-resistant properties. Electronic components are chosen for their performance, efficiency,and reliability.The importance of the materials used in mobile phones cannot be overstated. Without the right materials, mobile phones would not be able to function properly or withstand the wear and tear of daily use. The choice of materialsalso affects the design, performance, and cost of the phone. For example, using high-quality materials such as Gorilla Glass for the screen can improve the durability and scratch resistance of the phone, but it can also increase the costof manufacturing.In conclusion, the materials used in mobile phones play a crucial role in determining the quality, performance, and durability of the device. Plastic, metal, glass, and electronic components are carefully chosen to ensure that the phone is functional, reliable, and aesthetically pleasing. By understanding the importance of these materials, we can appreciate the complexity and sophistication of modern mobile phones.。
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TASK COMPLEXITY AFFECTS INFORMATIONSEEKING AND USE
Katriina Byström and Kalervo JärvelinDept. of Information StudiesUniversity of TampereP.O.Box 607FIN-33101 TAMPERE, Finland
Corresponding author :Kalervo JärvelinDept. of Information StudiesUniversity of TampereP.O.Box 607SF-33101 TAMPERE, Finland
phone: + 358 31 156111 (office) + 358 31 171794 (home)fax : + 358 31 156560 INTERNET: kalervo.jarvelin@uta.fi
Running title :Task complexity and information seeking
Footnote :Reprints may be requested from Dr. Kalervo Järvelin from the address above.TASK COMPLEXITY AFFECTS INFORMATIONSEEKING AND USE
Katriina Murtonen and Kalervo JärvelinDept. of Information StudiesUniversity of TampereP.O.Box 607SF-33101 TAMPERE, Finland
AbstractIt is nowadays generally agreed that a person's information seeking depends on hertasks and the problems encountered in performing them. The relationships ofbroad job types and information seeking characteristics have been analyzed bothconceptually and empirically, mostly through questionnaires after taskperformance rather than during task performance. In this article, the relationshipsof task complexity, necessary information types, information channels and sourcesare analyzed at the task level on the basis of a qualitative investigation. Tasks werecategorized in five complexity classes and information into problem information,domain information and problem solving information. Moreover, severalclassifications of information channels and sources were utilized. The data werecollected in a public administration setting through diaries, which were writtenduring task performance, and questionnaires. The findings were structured intowork charts for each task and summarized in qualitative process description tablesfor each task complexity category. Quantitative indices further summarizing theresults were also computed. The findings indicate systematic and logicalrelationships between task complexity, types of information, information channelsand sources.
1. IntroductionThe tradition of research into information seeking considers information seeking from asystems perspective and information users as passive, situation independent receivers ofobjective information (Dervin & Nilan, 1986). Yet it has been often accepted that informationneeds and information seeking processes depend on worker's tasks (Belkin et al., 1982 ;Ingwersen, 1992; Mick et al., 1980). For example, Belkin et al. (1982) state that informationseeking is based on a worker's task (or problem). Ingwersen (1992) points out that effectiveinformation retrieval must be based on an understanding of a worker's tasks and problems.2Thus many studies have investigated the relationships of various types of tasks (e.g. in sci-ences, technology, social studies, administration) and information seeking behaviour (e.g.various types of channels and sources preferred or consulted ; Brittain, 1974 ; Dervin & Nilan,1986) or communication (e.g. Tushman, 1978). However, there is insufficient empiricalanalysis of the relationships of task types and the types of information needed in those tasks.These are the focus in the present study.
Information has been categorized in many ways in information science. Wersig and Neveling(1976) consider information as structures, processes, messages, knowledge, meaning and ef-fects. Buckland (1991) discusses information as thing (i.e. recorded knowledge), knowledge(personally believed by somebody) and process (becoming informed, a change in knowledge).In information seeking, information-as-thing is collected and assimilated in the hope of apositive change in information-as-knowledge. This is compatible with the cognitive view oninformation interaction where potential information gained from information systems maytransform the information user's knowledge structures (Ingwersen, 1992). In this paper weconsider information from a problem solving viewpoint based on expert systems development(e.g. Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981). In this view, information can be categorized into domaininformation (e.g. known scientific facts), problem information (i.e. the problem character-istics), and problem solving information (i.e. expertise in problem treatment). This viewpointis particularly relevant to our view on tasks and information needs. It can be applied oninformation as thing, as knowledge (structure) and as process.
Many factors formulating worker's information needs and the seeking process have been iden-tified and analyzed since Paisley's (1968) review. These include cultural and political settings,professions, reference groups, invisible colleges, organizations, work groups, personalities,etc. Dervin and Nilan (1986) call for a new paradigm for the research into information seekingprocesses which would view information as being constructed and information seeking as asituation-sensitive sense-making process. It should focus on the information seekers andassess information systems from their viewpoint. Kuhlthau (1991) argues convincingly that aholistic model for information seeking processes must consider three realms of activity :physical (the actions taken), affective (feelings experienced), and cognitive (thoughts aboutthe process and content). In this paper tasks and information seeking are considered from theworker's viewpoint and in the cognitive domain.