英语语言学大全
英语语言学名词
英语语言学名词-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1现代语言学一绪论1 Linguisitics: 语言学Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language2 Phonetics: 语音学The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants 元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变3 Phonology: 音韵学The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. For example, phone, phoneme, and allophone.4 Morphology: 形态学The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. For example, boy and “ish”---boyish, teach---teacher.5 Syntax: 句法学The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. For example, ”Joh n like linguistics.”6 Semantics: 语义学The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example: “The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried. The seal could not be found, The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 同义词、反义词，同音词7 Pragmatics: 语用学The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. For example, “I do” The word do means different context.在特定情景中的特定话语，研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。
英语 语言学 名词解释
名词解释nguage: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.Design features of language(语言的区别性特征) :i.Arbitrariness:the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to theirmeaning=language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a word(e.g.pen) and the object it refers to .ii.Duality:the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. By duality we mean that language system has two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meanings.指拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分。
指语言是声音和意义双重结构组成的系统。
举例：Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discoursesiii.Productivity： Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality .语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences）iv.Displacement：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.v.Cultural transmission: language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.3.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It is a scientific study because it is based on thesystematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.4.Psycholinguistics: It is the study of how language is acquired, understood and produced.ngue:F. de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.语言指语言系统的整体，这个整体相对是比较稳定的。
英语语言学整理资料名词+简答
英语语言学整理资料名词+简答第一章、绪论Introduction1、语言学的主要分支是什么。
每个分支的研究对象是什么？Linguistics mainly involves the following branches:General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicablein any linguistic studyPhonetics, which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic communicationPhonology,which studies how sounds are put together and used in communicationMorphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form wordsSyntax, which studies how morphemes and words are combined to form sentencesSemantics, which is the study of meaning in language.Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in context of useSociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to societyPsycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind.Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.Other related branches are anthropological linguistics,neurological inguistics, mathematical linguistics, and computational linguistics.2、现代语言学Modern linguistics与传统语法Traditional grammar 有什么区别？Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets models for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is "correct" or not.3、什么叫共时研究？什么叫历时研究？The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study （共时研究）; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study（历时研究）. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in rime, while a diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.4、人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？1) Arbitrariness 。
英语语言学超强总结
英语语言学超强总结语言学总结一、语言与语言学1、语言的区别性特征:Design of features of language任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号与它代表的意义没有天然的联系二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间与空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点2、语言的功能(不就是很重要)信息功能informative人际功能interpersonal施为功能performative感情功能emotive function寒暄功能phatic communication娱乐功能recreational function元语言功能metalingual function3、语言学主要分支语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程,考查人类语言中的声音音位学phonology 研究语音与音节结构、分布与序列形态学morphology 研究词的内部结构与构词规则句法学syntax 研究句子结构,词、短语组合的规则语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义,还有语言中词之上与之下的意义。
如语素与句子的意义语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义4、宏观语言学macrolingustics心理语言学psycholinguistics 社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological linguistics 计算机语言学computationallinguistics5语言学中的重要区别规定式与描写式:规定式:prescriptive说明事情应该就是怎么样的描写式:descriptive 说明事情本来就是怎么样的共时研究与历时研究:共时:synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言历时:diachronic 研究语言发展规律语言与言语:语言:langue指语言系统的整体言语:parole指具体实际运用的语言语言能力与语言运用:乔姆斯基(chomsky提出)能力:competence用语言的人的语言知识储备运用:performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用二、语音学1、语音学分支发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性听觉语音学auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知2 IPA(国际音标)就是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的1、最小对立体minimal pairs2、音位phoneme3 音位变体allophones4 互补分布complementary distribution5 自由变体free variation6 区别特征distinctive features7 超音段特征suprasegmental feature音节syllable 重音stress 语调tone 声调intonation四形态学1 词的构成语素morpheme 自由语素free morpheme 粘着语素bound morphemeRoot 词根词缀affix 词干stem屈折词汇与派生词汇inflectional affix and derivational affix2特有的词汇变化lexical change proper新创词语invention 混拼词blending 缩写词abbreviation首字母缩写词acronym 逆构词汇back-formation例:editor—edit类推构词analogiacal creation 例:work-worked,,slay-slayed外来词borrowing五句法学1 范畴category 数number 性gender 格case 时tense 体aspect一致关系concord 支配关系govenrment2 结构主义学派the structure approach组合关系syntagmatic relation词与词组合在一起聚合关系paradigmatic 具有共同的语法作用的词聚在一起结构与成分construction and constituents :句子不仅就是线性结构liner structure还就是层级结构hierarchical structure (句子或短语被称为结构体,而构成句子或短语即结构体的称为成分)3直接成分分析法immediate constitutional analysis指把句子分成直接成分－短语,再把这些短语依次切分,得到下一集直接成分,这样层层切分,直到不能再分4向心结构与离心结构endocentric and exocentric constructions 向心:指一个结构中有中心词,例an old man ,中心为man离心:指结构中没有明显的中心词。
英语语言学语言学知识点课件
4. scope of linguistics
(语言学的研究范围)
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征)
defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 音系学定义：study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别: • 联想: mathematics, physics, mechanics
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phonetics 语言学，-ics科学性更强
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geology, sociology, astrology
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phonology 音系学，-ology人文性更强
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
• Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
英语语言学复习资料
英语语言学复习资料英语语言学复习资料一：名词解释1. Language (语言) is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Linguistics(语言学) is generally defined as the scientific study of language.3. General linguistics(普通/一般语言学)The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.4. Phonetics(语音学) the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.5. Phonology(语音体系) how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.6. Morphology(形态学) these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology.7. Syntax(句法学) then the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies called syntax.8. Semantics(语意学) the study of meaning is known as semantics.9. Pragmatics(语用学) when the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language use, it becomes another br anch of linguistic study called pragmatics.10. Phone(音素) is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all pho nes.11. Phoneme(音位) is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but r ather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.12. Allophones(音位变体) the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones.13. IPA(International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标) It’s a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound.14. Diacritics(变音符) it is a set of symbols which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions.15. broad transcription(宽式标音) one is the transcription with letter-symbols only.16. narrow transcription(严式标音) the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.17. open class words(开放类词) In English , open class words are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. We can regularly add new words to these cla sses.18. closed class words(封闭类词) In English , closed class word are conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. New words are not usually added to them.19. Morpheme(词素) the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.20. bound morpheme(黏着词素) morphemes which occurs only before other morphemes. They cannot be used alone.21. free morpheme(自由词素) it is the morphemes which can be used alone. 22. suprasegmental features(超音段特征) the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features.23. Category(范畴) it refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a se ntence ,a noun phrase or a verb.24. Phrases(短语) Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases.二：简答题1. Three distinct of phonetics(语音学的三个分支？)Articulatory phonetics发音语音学; auditory phonetics听觉语音学; acoustic phonetics声光语音学.2. Main features of language(语言的主要特征？)Language is a system. Language is arbitrary. Language is vocal. Language is human-specific.3. Synchronic vs. diachronic(共识语言学与历史语言学的区别？)Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a s ynchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study of lan guage is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.4. Speech and writing (言语与文字的区别？)Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. From the point of view of linguistic evolution , speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its user s to record speech when t he need arises. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of inf ormation conveyed, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is l earned and taught later when he goes to school. Written language is only the “revised” record of speech.5. What are the branches of linguistic study?(语言学研究领域中的主要分支有哪些？)1) sociolinguistics; 2) psycholinguistics; 3)applied linguistics and so on.6. Traditional grammar and modern linguistics(传统语法与现代语言学的区别？) Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, th e importance of the written word.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framewo rk.7. Prescriptive vs. descriptive (语言学中描写性与规定性的特征是什么？) Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said tobe prescriptive. 8. Design features of language (语言的识别特征？) Arbitrariness随意性，productivity生产性, duality 二重性, displacement 不受时空限制的特征, cultural transmission 文化传递系统.9. Competence and performance (语言能力与语言行为的区别？)Competence is defined as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realizati on of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 10. Organs of speech (发音器官)Pharyngeal cavity—the throat, oral cavity—the mouth, nasal cavity—the nose. 11. Word-level categories(决定词范畴的三个标准) To determine a word’s category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. 三：问题回答1. Some rules in phonology(音位学规则)sequential rules(序列规则)；assimilation rule (同化规则) ；deletion rule(省略规则)。
英语语言学重点及问题总汇
Basic Notions in English Linguistics Chapter 1 Introduction1.What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human communication.2.What are design features of language?Arbitrariness, duality, displacement, interchangeability, creativity, cultural transmission3.What is arbitrariness?There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.4.What is displacement?Language is free from barriers caused by separation of time and place.5.What is duality?Language is a system consisting of two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level (meanings) are composed of elements of the secondary level (sounds) and each level has its own principles of organization.6.What is creativity?Language users can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentences.7.What is cultural transmission?The details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.8.What are three general functions oflanguage proposed by Halliday?Ideational, interpersonal, textual9.What is linguistics?Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.10.What are main branches of linguistics?Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics11.What is macro-linguistics?The study of language in relation to other disciplines, e.g. sociolinguistics 12.What is the distinction of prescriptiveand descriptive?Prescribe what people should say, describe what people actually use13.What is the distinction of competenceand performance?The ideal user’s knowledge of language rules and the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication 14.What is the distinction of synchronic anddiachronic?The study of language in time and through time15.What is the distinction of speech andwriting?Natural/primary and invented/secondary media of human language16.What is traditional grammar?The general approach traditionally formed to the study of languageChapter 2 Speech Sounds17.What are speech sounds?Meaningful sounds in human linguistic communication18.What is phonetics?It studies the production, transmission and perception of speech sounds. 19.What are three branches of phonetics?Articulatory, acoustic, auditory20.What are the three cavities in speechproduction?Oral, nasal, pharyngeal21.What is IPA short for?International Phonetic Alphabet22.What is the main principle of IPA?There should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound in all languages.23.What are broad and narrowtranscriptions?With letter-symbols (and diacritics) 24.Where does the distinction lie betweenthe production of vowels and consonants?The obstruction of airstream in the oral cavity25.Describe the consonant [ ].V oiced place manner26.Describe the vowel [ ].High front long rounded27.What is phonology?The study of sound system, pattern 28.What is a phoneme?An abstract phonological unit of distinctive value 29.What is allophony?The phenomenon of variation in the pronunciation of phonemes in different phonological contexts30.What is a minimal pair?A pair of sound sequences identical inevery way except for one sound segment occurring in the same place in the strings31.What is assimilation?A process by which one sound takes onsome or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound32.What are major suprasegmentalfeatures?Syllable, stress, tone, intonation33.What are the four Chinese tones?Level, rise, fall-rise, fall34.How do intonations convey meanings?Falling indicates a straight-forward statement, rising makes a question, and fall-rise indicates an implied message.Chapter 3 Lexicon35.What is a word?A minimum free linguistic unit36.How are words classified?Variability, meaning, part of speech, membership limit37.What is morphology?The study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed38.What is a morpheme?The minimal unit of meaning39.What are types of morphemes?Free/bound (derivational/inflectional,prefix, infix, suffix, bound root)40.What are the two major ways of wordformation?Derivation, compound41.New words are added to Englishvocabulary in many ways. What are they?Coinage/invention, blending, borrowing, back-formation, abbreviation, analogy 42.How does language change in terms ofmeaning?Meaning shift, broadening, narrowingChapter 4 Syntax43.What is syntax?The study of sentence structure and the rules by which sentences are formed 44.What are the four representativeapproaches to Syntax?Traditional, structural, TG, functional 45.What are the categories of noun?Number, case, gender46.What are the categories of verb?Tense, voice, mood47.What is a sentence?The minimum part of L that expresses a complete thought, traditionally48.What are grammatical units at differentlevels?Morpheme, phrase, clause, sentence 49.What are the grammatical elements of asentence?Subject, predicate (predicator, object, comp.)50.What are the seven basic sentencepatterns in English? SVO, SV, SVC, SV A, SVOC, SVOA, SVOOChapter 5 Semantics51.What is semantics?The study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular 52.What is the nominalist view of meaning?Words are just names for things.53.What is the conceptualist view ofmeaning?Language and the real world are linked through the mediation of concepts54.What is the contextualist view ofmeaning?Meaning can be derived from observable contexts55.What is the behaviorist view ofmeaning?Meaning consists in the relation between speech and physical entities and events 56.What are the two traditional types ofmeaning?Lexical and structural meaning57.What are the 7 kinds of meaning byLeech (1981)?Conceptual, Con, S, A, R, Col, Thematic 58.How are sense and reference related toeach other?Abstract property/concrete entity59.What are major sense relations betweenwords?Synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, etc 60.What are kinds of synonyms?Dialectal, collocational, stylistic, affective, semantic61.What are kinds of antonyms?Gradable, complementary, relational 62.What is polysemy?One word with one+ meaning63.What is homonymy?Different words identical in spelling or/and sound64.What is hyponymy?Between a more general word and a more specific word65.What is the componential analysis?The dissection of word meaning into its semantic components/features66.What are the deciding factors ofsentence meaning?Meaning of sentence components, word order, sentence structure, thematic organizationChapter 6 Pragmatics67.What is pragmatics?The study of meaning in context 68.What is context?The environment of language use 69.What are components of context?Linguistic, situational, socio-cultural 70.What is an utterance?A unit of speech actually uttered in com.71.How is utterance meaning different fromsentence meaning?Concrete, contextualized, variable / 72.What are the three kinds of speech actsby Austin (1962)?Locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary 73.What is a locutionary act?The act of conveying literal meaning 74.What is an illocutionary act?The act of expressing intention75.What is a perlocutionary act?The effect of an utterance76.What is the general CooperativePrinciple?Make your conversational contribution as required.77.What are the four maxims of the CP?Quality, quantity, relation, manner78.What is conversational implicature?A type of implied meaning, which isdeduced on the basis of the conventionalmeaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.79.What are characteristics of CI?Cal, Can, non-det, non-conventionality 80.What is the Politeness Principle?Maximize the belief of polite expression 81.What is Cognitive Principle ofRelevance?Human cognition tends to achieve the greatest possible cognitive effect using the smallest effort.82.What is Communicative Principle ofRelevance?Every utterance communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance.Chapter 7 Language, Society and Culture83.What is socio-linguistics?The study of language and society84.How is language related to society? OPENSocial background/context and language use, social function of L, L change85.Provide some linguistic evidence ofsocial differences in language use.Region, class, ethnic group, age, gender, individual, register, 86.What are the two versions ofSapir-Whorf Hypothesis?Strong (determinism), weak (relativism) 87.How is language related to culture? OPENL is an indispensable carrier of culture.C finds a better representation via L use.88.Provide some linguistic evidence ofcultural differences in language use. Greeting, thanks, color words, privacy, etc。
英语语言学名词解释大全
英语语言学名词解释2009-09-30 13:54Synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time. Diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. Arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.Duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels; meaningful units and meaningless segments .Competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. Performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing.Langue: the language system shared by a “speech community”.Parole: the concrete utterances of speaker.Morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Inflection: is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached.Root: refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. Stem:is any morpheme or combinations of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.Acronym:is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.Syntax: the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure. Subordination: the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. Denotation: denotation involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entities to which it refers.Connotation: properties of the entity a word denote.Synonymy: synonymy is the technical name for one of the sense relations between linguistic units, namely the sameness relation.Hyponymy: the technical name for inclusiveness sense relation, is a matter of class membership. Entailment: This a logic relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second.Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is onlyone-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ call.Critical Period HypothesisThe critical period for language acquisition语言获得的关键期 Eric Lenneberg was a major proponent.The critical period hypothesis关键期假设It refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction. It coincides with the process of brain lateralization. Prior to this period, both hemispheres are involved to some extent in language and one can take over if the other is damaged.「语言学习关键期」（the critical period）的争议。
英语语言学概论名词解释汇总
英语语言学概论名词解释汇总英语语言学概论是研究英语语言的基本原理和结构的学科。
在这门学科中，有许多重要的名词需要解释，以便更好地理解英语语言的各个方面。
下面是一些常见的英语语言学术语和其解释：1. 语言：人类使用的一种符号系统，用于交流和表达意思。
2. 语音：语言中的声音单元，用于区分不同的词汇和语法形式。
3. 语法：语言中词汇和句法结构的规则系统，用于构建和理解句子。
4. 词汇：语言中的词汇单位，用于表示特定的意思。
5. 句法：句子的结构和组织方式，包括短语和句子之间的关系。
6. 语义：词汇和句子的意义和解释。
7. 语用学：语言使用的实际情境和交际目的的研究。
8. 语篇分析：研究句子和段落如何组成连贯的文本的过程。
9. 语音学：语音的科学研究，包括语音的产生、传播和感知。
10. 语音变体学：研究语音变化和发音差异的学科。
11. 语音库：包含语音录音和相关信息的数据库。
12. 语音识别：使用计算机技术将语音转换为文字的过程。
13. 语音合成：使用计算机技术将文字转换为语音的过程。
14. 语言变体：同一语言在不同地区或社会群体中的变化形式。
15. 方言：某个特定地区或社会群体使用的语言变体。
16. 标准语：在教育和媒体等公共场合使用的规范语言形式。
17. 语言接触：不同语言之间的互动和影响。
18. 二语习得：学习者将自己的母语转换为第二语言的过程。
19. 语言教学：帮助学习者学习和掌握一门语言的过程。
20. 语言规划：改变或发展一种语言的过程，包括制定规范和推广使用。
这些名词只是英语语言学概论中的一部分，通过学习和理解这些名词，可以更好地理解和分析英语语言的各个方面。
英语语言学复习资料
英语语言学复习资料英语语言学复习资料英语语言学是英语语言文学专业培养计划中的一门基础必修课，其重要性不言而喻。
以下是店铺帮大家整理的英语语言学复习资料，欢迎大家分享。
一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶D ualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的'体现。
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1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
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1）Arbitrariness(任意 性):
primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. 举例： Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences>
texts/discourses
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音系学定义：study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
音系学重要概念: phone音子， phoneme音位 (音系研究的基本单位) supra-segmental features超音段特征
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Phone(音子)：a phonetic unit; the speech sounds we hear and produce during communication are all phones
举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 所以too 和 tea 中的 /t/两个不同的音子
3). langue（语言） & parole （言语）
Theorist：Saussure （索绪尔）, father of modern linguistics
langue: abstract linguistic system
parole: actual realization ofቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱlangue
区别: meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音）
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举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系学不研究
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
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1) Descriptive （描述性） vs. Prescriptive （规定性） Descriptive: describing how things are. prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be
如何记忆: 五性，创意遗传
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4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 1) descriptive & prescriptive 2) synchronic & diachronic 3) langue & parole 4) competence & performance
5） Cultural Transmission（文化传 递性）:
定义：language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.
反例：印度狼孩
1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
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5. Scope of Linguistics (语言学的研究范围) 1）按研究内容来分 2）按研究导向来分
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考点: 1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)的定义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别: 联想: mathematics, physics, mechanics
phonetics 语言学，-ics科学性更强
geology, sociology, astrology
phonology 音系学，-ology人文性更
强
How speech sounds are made
3） Creativity/Productivity（创造性）: 定义：Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality
举例1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park 举例2：England, defeated, France England defeated France. France defeated England.
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• Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
定义：the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
举例： 书, book, livre 喜欢，like，aimer
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2）Duality（二层性）: 定义：the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the
As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.
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Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
语言学知识点
Mr.Potato
I 语言学导论 II 语言学主要分支学科 III 语言学的流派和理论
1. design feature of language （语言的定义特征）
2. Language Families (世界语言分类) 3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 4. scope of linguistics (语言学的研究范围)
举例： Don't say X. People don't say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive
statement.
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2). Synchronic（共时性） vs. Diachronic （历时性） synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. diachronic: the study of a language through the course of its history.
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举例： 研究1800年的英语发音 Synchronic studies (共时性研究)
研究1800-1900的法语语法变化 Diachronic studies (历时研究)
Important Distinctions in
Linguistics
4）Displacement（替代性）:
定义：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.
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articulatory phonetics(发音语音学): speaker’s production acoustic phonetics（声学语音学）: transmission’s medium auditory phonetics(听觉语音学): receiver’s reception
清音举例：[p,s,t] Voicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocal cords held together, letting the air stream