Inhibition of growth and mycotoxin production of Aspergillus

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地衣芽孢杆菌W10及其抗菌蛋白对桃褐腐病的抑制作用

地衣芽孢杆菌W10及其抗菌蛋白对桃褐腐病的抑制作用

园艺学报,2015,42 (10):1879–1888.Acta Horticulturae Sinicadoi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0243;http://www. ahs. ac. cn 1879地衣芽孢杆菌W10及其抗菌蛋白对桃褐腐病的抑制作用纪兆林1,贺惠文1,周慧娟2,韩峰1,童蕴慧1,叶正文2,徐敬友1,*(1扬州大学园艺与植物保护学院,江苏扬州 225009;2上海市农业科学院林木果树研究所,上海 201403)摘 要:地衣芽孢杆菌菌株W10菌液及其产生的抗菌蛋白对贮藏期桃褐腐病都有较好的抑制作用,高浓度(1 × 1010 cfu · mL-1菌液,3.0 mg · mL-1抗菌蛋白)效果更好。

在较低温度(4 ℃)和湿度(RH 70% ~ 75%)条件下,高浓度菌液和抗菌蛋白在病菌定殖前处理桃果能收到较好的防病效果。

钙离子[0.1%Ca(NO3)2]能提高W10菌液及抗菌蛋白对桃果实褐腐病的防治效果,能明显推迟始病时间。

W10菌液和抗菌蛋白浸果处理能显著降低贮藏期的自然腐烂率,与多菌灵效果类似;通过对果肉色差L*值、果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、失重率等品质指标参数的测定,发现菌液和抗菌蛋白处理均不会影响果实品质。

关键词:桃;地衣芽孢杆菌;抗菌蛋白;桃褐腐病菌;生物防治;果实品质中图分类号:S 662.1 文献标志码:A 文章编号:0513-353X(2015)10-1879-10 Preservative Effects of Bacillus licheniformis W10 and Its Antifungal Protein on Storage Peach FruitsJI Zhao-lin1,HE Hui-wen1,ZHOU Hui-juan2,HAN Feng1,TONG Yun-hui1,YE Zheng-wen2,and XU Jing-you1,*(1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou,Jiangsu 225009,China;2Forestry and Fruit Research Institute,Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Shanghai 201403,China)Abstract:The biocontrol effects of Bacillus licheniformis W10 bacterial suspension and its antifungal protein on peach brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola in storage peach fruits and the effects on fruit quality were investigated. The results showed that the fruit disease suppression of B. licheniformis W10 bacterial suspension and antifungal protein were significantly higher than that of the control. Inoculation of bacterial suspension and antifungal protein prior to M. fructicola gave a better biocontrol effect,and the higher concentrations of bacterial(1 × 1010 cfu · mL-1)and antifungal protein(3.0 mg · mL-1)performed better control effects. The environmental conditions,such as temperature and humidity,affected biocontrol effects of W10 bacterial suspension and antifungal protein. The influence of environment conditions on the activity of antifungal protein was less than that on bacterial suspension. Moreover,lower temperature(4 ℃)and relative humidity(RH 70%–75%)were favorable to prevent peach brown rot by W10 bacterial suspension and its antifungal protein. The W10 bacterial suspension and antifungal protein amended with收稿日期:2015–06–09;修回日期:2015–09–23基金项目:国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金项目(CARS-31-2-02);江苏省农业科技自主创新资金项目[CX(14)2015,CX(15)1020];扬州大学高层次人才科研启动基金项目(5018/137010407)* 通信作者Author for correspondence(E-mail:jyxu@)Ji Zhao-lin,He Hui-wen,Zhou Hui-juan,Han Feng,Tong Yun-hui,Ye Zheng-wen,Xu Jing-you.Preservative effects of Bacillus licheniformis W10 and its antifungal protein on storage peach fruits. 1880Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2015,42 (10):1879–1888. calcium[0.1% Ca(NO3)2] could enhance the biocontrol effects,and obviously put off the occurrence of peach brown rot. In addition,the bacterial suspension and antifungal protein significantly reduced the natural decay rates of peach fruits during storage,and the effects were equal to carbendazim. Moreover,both W10 bacterial suspension and antifungal protein treatments did not have effects on external and internal fruit appearance,such as chromatic aberration parameter L* of flesh,flesh firmness,soluble solids content and weight loss. Therefore,the B. licheniformis W10 is a potential biocontrol factor for peach brown rot.Key words:peach;Bacillus licheniformis;antifungal protein;Monilinia fructicola;biological control;fruit quality褐腐病又称菌核病、果腐病等,是记载最早的果品采后病害(Ogawa et al.,1995)。

喜树植物内生真菌

喜树植物内生真菌

abstract亚氯酸钠(SC)是众所周知的微生物抑制剂,最近对鲜切产品的酶促褐变抑制作用强。

我们调查了SC对多酚氧化酶(PPO)及其底物,绿原酸(CA)的影响,因为与酶促褐变抑制的机制有关。

结果表明,PPO催化的CA(1.0mM)的褐变反应(33U /mL)在pH 4.6下被1.0mM SC显着抑制。

通过天然聚丙烯酰胺鉴定了两种PPO同种型凝胶电泳,两者都被SC(3.0mM)灭活。

这表明SC作为一种PPO抑制剂以防止酶促褐变。

此外UV-Vis扫描和LC-MS分析,也研究了SC对CA的稳定性在酸性(pH 4.5)和碱性条件(pH 8.3)的影响。

结果表明,在SC(3.0mM)存在下,CA(0.1mM)降解为奎尼酸和咖啡酸以及其他中间体。

因此,SC的抗褐变性可归因于两个作用方式:直接灭活多酚氧化酶和氧化降解酚类底物。

1.Introduction酶促褐变是广泛发生在水果,蔬菜和茶叶的色彩反应。

褐变反应需要氧,酚类化合物和多酚氧化酶(PPO),通常由酶催化将单酚氧化成邻二酚和邻二酚醌,其进行进一步的非酶聚合导致褐色的形成。

虽然酶促褐变有利于某些食物的颜色和味道的形成,例如茶,咖啡和可可等物品,但是会损害各种鲜切水果和蔬菜的品质和销售,如莴苣,马铃薯,苹果,梨,香蕉和桃,在加工过程中易于发生酶促褐变。

广泛的研究专注于通过瞄准来控制褐变PPO,底物(氧和酚)或最终产物褐变反应。

基于工作机制,褐变抑制剂可以分为六组,包括还原药剂,酸化剂,螯合剂,络合剂,酶处理和酶抑制剂。

在所有测试的抑制剂中,还原剂,例如抗坏血酸酸及其衍生物,半胱氨酸和谷胱甘肽有效控制褐变,并且抗坏血酸钙配方已在鲜切苹果产业广泛应用。

与目前使用的还原剂比较的主要缺点是那些还原剂通常与被广泛应用于鲜切行业、以防病原体污染的消毒剂不相容,因为大多数消毒剂如氯,臭氧和二氧化氯本质上是具有氧化性的。

由于褐变控制解决方案经常是从一批到一批苹果重复使用,缺乏适当的消毒处理可能会导致潜在的食源性人类病原体引起污染。

专业英语复习资料

专业英语复习资料

英译汉:acetylpanaxydol 乙酰基人参环氧炔醇ecosystem 生态系统 inulin 菊粉nutraceutical 营养物质 polydextrose 葡聚糖sorbitol 山梨(糖)醇β-galactosidases β-牛乳糖醇balancing 营养平衡 glycine 甘氨酸meal replacements 膳食替代品 pantothenic acid 泛酸V5 amylases 淀粉酶 malic acid 苹果酸Food and Drug Administration(FDA)美国食品与药品监督局The Word Trade Organization(WTO)国际贸易组织汉译英:适应性(获得性)免疫 adaptive immune 遗传性过敏 atopic allergy碳水化合物,糖类 carbohydrate 双糖类 disaccharide叶酸 folate 乳酸乳球菌 Lactococcus lactis代谢组学 metabolomics 低聚糖,寡糖 oligosaccharide多聚糖 polysaccharide 抗性淀粉 resistant starideβ-胡萝卜素β-carotene 类胡萝卜素 carotenoid推荐的膳食供给量 RDA(recormmended dietary allowance)添加剂 adjuncts英译汉:1、It was the advances in understanding the relationship between nutrition and health,often at the molecular level,that led to the concept of “functional food”(also referred to as “nutraceuticals”or “ pharmaceutical food”)as a practical and new approach to achieveoptimal health and possibly reduce the risk of disease.翻译:对营养和健康之间关系的理解是经常建立在分子水平上,即将功能食品(又指“营养制品”或“药用食品”)的概念作为一种实际的新方法,以达到最佳健康状况并尽可能减少疾病风险。

真菌毒素限量标准及其在中药中的研究进展

真菌毒素限量标准及其在中药中的研究进展

真菌毒素限量标准及其在中药中的研究进展李峻媛1, 2,万丽1,杨美华2*1. 成都中医药大学,四川成都 6111372. 中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学药用植物研究所,北京 100193摘 要:对人类健康影响较大的黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇等7种真菌毒素及其药理毒性进行介绍,并综述了近年来一些主要国际组织和我国等地区现行的真菌毒素限量标准情况。

这些限量标准主要针对食品中的真菌毒素和中药材中的黄曲霉毒素,而研究表明药用植物及其产品也有被其他真菌毒素污染的情况。

为此,讨论了在我国建立中药材中真菌毒素限量标准的紧迫性和重要性,以期为我国建立中药材中真菌毒素限量标准提供参考。

关键词:中药;真菌毒素;限量标准;黄曲霉毒素;脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇中图分类号:R282 文献标志码:A 文章编号:0253 - 2670(2011)03 - 0602 - 08Limit standard of mycotoxins and advances in studies on its application in Chinese materia medicaLI Jun-yuan1, 2,WAN Li1,YANG Mei-hua21. Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China2. Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing,100193, ChinaKey words: Chinese materia medica; mycotoxins; limit standard; aflatoxins; deoxynivalenol真菌毒素(mycotoxin)是由真菌产生的具有毒性的二级代谢产物,主要包括黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、展青霉素、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮等,可广泛污染农作物、植物及其副产品等。

亚麻籽环肽混合物抑制霉菌生长繁殖活性

亚麻籽环肽混合物抑制霉菌生长繁殖活性

亚麻籽环肽混合物抑制霉菌生长繁殖活性刘尊;汪勇;MARTIN J T REANEY;FIORENTY OCTAVIA SUGIWAN;NANDA AYU YULISTYANITA;张宁【摘要】To evaluate antifungal activity of these flaxseed cyclolinopeptides,FCLPs,two strains,Paecilomyces varioti bainier(AS3.776)and Aspergillus flavus(CICC 2476),were selected as test strains and inoculated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) with FCLPs of serial concentrations added before or after autoclave.IC50 of FCLPs mixtures on spores formation of P.varioti bainier were 0.53 mg/mL (autoclaved) and 0.34 mg/mL (not autoclaved),and IC50 on A.flavuswere were 0.31 mg/mL (autoclaved) and 0.24 mg/mL (not autoclaved),respectively.Most of antifungal activity of FCLPs was retained after autoclave.Residual antifungal activity against Paecilomyces varioti bainier were found as much as 76.8% (radial growth) and 76.7% (spores formation) of original activity,and those gainst A.flavus were as much as 61.6% (radial growth) and 41.7% (spores formation),respectively.Results of spores germination test indicated that the average inhibition rate against P.varioti bainier (17.8%) was higher than that against A.flavus(7.8%).After fungiculture,FCLPs were extracted from PDA and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results indicated that the content of FCLPs in the media was decreased due to autoclave and thus led to the decrease of antifungal activity.In this study,FCLPs were found to have antifungal activity.And the activity partially remained after autoclave.It is indicatedthat FCLPs had the advantages over current antimicrobial peptides applied in food processing involved with heat treatment.%选取宛氏拟青霉(AS 3.776)和黄曲霉(CICC 2476)作为试验菌株,于121℃高温灭菌前、后添加一定浓度梯度的亚麻籽环肽混合物(flaxseed cyclolinopeptides,FCLPs)到马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基中.FCLPs对宛氏拟青霉孢子形成的半数抑制浓度IC50分别为0.53 mg/mL(高温灭菌)和0.34 mg/mL(未经高温灭菌);对黄曲霉孢子形成的IC50值分别为0.31 mg/mL(高温灭菌)和0.24 mg/mL(未经高温灭菌).高温灭菌处理后,FCLPs保持了相当的抑菌活性,对宛氏拟青霉的抑制活性最低残留76.8%(菌落生长)和76.7%(孢子形成);对于黄曲霉的抑制活性,最低残留分别为61.6%(菌落生长)和41.7%(孢子形成).FCLPs对孢子萌发率的平均抑制率为17.8%(宛氏拟青霉)和7.8%(黄曲霉).采用高效液相色谱法分析霉菌培养后从培养基中提取的FCLPs,发现高温灭菌会降低环肽的含量,这可能是导致环肽抗菌活性下降的原因之一,但环肽中4种主要环肽的比例没有发生明显变化,且没有发现环肽霉菌代谢物产生.综上所述,FCLPs对霉菌具有一定抑制活性,对高温处理较为稳定,能耐食品的热加工,相比现有抗菌肽具有独特优势.【期刊名称】《食品与发酵工业》【年(卷),期】2018(044)003【总页数】5页(P30-34)【关键词】亚麻籽环肽混合物;抗霉菌活性;宛氏拟青霉;黄曲霉;热稳定性【作者】刘尊;汪勇;MARTIN J T REANEY;FIORENTY OCTAVIA SUGIWAN;NANDA AYU YULISTYANITA;张宁【作者单位】广东高校油脂生物炼制工程技术研究中心,暨南大学食品科学与工程系,广东广州,510632;暨南大学萨斯喀切温大学“油料生物炼制与营养”联合实验室,广东广州,510632;广东高校油脂生物炼制工程技术研究中心,暨南大学食品科学与工程系,广东广州,510632;暨南大学萨斯喀切温大学“油料生物炼制与营养”联合实验室,广东广州,510632;暨南大学萨斯喀切温大学“油料生物炼制与营养”联合实验室,广东广州,510632;加拿大萨斯喀切温大学农业与生物资源学院,加拿大萨斯卡,S7N5A8;广东高校油脂生物炼制工程技术研究中心,暨南大学食品科学与工程系,广东广州,510632;广东高校油脂生物炼制工程技术研究中心,暨南大学食品科学与工程系,广东广州,510632;广东高校油脂生物炼制工程技术研究中心,暨南大学食品科学与工程系,广东广州,510632;暨南大学萨斯喀切温大学“油料生物炼制与营养”联合实验室,广东广州,510632【正文语种】中文亚麻又称胡麻,属一年生或多年生草本植物,为我国重要油料经济作物。

防控玉米穗腐病日益紧迫

防控玉米穗腐病日益紧迫

姚彦坡,朱永官,褚海燕.防控玉米穗腐病日益紧迫[J].农业环境科学学报,2023,42(11):2383-2385.YAO Y P ,ZHU Y G ,CHU H Y.Address the growing urgency of ear rot in maize[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science ,2023,42(11):2383-2385.防控玉米穗腐病日益紧迫姚彦坡1,朱永官2,褚海燕3(1.农业农村部环境保护科研监测所,天津300191;2.中国科学院生态环境研究中心,北京100085;3.中国科学院南京土壤研究所,南京210008)Address the growing urgency of ear rot in maizeYAO Yanpo 1,ZHU Yongguan 2,CHU Haiyan 3(1.Agro-Environmental Protection Institute,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Tianjin 300191,China ;2.Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100085,China ;3.Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210008,China )Abstract :Ear rot maize cause significant yield losses worldwide.Pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium and Aspergillus lead to crop reduction and a large amount of mycotoxins pollution,some of which have a notable impact on human and animal health.Multiple measures have been established in various countries to protect consumers from the harmful effects of these mycotoxins.Several factors are involved in收稿日期:2023-11-08录用日期:2023-11-10作者简介:姚彦坡(1977—),男,河北邯郸人,博士,研究员,主要从事土壤微生物组与功能调控研究。

食品中链格孢霉毒素污染现状及检测技术研究进

基金项目:上海市“科技创新行动计划”农业领域项目(编号:21N31900600)作者简介:王霞,女,上海市农产品质量安全中心畜牧师,硕士。

通信作者:张维谊(1979—),女,上海市农产品质量安全中心研究员,硕士。

E mail:zhangharewei@163.com收稿日期:2022 07 13 改回日期:2022 12 09犇犗犐:10.13652/犼.狊狆犼狓.1003.5788.2022.80542[文章编号]1003 5788(2023)05 0224 08食品中链格孢霉毒素污染现状及检测技术研究进展Pollutionstatusandresearchprogressonthedetectiontechnologyof犃犾狋犲狉狀犪狉犻犪mycotoxinsinfoods王 霞犠犃犖犌犡犻犪 丰东升犉犈犖犌犇狅狀犵 狊犺犲狀犵 童金蓉犜犗犖犌犑犻狀 狉狅狀犵 高猛峰犌犃犗犕犲狀犵 犳犲狀犵 张维谊犣犎犃犖犌犠犲犻 狔犻(上海市农产品质量安全中心,上海 201708)(犛犺犪狀犵犺犪犻犆犲狀狋犲狉狅犳犃犵狉犻 狆狉狅犱狌犮狋狊犙狌犪犾犻狋狔犪狀犱犛犪犳犲狋狔,犛犺犪狀犵犺犪犻201708,犆犺犻狀犪)摘要:链格孢霉毒素是由链格孢霉属(犃犾狋犲狉狀犪狉犻犪species)产生的次级代谢产物,具有致突变、致癌、致畸等多种毒性。

文章概述了水果、蔬菜、谷物及其制品中链格孢霉毒素的污染现状,综述了链格孢霉毒素检测方法的研究现状,并展望了链格孢霉毒素检测技术今后的研究方向。

关键词:链格孢霉菌;链格孢霉毒素;污染现状;检测技术;食品犃犫狊狋狉犪犮狋:犃犾狋犲狉狀犪狉犻犪mycotoxinsarethesecondarymetabolitesof犃犾狋犲狉狀犪狉犻犪species,whichhaveobvioustoxicity(mutagenicity,teratogenicityandcarcinogenicity,犲狋犮)tohumansandanimals.Alternariol(AOH),alternariolmonomethylether(AME),alternuene(ALT),tenuazonicacid(TeA)andtenoxin(TEN)arethemoststudiedatpresent.犃犾狋犲狉狀犪狉犻犪mycotoxinswasreportedinapples,orange,tomatoes,cornsandotheragriculturalproducts.Eatingthesefoodscontaminatedby犃犾狋犲狉狀犪狉犻犪mycotoxinswillcauseseriousharmtohumanhealth.Inthispaper,thepollutionstatusandthedetectiontechnologyof犃犾狋犲狉狀犪狉犻犪mycotoxinsweresummarized,andthefutureresearchdirectionof犃犾狋犲狉狀犪狉犻犪mycotoxinswasprospected.Thepurposewastoprovidereferencesfortheriskassessment,detectionandpreventionof犃犾狋犲狉狀犪狉犻犪mycotoxinsinfoods.犓犲狔狑狅狉犱狊:犃犾狋犲狉狀犪狉犻犪;犃犾狋犲狉狀犪狉犻犪mycotoxins;pollutionstatus;detectiontechnology;food链格孢霉毒素(犃犾狋犲狉狀犪狉犻犪mycotoxins)是由链格孢霉菌属(犃犾狋犲狉狀犪狉犻犪species)产生的一类具有致突变、致癌、致畸、致死、细胞毒性、基因毒性、胚胎毒性等多种毒性的次级代谢产物[1]。

mycotoxins


2,12
2,09
2,12
NEGK c bc b c a a a a POZK SAFE MYCOAZ
Kakas cockerel
Jérce pullet
The weight of bursa fabricii (g)
2,49
2,5
1,93 1,91 1,88 1,38
The most important metabolite is aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The most dangerous toxin for both human and animals (excreted also in the milk) Produced mostly under warm temperature conditions Potential sources groundnut, soybean, corn
Zearalenon (ZON), F-2 toxin
Producing:
– fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. poae, F. moniliforme)
Effects:
– oestrogenic effect – increase the plasma oestrogen level, causing dysfunction in reproduction – increase the lipid peroxidation – bleedings in the liver
Poultry species are resistant to ZON, but causing serious reproduction problems in pigs, beef and horse.

霉菌的生长环境及对食品的影响

《食品微生物学》专题报告霉菌的生长环境及在食品中生长繁殖对人类的影响摘要:本文以霉菌作为研究对象,通过调查霉菌的生长环境,进一步分析霉菌在一些食品中大量繁殖的成因,以及其导致食品腐败变质的作用机理和对人体的危害,下文将以黄曲霉和青霉为例进行深入的研究,同时本文也将简要叙述发酵食品中霉菌所起的积极作用。

关键词:霉菌;生长环境;食品The growth environment of mould and its influence on human beingsAbstract:In this paper,mold as the research,By investigating the growth environment of mold,further analysis of the cause of mass reproduction of mold in some foods,the mechanism of food spoilage and its harm to human body are also discussed,the following will take Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium as examples for in-depth study,at the same time, this paper will also briefly describe the positive role of mold in fermented food.Key words:Aspergillus;growth environment;food引言:本文基于生活中常见的食品腐败变质问题,对霉菌的生长环境及对食品的影响采取调查法的方法进行研究,从而得出多数霉菌对食品具有消极影响,部分霉菌对食品发酵有积极影响的结论。

一.霉菌霉菌是形成分支菌丝的真菌的统称。

黄曲霉毒素生物合成及代谢转换的研究进展

黄曲霉毒素生物合成及代谢转换的研究进展熊江林;周华林;丁斌鹰;刘建新【摘要】黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxins,AFs)是真菌产生的有机代谢产物,具有强烈的生物毒性,广泛存在于饲料原料和各类饲料之中.本文综述了AFs的产生条件、合成途径以及AFB1在动物体内的代谢转化,旨为黄曲霉毒素的防控和动物健康养殖提供参考.【期刊名称】《家畜生态学报》【年(卷),期】2015(036)004【总页数】5页(P85-89)【关键词】黄曲霉毒素;合成途径;代谢转化;研究进展【作者】熊江林;周华林;丁斌鹰;刘建新【作者单位】武汉轻工大学动物科学与营养工程学院,湖北武汉430023;浙江大学奶业科学研究所,浙江杭州310058;襄阳职业技术学院生物工程学院,襄阳市动物医学工程技术中心,湖北襄阳441100;武汉轻工大学动物科学与营养工程学院,湖北武汉430023;浙江大学奶业科学研究所,浙江杭州310058【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S811.6黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxins,AFs)名称源于该毒素的主要生产真菌-黄曲霉菌(Aspergillus flavus)。

有关AFs的最早报道是在1960年,英国东南部地区农场给火鸡饲喂巴西和非洲生产的花生粕后,导致10万只火鸡突然死亡。

最初因病因不明,该病被命名为火鸡"X"病,后来被证实为黄曲霉菌产生的AFs严重污染饲料所致[1]。

50多年来,人们广泛开展了AFs的生成、代谢、毒性和防控技术研究。

AFs的CAS号1402-68-2,是一组结构类似的二呋喃香豆素衍生物,其基本结构为1个二呋喃环和1个氧杂萘邻酮 (香豆素)组成,前者为基本毒性结构而后者与致癌有关。

自然界中至少存在14 种不同类型的AFs,主要有AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2等。

其中,AFB1在体内可羟化生成AFM1[2],AFM1可见于动物的肉、蛋、奶、肾脏和肝脏等动物产品及内脏之中。

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InhibitionofgrowthandmycotoxinproductionofAspergillusflavusandAspergillusparasiticusbyextractsofAgavespecies

EduardoSa´nchez,NormaHeredia,SantosGarcı´a*FacultaddeCienciasBiologicas,UniversidadAuto´nomadeNuevoLeo´n,Apdo.Postal124-F,SanNicola´s,N.L.66451,Me´xicoReceived22March2004;receivedinrevisedform9July2004;accepted15July2004

AbstractInthiswork,theeffectofethanolic,methanolicandaqueousextractsofAgaveasperrimaandAgavestriataongrowthandproductionofaflatoxin(inA&Mmedium)andcyclopiazonicacid(CPA;inCzpaek-Doxmedium)andongrowthincornunderstorageconditionswasdetermined.Aspergillusstrainswereinoculated(106conidiapermlofmediumorper6gofcorn),then

plantextractswereaddedandincubatedwithoutshakingat288Cfor8days(foraflatoxin-producinganalysis)orfor12days(forCPA-producinganalysis).AflatoxinwasassayedbyHPLCandcyclopiazonicacidbyabsorbanceat580nmusingtheErlichreagent.Theextractsthatmosteffectivelyinhibitedgrowthwerethosefromtheflowersofbothplants.TheseexhibitedanMICfrom0.5to2mg/mlinculturemedia.ExtractsfromscapeshowedanMICfrom15to30mg/mlinculturemedia.TheMICoftheflowerextractswashigher(N30mg/g)whenexaminedincorn.However,concentrationslowerthantheMICdrasticallyinhibitedproductionofaflatoxinsinculturemediumorincorn.HalfoftheMICinhibited99%oftheproductionofaflatoxinsand85%ofcyclopiazonicacid.D2004ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.

Keywords:Aflatoxins;Aspergillus;Cyclopiazonicacid;Naturalproducts

1.IntroductionMycotoxinsaresecondarymetabolitesproducedbyspecificfilamentousfungithatcontaminateagri-culturalcommodities.Theyaretoxictohumansandanimals,causesignificantreductionsincropyieldandcauseeconomiclosses(GouramaandBullerman,1995;Gqalenietal.,1996).Theiroccurrenceinvariouscountrieshasbeenwelldocumented(Bath-nagarandGarcı´a,2001).AspergillusflavusandAspergillusparasiticusareimportantcontaminantsofcertainfoodsandanimalfeedsbecauseoftheirabilitytoproduceaflatoxins(Farretal.,1989).Whenthesefungiinvadeandgrowincommoditiessuchaspeanuts,cornandcottonseed,theresultingcontaminationwithaflatoxinsoftenmakesthecommoditiesunfitforconsumption(Vardon,2003).Aflatoxinsareconsideredthemostcarcinogenic,

0168-1605/$-seefrontmatterD2004ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.07.009

*Correspondingauthor.Tel./fax:+528183763044.E-mailaddress:santos@microbiosymas.com(S.Garcı´a).

InternationalJournalofFoodMicrobiology98(2005)271–279www.elsevier.com/locate/ijfoodmicromutagenicandteratogenicsubstancesfoundnaturallyinfoodsandfeeds(Conner,1993).Thesemetabolitescauseliverdamagetohumansandtomostexperimen-talanimalspeciestested(Gradeletetal.,1997).Consumptionofmycotoxin-contaminatedfoodshasbeenassociatedwithseveralcasesofhumanpoisoning,ormycotoxicosis,sometimesresultingindeath(Bath-nagarandGarcı´a,2001).Cyclopiazonicacid(CPA)isanothertoxicsecon-darymetaboliteproducedbyA.flavus(Gqalenietal.,1996).Itcausesnecrosisofliverorgastrointestinaltissueandnecroticchangesinskeletalmuscleandkidney(Dorneretal.,1984).However,therearesuggestionsthattheteratogenicpotentialofCPAislow(Morriseyetal.,1984).IsolatesofA.flavushavebeenreportedtoco-produceaflatoxinsandCPA,aswellasothertoxinsindifferentamounts(MartinsandMartins,1999).Theco-productionofthesecompoundsinfoodsandfeedsmayresultinadditiveorsynergisticeffectsonconsumers,thusincreasingthetoxigenicpotentialofA.flavus(MartinsandMartins,1999).Manyconsumersdemandfoodswithoutpreserva-tivesandassociatehealthfulandsafefoodswithfreshorminimallyprocessedproducts(Maloetal.,1997).Duetotheincreasingpublicawarenessofthepollutive,residual,carcinogenicandphytotoxiceffectsofmanysyntheticfungicides,theimportanceofalternativeindigenousproductstocontrolphyto-pathogenicfungiisgainingpopularity(Gould,1996;Bankole,1997).Laboratoriesthroughouttheworldhavefoundthousandsofphytochemicalsthathaveinhibitoryeffectsonalltypesofmicroorganismsinvitro(Cowan,1999).Muchefforthasbeendevotedtothesearchfornewantifungalmaterialsobtainedfromnaturalsourcesforuseinfoodandgrain,andmanynaturallyoccurringantimicrobialshavebeenidenti-fiedinplants(BeuchatandGolden,1989).However,disappointinglyfewofthemhavebeendevelopedforuseinfoods(Shelef,1984).PlantsofthegeneraAgave,knowninMexicoasbmagueyQ,arewidelydistributed,exhibitanexcep-tionaladaptationtodroughtenvironmentsandprovideusefulproductssuchasnaturalfibers,beveragesandpottedplants(Garcı´a-Mendoza,1995).Furthermore,areportfromourlaboratoryhasshownthatthespeciesAgavelecheguilla(lecheguilla)exhibitsantifungalactivity(Verasteguietal.,1996).

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