《跨文化商务沟通》第一章 文化、沟通及跨文化沟通课后练习
商务沟通练习题
商务沟通练习题商务沟通在现代社会中扮演着至关重要的角色。
有效的商务沟通是成功商业交流的关键，它可以加强合作关系、促进团队合作、确保信息准确传达以及提升业务的协调性。
然而，在实际操作过程中，商务沟通也面临着一些挑战。
本文将针对商务沟通中可能遇到的问题提供一些练习题，以帮助读者加强沟通技巧。
练习题一：妥善处理不同文化之间的沟通障碍在跨国商务交流中，不同的文化差异经常会成为沟通的障碍。
请回答以下问题，并结合实际案例进行说明：1. 描述一个你亲身经历过的文化差异引发的沟通问题。
你是如何处理这个问题的？2. 商务沟通中容易出现的文化误解有哪些？如何避免这些误解？3. 在商务谈判中，如何通过跨文化沟通获得更好的结果？练习题二：有效运用非语言沟通技巧在商务场合，非语言沟通同样重要。
以以下问题为基础，分享你的观点和经验：1. 非语言沟通在商务交流中的作用是什么？举例说明。
2. 商务会议中，如何利用姿势、面部表情和眼神交流等非语言技巧来增强沟通效果？3. 跨文化交流中，如何避免非语言行为引发的误解？练习题三：书面沟通的技巧商务书面沟通是商业交流的重要形式之一。
请针对以下问题提供你的观点：1. 商务书面沟通中，如何确保信息准确传达？2. 在商务邮件中，有哪些注意事项需要遵守？3. 举例说明如何使用商务报告来传达信息并提高可读性。
练习题四：跨平台沟通的挑战在现代商务环境中，跨平台沟通成为常态。
就以下问题，发表你的看法：1. 使用视频会议等新兴技术进行商务沟通有哪些优势和劣势？2. 如何解决跨平台沟通中可能遇到的技术问题？3. 在进行跨平台沟通时，你会推荐使用哪种工具或软件？练习题五：紧急情况下的紧急沟通应对紧急情况下的商务沟通需要迅速而准确地传递信息。
请分享你的经验：1. 描述一个你在紧急情况下成功应对的案例，并阐述自己的经验教训。
2. 在紧急情况下，如何避免信息传达不及时或出现歧义？3. 你认为在面对紧急情况时最有效的沟通方式是什么？结语：商务沟通练习题的目的是通过思考、分享和实际操作来提高商务沟通的技巧。
跨文化交际全部答案
跨文化交际全部答案参考资料Unit 1 Communication Across CulturesReading IIntercultural Communication：An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary worldThis is still powerful in today‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance,it is not uncommon intoday‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems arecaused by minorities and immigrants.2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the pastToday‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importancethan in anytime in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life todayNew technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture iseverything and everywhere”Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behavein our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communicationThe three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in itThe family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our cultureBecause language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning toPeople can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society existA free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changedMany things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village” is likeAs our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. In a ―global village‖, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalizationTechnology, particularly telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean by saying that “the …global?may be more local than the …local?”The increasing global mobility of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We may communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we may be more informed of the international events than of the local events. Inthis sense, ―the ?global‘ may be more local than the ?local‘‖.5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the worldEffective communication may be the most important competitive advantage that firmshave to meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market today requires the ability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures,a sensitivity that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted withCountries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economy, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of MichaelFayThis case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the ability to understand and communicate effectively with people from other cultures takes on extreme urgency. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plays in communication, we may place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored by the author towardsglobalizationGlobalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatly. Whether we like it or not, globalization is all but unstoppable. It is already here to stay. It is both a fact and an opportunity. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutionsexist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanity.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
《跨文化交际学概论》课后习题答案
第一讲跨文化交际1. 在你的日常活动中哪些是比较典型的跨文化交际？答：（1）具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际.（2）日常活动中比较典型的跨文化交际有:①中外领导人谈判、进出口公司的工作人员与外国商人谈生意;②和外国旅游者、外国留学生、外国教师交往；③阅读外国小说、观看外国电影、电视节目。
2。
你认为强调个人之间的文化差异有什么利弊？答：强调个人之间的文化差异有如下利弊：（1）利:每个人都隶属于若干群体，而且没有哪两个人隶属的群体是完全相同的.即使在同一群体中，每个人的态度、价值和信念也不会完全一样.因此，每个人都应该被认为是独特的。
强调个人的差异,就是在从地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面来研究不同文化对个体的影响，这有助于跨文化交际深入开展。
（2）弊:过于强调个人之间的文化差异也有一定的弊端。
个体只是一种或多种文化的具体情况。
根据传统的观念，文化通常不是指个人行为,而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯，个人之间的差异研究只有在把他们当作群体代表时才有意义。
过于强调个人文化之间的差异会使跨文化交际变得非常繁琐，实际上取消了跨文化研究的意义。
3。
我国的地区文化差异是否可以作为跨文化交际研究的重要方面?答：我国的地区文化差异可以作为跨文化交际研究的重要方面。
（1）跨文化交际研究的重要性排序如下：主流文化-亚文化-地区文化—小群体文化。
（2）地区文化的差异是跨文化交际研究的重要课题之一。
我国幅员辽阔、地域广袤，地势高低起伏，地形复杂多变,由于空间分布差异,各地区形成了具有各自地方特斯的区域文化。
（3）同时，我国是一个多民族国家，每个民族都有自己的民族文化传统，这些也构成了地区文化的一部分.这些地区文化从总体上看，特点显著,区别性强,差异性大，值得进行跨文化研究.第二讲跨文化交际学1。
跨文化交际学为什么产生在美国？答:跨文化交际学产生在美国有以下几个原因：(1）美国是一个移民国家。
除了印第安人以外，其他人都先后来自其他国家和地区.美国有来自欧洲、非洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲、大洋洲各国的移民。
跨文化沟通第一课(引言) 2
1、在理念层次：升华沟通理念，为学习、研 究、实践沟通水平，内置动力，提高兴趣。 2、在理论与知识层次：掌握商务沟通及跨文 化商务沟通的基本理论框架和系统知识。 3、在技能层次：着重训练提升跨文化商务沟 通能力。
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教学方法----LCSP
1、课堂讲授 2、案例分析 3、课堂讨论 4、小论文 Lecture Case Analysis Seminar Paper
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2、课堂陈述（30分）
陈述效果的评判标准： ▼是否吸引听众 ▼穿着是否得体、观点陈述是否有说服力 ▼语调、目光和姿态是否恰当 ▼是否遵守陈述的时间要求及其他事先规 则等等
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3、PPT效果（30分）
PPT制作质量评判标准： ▼是否陈述了观点 ▼每张PPT内容是否简要明了
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▼是否清晰可见
▼是否创新
2018/11/9考核方式来自期末考试 考勤 作业 70% 10% 20%
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2013-2014学年第一学期《跨文化沟通》的案例作业一览表
1. P29 2. P53 3. P79 4. P105 5. P124 6. P152 7. P181 8. P203 9. P234 10.P264 11.P281 12.P303
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杨瑞的困惑 一次失败的谈判 约翰为何不高兴 书面交际受挫 你怎么会笑得出来 意想不到的握手 日美商人关于商务谈判的分歧 凯洛格公司在巴西的麦片广告 中兴公司的跨文化商务沟通培训 谈判高手为何水土不服 一次失败的跨文化虚拟团队管理 阿里巴巴和雅虎的成功整合
作业：
1、小组案例分析作业（一个，从上 页所列12个案例中任选），递交 WORD案例分析报告及演讲PPT； 2、小组角色扮演作业（一个，自编 自导，紧扣跨文化沟通），递交视 频及其相关场景设计说明。
跨文化交流1-9单元
Chapter 1 General IntroductionEssential elements of communication• 1.at least two parts involved2. information-to-exchange (message)3. A contact between two parts4. Language to share5. Place to take place6. Time to take placeCase C (p5)•Different attitudes under different culture:•In Chinese culture, (1) it is customary to please a parent by making compliment on his kids, for girl praise of appearance or features, for boy praise of smartness.(2)The patting and teasing of an adult to a youngest is usually taken as a sign of caring or friendliness.•In western culture, neither is approved especially the latter, which is even a taboo.What may effect cross-cultural communication?•The ways of observing•Verbal language•Non-verbal languageCommunication•It is a born need.•It is interactive.•It can be either constructive or destructive to a relation.•It can’t be white washed in case it is performed.The attributes of culture•It is learnt.•It is shared.•It is symbolic.•It is adaptive.Chapter 2 Titles and Business CardsHints on Case B•In western countries, people do not use kin-terms so extensively as their counterparts in Eastern Asia.•Born relation needn’t be emphasized•They don’t like to be thought old.•Addressing with the first name shows acceptance or friendliness.Hints on Case C (P17)•In western countries, addressing first name would sound more friendly.•In Chinese’s culture, addressing people in a formal way can show friendliness and respect.Chapter 3 Visiting and EntertainingHints on Situation A (P25)•Competent business people always value the qualities of being well-organized and efficiency.•Schedule in advance for paying a visit if it is not urgent enough.•In scheming, time should not be overlooked.Hints-- It is heard but it isn’t tak en in the way it is uttered.• A communication starts from a source of information and ends in the retrieval of information.•In a social situation, the participants can play the both roles of the source and the retrieval.•The utterance meaning of the source may not be fully taken as the source side expects.How to plan a visiting?•One has to set an appointment in advance, as when and where to meet, what to talk about.•To attend an appointment, one has to be punctual.•If one is visiting a company as appointed, he is usually asked to sign in the visitors’ book, sometimes even to wait for the confirmation of the appointment.Situation B—Entertaining at dinner (P26)•Study on Situation BHints on Situation C•Gift distributing is a quite frequent practice in business contacts.•- shows your friendliness•- a sign of promise for further positive interaction•- Helpful in promoting the cooperative relation.•Gift exchanging in Arabian countries/ Japan/African/North American and European cultures/Asian countriesTime orientation•What is time orientation?•- That is, whether the culture’s values are oriented toward the future(long-term orientation) or toward the past and present(short-term orientation).Section 3—Other Polite Ways for Declining (P31)Chapter 4 Non-Verbal Communication•It is our body language that counts in our communication sometimes.•Verbal communication occurs when we use words to interact with others while non-verbal communication does not employ words.•Body language can tell many things about our characters, thoughts, and feelings.•There are certain body language gestures that are universal while others are specific to certain cultures.•Verbal language has a lot of limitations.•- Verbal language cannot explain anything!•- Non-verbal languages can convey more than verbal ones.•Non-verbal language has the advantages of more directness, more convenience and more expressiveness than verbal ones.Section 1•Hints on Situation A(P36)•All human beings are born with the common ways to express their emotions on the face.•The difference lies mainly in the degree and attitudes of expressing.•- Japanese people restrain their emotional expression•- American people freely show their emotion on the check.• A business person need to know:•Leaning forwards —openness and interest•Leaning backward —defensive posture or disinterest•Crossed arms or legs —defensive position•Uncrossed arms —a willingness to listenSituation B (p36)Hints on situation B (37)•Different ways people treat newcomers in offices•American way —sharing the o ffice by sparing a little room respectively for the newcomer’s desk •French way —the place left for the new comer is around the most disagreeable corner in the officeHints on situation C (P38)Hints on Situation C•One person’s positive gesture may be another person’s insult.• A kiss•Show one’s emotions openly• A slow applause in Russia•The signal of ―No!‖Situation D (p38)Hints on Situation D (P39)•There was some information conveyed through non-verbal signs beyond conscious controlling.•One’s appearance is a silent language to convey information.•Silence—one of the non-verbal communication devices—makes the communication unpredictable in this situation.Situation E (P39)Hints on Situation E (P39)•It is not what you said but what you did counts at last.(An old saying)•While we speak with our vocal organs we converse with our whole bodies.(David Abercrombie) •People’s behaviors compose parts of non-verbal communication.Section 3-- The ranges of non-verbal communication in business (P42)•(1) Kinesics(身势语):•-facial expressions, posture, gestures, eye-contact•(2) business manners•-how to dress oneself, how to use knives and forks at the business dinner or reception table, the proper time they should keep for attending receptions•(3) Spatial and temporal arrangements•- Silent language subject to social norms.Section 3—the functions of non-verbal signs in communication (P43)•(1) It can replace verbal communication.•(2) It can modify verbal communication.•(3) It regulates social interaction.•(4) It conveys our emotions and our emotions and our attitudes towards the people we are communicating with.Section 3—the strategies of dealing with non-verbal communication in business (P43) •(1) Do good homework•(2) Don’t take everything neither for granted nor too seriously.•(3) The partners’ behaviors and response could be observed so as to adjust one’s ownbehavior.•(4) Ask for explanation or get a chance to explain.Chapter 5 Cultural Shock•What is Culture shock?•-the feeling of confusion and disorientation that one experiences when faced with a large number of new and unfamiliar people and situations.•What are people’s responses to culture shock?•-vary greatly, from excitement and energetic action to withdrawal, depression, physical illness, and hostility.•What is the nature of culture shock?•- Culture shock is more a product of the situation of being in a new culture than it is of the traveler’s personal character.•- Culture shock is normally transitory.•The experience of culture shock need not be negative. The confusion and disorientation are necessary steps in learning about a new culture.Situation E (P51)Hints on Situation E (P53)•Acculturation：•- the process of experiencing and adapting to a new culture•What are the four stages of acculturation?•- euphoria (excitement—the honeymoon stage)•- depression (crisis)•- adjustment (getting to know the ropes)•- acceptance (recovery—getting used to it)Situation F (P54)Hints on Situation F (P54-55)•What is reverse or re-entry culture shock?•- If we become so well adapted to the new environment that when we return to our original home, we may again experience culture shock.•How long will it take to recover from reverse culture shock?•- It depends on the length of time they were away.•- Since you are in your home culture, your shock wears off faster than the shock that you experienced in the new culture.Hints on Situation F (P55)•How to cope with the reverse culture shock effectively?•- Expect people to react differently to you on your return but don’t take off ense.•- Not everyone will be anxious to hear your ―war stories‖ about likfe in a different culture.•- Be aware of the new pressures at the job.•- Incorporate both your professional skills and the personal coping skills in your new assignment.Section 3 (P57)•What are the negative effects of culture shock?•- suffer physical and emotional discomfort•What are the positive effects of culture shock?•- redefining one’s life objectives•- acquiring new perspectives•- develop a better understanding of oneself•- stimulate personal creativity.•What are the symptoms of culture shock?•Even hospitality, modesty, politeness, and so on can cause culture shock on a newcomer as the encodings of the above goodwill is totally different from his won.Section 3 (P58)Section 3 (P57)•How to deal with culture shock?•- Prepare for all the possible difficulties at the beginning•- Keep talking to local people; copy others around•- Have confidence in yourself but laugh at yourself before being laughed at.•- Read online information about the host culture and about dealing wit culture shock.•- Learn to be constructive. If you encounter an unfavorable environment, don’t put yourself in that position again. Be easy on yourself.•- Don’t try too hard.•- Be steady but not too conservative; be broad-minded.•- Take breaks and vacations, or such ways as outlets of stress or uneasiness.Section 3 (P58)•To keep from experiencing culture shock, some ideas on taboo may be also of help.•What is taboo?•-- Words, expressions, ect. That is considered as being unpleasant or disgusting.Chapter 6 between Men and WomenHints on Tune in (P62)•What is gender culture?•- Since males and females develop into different social persons, they have different system of belief, value and behavior, which could be sorted to different gender cultures.•What are the differences between ―gender‖ and ―sex‖?•What are the two main gender cultures in the world?Situation A (P63)Hints on Situation A (P64)•What is gender culture?•Since males and females develop into different social persons, they have different system of belief, value and behavior, which could be sorted to different gender culturesHints on Situation E (P69)•Strategies for businesswomen to deal with their internationally male counterparts•- Be aware of business challenge.•- Prepare right attitude (be tolerant and understanding).•- Always dress and act professionally.Practice 4 (P71)•What are the tips that y ou can give for career ladie s ？• A. Work professionally• B. Dress properly• C. Be serious at work• D. Never late for work and never leave earlier without excuses.• E. No gossiping with other people in the office• F. Find a suitable way to outlet stress.Chapter 7Japanese strategies (P79)•In Japan, Aged is experienced.•- In most Japanese organizations, promotion is done largely on the account of one’s service years.•- Young age usually suggests less experience, lower position in order.•- Young people are not thought to be trustworthy enough.Hints on Case A –Arabic strategies (P80)• 1. Arabic business people prefer to be helpful. than helped because they value friendship very much;(relation-driven)• 2. Arabic people have a cultural trait of relation-driven; they place friendship above business benefits.• 3. Arabic people value in-group relation very much though they may be a bit wary to the people outside their culture.• 4. It is advisable to find some local people as your agents in Mid-East.Hints on Case B—Russian strategies (P81)•Russia is a country with complicated cultures—one mixed with collectivist and individualist.• A r egime on the foundation of collectivism left effect on the people’s behavior.•Russian business people often use high-contextual device in the way of haggling.•They are eager to make big deals so only large orders coud draw their attention.•They are very strict or picky with trading terms and also try hard to haggle over the price.•They may even threaten and cheat to their partners In order to reach their goal.•They are always decent at the negotiation table—well dressed.•Stick to your point and they will be back again and if you give in then you have to give in all the time in future.•Some tips for negotiation in international trading field• 1. Dressed in a decent way.• 2. Getting proper excuse in hand.• 3. Be a good listener.• 4.Keep these taboos in your diary:Chapter 8 to Be or Not to Be InternationalTune in (P90)•What is subculture?•Collectivist and individualist are the two basic clusters of cultures, but under each there are diversified types of cultures termed as subcultures.•Therefore, dissimilarities, slight they may be, exist and should not be overlooked in communication.Hints on Case A•Jeff should try to learn some Thai, at least some everyday phrases.•Jeff could turn for help to his Thai colleagues directly with more ―I’d like to get your advice‖instead of just ―in my opinion…‖•Jeff could try to consult with either senior aged or having worked longer years in the company.•Jeff had better try to spend some spare time with his local colleagues.Hints on Case B•French employees did n’t like the principles because:•- The translation is not a universal context that French people could fully understand as some key sentences were just stripped out from the non-transferable reference in original.•- The seven Principles went too far from French culture, which values individualism so highly. Hints on Practice 1•Japanese workers are willing to do overtime as they value this as a part of their morale virtue.•Most Chinese people do overwork unwillingly as they are afraid they will lose the job.•Hard work is on top of the values of the list for most collectivist cultured company.•Japanese workers regard doing overtimes a sign and a way of hard work, as well as the way to proof self-esteem.•To implant a value in an oversea branch may not be an idea as wise as to make adjustment to a new one.Hints on Practice 2(P98)•In communication, attitude plays a vital role as it decides the psychological response in advance.•Attitude is basically composed of three factors: cognition, affection and intention.•Cognition—based on the knowledge collected from media, education or personal experience.•Affection—emotion without much to do with reasoning.•Intention—the action oriented•An ideal in ternational team in a global company is expected to bear such traits:• 1. Any culture needs to develop a sense of accountability among staff and employees.• 2. If it is too akin to the headquarters’/home country’s culture, employees simply won’t accept it.Coherence is required in transmitting cross cultures.• 3. While flexibilities are necessary, principles must be applied consistently.• 4. There is a sense held by every team member that the team must be adaptive enough to the changes of the global market.•Some simple way s can help you to get your team more international:• 1. Opening the office door. That is a sign of opening to communication.• 2. Leave your e-mail address or contacting ways to staff.• 3. Work out a regular reward system.Chapter 9 Harmony or Confliction•What is culture confliction?•- refers to inharmoniousness or impact between two cultural strengths or systems.•what are the causes of culture confliction?•- complicated by layers of miscommunication, cultural misunderstandings, and completely different ways of looking at the world•What are the negative results of culture confliction?•These conflicts cannot be solved by goodwill or sincere intentions alone.•Confliction could be generated in a way you may not be aware of and could be serious enoughto arouse war between countries.Helping Mangers Solve Cultural Conflicts.• 1. Use the indirect approach• 2. Emphasize harmony• 3. Clarify the cultural influences operating• 4. Work with informal leaders• 5. Get specific• 6. Get honest with yourself•7. Find out how conflicts are resolved in the culture of the other party•8. Keep out of corners•9. Capitalize on the relationship•10.Respect! Respect! Respect!Section 2—Practice 2 (P110)•The confliction of Western and Eastern cultures is rooted mainly in four basic cultural patterns:• A. collectivist—individualist culture pattern• B. high-context—low-context cultural pattern.• C. high-power distances and low-power distances cultural pattern• D. monochronic time—polychronic time cultural patternHow to deal with culture confliction•Observing without judgment•Developing cross-cultural awareness•Respecting host culture properly•The dominant cultural pattern does not necessarily apply to everyone living in that society.•Culture is dynamic and as the needs and values of individuals change, the cultural patterns will also change.。
跨文化商务沟通 Cross-cultural Communication WK
Functions
The interfacing of the verbal with the nonverbal carries over to the many uses and functions of nonverbal behavior. Functions:
- Repeating - Complementing - Substituting - Regulating - Contradicting
2
Culture- Time Orientation
• Value to Time Monochronic vs Polychronic
Monochronic- ONE thing focused One time Using time in linear way
Polychronic- Manage many things together - Change plans easily and always
22
13
Elements- Channel/Medium
LOWEST
HIGHEST
Impersonal Static Media
(flyers, bulletins, generalised
computer reports)
Personal Static Media
(memos, letters, tailored computer Reports)
Nonverbal communication involves all those
nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting
that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have
跨文化交流学课后答案
interculural communication:is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural back-ground. intracultural communication:can be defined as the extent to which there is shared interpersonal communication between of the same culture-----whether this is in the majority, or within minority cultureshost culture:is the mainstream culture of any one particular country.minority culture:is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation to the host culture. subculture: is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture. multiculturalism:is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversitycross-cultural communication:is a face-to-face communication between representatives of business, government and professional groups from different cultures.perception:is an internal process whereby we convent the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiencesIndividualism:refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, rights and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence, individual expression, and even privacy.collectivism:means grater emphasis on (1).the views, needs, and goals of the in-group rather than oneself.(2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure.（3）beliefs shared with the in-group, rather than beliefs that distinguish self from in-group .power distance:it’s th e extent to which a society accepts that power in relationship, institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally.context:it’s the information that surrounds an event. It is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event.high-context communication:it is a kind of communication in which most of the information is already in the person. While very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. low-context culture:it is a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts.activity orientation:it is the way a culture views activity, which is classified by Kluckhohnshigh-context culture:it is a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experience, information networks, and the like.low-context communication:it is just the opposite of high-context communication. It is the mass of information is rested in the explicit codeNonverbal communication:Involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her used of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.Paralanguage:refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a messageM-time ( Monochronic Time Schedule)M-time cultures tend to think of time as something fixed in nature, something around us and from which we can not escape; an ever-present part of the environment, just like the air we breathe.P-timeP- time cultures deal with time holistically and place great stock in the activity at the moment.1.why is the study of intercultural communication very important?With the development of new technology and information systems, changes in the world’s population and a shift in the world’s economic arena, the study of intercultural communication is getting more and more important.First technology has accelerated intercultural contact by spurring development in two areas of human endeavor: transportation systems and communication systems. Second, the rapid increase in the world’s population has also promoted the intercultural communication. Third changes in the international business community have compelled China to reexamine her business.2.What is fundamental to our approach to intercultural communication?Fundamental to our approach to intercultural communication is belief that all forms of human communication involve action. Put in slightly different terms, communication is an activity that affects us and other people. Whether we are generating as receiving words or movements, we are creating and producing action. Therefore, any study of communication must include information about the choices we make in selecting our messages, plus a discussion of the consequences of those choice.3.What are the hazards of studying intercultural communication?overgeneralized and oversimplified beliefs we use to categorize of people are the hazards of studying intercultural communication. When we study intercultural communication we should take correct methods and philosophical point of views. We cannot assume that all the people are fundamentally the same, or believe that some cultures are better than others, or make assumptions that culture is simply based on people’s nationality. Therefore if we are not able to have a correct understanding of other cultures or if we just have a stereotype of other cultures and believe in ethnocentrism, we are sure to fail in intercultural communication .In a word, the hazards of studying intercultural communication are overgeneralizing and forgetting how complex the nature of human behavior is.1 Why is it important to include unintentionality in a defeinition of intercultural communication.Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior as the residue of behavior. Behavior can be intentional or unintentional. When one person deliberately attempts to convey meaning to another , he in tentionally sends message to change or modify the behavior of other people , and therefore he selects his words or actions with some degree of consciousness. However sometimes messages are conveyed intentionally .For example, the seemingly innocent acts of showing the soles of your feet to a stranger in Korea or touching a woman you are introduced to in Sandi Arabia cold send negative messages even if the sender of the message does not expect his or her action to be communicated. So it is important to include unnitentionality in a definition of intercultural communication.2 characteristics of communication include:no direct mind-to-mind contact ,we can only infer ,communication is symbolic, time-binding links us together,we seek to define the world,communication has a consequence ,communication is dynamiccommunication is contextual ,communication is self reflective3 People are alike (1) people are identical in numerous physiological and chemical ways (2) people also seek emotional pleasure and flee injury to our feelings (3) all people must eventually face four fundamental People are different : this belief is predicated on the simple fact that people experience of the world is internal.In a word , a common beginning ,anatomy,gender,age,culture and the like may bind us , but our isolated minds and unique experience keep us apart. Cultrual differences also keep us apart. While the four philosophical issues of deathm,isolation,free choice and meaning confront everyone,the resolutions we decide upon have their roots deep in each culture. So intercultural communication exists whenever people from different cultures communicate with each other.4 .Were your inferences correct? How do you know?Miss wang and miss zhang are good friends the ofen go shopping together on Sunday. One Sunday, miss wang says to miss zhang Today is Sunday and miss zhang responds :OK let go. From their short dialogue , we can infer that miss wang is asking miss zhang to go shopping and miss zh ang accepts miss wang ‘s proposal. According to the inferential approach to communication , linguistic communication is successful when the hearer ,upon hearing an expresspeaker and the hearer share a system of inferential strategies leading from the utter ances of an expression to the hearer’s recognition of the speaker’s communicative intent , so we an say our inference is correct.what the aim of integrating culture into the language classroom?the aim of integrating culture in to the language classroom is to develop both teacher’s and student’s ability to identify areas of possible misunderstanding in intercultural communication so as to avoid miscommunication.it is also to develop skills allowing participants in a situation to recognize when miscommunication has occurred, to analyze its probable cause and therefore to attempt to repair.one cannot learn a language well without learning its culture, because language and culture are inextricably linked.what do you define culture as?(Daniel Bates and Fred Plog point out that, culture is a system of shared beliefs,values,customs,behaviors,and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another,and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.therefore,we define culture as the deposit of knowledge,experience,beliefs,values, Attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notions of time,roles,spatial relations,concepts of universe and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generation s through individual and group striving.What does the model of intercultural communication demonstrates? demonstrates the influence of culture on individuals, and the problems inherent in the production and interpretation of intercultural messages.culture is one factor influencing how we perceive and interact with the world. Although culture is the dominant force shaping an individual within any culture, people vary to some extent from each other. when a message it is to interpreted, the meaning is gain modified. there can be a wide variation of intercultural communication due to cultural differences.1 Communication (occurs) whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.2 All communication have seven components:The source,encoding, the message,the channel,the receiver,decoding,feedback3 The Inferential Model of communication proposes four presumptionslinguistic presumption,communicative presumption,presumption of literalness.conversational presumption4 five aspects1 relevance2 sincerity3 truthfulness4 quantity5 quality5 Messagemodel cannot account for:1 disambiguation2 underdetermination of reference3 underdetermination of communicative intent4 nonliterality 5indirction 6 noncommunicative acts.1.The world is a confusing place(explain)the world (reduces)confusion.2. six characteristics(learned)(transmitted from generation to generation)(based on symbols)(subject to change)(integrated)(Ethnocentric)3.one element of intercultural(perception)(beliefs)(values)(attitude systems)(verbal)(culture)4.(intercultural)communication is communication between people.6.from (interethnic) races.7.(intracultural)communication is communication between members.8.with language am culture (more)(than to)culture differ in their attitudes toward(collectivism)(avoidance)(distance)(masculinity)(nature)(nature)(informality)(inter personal)Activities:1. American proverbs:God help those who help themselves. In this proverb, the individualism is stressed.2.Money is everything .in this proverb, material value is stressed in American culture.3.Discussion ideas:American cultural Chinese cultural Black: death,eveil,mouming,sexy. Wicked,shady,malicious White: good,innocent,peaceful,pure. Horror,death,reactionaryRed:anger,hot,love,sex Happiness,profit,beauty,popular,revolutionPink: feminine,shy,softness softnessBlue: cold,masculine,sad,sky solemn originalGreen: envy,greed,money. Spring,hope,freshYellow: caution,happy,sunshine,warm Obscene,golden,pornographic。
跨文化商务沟通中文版pdf
跨文化商务沟通中文版pdf
1 跨文化商务沟通的意义
跨文化商务沟通指的是不同文化背景之间进行商务交流的过程。
在全球化的今天，各种文化之间的交流和合作越来越频繁，因此跨文
化商务沟通的能力已经成为我们必不可少的技能之一。
一方面，跨文
化商务沟通可以增进相互信任，提高工作效率和质量，减少误解和矛盾；另一方面，能够有效地应对不同文化间的差异，加强合作关系，
提高竞争力，拓展市场。
2 跨文化商务沟通的挑战
跨文化商务沟通涉及到语言、文化、历史、习惯等方方面面，因
此对沟通双方的语言能力、文化素质、人际交往能力都有着较高的要求。
其中最大的挑战就是文化差异，不同的文化背景可能会影响到双
方的认识和行为方式。
比如，在与中国商务人员交流时，会涉及到
“面子文化”的因素，而这在西方文化中并没有这样的概念。
此外，
沟通的效果还可能受到时间差异、地理距离、宗教信仰等因素的影响。
3 如何提高跨文化商务沟通能力
要提高跨文化商务沟通能力，首先要了解对方文化的背景、价值观、习惯和历史。
其次，要增强自身的语言能力、沟通技巧和文化意识，在交流中要注重语气、语速、表达方式、体态语等细节，提高感
官上的理解力，同时也要有耐心和诚信，避免误解和冲突。
最后，还
需要积极主动地了解外部环境和市场情况，扩大自己的视野和经验，从而成为一名跨文化商务人才。
总之，跨文化商务沟通是一项重要的技能，可以帮助我们更好地理解世界和促进商务关系的发展。
通过认真学习和不断练习，我们一定能够成为优秀的跨文化商务人才。
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《跨文化商务沟通》第一章文化、沟通及跨文化沟通课后练习一、单项选择题共12 题1、Cultural bias is unavoidable since there was a long process of culture （）in world history.A . separationB . communicationC . progressD . communicat参考答案：A2、Although there are many cultural barriers among different cultures, there are also certain proper channels to（）among different nations.A . argumentB . communicateC . disputeD . transport参考答案：B3、Culture has variety of characteristics but not （）.A . sharedB . learnedC . ethnocentricD . invariability参考答案：D4、Only outward symbols of a culture are visible, while the most important aspects of a culture are invisible. This phenomenon is often compared as a metaphor （）.A . blanketB . icebergC . iceboxD . invisible man参考答案：B5、（）The communication between people from different cultures when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture.A . business communicationB . cultural communicationC . intercultural communicationD . vertical communication参考答案：C6、（）A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior.A . communicationB . messageC . informationD . transformation参考答案：A7、（）The communication is within business and administration, aiming at a common objective and profits for both the individuals and organizations.A . cultural exchangeB . business exchangeC . business communicationD . intercultural communication参考答案：C8、Culture and language are not the same, but they （）.A . link each otherB . are essentially differentC . can be substituted each otherD . have different aspects参考答案：A9、（）The belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is superior.A . communicationB . cultureC . prejudiceD . ethnocentrism参考答案：D10、（）The total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.A . cultureB . beliefC . environmentD . institution参考答案：A11、（）The communication at the same level in an organization.A . vertical communicationB . horizontal communicationC . business communicationD . directive communication参考答案：B12、Lateral communication could be expressed as （）.A . single communicationB . prejudice communicationC . directive communicationD . horizontal communication参考答案：D二、判断题共12 题1、Culture could be understood as variety of ways of social lives for different nation or groups in the world.对错参考答案：正确2、With the integration of language into the fabric of culture, confusion and dysfunction would happen and the culture would be destroyed.对错参考答案：错误3、Culture is all men's medium; there is no aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture.对错参考答案：正确4、The culture shown in an onion consists of two levels: a level of norms and values, or an invisible level, and a visible level of resultant behavior or artifacts of' some form.对错参考答案：正确5、Culture cannot be known without a study of communication, and communication can only be understood with an understanding of the culture it supports.对错参考答案：正确6、In the global village, neighbors communicate free of troubles and difficulties.对错参考答案：错误7、Culture could be understood as the only universal way of life in the world.对错参考答案：错误8、The terms of intercultural communication and international communication can be used interchangeably.对错参考答案：正确9、Intercultural communication could be the communication between persons of different cultures.对错参考答案：正确10、Stereotypes, like culture itself, are learned in a variety of ways. They are the products of limited, lazy, and misguided perceptions.对错参考答案：正确11、The culture shown in an iceberg consists of two levels: a level of norms and values, like an invisible iceberg under sea level, and a visible level of characteristics, like the visible iceberg above sea level.对错参考答案：正确12、It is impossible for us to communicate with another totally different culture.对错参考答案：错误三、简答题共 3 题1、有人说，“掌握了对方的语言，就消除了跨文化沟通的障碍”。
你怎样看？参考答案：毋容置疑，掌握了对方的语言，就有了工具，有助于进行跨文化沟通。
但是，如果仅仅从字面上掌握了语言，并不等于掌握了对方的文化，文化是有表层涵义和深层涵义的整体，有语言运用的环境，在语用层面上双方都可能产生误解。
因此，只有通过文化的深层次学习和沟通实践经验的积累，才能不断提升跨文化沟通的水平。
2、关于文化的“冰山”比喻和“洋葱”比喻有何异同？参考答案：“冰山”和“洋葱”都是对文化的比喻，两种比喻都很生动，其共通涵义是每一种文化都有可见和不可见的部分，或者说表面和深层的部分。