翻译讲义

I. 考试要求

1. 大纲要求

2. 材料特点

II. 英译汉

1. 步骤：

1) 找断点：介词、连词、标点符号

五大逻辑关系：

转折：conj. [Although though while even if, even though S V,] S V…. Prep. In spite of…. Despite…. Instead of….

Adv. however, nevertheless, but

因果：

原因状语

conj because since as in that now that

I was late [because there was a traffic jam]

Prep because of…. Own to…. Due to….

结果。。。。。。so that so + adj. / adv. that…..

The traffic was so heavy [that I was late]

目的so that in order that

So as to do…. In order to do…

条件if provided that S V…. supposing that…

Given that …..

unless = if not

prep. Given

but for but that 要不是

并列和递进

And A B and C adj. adj. and adj.

V1 V2 and V3

S V, SV and S V….

总分：such n. as A B and C

n. such as A B and C

e.g.: such energy as sun, wind and tide.

First second

从句的连词

定语从句

That which whose who whom as

Where when why

名词从句

What how；how many how much

if whether…. 是否

2) 找主谓S V

Tips: 1 be am is are was were

2. 情态V + do….

3. have has had + done

4. do does did….

3) 逻辑关系

4) 组织语言

e.g. 1. I || let bird , you || see, this morning, and he ||’s disappeared.

我让鸟出来他的笼子，你知道，今天早上，并且他不见了

是这样的，我今天早上把小鸟放出笼子，他不见了

Let sth./sb.

___________________

e.g. 2. Although the object (of the annual performance review) || is to improve performance, it often || has the opposite result.

尽管目标年度行为表现评估年度绩效评估为了提高行为表现，它经常有相反的结果

尽管年度绩效评估的目标是为了改善工作表现，但是它经常适得其反

___________________

e.g. 3. It || is a very common belief that the problems (of the population explosion) || are caused mainly by poor people (living in poor countries) (who || do not know enough to limit their reproduction).

It || is a very common belief that S V…

人们|| 【普遍】认为

People commonly believe that…

Tips: n n 表功能

MBA master of business administration

Adj. n.

Doing + n.

A swimming boy 现在分词表状态

A swimming pool 动名词表功能

n. (doing….) (who…..) 定语的翻译

拆译法

Do you know the lady (who lives in the next door)?

住在隔壁的女士

你认识那位女士吗，她就住在隔壁

人们|| 【普遍】认为人口爆炸的问题主要是由生活在贫困国家的贫困人口造成的，他们对限制生育了解不足。

[随着经济的发展]，我国的能源危机|| 越来越突出，这与我国现在所处的发展阶段有关

S V, which

___________________

e.g. 4: With much of the country given over to market gardening and the intensive cultivation of flowers, planners || have also come up with designs for floating greenhouses designed so that the water beneath them || irrigates the plants and controls the temperature inside.

With + 逻辑S + 。。。。独立主格结构

e.g.: [When he had lunch], Jack sneezed.

Doing…. ~ed…. 分词做状语

[When he had lunch], Jack sneezed.

Having lunch, J sneezed.

_____ (see) from the hill, people look like ants. seen

[Rose having lunch], J sneezed.

独立主格结构

1. 独立的逻辑主语

2. 不是句子

3. 做状语

[With Rose having lunch], J sneezed.

逻辑S + doing….

[With Rose having lunch], J sneezed.

b. 逻辑S + ~ed，S V….

e.g.: the task completed, we had tried our best.

c. 逻辑S + to do…., S V…

e.g.: the question to be discussed tomorrow, I have to prepare it.

d. 逻辑S + adj. , S V….

e. 逻辑S + adv, S V….

e.g.: time up, let’ go. Game over

f. 逻辑S + prep…., S V….

e.g.: Sword in hand, I am afraid of nothing.

词义选择

2. 基本知识

1) 词汇

2) 句型

3) 逻辑关系

III. 汉译英1. 步骤

1) 断句

2) 句型

3) 语序

a. 定语的位置

b. 状语的位置

e.g. 1 机器人|| 不可能思考。[像人类一样] A robot impossibly thinks like the human being

It is impossible for robots to think like human beings

It is impossible that robots think like HB

There is little likelihood that

e.g. 2 我|| 会告诉他们，[在草地上] 睡觉|| 并不脏。

I will / would tell them that it || is not dirty to sleep [on the grass].

e.g. 3 你|| 浪费(越多的) 时间，你就[越容易] 浪费更多的时间。The more …. The more….

The more time you waste, the easier it is to continue wasting time.

You waste time

It is easy for you to continue wasting time

The more time you waste, the easier It is for you to continue wasting time

IV. 复习建议：

E C

1. 准确

2. 顺序状语动词

3. 错别字

4. 卷面

V. 练习Translation (30 minutes, 20 points, 10 for each section) 1. 英译汉

Section A

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

2009

Third-hand smoke || is tobacco smoke contamination (that lingers [in carpets, clothes and other materials] [hours or even days] [after a cigarette || is put out]).

三手烟，是尼古丁烟雾的污染物，它会在香烟熄灭后的几个小时，甚至几天后依旧残留在地毯，衣服或者其他物品上。

According to a study, a large number of people, [particularly smokers], || have no idea that third-hand smoke is a health hazard for people.

According to sth…根据….

According to sb…据某人说，

Have no idea that = do not know that

Sth. is health hazard for sb….

某某伤害到某人的健康

Junk foods are health hazards for the teenagers

Eating junk foods is health hazard for …

[Of the 1,500 smokers and nonsmokers (surveyed)], the vast majority || agreed that second-hand smoke || is dangerous.

Of…., S V…在…. 中

The majority

The majority of sb…

Minority

认为

think that S V 侧重经过了严谨的逻辑思考后得出的看法

consider that S V 考虑了事情的环境或者当事人的处境后的看法

take into account that S V = consider

believe that S V 可能没有什么依据，只是凭借信念相信

deem that S V = believe 比believe更为虔诚

assume that S V 没有太多的理论或者现实依旧，只是猜测

argue that S V 有充分的理由表达自己的观点

claim that S V 权威机构，官方认为

agree that S V….

But [when

room[today] (where people || smoked [yesterday]) || can harm your health,” only 65% of nonsmokers and 43% of smokers answered “yes.”

Air in a room today where people smoked yesterday can harm your health

今天吸入昨天有人抽过烟的房间里的空气

当问他们是否同意一个观点，“昨天有人在房间里吸烟，今天你在房间里呼吸会伤害到你的健康”

tips: 表示地点的名词之后(where ….)

表示时间的名词之后(when….)

e.g.: do you remember the time (when we fall in love)?

e.g.: do you remember the little flat (where we used to live)?

但是当被问及一个观点“吸入空气房间里的昨天有人在这里吸过烟的可能伤害你的健康

_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________

2008

Engineers || are developing a new type of Internet connection (that S || could carry so much data so quickly it || might surprise even Net surfers).

工程师正在研发一种新型的网络连接

这种连接能够快速的传输大量的数据这甚至让网络冲浪者吃惊不已

….

This technology || would open up a route (through which data || can be sent [at speeds (thousands of times faster than what’s possible now).

n./pron. (prep. which../ whom S V….)

1. 从句中谓语的固定搭配

he is the only person (to whom I can speak freely).

Speak to sb. Speak of/about….

We are confused by the thing of which the news spoke

2. 先行词的固定搭配

The circumstances （__under__ which the people live）|| help us to know their life-style and habits.

Under no circumstances

n./pron. (…. 定语的翻译)

speed (thousands of faster than what’s possible now)

比较级the degree of comparison

原级A || V as adj./adv. as….B

e.g.: his face is as black as coal.

比较A || V adj./adv + er than B

e.g.: the weather in SH is more suitable for living than that in HLJ

最高adj./adv + est of/among/in…

e.g.: he is the cleverest in the class

[If all goes to plan], the vast data speeds || may soon be available to all.

There may be the vast data speeds to all

S || be available = S || be present = there be S

e.g.: the methods are available

e.g.: there are methods. 有办法

e.g.: there was a temple in the mountain

e.g.: a temple was available in the mountain

可以帮助解决如何解决网络交通快速增长的问题

My objective and goal are realistic

Entertainment and amusement ]

The technology || would require but otherwise no change (in basic facilities). infrastructure

2007

The standardized educational or psychological tests are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees and military personnel. But they have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tools themselves but largely upon the user.

2006

One of the chief concerns of wildlife management is the protection and improvement of the nature habitat so that animals have enough food and water to survive. Wildlife management involves care of the soil to produce good vegetation; it also involves care of plants, not only as a source of food, but also as protection. Animals need cover to hide from their natural enemies and to raise their young safely.

Just as crops are harvested wildlife too must sometimes be “harvested”. By allowing limited hunting, good management can control certain species that threaten to overpopulate their habitat. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________

2005

Progress in communication and transport technologies during the 20th century has enabled us to overcome geographical boundaries and revolutionize our way of living. The world is now linked to such an extent that a local happening cannot take place without impacting on the international community.

Globalization is not just about increasing the worldwide circulation of information and ideas. Economically speaking, it entails transnational investment and international trade, thereby integrating all countries into a single giant world market. In terms of culture, globalization itself is

neither positive nor negative: It may be either of them depending on our viewpoint.

2. 汉译英

Section B

Directions: Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

2009

有朝一日我身为人母，我会带孩子们去野营。我会让他们体验在篝火（campfire）上烧烤食物的乐趣。我会告诉他们，在草地上睡觉并不脏。我会让他们知道，天上的星星不止是童话故事的素材，还有实际的用途，例如可以为迷路的人指引方向。这样的户外活动也是一种教育。

2008

当前我国经济|| 发展迅速，能源供应的压力|| 较大，(这跟有关系) 阶段(我国当前经济和社会发展所处的)。Be related to

Nowadays, our economy || is developing [rapidly] and the pressure on the supply of energy || is growing, (which is related to the state (of our present economic and social development). Nowadays, [with the rapid economic development], there grows enormous pressure in the supply of energy, (which is [to a certain extent = to some degree] related with the present economic and social development stage of our country.

水电等消耗的能源

Energy consumption such as water, heat and electricity

[但是]，[不管我们处于哪个发展阶段]，[如果消耗能源过多]

临能源匮乏、环境污染和生态破坏等困境。

However, whichever stage we are in, we will be punished, facing the problem such as the shortage of energy, environment pollution and ecological damage and so on, provided that we consume too much energy.

if too much energy are being consumed

we face the shortage of energy, environment pollution and ecological damage and so on.

_______________________________________________________________________________

2007

最近一项调查表明，中国的大部分建筑——不论是办公楼还是居民楼——所消耗的电、热和水等资源比发达国家的同类建筑要多。例如，北京居民家庭平均消耗的能源是气候类似的德国北部家庭的三倍，中国是资源短缺的国家，我们必须节约资源，才能使我国的经济持续发展。

2006

随着社会的发展，人类对水的需求不断增加，但可以供人类使用的水资源却急剧减少。水资源危机所带来的生态系统恶化等问题严重威胁着人类的生存。

如何更有效利用水资源，推进水资源的可持续开发和保护，已经成为世界各国共同面对的紧迫问题。

2005

随着我国社会经济的迅猛发展、人民生活水平的提高和医疗卫生事业的改善，我国老年人口明显增多。不少人对此忧心忡忡。

但有识之士|| 指出，that 我们不仅要看到人口老龄化所带来的巨大压力，也要看到人口老龄化背后所蕴涵的商机以及老年人丰富的智力、经验等资源，要将压力变为机遇。However, wise people point out that we should see the aging not only as the enormous pressure but also as the commercial opportunities and the senior’s plentiful resources such as the intelligence and experience

regard A as B

see the aging not only as the enormous pressure but also as the commercial opportunities the

senior’s plentiful resources such as the intelligence and experience

山东师范大学翻译讲义

山东师范大学外国语学院英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation 贾磊 2011

1.Editing/修改 English Chinese ..the best collection of his drawings being in the Uffizi in Florence 他最好的草图都被收集在佛罗伦萨的乌菲兹美术馆 …during the funeral service,St Stephen and St Augustine were said to have miraculously intervened to place the body in its tomb with their own hands.据说圣史蒂芬和圣奥古斯丁神秘地介入了殡葬仪式并亲手将尸体放入墓地 He(Prince of Angri)had offered Caravaggio6,000scudi(a large sum)to fresco a loggia,an offer that was refused, doubtless because he disliked the medium,which he is not definitely know to have employed.亲王支付给卡拉瓦乔六千银币（一大笔钱）请他为自己的凉廊绘制壁画却遭到了拒绝，显然画家不喜欢这种绘画，因为这样不能明确地表明他是受雇而创作。 This marriage of convenience is clearly doomed.显然，这场贪图财利的婚姻，将不可避免地走向灾难的结局。 Wright of Derby was one of the earliest artists to restore men and women(pictorially at least)to what society then believed was their proper spheres:men think and reason, women feel.德比的莱特是把男人和女人重新恢复到当时社会所认为的适当社会地位的早期艺术家之一（至少在绘画上如此），即：男人善于思考推理，女人善于感性体验。 Unfetted by the conventions that such grandiloquent portaits required,Reynolds created his freshest and most daring portait of a society beauty.雷诺兹没有被这种浮华肖像画的惯例所束缚,他创造了一个上流社会美女的最令人耳目一新，也是最大胆创新的肖像画。 Sitting backwards in a chair,Mrs Abington has her thumb in her mouth as she stares distractedly,yet with bright, captivating eyes,out into space.阿宾顿夫人靠在椅背上，拇指放于嘴中，瞪着眼睛若所所思，但她明亮美丽的眼睛却望向苍穹。在20世纪初期拿破仑的妈妈在骄傲地观礼。 He confronts a people whose language he does not know, on whose kindness he must rely,and with whom–his poetic gifts now all but useless to him–he must attempt to communicate.他碰上的这个民族，他不懂他们的语言，他又必须依赖他们的善良生存，而且他必须试着去跟他们沟通——现在诗人的天赋对他来说已是百无一用。 The painting must have been admired by Edgar Degas, because the older artist started in earnest on his own quest to represent the“modern”,but female,body in the act of bathing in1884-85,just as Caillebotte signed and dated his most important late painting.这幅画肯定受到了埃德加?德加的赞美，因为这位艺术前辈早在1884-85年就开始用他自己的方式虔诚地表现“现代的”，而不是女性的，浴中人体艺术，正如同卡耶波特在他晚期最重要的作品中所签署并注明的一样。当它还在画架上时便被著名的俄国收藏家史楚金(Sergei Shchukin)预定收藏。 Schwitters was particularly influenced by Kandinsky’s ideas about the synthesis of different art forms and his ideal of creating a universal Gesamtkunstwerk（‘total work of art’）.康定斯基对不同艺术表现形式之间应相互融合的思想以及他希望创造一个世界性的完全的纯艺术作品的理想深深地影响着施维特斯。 Essentially self-taught,in autumn1954the young American Jasper Johns destroyed all the works in his New York studio as a prelude to reinventing his art from first principles.1954年秋天，贾斯帕?约翰斯——一位基本上是自学成才的年轻的美国小伙子——销毁了他纽约工作室里所有的作品，这一举动，拉开了约翰斯挑战抽象主义画风的序幕。

第三讲英汉句式对比与翻译讲义

第二讲英汉句式结构对比与翻译如果说词是最小的可以独立运用的意义单位，那么句子是语言的基本运用单位。一般情况下，进行语篇翻译时，无论是英译汉还是汉译英，基本上都是以句子为翻译单位的。尤其是英译汉时，即使是一个很长的句子，一般也要将整个句子通盘考虑，搞清整个句子的逻辑关系才能将句子翻译成既能忠实传达原文信息、风格、逻辑关系又能保持通顺的中文。如果是汉译英，有时句子较长，可以根据意群进行切分，然后将切分开的句子逐句译为英文。将英汉两种语言的句式结构进行对比，了解两种语言在句式结构上的异同之处，对翻译来说是非常重要的一环。英文句式结构英文句式结构基本上都可以归纳为主谓结构，即S+V（主语+谓语动词）的结构，即使是祈使句，也不过是省略了主语的句子。英文的句子结构在S+V的结构上可以扩展，但总不外乎五种基本变化。（1）S+V：He langhed. （2）S+V+Ｏ：Mary is reading Harry Potter. 3）S+V+Ｏ＋Ｏ.c. We heard them quarrelling. （4）S+V+I.O+D.C He gave me some first-hand marerial. （5）S+link.V+P He is in dangerous situation. 以上这些句型充分显示出英文的基本句式结构是主谓结构，而且这是一种高度语法化的句式结构，其中主语一般是动作的发出者（doer\agent)或动作的承受者（doee)，即整个句子分别为主动语态和被动语态。用上述主谓结构来套中文的句子模式，有一部分汉语句子与上述英语句子基本是对应的。例（1）至（5）的意思，中文也有与英文相似的结构，分别为：（１）Ｃ：他笑了。（２）Ｃ：玛丽在读《哈里.波特》。（3）C：我们听见他们争吵。（4）C：他给我一些一手资料。（5）C：他处于危险的境地。/他处境危险。二、中文句式结构（一）主谓结构（S + V ）例1：他没来。（S + V ） He didin’t come. 例2：全家人都在看电视。(S + V + O) The family are watching TV. 例3：我们看到很多人站在广场上。( S + V + O + O.C ) We saw many people standing on the square. 例4：你能递给我那本书吗？( S + V + I.O + D.C) Would you please pass me the book? 例5：他看上去很失望。（S + link. V + P） He looks disappointed.

翻译讲义

一．课堂导入（以温故提问的方式导入） 1、提问:从高考的特点与考查目的出发,文言文翻译要严格遵循的两个原则是什么? 第一: 忠于原文,力求做到_____、 _____、 _____ 。(信达雅) 第二: 字字落实,以_____为主,以_____为辅 (直译意译) （①让学生用自己语言表述文言文翻译“信、达、雅”三字原则的理解 ②直译：指译文要与原文保持对应关系，重要的词语要相应的落实，要尽力保持原文遣词造句的特点和相近的表达方式，力求语言风格也和原文一致。意译：指着眼于表达原句的意思，在忠于愿意的前提下，灵活翻译原文的词语，灵活处理原文的句子结构。） 2、提问: 文言文翻译的“六字决”? ①对：一般指把原名中的文言单音词对译为现代汉语的双音或多音词。 ②换：有些词语意义已经发展，用法已经变化，语法已经不用，在译文中，应换这些古语为今语。 ③留：人名、地名、年号、国号、庙号、谥号、书名、物名都保留不译；与现代汉语表达一致的词语可保留。 ④删：一些没有实在意义的虚词，如表敬副词、发语词、部分结构助词等，同义复用的实词或虚词中的一个和偏义复词中陪衬的词应删去。 ⑤补：省略的部分；词语活用相应的部分；代词所指的内容；使上下文衔接连贯的内容等。 ⑥调：把文言文中倒装的句子成分调整过来，使之符合现代汉语的语法习惯。前四种方法是用于解词，后二种方法是用于调整文言文特殊句式造成的语序不合现代规范现象。二．文言句子翻译题的解题步骤：（一）总体分五步：第一步：第二步：第三步：第四步

第五步：（二）分步解析：第一步：通读语句、整体理解这一步其实是很重要的，告诉学生，翻译的第一步要从整体理解句意入手，不要一拿到题目就一个字一个字的去抠，会出现前后不照应、句意不通顺等毛病，而且也这样容易走入死胡同。初次读句，只要理解句子的大意就行，这为下面推断词义打下基础。第二步：找得分点、发现“生词” 这一步是关键，因为挑出来让学生翻译的句子，一定有几个得分点，突破这些点是解题成功的关键。另外，每一位学生由于情况不同，在这些句子中总有几个字是他们一时难以断定词义甚至根本不知词义的“生词”。在这一步中，要让学生用笔把这些字圈出来，然后逐个解决。具体解释词语时，可以给学生提供下面的方法：第三步：理清句式、调整语序有很多情况下，因为没有看出句子中所隐藏的特殊句式，导致很多学生翻出来的句子很乱，不合现代文的句子规范。所以，翻译句子一定要把语序理顺。告诉学生，要掌握以下几种文言文特殊句式：第四步：草拟底稿、连词成句这一步可以在草稿纸（考试时可以在试卷上）上先大致草拟一下答案，结合上面几步连词成句。第五步：调整至答卷这最后一步即把第四步的草稿再作调整，然后誊写到答卷上，这样既可以保证答案的思路清晰，又可以保持卷面清洁。总结规律：①做翻译题的时候，应该有踩点得分的意识，要洞悉命题者关键想考查你哪些地方。要抓住翻译的两个关键点：一是关键词，二是特殊句。

英汉翻译复习资料

填空题复习资料： 1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。 2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。 3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也。”主张“依实出华。” 被人们称为意译的鼻祖。 4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人，物从中国”的翻译思想，而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。 5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出：“严复译《天演论》牟例所标：‘译事三难：信、达、雅’，三字皆已见此序。” 6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为：案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实，通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。 7. 按翻译题材，翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。 8．20世纪50年代初，傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点；60年代初，钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。 9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。老子说：“信言不美、美言不信”。 10．20世纪90年代，美籍意大利学者韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论，该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助，但还不足以构成新的范式。 11.斯内尔-霍恩比（Mary Snell-Hornby）在其2006年的新著《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍：20世纪80年代，西方翻译研究出现文化转向；90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向；而进入新世纪，翻译研究又回到了语言学时代，出现了“U字形转向”（U-turn）。 12. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中将译文读者引入翻译标准，提出了功能翻译（Functional Equivalence）(请用中英文填写)的翻译原则。 13．辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”，在该理论体系中,提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度，这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。

翻译课讲义(5)

作业讲评： 1．I hope you won’t mind when …词序需作调整；2．When I go without you for a nice chat …单独去（独自）… 3．but you cannot take the place of other friends any more than they do yours (take your place) paraphrase: Just as they can not take the place of you, so you cannot take the place of other friends.你不能代替我其他朋友，正如他们也不能代替你一样。同样句型举例： I'm never more aware of the limitations of language than when I try to describe beauty. Language can create its own loveliness, of course, but it cannot deliver to us the radiance we apprehend in the world, any more than a photograph can capture the stunning swiftness of a hawk or the withering power of a supernova. 直到用语言描绘美，我才深感语言的贫乏与无奈。当然，语言也可以创造自己的美。但世界上我们所感受到的美是不可言传的，正如相片无法捕捉到雄鹰那令人惊叹的敏捷或超新星发出的巨大力量一样。 4．just as I do yours =just as I need your care, encouragement and sobering criticism

汉英翻译讲义第2部分

第三章词语的翻译 3.1 词的指称意义(denotation)和蕴涵意义(connotation)的理解与表达 A) 翻译下列句子，注意句中划线部分词语指称意义和蕴涵意义的表达 1. 他两岁就学会看表了。He could _________________ even when he was two. 2. 我能看出你在想什么。I can __________ your mind. 3. 你要是觉得这东西还看的过去，就买下来吧。If you think ________________________, then buy it. 4. 他看出了她的破绽。He ____________ her weak points. 5. 那是万万不行的。That’s _________________ out of the question. 6. 我万万没有想到。The idea ____________ occurred to me. 7. 党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。A party member should listen carefully to the______________of the masses. 8. 他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。They made some___________________ for the revision of the plan. 9. 大家对你很有意见。People have a lot of ____________________ about you. 10.他们就推举谁做下届总统侯选人取得了一致意见。 They have reached ___________________ on who will be the presidential candidate for the next general election. 11.他们在会上闹起了意见.They got into _____________________ at the meeting. 12.两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。 The two leaders exchanged __________________on bilateral relations and issues of common concern. 13. 那件大衣的面子很漂亮。_________________________ of the coat is very beautiful. 14. 如果怕丢面子，就说不好英语。 If one is afraid of ________________________________, he cannot expect to speak English well. 15. 我是个爱面子的人，这种事我可做不出。I would not do such a thing---I’m _______________________________. 16. 不是我不买你的面子，实在是这事儿不好办。 I have shown _____________________________________, but there is really nothing I can do for you. I’d like to ________________________________________, but there is really nothing I can do for you. 17. 南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。 The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to __________________________ by gong to the kitchen on the third day and _________ a fish, _____________ stands for fortune. 18. 他是我父亲。这姑娘是漂亮。此人是书就读。 He _____ my father. This girl is ______beautiful. This man reads _________________________. 是古非今是可忍，孰不可忍。 ________ the past to condemn the present. ___________ can be tolerated, what cannot?

翻译讲义-文秘

商务英语翻译教学讲义主讲：吕丽红 1.商标与标识语的翻译 Cola（可口可乐）Goldlion（金利来） Nike（耐克）Youngor (雅戈尔西服) 物美价廉Cheap but good 联想Lenovo 人力资源部Human Resources Dept. 索尼Sony 价格合理reasonable price 舒肤佳Safeguard 注册商标Registered Trademark 七喜Seven-up 学生专用student only 禁止吸烟No smoking 往返票价return fares 请勿打扰Do not disturb 买二赠一buy two get one free 不收费No Charge 员工专用Staff Only 禁止停车No Parking 请勿触摸Do not touch 无烟商场Smoking Free Store 正在面试interview in progress Closing Sale 关门大甩卖中外合资企业Sino-Japan joint venture 畅销国内外selling well both at home and abroad 2 翻译下列单词企业enterprise 助理assistant 生产商producer 签名signature 用法usage 规格specification 包装package 成分ingredients 生产日期production date 作用类别function 用法用量usage and dosage 注意事项precautions 储藏storage 有效期shelf life expiry date/ validity 生产企业manufacturer 副作用：side effect 一日2片2 tablets a day 一天三次three times a day 十二岁以下儿童Children under 12-year-old 、Children under 12 years old 18岁以上成人Adult over 18 years old 3句子翻译 1.本产品是一种理想ideal的原材料raw material。

英语翻译讲义

第八节正反译法一英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式 1. The first bombs missed the target. 2. Predictably, it was Mike who released the secret to Mary. 3. The explanation is pretty thin. 4. It was beyon d his ability to undertake this task. 5. Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. 6. The general would rather fight to death before he surrendered. 7. Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 8. Don’t lose time in cleaning this machine. 9. I dropped medicine and took up physics． 10. He failed to set a good example for his kids. 二英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 1. He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. 2. He was an indecisive sort of person. 3. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 4. Don’t lose the opportunities to practice English. 5. Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter． 6. The washroom is at the next corner，you can't miss it．三同一词语，既可译作肯定式，又可译作否定式 1. The machine is far from being complicated. 2. She is anything but a bright student. 3. The square is no distance at all. 翻译实践: 1. She was at a loss to know what to do.

商务英汉翻译讲义

1. 转换法--转译成动词 1.1 名词转换成动词（练习1） 1.2 形容词转换成动词（练习2） 1.3 副词转换成动词（练习3） 1.4 介词转换成动词（练习4） 2. 转换法--转译成名词 2.1 动词转译成名词（练习5） 2.2 形容词转译成名词（练习6） 2.3 代词转换成名词（练习7） 2.4 副词转换成名词（练习7） 3. 增词法 3.1 补充原文中的省略部分（练习1） 3.2为了语法上的需要而增词（练习2） 3.3为了表达和意义上的需要（练习3） 4. 减词法 4.1 从语法角度进行减省（练习1） 4.2 从修饰角度进行减省（练习2）商务英汉翻译讲义之词类转译法目录 1. 转译成动词 1.1 名词转换成动词（练习1） 1.2 形容词转换成动词（练习2） 1.3 副词转换成动词（练习3） 1.4 介词转换成动词（练习4） 2. 转译成名词 2.1 动词转译成名词（练习5） 2.2 形容词转译成名词（练习6） 2.3 代词转换成名词 2.4 副词转换成名词（练习7）词类转译英汉两种语言存在着巨大的差异，语言结构与表达形式方面各有其自身的特点。因此，要使译文既忠实于原义又顺畅可读，就不能局限于逐词对等翻译，必须采用适当的词性转译、句子成分转译及句型转译等翻译技巧，在本单元我们主要讲解翻译中词性的转译。在一定程度上，词的形态及形式变化是否过于繁复多变决定了词性优势。英语动词形态变化繁复而稳定，这就使英语动词的使用受形态的牵制，而名词就没有这个问题，因此名词在英语中占优势，名词的优势导致了介词的伴随优势。汉语词性没有形态变化问题，而动词与名词作比较时，动词的动态感强、动势强，名词则较为凝滞，所以在汉语中动词非常活跃，一个句子不限于只用一个动词，可以连续使用几个动词，即所谓“动词连用”，因此英译汉时名词转译成动词的情况常普遍。现

强化班翻译讲义--专升本

1.在我们做决定之前，必须确定我们已将所有相关的因素考虑在内。Before making the decision, we must make sure that we have taken all the related factors into consideration/account. 2. 他如果知道我的电话，就不用那么费事了。 If he knew my phone number, it would save a lot of trouble. If he knew my phone number, it would not take a lot of trouble. 3.就他的经验而言，他并不十分适合做校长。 As far as his experience is concerned, he is not very suitable for acting as a headmaster. 4. 我们最关心的是那个城市的饮水质量问题。 What we are concerned most is the quality of drinking water in that city. 5. 他的成就，赢得了人们的尊敬和仰慕。 His achievement earned him respect and admiration among people. His achievement won people’ respect and admiration. 6. 他刚到达就生病了。 No sooner had he arriv ed than he fell ill. 7. 坦率地讲，能在这么短的时间内完成这项任务，确实令人兴奋。Frankly speaking, to be honest, honestly speaking, it is very exciting to have the task finished/accomplished/fulfilled in such a short time. 8. 我们将尽可能地改进我们的工作。 We will make as many improvements as possible in our work. 9. 积极的休闲态度是鼓励大家创造性地利用空闲时间的基础。Positive leisure attitude is the basis of encouraging people to make creative use of their spare time. 10. 你越解释我越糊涂。 The more you explain, the more confused I am. 11. 总的来说，酸雨是工业发展的结果。 Generally speaking, acid rain is the result of industrial development. 12. 不管是否加热，这种材料不会在冰中融化。 whether (it is) heated or not, this material does not melt in ice. 13. 我在童年时候就发现没什么比读书对我更有吸引力。 Since my childhood, I have found that nothing is more attractive than reading to me. Since my childhood, I have found that reading is the most attractive thing for me. 14．他们已经答应对这个问题进行调查。 They have promised to investigate this problem. 15. 是我们应该做的和不应该做的影响着我们的未来。所为和所不为 What we should do and what we should not do affects/determines our future.

翻译讲义2

翻译讲义2 Part I. Reviewing Last Lesson。 Part II.Today’s Topic: Literary Translation ＆Free Translation 直译＆意译 i.Literary Translation(直译) ii.Free Translation (意译) iii.Golden Rule: Take the MEAN Part III. Homework Additional topic:Domestication ＆Foreignization 归化＆异化

Part I. Reviewing Last Lesson: I just introduced one topic last time: Criteria of Translation In the class, we discussed two questions about this topic, i.e. First．Criteria of several famous translators and translation theorists and they are: 严复：信、达、雅鲁迅：宁信而不顺付雷：神似（Spiritual conformity）钱钟书：化境（Sublimed Adaptation）玄奘：既须求真，有须喻俗 Nida: 灵活对等 Newmark: 语义交际 Setting a standard for translation is very difficult with 4 reasons: 1.高深的语言艺术，指定个放之四海而皆准的标准绝非易事； 2.翻译实践中确实存在有“不可译性”和“不可尽译性”的。所以：标准定的太高，不切实际；定得过低或者过于笼统又容易贻误译事； 3.翻译中有时需直译，有时需意译，如规定只许这样不许那样，就会使人觉得过分偏颇武断，使译者莫衷一是。再就是如何达到“形”、“神”统一而论，能否达到二者真正的统一，都没有形成相当程度的共识。又何谈标准？

英汉翻译第一讲讲义

第一讲绪论内容提要：时代呼唤翻译，翻译促进时代的发展。信息时代的特点之一是知识的交流与共享。翻译同一个民族的文明程度密切相关。中国的翻译事业任重而道远。介绍外国和对外介绍中国同样紧迫。翻译的理论研究、实践指导和课堂教学都亟待加强。一、为什么要学翻译翻译是语言工作者一项不可或缺的技能，是语言交流的一种手段，是不同语言使用者之间一种重要的交流工具。在今天这个信息化时代，随着社会的发展和进步，随着各国人民交流的日益频繁，翻译更是各国进行经济、文化、政治交流的有效工具，是世界各国谋求发展的重要途径。二、翻译的定义、过程和性质翻译是一种交际方式，可以从广义和狭义两方面来理解。广义上的翻译包括所有的符号之间、非符号之间、符号和非符号之间的转换行为。比如，一个手势变成一种语言，把汉语的文言文转变成白话文（语内翻译），把语言转化为计算机符号，甚至把你的所想所思诸于笔端，都是一种翻译。狭义上的翻译就是将一种语言转化成另一种语言，即语际翻译（interlingual translation）。这样的一种活动包括口头的和笔头的，即口译(interprettion)和笔译(translation)。异化(foreignizing)指的是根据既定的语法规则按字面意思将和源语文化紧密相连的短语或句子译成目标语。例如，将“九牛二虎之力”译为“the strength of nine bulls and two tigers”。异化能够很好地保留和传递原文的文化内涵，使译文具有异国情调，有利于各国文化的交流。但对于不熟悉源语及其文化的读者来说，存在一定的理解困难。异化和同化具有相对性，随着各国文化交流愈来愈紧密，原先对于目标语读者很陌生的词句也会变得越来越普遍，即异化的程度会逐步降低。归化（domestication）是指遵守目标语言文化当前的主流价值观，公然对原文采用保守的同化手段，使其迎合本土的典律，出版潮流和政治需求（Venuti,2001:240）〔1〕；或指在翻译中采用透明、流畅的风格(transparent, fluent style)，最大限度地淡化原文的陌生感(strangeness)的翻译策略（Shuttleworth&Cowie,1997:43-44）〔2〕。主张以目的语文化为归宿的“归化派”提出译文不仅要克服语言的障碍，还要克服文化的障碍，而译者的责任之一就是避免文化冲突。同时，译者也是“传播者”，他不应对读者的智力和想象力提出过高的要求，而应尽可能的是源语文本所反映的世界接近目的语文化读者的世界，从而达到源语文化与目的语文化之间的“文化对等”。异化(foreignization)是指偏离本土主流价值观，保留原文的语言和文化差异(Venuti,2001:240）〔1〕；或指在一定程度上保留原文的异域性(foreignness)，故意打破目标语言常规的翻译（Shuttleworth&Cowie,1997:59）〔2〕。主张在译文中保留源语文化的“异化派”提出翻译的主要目的是文化间的交流，源语文化将会丰富目的语文化和目的语的语言表达方式。读者的阅读目的也包括想了解异国文化，译者应相信读者的智力和想象力能理解异国文化的特异之处〔3〕。

英汉翻译讲义

E-C Translation Course Notes Definition Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida) Significance of Translation Plays the key role in inter-cultural communication 1. Bringing about mutual understanding and friendliness among nations. 2. Enriching our own experiences and knowledge of the world. The most important media in international trade and business. ------No translation, no globalization. The Criteria of Translation Tytler (p.5) 严复：faithfulness, intelligibility, and elegance(信达雅) 林语堂：忠实，通顺，美钱钟书：化境傅雷：神似 The procedures of translation Accurate comprehension Adequate representation Careful proofreading Requirements on the translators Good command of the languages Wide scope of knowledge Sensitive to cultural differences Hard working and willing to sacrifice personal gains and interests Strong sense of responsibility Literal Vs. free translations The former focuses on a word-for-word translation of the source text into the target text; while the latter involves language adjustment in the process of translation. No matter what method you may use, your translation should be correct, comprehensible to the target reader and close to the original style. Only when you keep the meaning and spirit of the original sentence structure a nd/or its figure of speech can your translation be regarded as proper literal translation, otherwise it is merely mechanical translation. Similarly, only when change the original sentence structure and/or the figure of speech but make no addition or deletion of the original meaning and spirit, can your translation be regarded as proper translation; otherwise it is simply random translation.

英汉翻译经典例子及答案.doc

1.Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。 2.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls （环礁）. 在那里，由于地心引力的剧烈干扰，一道道山脉，一座座火山升出水面。千百年来，微小的珊瑚虫在这里繁衍、死亡，形成了数不胜数的被称为环礁的环状岛屿。 3.Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we now have. 由于我们今天的信息太多，那些旧的通讯线路和方法已不能灵便有效地处理他们了。 4. Scarcely can any law be made which is beneficial to all; but if it benefits the majority, it is useful. 法律难顾及所有人，于大多数人有利足矣。 5.The water spread out for miles in places in Kenya and Somalia, cutting off villages and forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land. 在肯尼亚和索马里的某些地方，河水漫出河床，宽达数英里。洪水切断了村与村之间的联系，迫使牧民们和家畜挤在一起，