人教版高中英语必修四第一单元单词讲解

人教版高中英语必修四第一单元单词讲解

人教版高中英语必修四第一单元单词讲解

1.achieve

①gain or reach (sth), usu by effort, skill, courage, etc （通常藉努力﹑技巧﹑勇气等）获得或达到（某事物）:achieve success, one's ambition, notoriety, peace of mind获得成功﹑实现抱负﹑落得个臭名﹑得到心情的平静.

②get (sth) done; accomplish or complete 做成（某事物）; 实现; 完成: I've achieved only half of what I'd hoped to do.我希望做到的, 我仅完成了一半.

> achievable adj (of an objective) that can be achieved （指目的）可完成的, 可达到的. achievement n

①[U] action of ach ieving 完成; 达到: celebrate the achievement of one's aims庆祝愿望的实现.

②[C] thing done successfully, esp with effort and skill 成就, 成绩（尤指藉努力和技巧而得到者）: the greatest scientific achievement of the decade 这十年的最伟大的科学成就.

2.campaign n

①series of military operations with a particular aim, usu in one area 战役: He fought in the N African campaign during the last war. 在上次战争中他在北非战役参战.

②series of planned activities with a particular social, commercial or political aim 运动（为某一社会的﹑商业的或政治的目的而进行的一系列有计划的活动）:a campaign against nuclear weapons反对核武器运动* an advertising campaign, ie to promote a particular product 广告宣传运动（以推销某产品）* an election campaign 竞选运动* a campaign to raise money for the needy为贫苦人筹款的运动.

> campaign v [I, Ipr, It] ~ (for/against sb/sth)take part in or

lead a campaign 参加或领导一战役或运动: She spent her life campaigning for women's rights. 她毕生致力於女权运动. *campaign to have sanctions imposed发起实施制裁的运动. campaigner n person who campaigns 参加战役或运动的人: an old campaigner, ie sb with much experience of a particular activity 老练的人.

3.behave v

①[I, Ipr] ~ well, badly, etc (towards sb) act or conduct oneself in the specified way （举止或行为）表现: She behaves (towards me) more like a friend than a mother. 她像朋友一样（待我）, 而不像是我的母亲. * He has behaved shamefully towards his wife. 他对妻子的态度很可耻.

②[I, Tn] ~ (oneself) show good manners; conduct oneself well 表现良好; 行为良好: Children, please behave (yourselves)!孩子们, 规矩些!

③[I] (of machines, etc) work or function well (or in another specified way) （指机器等）运转或性能良好: How's your new car behaving?你的新汽车好使吗?

> -behaved (forming compound adjs用以构成复合形容词) behaving in a specified way 有某种表现的:well-/ ill-/ badly-behaved children.

4.shade n

①[U] ~ (from sth)(place where there is) comparative darkness and often coolness caused by sth blocking direct light or heat, esp of the sun 荫; 阴凉处:a temperature of 35C in the shade 阴凉处35C的温度* sit in the shade of a tree, wall, etc 坐在树﹑墙等的阴凉处* Stay in the shade it's cooler.呆在背阴处吧--那儿凉快些. * The trees give some welcome shade from the sun. 这些树遮住了阳光, 很舒适凉快.

②[C] (often in compounds 常用以构成复合词) thing that shuts

out light or makes it less bright 遮光物:an `eye-shade 遮光帽檐*a new shade for the `lamp/`lampshade新灯罩.

③shades [pl] the ~s of sth(fml 文) the darkness of sth 黑暗: the shades of evening/night暮[夜]色.

④shades [pl] (infml 口esp US) sun-glasses 墨镜.

⑤[U] darker part(s) of a picture, etc （图画﹑照片等的）较阴暗部分: There is not enough light and shade in your drawing.你这幅画的明暗色调不够.

⑥[C] (degree or depth of) colour; hue 颜色; 色度: material in several shades of blue 几种色度的蓝色材料*choose a lighter shade 选择淡些的颜色* Do you like the blouse in this shade?你喜欢这种色度的女衬衫吗?

⑦(a) [C] ~

of sth slight difference in sth 细微的差别: a word with many shades of meaning有许多相近意思的一个词* people with all shades of opinion意见不一的人们. (b) [sing] a ~ (better, worse, etc) a small amount 少量; 些微: I think it's a shade warmer today.我觉得今天暖和一点儿. *She feels a shade better than yesterday. 她感觉比昨天好一些.

⑧shades [pl] ~ s of sb/sth (infml 口) reminders of sb/sth 对某人[某事物]的联想:

`Shades of Hitler!' I thought, as I listened to the dictator haranguing the crowd. 那个独裁者向群众声嘶力竭地训话, 我一听就想到, ‘真像希特勒!’ *In some modern fashions we can see shades of the 1930s.在有些摩登时装中可以看到三十年代的影子.

⑨[C] (fml 文) soul after death; ghost 灵魂; 鬼魂; 阴魂: the shades of my dead ancestors 我的先祖的幽魂.

⑩(idm 习语)put sb/sth in the `shade be very superior to sb/sth 使某人[某事物]相形失色:I thought I was quite a good artist, but your painting puts mine in the shade. 我原以为自己画得不错,

可比起你的画儿来未免相形见绌.

> shade v

①[Tn, Tn.pr]~ sb/sth (from sth) block off light from sb/sth; give shade to sb/sth 给某人[某物]遮住光线; 给某人[某物]阴凉: She shaded her eyes (from the sun) with her hand.她把手放在眼睛上方挡住阳光.

②[Tn] screen (a lamp, light, etc) to reduce its brightness 遮挡（灯﹑光等）以减弱亮度: shade the bulb with a dark cloth用深色布遮挡灯泡使光暗些.

③[Tn, Tn.p] ~ sth (in)darken (a part of a drawing, etc), eg with parallel pencil lines, to give an effect of light and shade 将（图画等的某部）颜色加深（如加铅笔线条以显出明暗效果）: shade (in) this area to represent the person's shadow 把这部分画暗些以显出人影* the shaded areas on the map地图上颜色深的地方.

④[Ipr, Ip]~ from sth into sth; ~ (off) into sth (esp of colours) change gradually into (another colour or variety) （尤指颜色）逐渐变成（其他颜色）:scarlet shading (off) into

pink 猩红色逐渐变成粉色* a colour that shades from blue into green由蓝逐渐变绿的颜色* (fig比喻)socialism shading into communism逐渐向共产主义过渡的社会主义. shading n [U] (use of) pencil marks, etc that give an effect of darkness in a part of a picture （绘画的）明暗（运用）.

5.observe v

①[I, Tn, Tf, Tw, Tnt only passive 只用於被动语态, Tng, Tni] see and notice (sb/sth); watch carefully 看到, 注意到（某人[某事物]）; 观察; 监视: He observes keenly, but says little.他观察敏锐, 但是很少说话. *observe the behaviour of birds 观察鸟类的行为*She observed that he'd left but made no comment. 她看见他离去, 但未置一词. * They observed how the tiny wings were fitted to the body.他们观看了微型翼的安装情况. * The woman was observed to

follow him closely. 有人看到那女子紧跟着他. * The police observed the man entering/enter the bank. 警方监视着那男子进入银行的情况.

②[Tn] (fml 文) (a) obey (rules, laws, etc) 遵守, 奉行（规则﹑法令等）:observe the speed limit 遵守速度限制规定* observe the laws of the land遵守该国法律. (b) celebrate (festivals, birthdays, anniversaries, etc) 庆祝, 过（节日﹑生日﹑周年等）:Do they observe Christmas Day in that country?那个国家的人过圣诞节吗?

③[Tn, Tf] (fml 文) say by way of comment; remark 评说; 评论: He observed that it would probably rain.他说很可能下雨. * `It may rain,' he observed.‘可能要下雨, ’他说. > observer n

①person who observes 观察者; 遵守者; 评论者:an observer of nature 自然界的观察家*a poor observer of speed restrictions不遵守速度限制的人.

②person who attends a conference, lesson, etc to listen and watch but not to take part （会议﹑课堂等的）观察员, 旁听者:an observer at a summit conference 高峰会议上的观察员* send sb along as an observer派某人作观察员.

6.respect n

①[U]~ (for sb/sth)admiration felt or show n for a person or thing that has good qualities or achievements; regard 尊敬; 敬重; 钦敬: a mark, token, etc of respect尊敬的标志﹑表示等* have a deep, sincere, etc respect for sb 深深地﹑由衷地...敬重某人*I have the greatest respect for you/hold you in the greatest respect. 我非常尊敬您. * The new officer soon won/earned the respect of his men. 那新来的军官很快博得了士兵的钦敬.

②[U] ~ (for sb/sth)politeness or consideration arising from admiration or regard 尊敬之表示; 尊重之情: Children should show respect for their teachers.学生要尊敬老师. * Out of respect, he took off his hat.他脱帽以示敬意. *have some, little, no, etc respect

for sb's feelings相当﹑不太﹑毫不...尊重某人的感情* With (all due) respect, sir, I disagree. 先生, 恕我直言, 我不能同意.

③[U] ~ (for sb/sth) protection or recognition 维护; 承认; 尊重: very little respect for human rights极不尊重人权.

④[C] particular aspect or detail 方面; 着眼点: in this one respect 在这一点上* in some/all/many/several/few respects 在某些[各个/许多/几个/极少]方面*In what respect

do you think the film is biased?你认为影片在哪一方面失之偏颇?

⑤(idm 习语) in respect of sth (fml or commerce 文或商) as regards sth; with special reference to sth 关於某事物; 就某方面而言: The book is admirable in respect of style. 这本书风格极佳. * price rises in respect of gas and water costs煤气费和水费涨价.with respect to sth(fml or commerce 文或商) concerning sth 涉及﹑提到或关於某事物: This is true with respect to English but not to French. 这一点在英语属实而在法语则不同. * With respect to your enquiry, I enclose an explanatory leaflet.关於你的询问, 兹附上有关说明资料.

7.argue v

①[I, Ipr] ~ (with sb) (about/over sth) express an opposite opinion; exchange angry words; quarrel 争论; 争辩; 争吵: The couple next door are always arguing. 邻居的夫妇总吵架. * Don't argue with your mother.不要和母亲争辩. * We argued with the waiter about the price of the meal.我们跟服务员争执那顿饭的价钱.

②[I, Ipr, Tf] ~ (for/against sth) give reasons for or against sth, esp with the aim of persuading sb 说理; 争辩; 辩论:He argues convincingly.他的辩解很有说服力. * argue for the right to strike 为争取罢工权利而辩论*I argued that we needed a larger office.我据理力争我们需要大些的办公室.

③[Tn] (fml 文) discuss (sth); debate 讨论; 辩论: The lawyers argued the case for hours. 律师们对那个案件辩论了几小时.

④(idm 习语),argue the `toss say that one disagrees about a decision反对某项决定: Let's not argue the toss we have to accept his choice.我们不必争论已经决定的事--只好听他的.

⑤(phr v)argue sb into/out of doing sth persuade sb to do/not to do sth by giving reasons 说服﹑劝说某人做[不做]某事: They argued him into withdrawing his complaint. 他们说服他撤回了投诉.

> arguable adj

①that can be argued or asserted 可论证的; 可断言的:It is arguable that we would be just as efficient with fewer staff. 我们的职员少一些也能发挥同样效率, 这是言之成理的.

②not certain; questionable 可疑的; 有问题的: This account contains many arguable statements. 这种说法含有很多疑点.

arguably

adv one can argue(2) that 可争辩地; 按理; 按说: John sings very well though Peter is arguably the better actor.约翰唱得很好, 不过按理说彼得演得更好.

8.crowd v

①[Ipr, Ip]~ around/round(sb)gather closely around (sb) 聚集在（某人）周围: People crowded round to get a better view. 人们争相围观. * Pupils crowded round (their teacher) to ask questions. 小学生围着（老师）提问题.

②[Tn] fill (a space) so that there is little room to move 充塞（某空间）:T ourists crowded the pavement.游客把人行道挤得水泄不通. *crowd a restaurant, theatre, beach, etc挤

满餐厅﹑剧院﹑海滨等.

③[Tn] (infml 口) put pressure on (sb); harass

给（某人）施加压力; 逼迫: Don't crowd me: give me time to think!不要逼我: 给我时间让我想想!

④(idm 习语) crowd on `sail (nautical 海) raise many sails in

order to increase speed 扬起许多风帆（以增加速度）.

⑤(phr v)crowd in on sb (of thoughts, etc) come into the mind in large numbers （指想法等）大量涌现:Memories crowded in on me.往事一齐涌上我心头.crowd into sth; crowd in move in large numbers into a small space 大批涌入（某狭小空间内）: Supporters crowded through the gates into the stadium.来捧场的人挤过大门, 涌入运动场. * We'd all crowded into Harriet's small sitting-room. 我们大家涌进了哈丽特那狭小的客厅. * (fig 比喻)Disturbing thoughts crowded into my mind.我心乱如麻. crowd sb/sth into sth; crowd sb/sth in put many people or things into a small space or period of time; cram (sb/sth) into sth 使很多人或物挤进狭小空间或在短时期涌现出来; 勉强塞入: They crowd people into the buses.他们让许多人挤进公共汽车里. * Guests were crowded into the few remaining rooms.把客人都挤在剩余的几个房间里了. * She crowds too much detail into her paintings. 她的画过於繁杂.crowd sb/sth out (of sth) (a) keep sb/sth out of a space by filling it oneself 挤占某空间使某人[某物]无法进入: The restaurant's regular customers are being crowded out by tourists. 这家餐馆的老主顾被游客挤得不得其门而入.

(b) prevent sb/sth from operating successfully 排挤某人[某事物]: Small shops are being crowded out by the big supermarkets. 小商店受到大型超级市场不断排挤.

9.support

[Tn] help to show that (a theory, claim, etc) is true; confirm 支持（某理论﹑主张等）; 证实; 肯定: a theory that is not supported by the facts缺乏事实根据的理论* This evidence supports my argument that she is guilty. 这一证据支持了我认为她有罪的推定.

10.refer v (-rr-)

①[Ipr]~ to sb/sth (a) mention or speak of sb/sth; allude to sb/sth 提到﹑说到或涉及到某人[某事物]: When I said some people

are stupid, I wasn't referring to you. 我说有些人很愚蠢, 并不是指你. * Don't refer to this matter again, please.请不要再提这件事了. * This incident in his childhood is never again referred to.他小时候的这件事永远不再提了.

(b) be relevant to sb/sth; concern sb/sth 与某人[某事物]有关; 关系到某人[某事物]: What

I have to say refers to all of you. 我要说的事和你们大家都有关.

②[Ipr]~ to sth/sb turn to sth/sb for information, etc 向某事物[某人]查询信息等: refer to a dictionary, an expert 查词典﹑询问专家* I referred to my watch for the exact time. 我看了一下手表好知道准确的时间. *The speaker often referred to his notes.那个讲演的人不时地看发言稿.

③[Tn.pr esp passive 尤用於被动语态] ~ sb/sth to sb/sth send sb/sth to sb/sth for help, advice, action, etc 将某人[某事物]送交某人[某事物]以谋求帮助﹑指点﹑行动支持等: refer a patient to a specialist for treatment 把病人交给专科医生治疗* The dispute was referred to the United Nations/to arbitration. 该项争端已提交联合国处理[予以仲裁]. * I was referred to the manager/the enquiry office. 人家叫我去找经理[去问讯处]. * The reader is referred to page 3. 请读者参看第3页.

④(phr v)refer sth back (to sb) return (a document, etc) to the sender for further clarification 将（文件等）退给送件人予以澄清: The letter was referred back (to us) with a query. 该函已退给（我方）要求对某问题加以解释.

11.intend/ v

①(a) [Tn, Tf, Tt, Tnt, Tg, Cn.n/a, Dn.n] ~ sth (as sth) hav e (a particular purpose or plan) in mind; mean 打算; 意欲; 想要: I meant it to be an informal discussion, but it didn't turn out as I intended (it should). 我本想随便商量一下, 结果事与愿违. *It's not what I intended (it to be).那并不是我的本意. *I hear they intend to

marry/intend marrying.听说他们要结婚了. *I intended to do it, but I'm afraid I forgot. 我本有意去做, 但很遗憾, 我忘记了. *I don't intend to listen to this rubbish any longer! 我再也不想听这种无稽之谈了! *I intended it as a joke.我不过说笑罢了. * He intends you no harm, ie does not plan to harm you. 他对你并无恶意. (b) [Tf, Tnt] have (sth) as a fixed plan or purpose for sb else 为某人定下计画或目标: I intend that you shall take over the business.我有意让你接管公司. * I intend you to take over.我打算让你来接管. * You weren't intended(ie supposed) to hear that remark.你按说不应该听那些话.

②[Dn.pr]~ sth for sb p lan that sb should receive or be affected by sth 为某人准备某事物; 要使某人受某事物的影响:I think the bomb was intended for (ie planned to harm) me. 我认为那颗炸弹是要炸我的.

③[Cn.n/a] ~ sth as sth plan that sth should be or become sth 打算使某事物成为另一事物: Was that remark intended as(ie supposed to be) a joke?那句话是不是当作笑话说的?

④[Tn.pr] ~ sth by sth plan that sth should have the specified meaning 欲使某事物具有某意义; 意指; 意谓:What did he intend by that remark? 他说那话是什麽意思?

> intended adj

①[attrib 作定语] planned; meant; desired 计画的; 打算的; 意欲的: the intended meaning, result, effect, purpose原来的意思﹑想要的结果﹑预期的效果﹑原有的目的.

②~ for sb/sth [pred 作表语] planned or designed for sb/sth 为（某人[某事物]）计画或设计:a book, course, programme, etc intended for children, adults, beginners, etc 为儿童﹑成人﹑初学者等而写的书﹑开设的课程﹑编排的节目等* water (not) intended for drinking（非）饮用水.

12.deliver v

①[I, Ipr, Tn, Tn.pr]~ (sth) (to sb/sth) take (letters, parcels,

goods, etc) to the places or people they are addressed to 递送, 传送（信件﹑包裹﹑货物等）: We deliver (your order) to your door! 我们送货上门! * A courier delivered the parcels (to our office). 送急件的人将包裹送来（送到我们办公室）了. * Did you deliver my message to my father?你

把我的信息传给我父亲了吗?

②(a) [Tn.pr only passive 只用於被动语态]be ~ed of sb (fml文) give birth to (a child) 生（小孩儿）: She was delivered of a healthy boy. 她生了一个健康的男孩儿. (b) [Tn] help a mother to give birth to (a child) 协助产妇分娩; 助产; 接生: Her baby was delivered by her own doctor.她的婴儿是由她自己的医生给接生的. (c) [Tn.pr]~ oneself of sth(fml 文) state sth 发言; 发表: deliver oneself of an opinion, a judgement, etc发表意见﹑看法等.

③[Tn, Tn.pr, Tn.p] ~ sth (up/over) (to sb) (fml 文) give sth up; hand sth over; surrender sth 放弃某事物; 交出某物: deliver (up) a fortress to the enemy 弃守要塞任敌人占据* deliver over one's property to one's children把财产交给子女.

④[Tn, Tn.pr] give (a lecture, sermon, speech, etc) 授（课）; 讲（道）; 讲（话）: She delivered a talk on philosophy to the society. 她给学会作了一次有关哲学的讲话.

⑤[Tn, Tn.pr]~ sb (from sth) (arch古) rescue sb (from sth); save sb; free sb 拯救某人; 解救某人; 释放某人: May God deliver us from evil. 愿上帝拯救我们脱离罪恶.

⑥(a) [Tn] throw or launch (sth) in flight; release 投掷, 发射（某物）; 放出: In cricket, the ball is delivered overarm. 打板球时, 要举臂过肩掷球. * The missile is delivered from underground. 这种导弹由地下发射. (b) [Tn, Tn.pr] give (a blow) 给予（打击）: deliver a blow to the jaw 给颌部一击* (fig 比喻) The teacher delivered a sharp rebuke to the class.教师尖刻地申斥了全班学生.

⑦(infml 口) (a) [I, Ipr]~ (on sth) give what is expected or

promised 不负所望; 履行诺言: They promise to finish the job in June, but can they deliver (on that)?他们答应六月份完成这项工作, 但他们能说到做到吗? (b) [Tn] achieve (a level of performance) 达到（某一能力﹑性能等的水平）: The new model delivers speed and fuel economy. 这种新型设计能提高速度﹑节约燃料. * If you can't deliver improved sales figures, you're fired!你要是不能提高销售额, 就把你解雇!

⑧(idm 习语) come up with/deliver the goods => goods.

> deliverer n

①person who delivers (deliver 1, 2, 3, 4) 递送者; 助产者; 述说者; 放弃者; 交付者; 授课者; 讲道者; 演讲者.

②rescuer; saviour 拯救者; 救星.